1 |
=head1 NAME |
2 |
|
3 |
AnyEvent::Fork - everything you wanted to use fork() for, but couldn't |
4 |
|
5 |
=head1 SYNOPSIS |
6 |
|
7 |
use AnyEvent::Fork; |
8 |
|
9 |
################################################################## |
10 |
# create a single new process, tell it to run your worker function |
11 |
|
12 |
AnyEvent::Fork |
13 |
->new |
14 |
->require ("MyModule") |
15 |
->run ("MyModule::worker, sub { |
16 |
my ($master_filehandle) = @_; |
17 |
|
18 |
# now $master_filehandle is connected to the |
19 |
# $slave_filehandle in the new process. |
20 |
}); |
21 |
|
22 |
# MyModule::worker might look like this |
23 |
sub MyModule::worker { |
24 |
my ($slave_filehandle) = @_; |
25 |
|
26 |
# now $slave_filehandle is connected to the $master_filehandle |
27 |
# in the original prorcess. have fun! |
28 |
} |
29 |
|
30 |
################################################################## |
31 |
# create a pool of server processes all accepting on the same socket |
32 |
|
33 |
# create listener socket |
34 |
my $listener = ...; |
35 |
|
36 |
# create a pool template, initialise it and give it the socket |
37 |
my $pool = AnyEvent::Fork |
38 |
->new |
39 |
->require ("Some::Stuff", "My::Server") |
40 |
->send_fh ($listener); |
41 |
|
42 |
# now create 10 identical workers |
43 |
for my $id (1..10) { |
44 |
$pool |
45 |
->fork |
46 |
->send_arg ($id) |
47 |
->run ("My::Server::run"); |
48 |
} |
49 |
|
50 |
# now do other things - maybe use the filehandle provided by run |
51 |
# to wait for the processes to die. or whatever. |
52 |
|
53 |
# My::Server::run might look like this |
54 |
sub My::Server::run { |
55 |
my ($slave, $listener, $id) = @_; |
56 |
|
57 |
close $slave; # we do not use the socket, so close it to save resources |
58 |
|
59 |
# we could go ballistic and use e.g. AnyEvent here, or IO::AIO, |
60 |
# or anything we usually couldn't do in a process forked normally. |
61 |
while (my $socket = $listener->accept) { |
62 |
# do sth. with new socket |
63 |
} |
64 |
} |
65 |
|
66 |
=head1 DESCRIPTION |
67 |
|
68 |
This module allows you to create new processes, without actually forking |
69 |
them from your current process (avoiding the problems of forking), but |
70 |
preserving most of the advantages of fork. |
71 |
|
72 |
It can be used to create new worker processes or new independent |
73 |
subprocesses for short- and long-running jobs, process pools (e.g. for use |
74 |
in pre-forked servers) but also to spawn new external processes (such as |
75 |
CGI scripts from a web server), which can be faster (and more well behaved) |
76 |
than using fork+exec in big processes. |
77 |
|
78 |
Special care has been taken to make this module useful from other modules, |
79 |
while still supporting specialised environments such as L<App::Staticperl> |
80 |
or L<PAR::Packer>. |
81 |
|
82 |
=head1 WHAT THIS MODULE IS NOT |
83 |
|
84 |
This module only creates processes and lets you pass file handles and |
85 |
strings to it, and run perl code. It does not implement any kind of RPC - |
86 |
there is no back channel from the process back to you, and there is no RPC |
87 |
or message passing going on. |
88 |
|
89 |
If you need some form of RPC, you can either implement it yourself |
90 |
in whatever way you like, use some message-passing module such |
91 |
as L<AnyEvent::MP>, some pipe such as L<AnyEvent::ZeroMQ>, use |
92 |
L<AnyEvent::Handle> on both sides to send e.g. JSON or Storable messages, |
93 |
and so on. |
94 |
|
95 |
=head1 PROBLEM STATEMENT |
96 |
|
97 |
There are two ways to implement parallel processing on UNIX like operating |
98 |
systems - fork and process, and fork+exec and process. They have different |
99 |
advantages and disadvantages that I describe below, together with how this |
100 |
module tries to mitigate the disadvantages. |
101 |
|
102 |
=over 4 |
103 |
|
104 |
=item Forking from a big process can be very slow (a 5GB process needs |
