[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/AnyEvent-Fork/Fork.pm

Comparing AnyEvent-Fork/Fork.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.15 by root, Fri Apr 5 08:56:36 2013 UTC vs.
Revision 1.54 by root, Fri Apr 26 17:24:05 2013 UTC

…		…
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use AnyEvent::Fork;	7	use AnyEvent::Fork;
8		8
9	##################################################################	9	AnyEvent::Fork
		10	->new
		11	->require ("MyModule")
		12	->run ("MyModule::server", my $cv = AE::cv);
		13
		14	my $fh = $cv->recv;
		15
		16	=head1 DESCRIPTION
		17
		18	This module allows you to create new processes, without actually forking
		19	them from your current process (avoiding the problems of forking), but
		20	preserving most of the advantages of fork.
		21
		22	It can be used to create new worker processes or new independent
		23	subprocesses for short- and long-running jobs, process pools (e.g. for use
		24	in pre-forked servers) but also to spawn new external processes (such as
		25	CGI scripts from a web server), which can be faster (and more well behaved)
		26	than using fork+exec in big processes.
		27
		28	Special care has been taken to make this module useful from other modules,
		29	while still supporting specialised environments such as L<App::Staticperl>
		30	or L<PAR::Packer>.
		31
		32	=head2 WHAT THIS MODULE IS NOT
		33
		34	This module only creates processes and lets you pass file handles and
		35	strings to it, and run perl code. It does not implement any kind of RPC -
		36	there is no back channel from the process back to you, and there is no RPC
		37	or message passing going on.
		38
		39	If you need some form of RPC, you could use the L<AnyEvent::Fork::RPC>
		40	companion module, which adds simple RPC/job queueing to a process created
		41	by this module.
		42
		43	And if you need some automatic process pool management on top of
		44	L<AnyEvent::Fork::RPC>, you can look at the L<AnyEvent::Fork::Pool>
		45	companion module.
		46
		47	Or you can implement it yourself in whatever way you like: use some
		48	message-passing module such as L<AnyEvent::MP>, some pipe such as
		49	L<AnyEvent::ZeroMQ>, use L<AnyEvent::Handle> on both sides to send
		50	e.g. JSON or Storable messages, and so on.
		51
		52	=head2 COMPARISON TO OTHER MODULES
		53
		54	There is an abundance of modules on CPAN that do "something fork", such as
		55	L<Parallel::ForkManager>, L<AnyEvent::ForkManager>, L<AnyEvent::Worker>
		56	or L<AnyEvent::Subprocess>. There are modules that implement their own
		57	process management, such as L<AnyEvent::DBI>.
		58
		59	The problems that all these modules try to solve are real, however, none
		60	of them (from what I have seen) tackle the very real problems of unwanted
		61	memory sharing, efficiency, not being able to use event processing or
		62	similar modules in the processes they create.
		63
		64	This module doesn't try to replace any of them - instead it tries to solve
		65	the problem of creating processes with a minimum of fuss and overhead (and
		66	also luxury). Ideally, most of these would use AnyEvent::Fork internally,
		67	except they were written before AnyEvent:Fork was available, so obviously
		68	had to roll their own.
		69
		70	=head2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
		71
		72	There are two traditional ways to implement parallel processing on UNIX
		73	like operating systems - fork and process, and fork+exec and process. They
		74	have different advantages and disadvantages that I describe below,
		75	together with how this module tries to mitigate the disadvantages.
		76
		77	=over 4
		78
		79	=item Forking from a big process can be very slow.
		80
		81	A 5GB process needs 0.05s to fork on my 3.6GHz amd64 GNU/Linux box. This
		82	overhead is often shared with exec (because you have to fork first), but
		83	in some circumstances (e.g. when vfork is used), fork+exec can be much
		84	faster.
		85
		86	This module can help here by telling a small(er) helper process to fork,
		87	which is faster then forking the main process, and also uses vfork where
		88	possible. This gives the speed of vfork, with the flexibility of fork.