105 |
0.05s to fork on my 3.6GHz amd64 GNU/Linux box for example). This overhead |
106 |
is often shared with exec (because you have to fork first), but in some |
107 |
circumstances (e.g. when vfork is used), fork+exec can be much faster. |
108 |
|
109 |
This module can help here by telling a small(er) helper process to fork, |
110 |
or fork+exec instead. |
111 |
|
112 |
=item Forking usually creates a copy-on-write copy of the parent |
113 |
process. Memory (for example, modules or data files that have been |
114 |
will not take additional memory). When exec'ing a new process, modules |
115 |
and data files might need to be loaded again, at extra CPU and memory |
116 |
cost. Likewise when forking, all data structures are copied as well - if |
117 |
the program frees them and replaces them by new data, the child processes |
118 |
will retain the memory even if it isn't used. |
119 |
|
120 |
This module allows the main program to do a controlled fork, and allows |
121 |
modules to exec processes safely at any time. When creating a custom |
122 |
process pool you can take advantage of data sharing via fork without |
123 |
risking to share large dynamic data structures that will blow up child |
124 |
memory usage. |
125 |
|
126 |
=item Exec'ing a new perl process might be difficult and slow. For |
127 |
example, it is not easy to find the correct path to the perl interpreter, |
128 |
and all modules have to be loaded from disk again. Long running processes |
129 |
might run into problems when perl is upgraded for example. |
130 |
|
131 |
This module supports creating pre-initialised perl processes to be used |
132 |
as template, and also tries hard to identify the correct path to the perl |
133 |
interpreter. With a cooperative main program, exec'ing the interpreter |
134 |
might not even be necessary. |
135 |
|
136 |
=item Forking might be impossible when a program is running. For example, |
137 |
POSIX makes it almost impossible to fork from a multi-threaded program and |
138 |
do anything useful in the child - strictly speaking, if your perl program |
139 |
uses posix threads (even indirectly via e.g. L<IO::AIO> or L<threads>), |
140 |
you cannot call fork on the perl level anymore, at all. |
141 |
|
142 |
This module can safely fork helper processes at any time, by calling |
143 |
fork+exec in C, in a POSIX-compatible way. |
144 |
|
145 |
=item Parallel processing with fork might be inconvenient or difficult |
146 |
to implement. For example, when a program uses an event loop and creates |
147 |
watchers it becomes very hard to use the event loop from a child |
148 |
program, as the watchers already exist but are only meaningful in the |
149 |
parent. Worse, a module might want to use such a system, not knowing |
150 |
whether another module or the main program also does, leading to problems. |
151 |
|
152 |
This module only lets the main program create pools by forking (because |
153 |
only the main program can know when it is still safe to do so) - all other |
154 |
pools are created by fork+exec, after which such modules can again be |
155 |
loaded. |
156 |
|
157 |
=back |
158 |
|
159 |
=head1 CONCEPTS |
160 |
|
161 |
This module can create new processes either by executing a new perl |
162 |
process, or by forking from an existing "template" process. |
163 |
|
164 |
Each such process comes with its own file handle that can be used to |
165 |
communicate with it (it's actually a socket - one end in the new process, |
166 |
one end in the main process), and among the things you can do in it are |
167 |
load modules, fork new processes, send file handles to it, and execute |
168 |
functions. |
169 |
|
170 |
There are multiple ways to create additional processes to execute some |
171 |
jobs: |
172 |
|
173 |
=over 4 |
174 |
|
175 |
=item fork a new process from the "default" template process, load code, |
176 |
run it |
177 |
|
178 |
This module has a "default" template process which it executes when it is |
179 |
needed the first time. Forking from this process shares the memory used |
180 |
for the perl interpreter with the new process, but loading modules takes |
181 |
time, and the memory is not shared with anything else. |
182 |
|
183 |
This is ideal for when you only need one extra process of a kind, with the |
184 |
option of starting and stopping it on demand. |
185 |
|
186 |
Example: |
187 |
|
188 |
AnyEvent::Fork |
189 |
->new |
190 |
->require ("Some::Module") |
191 |
->run ("Some::Module::run", sub { |
192 |
my ($fork_fh) = @_; |
193 |
}); |
194 |
|
195 |
=item fork a new template process, load code, then fork processes off of |
196 |
it and run the code |
197 |
|
198 |
When you need to have a bunch of processes that all execute the same (or |
199 |
very similar) tasks, then a good way is to create a new template process |
200 |
for them, loading all the modules you need, and then create your worker |
201 |
processes from this new template process. |
202 |
|
203 |
This way, all code (and data structures) that can be shared (e.g. the |
204 |
modules you loaded) is shared between the processes, and each new process |
205 |
consumes relatively little memory of its own. |
206 |
|
207 |
The disadvantage of this approach is that you need to create a template |
208 |
process for the sole purpose of forking new processes from it, but if you |
209 |
only need a fixed number of processes you can create them, and then destroy |
210 |
the template process. |
211 |
|
212 |
Example: |
213 |
|
214 |
my $template = AnyEvent::Fork->new->require ("Some::Module"); |
215 |
|
216 |
for (1..10) { |
217 |
$template->fork->run ("Some::Module::run", sub { |
218 |
my ($fork_fh) = @_; |
219 |
}); |
220 |
} |
221 |
|
222 |
# at this point, you can keep $template around to fork new processes |
223 |
# later, or you can destroy it, which causes it to vanish. |
224 |
|
225 |
=item execute a new perl interpreter, load some code, run it |
226 |
|
227 |
This is relatively slow, and doesn't allow you to share memory between |
228 |
multiple processes. |
229 |
|
230 |
The only advantage is that you don't have to have a template process |
231 |
hanging around all the time to fork off some new processes, which might be |
232 |
an advantage when there are long time spans where no extra processes are |
233 |
needed. |
234 |
|
235 |
Example: |
236 |
|
237 |
AnyEvent::Fork |
238 |
->new_exec |
239 |
->require ("Some::Module") |
240 |
->run ("Some::Module::run", sub { |
241 |
my ($fork_fh) = @_; |
242 |
}); |
243 |
|
244 |
=back |
245 |
|
246 |
=head1 FUNCTIONS |
247 |
|
248 |
=over 4 |
249 |
|
250 |
=cut |
251 |
|
252 |
package AnyEvent::Fork; |
253 |
|
254 |
use common::sense; |
255 |
|
256 |
use Errno (); |
257 |
|
258 |
use AnyEvent; |
259 |
use AnyEvent::Util (); |
260 |
|
261 |
use IO::FDPass; |
262 |
|
263 |
our $VERSION = 0.5; |
264 |
|
265 |
our $PERL; # the path to the perl interpreter, deduces with various forms of magic |
266 |
|
267 |
=item my $pool = new AnyEvent::Fork key => value... |
268 |
|
269 |
Create a new process pool. The following named parameters are supported: |
270 |
|
271 |
=over 4 |
272 |
|
273 |
=back |
274 |
|
275 |
=cut |
276 |
|
277 |
# the early fork template process |
278 |
our $EARLY; |
279 |
|
280 |
# the empty template process |
281 |
our $TEMPLATE; |
282 |
|
283 |
sub _cmd { |
284 |
my $self = shift; |
285 |
|
286 |
# ideally, we would want to use "a (w/a)*" as format string, but perl |
287 |
# versions from at least 5.8.9 to 5.16.3 are all buggy and can't unpack |
288 |
# it. |
289 |
push @{ $self->[2] }, pack "a L/a*", $_[0], $_[1]; |
290 |
|
291 |
$self->[3] ||= AE::io $self->[1], 1, sub { |
292 |
do { |
293 |
# send the next "thing" in the queue - either a reference to an fh, |
294 |
# or a plain string. |
295 |
|
296 |
if (ref $self->[2][0]) { |