		89
		90	=item Forking usually creates a copy-on-write copy of the parent
		91	process.
		92
		93	For example, modules or data files that are loaded will not use additional
		94	memory after a fork. When exec'ing a new process, modules and data files
		95	might need to be loaded again, at extra CPU and memory cost. But when
		96	forking, literally all data structures are copied - if the program frees
		97	them and replaces them by new data, the child processes will retain the
		98	old version even if it isn't used, which can suddenly and unexpectedly
		99	increase memory usage when freeing memory.
		100
		101	The trade-off is between more sharing with fork (which can be good or
		102	bad), and no sharing with exec.
		103
		104	This module allows the main program to do a controlled fork, and allows
		105	modules to exec processes safely at any time. When creating a custom
		106	process pool you can take advantage of data sharing via fork without
		107	risking to share large dynamic data structures that will blow up child
		108	memory usage.
		109
		110	In other words, this module puts you into control over what is being
		111	shared and what isn't, at all times.
		112
		113	=item Exec'ing a new perl process might be difficult.
		114
		115	For example, it is not easy to find the correct path to the perl
		116	interpreter - C<$^X> might not be a perl interpreter at all.
		117
		118	This module tries hard to identify the correct path to the perl
		119	interpreter. With a cooperative main program, exec'ing the interpreter
		120	might not even be necessary, but even without help from the main program,
		121	it will still work when used from a module.
		122
		123	=item Exec'ing a new perl process might be slow, as all necessary modules
		124	have to be loaded from disk again, with no guarantees of success.
		125
		126	Long running processes might run into problems when perl is upgraded
		127	and modules are no longer loadable because they refer to a different
		128	perl version, or parts of a distribution are newer than the ones already
		129	loaded.
		130
		131	This module supports creating pre-initialised perl processes to be used as
		132	a template for new processes.
		133
		134	=item Forking might be impossible when a program is running.
		135
		136	For example, POSIX makes it almost impossible to fork from a
		137	multi-threaded program while doing anything useful in the child - in
		138	fact, if your perl program uses POSIX threads (even indirectly via
		139	e.g. L<IO::AIO> or L<threads>), you cannot call fork on the perl level
		140	anymore without risking corruption issues on a number of operating
		141	systems.
		142
		143	This module can safely fork helper processes at any time, by calling
		144	fork+exec in C, in a POSIX-compatible way (via L<Proc::FastSpawn>).
		145
		146	=item Parallel processing with fork might be inconvenient or difficult
		147	to implement. Modules might not work in both parent and child.
		148
		149	For example, when a program uses an event loop and creates watchers it
		150	becomes very hard to use the event loop from a child program, as the
		151	watchers already exist but are only meaningful in the parent. Worse, a
		152	module might want to use such a module, not knowing whether another module
		153	or the main program also does, leading to problems.
		154
		155	Apart from event loops, graphical toolkits also commonly fall into the
		156	"unsafe module" category, or just about anything that communicates with
		157	the external world, such as network libraries and file I/O modules, which
		158	usually don't like being copied and then allowed to continue in two
		159	processes.
		160
		161	With this module only the main program is allowed to create new processes
		162	by forking (because only the main program can know when it is still safe
		163	to do so) - all other processes are created via fork+exec, which makes it
		164	possible to use modules such as event loops or window interfaces safely.
		165
		166	=back
		167
		168	=head1 EXAMPLES
		169
10	# create a single new process, tell it to run your worker function	170	=head2 Create a single new process, tell it to run your worker function.
11		171
12	AnyEvent::Fork	172	AnyEvent::Fork
13	->new	173	->new
14	->require ("MyModule")	174	->require ("MyModule")
15	->run ("MyModule::worker, sub {	175	->run ("MyModule::worker, sub {
…		…
17		177
18	# now $master_filehandle is connected to the	178	# now $master_filehandle is connected to the
19	# $slave_filehandle in the new process.	179	# $slave_filehandle in the new process.