297 |
# send fh |
298 |
unless (IO::FDPass::send fileno $self->[1], fileno ${ $self->[2][0] }) { |
299 |
return if $! == Errno::EAGAIN || $! == Errno::EWOULDBLOCK; |
300 |
undef $self->[3]; |
301 |
die "AnyEvent::Fork: file descriptor send failure: $!"; |
302 |
} |
303 |
|
304 |
shift @{ $self->[2] }; |
305 |
|
306 |
} else { |
307 |
# send string |
308 |
my $len = syswrite $self->[1], $self->[2][0]; |
309 |
|
310 |
unless ($len) { |
311 |
return if $! == Errno::EAGAIN || $! == Errno::EWOULDBLOCK; |
312 |
undef $self->[3]; |
313 |
die "AnyEvent::Fork: command write failure: $!"; |
314 |
} |
315 |
|
316 |
substr $self->[2][0], 0, $len, ""; |
317 |
shift @{ $self->[2] } unless length $self->[2][0]; |
318 |
} |
319 |
} while @{ $self->[2] }; |
320 |
|
321 |
# everything written |
322 |
undef $self->[3]; |
323 |
|
324 |
# invoke run callback, if any |
325 |
$self->[4]->($self->[1]) if $self->[4]; |
326 |
}; |
327 |
|
328 |
() # make sure we don't leak the watcher |
329 |
} |
330 |
|
331 |
sub _new { |
332 |
my ($self, $fh, $pid) = @_; |
333 |
|
334 |
AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking $fh, 1; |
335 |
|
336 |
$self = bless [ |
337 |
$pid, |
338 |
$fh, |
339 |
[], # write queue - strings or fd's |
340 |
undef, # AE watcher |
341 |
], $self; |
342 |
|
343 |
$self |
344 |
} |
345 |
|
346 |
# fork template from current process, used by AnyEvent::Fork::Early/Template |
347 |
sub _new_fork { |
348 |
my ($fh, $slave) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_socketpair; |
349 |
my $parent = $$; |
350 |
|
351 |
my $pid = fork; |
352 |
|
353 |
if ($pid eq 0) { |
354 |
require AnyEvent::Fork::Serve; |
355 |
$AnyEvent::Fork::Serve::OWNER = $parent; |
356 |
close $fh; |
357 |
$0 = "$_[1] of $parent"; |
358 |
$SIG{CHLD} = 'IGNORE'; |
359 |
AnyEvent::Fork::Serve::serve ($slave); |
360 |
exit 0; |
361 |
} elsif (!$pid) { |
362 |
die "AnyEvent::Fork::Early/Template: unable to fork template process: $!"; |
363 |
} |
364 |
|
365 |
AnyEvent::Fork->_new ($fh, $pid) |
366 |
} |
367 |
|
368 |
=item my $proc = new AnyEvent::Fork |
369 |
|
370 |
Create a new "empty" perl interpreter process and returns its process |
371 |
object for further manipulation. |
372 |
|
373 |
The new process is forked from a template process that is kept around |
374 |
for this purpose. When it doesn't exist yet, it is created by a call to |
375 |
C<new_exec> and kept around for future calls. |
376 |
|
377 |
When the process object is destroyed, it will release the file handle |
378 |
that connects it with the new process. When the new process has not yet |
379 |
called C<run>, then the process will exit. Otherwise, what happens depends |
380 |
entirely on the code that is executed. |
381 |
|
382 |
=cut |
383 |
|
384 |
sub new { |
385 |
my $class = shift; |
386 |
|
387 |
$TEMPLATE ||= $class->new_exec; |
388 |
$TEMPLATE->fork |
389 |
} |
390 |
|
391 |
=item $new_proc = $proc->fork |
392 |
|
393 |
Forks C<$proc>, creating a new process, and returns the process object |
394 |
of the new process. |
395 |
|
396 |
If any of the C<send_> functions have been called before fork, then they |
397 |
will be cloned in the child. For example, in a pre-forked server, you |
398 |
might C<send_fh> the listening socket into the template process, and then |
399 |
keep calling C<fork> and C<run>. |
400 |
|
401 |
=cut |
402 |
|
403 |
sub fork { |
404 |
my ($self) = @_; |
405 |
|
406 |
my ($fh, $slave) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_socketpair; |
407 |
|
408 |
$self->send_fh ($slave); |
409 |
$self->_cmd ("f"); |
410 |
|
411 |
AnyEvent::Fork->_new ($fh) |
412 |
} |
413 |
|
414 |
=item my $proc = new_exec AnyEvent::Fork |
415 |
|
416 |
Create a new "empty" perl interpreter process and returns its process |
417 |
object for further manipulation. |
418 |
|
419 |
Unlike the C<new> method, this method I<always> spawns a new perl process |
420 |
(except in some cases, see L<AnyEvent::Fork::Early> for details). This |
421 |
reduces the amount of memory sharing that is possible, and is also slower. |
422 |
|
423 |
You should use C<new> whenever possible, except when having a template |
424 |
process around is unacceptable. |
425 |
|
426 |
The path to the perl interpreter is divined using various methods - first |
427 |
C<$^X> is investigated to see if the path ends with something that sounds |
428 |
as if it were the perl interpreter. Failing this, the module falls back to |
429 |
using C<$Config::Config{perlpath}>. |
430 |
|
431 |
=cut |
432 |
|
433 |
sub new_exec { |
434 |
my ($self) = @_; |
435 |
|
436 |
return $EARLY->fork |
437 |
if $EARLY; |
438 |
|
439 |
# first find path of perl |
440 |
my $perl = $; |
441 |
|
442 |
# first we try $^X, but the path must be absolute (always on win32), and end in sth. |
443 |
# that looks like perl. this obviously only works for posix and win32 |
444 |
unless ( |
445 |
($^O eq "MSWin32" || $perl =~ m%^/%) |
446 |
&& $perl =~ m%[/\\]perl(?:[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)+)?(\.exe)?$%i |
447 |
) { |
448 |
# if it doesn't look perlish enough, try Config |
449 |
require Config; |
450 |
$perl = $Config::Config{perlpath}; |
451 |
$perl =~ s/(?:\Q$Config::Config{_exe}\E)?$/$Config::Config{_exe}/; |
452 |
} |
453 |
|
454 |
require Proc::FastSpawn; |
455 |
|
456 |
my ($fh, $slave) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_socketpair; |
457 |
Proc::FastSpawn::fd_inherit (fileno $slave); |
458 |
|
459 |
# new fh's should always be set cloexec (due to $^F), |
460 |
# but hey, not on win32, so we always clear the inherit flag. |
461 |
Proc::FastSpawn::fd_inherit (fileno $fh, 0); |
462 |
|
463 |
# quick. also doesn't work in win32. of course. what did you expect |
464 |
#local $ENV{PERL5LIB} = join ":", grep !ref, @INC; |
465 |
my %env = %ENV; |
466 |
$env{PERL5LIB} = join +($^O eq "MSWin32" ? ";" : ":"), grep !ref, @INC; |
467 |
|
468 |
my $pid = Proc::FastSpawn::spawn ( |
469 |
$perl, |
470 |
["perl", "-MAnyEvent::Fork::Serve", "-e", "AnyEvent::Fork::Serve::me", fileno $slave, $$], |
471 |
[map "$_=$env{$_}", keys %env], |
472 |
) or die "unable to spawn AnyEvent::Fork server: $!"; |
473 |
|
474 |
$self->_new ($fh, $pid) |
475 |
} |
476 |
|
477 |
=item $pid = $proc->pid |
478 |
|
479 |
Returns the process id of the process I<iff it is a direct child of the |
480 |
process> running AnyEvent::Fork, and C<undef> otherwise. |
481 |
|
482 |
Normally, only processes created via C<< AnyEvent::Fork->new_exec >> and |
483 |
L<AnyEvent::Fork::Template> are direct children, and you are responsible |
484 |
to clean up their zombies when they die. |
485 |
|
486 |
All other processes are not direct children, and will be cleaned up by |
487 |
AnyEvent::Fork. |
488 |
|
489 |
=cut |
490 |
|
491 |
sub pid { |
492 |
$_[0][0] |
493 |
} |
494 |
|
495 |
=item $proc = $proc->eval ($perlcode, @args) |
496 |
|
497 |
Evaluates the given C<$perlcode> as ... perl code, while setting C<@_> to |
498 |
the strings specified by C<@args>. |
499 |
|
500 |
This call is meant to do any custom initialisation that might be required |
501 |
(for example, the C<require> method uses it). It's not supposed to be used |
502 |
to completely take over the process, use C<run> for that. |
503 |
|
504 |
The code will usually be executed after this call returns, and there is no |
505 |
way to pass anything back to the calling process. Any evaluation errors |
506 |
will be reported to stderr and cause the process to exit. |
507 |
|
508 |
Returns the process object for easy chaining of method calls. |
509 |
|
510 |
=cut |
511 |
|
512 |
sub eval { |
513 |
my ($self, $code, @args) = @_; |
514 |
|
515 |
$self->_cmd (e => pack "(w/a*)*", $code, @args); |
516 |
|
517 |
$self |
518 |
} |
519 |
|
520 |
=item $proc = $proc->require ($module, ...) |
521 |
|
522 |