20	});	180	});
21		181
22	# MyModule::worker might look like this	182	C<MyModule> might look like this:
		183
		184	package MyModule;
		185
23	sub MyModule::worker {	186	sub worker {
24	my ($slave_filehandle) = @_;	187	my ($slave_filehandle) = @_;
25		188
26	# now $slave_filehandle is connected to the $master_filehandle	189	# now $slave_filehandle is connected to the $master_filehandle
27	# in the original prorcess. have fun!	190	# in the original prorcess. have fun!
28	}	191	}
29		192
30	##################################################################
31	# create a pool of server processes all accepting on the same socket	193	=head2 Create a pool of server processes all accepting on the same socket.
32		194
33	# create listener socket	195	# create listener socket
34	my $listener = ...;	196	my $listener = ...;
35		197
36	# create a pool template, initialise it and give it the socket	198	# create a pool template, initialise it and give it the socket
…		…
48	}	210	}
49		211
50	# now do other things - maybe use the filehandle provided by run	212	# now do other things - maybe use the filehandle provided by run
51	# to wait for the processes to die. or whatever.	213	# to wait for the processes to die. or whatever.
52		214
53	# My::Server::run might look like this	215	C<My::Server> might look like this:
54	sub My::Server::run {	216
		217	package My::Server;
		218
		219	sub run {
55	my ($slave, $listener, $id) = @_;	220	my ($slave, $listener, $id) = @_;
56		221
57	close $slave; # we do not use the socket, so close it to save resources	222	close $slave; # we do not use the socket, so close it to save resources
58		223
59	# we could go ballistic and use e.g. AnyEvent here, or IO::AIO,	224	# we could go ballistic and use e.g. AnyEvent here, or IO::AIO,
…		…
61	while (my $socket = $listener->accept) {	226	while (my $socket = $listener->accept) {
62	# do sth. with new socket	227	# do sth. with new socket
63	}	228	}
64	}	229	}
65		230
66	=head1 DESCRIPTION	231	=head2 use AnyEvent::Fork as a faster fork+exec
67		232
68	This module allows you to create new processes, without actually forking	233	This runs C</bin/echo hi>, with standard output redirected to F</tmp/log>
69	them from your current process (avoiding the problems of forking), but	234	and standard error redirected to the communications socket. It is usually
70	preserving most of the advantages of fork.	235	faster than fork+exec, but still lets you prepare the environment.
71		236
72	It can be used to create new worker processes or new independent	237	open my $output, ">/tmp/log" or die "$!";
73	subprocesses for short- and long-running jobs, process pools (e.g. for use
74	in pre-forked servers) but also to spawn new external processes (such as
75	CGI scripts from a webserver), which can be faster (and more well behaved)
76	than using fork+exec in big processes.
77		238
78	Special care has been taken to make this module useful from other modules,	239	AnyEvent::Fork
79	while still supporting specialised environments such as L<App::Staticperl>	240	->new
80	or L<PAR::Packer>.	241	->eval ('
		242	# compile a helper function for later use
		243	sub run {
		244	my ($fh, $output, @cmd) = @_;
81		245
82	=head1 PROBLEM STATEMENT	246	# perl will clear close-on-exec on STDOUT/STDERR
		247	open STDOUT, ">&", $output or die;
		248	open STDERR, ">&", $fh or die;
83		249
84	There are two ways to implement parallel processing on UNIX like operating	250	exec @cmd;
85	systems - fork and process, and fork+exec and process. They have different	251	}
86	advantages and disadvantages that I describe below, together with how this	252	')
87	module tries to mitigate the disadvantages.	253	->send_fh ($output)
		254	->send_arg ("/bin/echo", "hi")
		255	->run ("run", my $cv = AE::cv);
88		256
89	=over 4	257	my $stderr = $cv->recv;
90		258
91	=item Forking from a big process can be very slow (a 5GB process needs	259	=head2 For stingy users: put the worker code into a C<DATA> section.