Tries to load the given module(s) into the process |
523 |
|
524 |
Returns the process object for easy chaining of method calls. |
525 |
|
526 |
=cut |
527 |
|
528 |
sub require { |
529 |
my ($self, @modules) = @_; |
530 |
|
531 |
s%::%/%g for @modules; |
532 |
$self->eval ('require "$_.pm" for @_', @modules); |
533 |
|
534 |
$self |
535 |
} |
536 |
|
537 |
=item $proc = $proc->send_fh ($handle, ...) |
538 |
|
539 |
Send one or more file handles (I<not> file descriptors) to the process, |
540 |
to prepare a call to C<run>. |
541 |
|
542 |
The process object keeps a reference to the handles until this is done, |
543 |
so you must not explicitly close the handles. This is most easily |
544 |
accomplished by simply not storing the file handles anywhere after passing |
545 |
them to this method. |
546 |
|
547 |
Returns the process object for easy chaining of method calls. |
548 |
|
549 |
Example: pass a file handle to a process, and release it without |
550 |
closing. It will be closed automatically when it is no longer used. |
551 |
|
552 |
$proc->send_fh ($my_fh); |
553 |
undef $my_fh; # free the reference if you want, but DO NOT CLOSE IT |
554 |
|
555 |
=cut |
556 |
|
557 |
sub send_fh { |
558 |
my ($self, @fh) = @_; |
559 |
|
560 |
for my $fh (@fh) { |
561 |
$self->_cmd ("h"); |
562 |
push @{ $self->[2] }, \$fh; |
563 |
} |
564 |
|
565 |
$self |
566 |
} |
567 |
|
568 |
=item $proc = $proc->send_arg ($string, ...) |
569 |
|
570 |
Send one or more argument strings to the process, to prepare a call to |
571 |
C<run>. The strings can be any octet string. |
572 |
|
573 |
The protocol is optimised to pass a moderate number of relatively short |
574 |
strings - while you can pass up to 4GB of data in one go, this is more |
575 |
meant to pass some ID information or other startup info, not big chunks of |
576 |
data. |
577 |
|
578 |
Returns the process object for easy chaining of method calls. |
579 |
|
580 |
=cut |
581 |
|
582 |
sub send_arg { |
583 |
my ($self, @arg) = @_; |
584 |
|
585 |
$self->_cmd (a => pack "(w/a*)*", @arg); |
586 |
|
587 |
$self |
588 |
} |
589 |
|
590 |
=item $proc->run ($func, $cb->($fh)) |
591 |
|
592 |
Enter the function specified by the fully qualified name in C<$func> in |
593 |
the process. The function is called with the communication socket as first |
594 |
argument, followed by all file handles and string arguments sent earlier |
595 |
via C<send_fh> and C<send_arg> methods, in the order they were called. |
596 |
|
597 |
If the called function returns, the process exits. |
598 |
|
599 |
Preparing the process can take time - when the process is ready, the |
600 |
callback is invoked with the local communications socket as argument. |
601 |
|
602 |
The process object becomes unusable on return from this function. |
603 |
|
604 |
If the communication socket isn't used, it should be closed on both sides, |
605 |
to save on kernel memory. |
606 |
|
607 |
The socket is non-blocking in the parent, and blocking in the newly |
608 |
created process. The close-on-exec flag is set on both. Even if not used |
609 |
otherwise, the socket can be a good indicator for the existence of the |
610 |
process - if the other process exits, you get a readable event on it, |
611 |
because exiting the process closes the socket (if it didn't create any |
612 |
children using fork). |
613 |
|
614 |
Example: create a template for a process pool, pass a few strings, some |
615 |
file handles, then fork, pass one more string, and run some code. |
616 |
|
617 |
my $pool = AnyEvent::Fork |
618 |
->new |
619 |
->send_arg ("str1", "str2") |
620 |
->send_fh ($fh1, $fh2); |
621 |
|
622 |
for (1..2) { |
623 |
$pool |
624 |
->fork |
625 |
->send_arg ("str3") |
626 |
->run ("Some::function", sub { |
627 |
my ($fh) = @_; |
628 |
|
629 |
# fh is nonblocking, but we trust that the OS can accept these |
630 |
# extra 3 octets anyway. |
631 |
syswrite $fh, "hi #$_\n"; |
632 |
|
633 |
# $fh is being closed here, as we don't store it anywhere |
634 |
}); |
635 |
} |
636 |
|
637 |
# Some::function might look like this - all parameters passed before fork |
638 |
# and after will be passed, in order, after the communications socket. |
639 |
sub Some::function { |
640 |
my ($fh, $str1, $str2, $fh1, $fh2, $str3) = @_; |
641 |
|
642 |
print scalar <$fh>; # prints "hi 1\n" and "hi 2\n" |
643 |
} |
644 |
|
645 |
=cut |
646 |
|
647 |
sub run { |
648 |
my ($self, $func, $cb) = @_; |
649 |
|
650 |
$self->[4] = $cb; |
651 |
$self->_cmd (r => $func); |
652 |
} |
653 |
|
654 |
=back |
655 |
|
656 |
=head1 PERFORMANCE |
657 |
|
658 |
Now for some unscientific benchmark numbers (all done on an amd64 |
659 |
GNU/Linux box). These are intended to give you an idea of the relative |
660 |
performance you can expect, they are not meant to be absolute performance |
661 |
numbers. |
662 |
|
663 |
OK, so, I ran a simple benchmark that creates a socket pair, forks, calls |
664 |
exit in the child and waits for the socket to close in the parent. I did |
665 |
load AnyEvent, EV and AnyEvent::Fork, for a total process size of 5100kB. |
666 |
|
667 |
2079 new processes per second, using manual socketpair + fork |
668 |
|
669 |
Then I did the same thing, but instead of calling fork, I called |
670 |
AnyEvent::Fork->new->run ("CORE::exit") and then again waited for the |
671 |
socket form the child to close on exit. This does the same thing as manual |
672 |
socket pair + fork, except that what is forked is the template process |
673 |
(2440kB), and the socket needs to be passed to the server at the other end |
674 |
of the socket first. |
675 |
|
676 |
2307 new processes per second, using AnyEvent::Fork->new |
677 |
|
678 |
And finally, using C<new_exec> instead C<new>, using vforks+execs to exec |
679 |
a new perl interpreter and compile the small server each time, I get: |
680 |
|
681 |
479 vfork+execs per second, using AnyEvent::Fork->new_exec |
682 |
|
683 |
So how can C<< AnyEvent->new >> be faster than a standard fork, even |
684 |
though it uses the same operations, but adds a lot of overhead? |
685 |
|
686 |
The difference is simply the process size: forking the 6MB process takes |
687 |
so much longer than forking the 2.5MB template process that the overhead |
688 |
introduced is canceled out. |
689 |
|
690 |
If the benchmark process grows, the normal fork becomes even slower: |
691 |
|
692 |
1340 new processes, manual fork in a 20MB process |
693 |
731 new processes, manual fork in a 200MB process |
694 |
235 new processes, manual fork in a 2000MB process |
695 |
|
696 |
What that means (to me) is that I can use this module without having a |
697 |
very bad conscience because of the extra overhead required to start new |
698 |
processes. |
699 |
|
700 |
=head1 TYPICAL PROBLEMS |
701 |
|
702 |
This section lists typical problems that remain. I hope by recognising |
703 |
them, most can be avoided. |
704 |
|
705 |
=over 4 |
706 |
|
707 |
=item "leaked" file descriptors for exec'ed processes |
708 |
|
709 |
POSIX systems inherit file descriptors by default when exec'ing a new |
710 |
process. While perl itself laudably sets the close-on-exec flags on new |
711 |
file handles, most C libraries don't care, and even if all cared, it's |
712 |
often not possible to set the flag in a race-free manner. |
713 |
|
714 |
That means some file descriptors can leak through. And since it isn't |
715 |
possible to know which file descriptors are "good" and "necessary" (or |
716 |
even to know which file descriptors are open), there is no good way to |
717 |
close the ones that might harm. |
718 |
|
719 |
As an example of what "harm" can be done consider a web server that |
720 |
accepts connections and afterwards some module uses AnyEvent::Fork for the |
721 |
first time, causing it to fork and exec a new process, which might inherit |
722 |
the network socket. When the server closes the socket, it is still open |
723 |
in the child (which doesn't even know that) and the client might conclude |
724 |
that the connection is still fine. |
725 |
|
726 |
For the main program, there are multiple remedies available - |
727 |
L<AnyEvent::Fork::Early> is one, creating a process early and not using |
728 |
C<new_exec> is another, as in both cases, the first process can be exec'ed |
729 |
well before many random file descriptors are open. |
730 |
|
731 |
In general, the solution for these kind of problems is to fix the |
732 |
libraries or the code that leaks those file descriptors. |
733 |
|
734 |
Fortunately, most of these leaked descriptors do no harm, other than |
735 |
sitting on some resources. |
736 |
|
737 |
=item "leaked" file descriptors for fork'ed processes |
738 |
|
739 |
Normally, L<AnyEvent::Fork> does start new processes by exec'ing them, |
740 |
which closes file descriptors not marked for being inherited. |
741 |
|
742 |
However, L<AnyEvent::Fork::Early> and L<AnyEvent::Fork::Template> offer |
743 |
a way to create these processes by forking, and this leaks more file |
744 |
descriptors than exec'ing them, as there is no way to mark descriptors as |
745 |
"close on fork". |
746 |
|
747 |
An example would be modules like L<EV>, L<IO::AIO> or L<Gtk2>. Both create |
748 |
pipes for internal uses, and L<Gtk2> might open a connection to the X |
749 |
server. L<EV> and L<IO::AIO> can deal with fork, but Gtk2 might have |
750 |
trouble with a fork. |
751 |
|
752 |
The solution is to either not load these modules before use'ing |
753 |
L<AnyEvent::Fork::Early> or L<AnyEvent::Fork::Template>, or to delay |
754 |
initialising them, for example, by calling C<init Gtk2> manually. |
755 |
|
756 |
=item exit runs destructors |
757 |
|
758 |
This only applies to users of Lc<AnyEvent::Fork:Early> and |
759 |
L<AnyEvent::Fork::Template>. |
760 |
|
761 |
When a process created by AnyEvent::Fork exits, it might do so by calling |
762 |
exit, or simply letting perl reach the end of the program. At which point |
763 |
Perl runs all destructors. |
764 |
|
765 |
Not all destructors are fork-safe - for example, an object that represents |
766 |
the connection to an X display might tell the X server to free resources, |
767 |
which is inconvenient when the "real" object in the parent still needs to |
768 |
use them. |
769 |
|
770 |
This is obviously not a problem for L<AnyEvent::Fork::Early>, as you used |
771 |
it as the very first thing, right? |
772 |
|
773 |
It is a problem for L<AnyEvent::Fork::Template> though - and the solution |
774 |
is to not create objects with nontrivial destructors that might have an |
775 |
effect outside of Perl. |
776 |
|
777 |
=back |
778 |
|
779 |
=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES |
780 |
|
781 |
Native win32 perls are somewhat supported (AnyEvent::Fork::Early is a nop, |
782 |
and ::Template is not going to work), and it cost a lot of blood and sweat |
783 |
to make it so, mostly due to the bloody broken perl that nobody seems to |
784 |
care about. The fork emulation is a bad joke - I have yet to see something |
785 |
useful that you can do with it without running into memory corruption |
786 |
issues or other braindamage. Hrrrr. |
787 |
|
788 |
Cygwin perl is not supported at the moment, as it should implement fd |
789 |
passing, but doesn't, and rolling my own is hard, as cygwin doesn't |
790 |
support enough functionality to do it. |
791 |
|
792 |
=head1 SEE ALSO |
793 |
|
794 |
L<AnyEvent::Fork::Early> (to avoid executing a perl interpreter), |
795 |
L<AnyEvent::Fork::Template> (to create a process by forking the main |
796 |
program at a convenient time). |
797 |
|
798 |
=head1 AUTHOR |
799 |
|
800 |
Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de> |
801 |
http://home.schmorp.de/ |
802 |
|
803 |
=cut |
804 |
|
805 |
1 |
806 |
|