92	0.05s to fork on my 3.6GHz amd64 GNU/Linux box for example). This overhead
93	is often shared with exec (because you have to fork first), but in some
94	circumstances (e.g. when vfork is used), fork+exec can be much faster.
95		260
96	This module can help here by telling a small(er) helper process to fork,	261	When you want to be stingy with files, you cna put your code into the
97	or fork+exec instead.	262	C<DATA> section of your module (or program):
98		263
99	=item Forking usually creates a copy-on-write copy of the parent	264	use AnyEvent::Fork;
100	process. Memory (for example, modules or data files that have been
101	will not take additional memory). When exec'ing a new process, modules
102	and data files might need to be loaded again, at extra cpu and memory
103	cost. Likewise when forking, all data structures are copied as well - if
104	the program frees them and replaces them by new data, the child processes
105	will retain the memory even if it isn't used.
106		265
107	This module allows the main program to do a controlled fork, and allows	266	AnyEvent::Fork
108	modules to exec processes safely at any time. When creating a custom	267	->new
109	process pool you can take advantage of data sharing via fork without	268	->eval (do { local $/; <DATA> })
110	risking to share large dynamic data structures that will blow up child	269	->run ("doit", sub { ... });
111	memory usage.
112		270
113	=item Exec'ing a new perl process might be difficult and slow. For	271	__DATA__
114	example, it is not easy to find the correct path to the perl interpreter,
115	and all modules have to be loaded from disk again. Long running processes
116	might run into problems when perl is upgraded for example.
117		272
118	This module supports creating pre-initialised perl processes to be used	273	sub doit {
119	as template, and also tries hard to identify the correct path to the perl	274	... do something!
120	interpreter. With a cooperative main program, exec'ing the interpreter	275	}
121	might not even be necessary.
122		276
123	=item Forking might be impossible when a program is running. For example,	277	=head2 For stingy standalone programs: do not rely on external files at
124	POSIX makes it almost impossible to fork from a multithreaded program and	278	all.
125	do anything useful in the child - strictly speaking, if your perl program
126	uses posix threads (even indirectly via e.g. L<IO::AIO> or L<threads>),
127	you cannot call fork on the perl level anymore, at all.
128		279
129	This module can safely fork helper processes at any time, by caling	280	For single-file scripts it can be inconvenient to rely on external
130	fork+exec in C, in a POSIX-compatible way.	281	files - even when using < C<DATA> section, you still need to C<exec>
		282	an external perl interpreter, which might not be available when using
		283	L<App::Staticperl>, L<Urlader> or L<PAR::Packer> for example.
131		284
132	=item Parallel processing with fork might be inconvenient or difficult	285	Two modules help here - L<AnyEvent::Fork::Early> forks a template process
133	to implement. For example, when a program uses an event loop and creates	286	for all further calls to C<new_exec>, and L<AnyEvent::Fork::Template>
134	watchers it becomes very hard to use the event loop from a child	287	forks the main program as a template process.
135	program, as the watchers already exist but are only meaningful in the
136	parent. Worse, a module might want to use such a system, not knowing
137	whether another module or the main program also does, leading to problems.
138		288
139	This module only lets the main program create pools by forking (because	289	Here is how your main program should look like:
140	only the main program can know when it is still safe to do so) - all other
141	pools are created by fork+exec, after which such modules can again be
142	loaded.
143		290
144	=back	291	#! perl
		292
		293	# optional, as the very first thing.
		294	# in case modules want to create their own processes.
		295	use AnyEvent::Fork::Early;
		296
		297	# next, load all modules you need in your template process
		298	use Example::My::Module
		299	use Example::Whatever;
		300
		301	# next, put your run function definition and anything else you
		302	# need, but do not use code outside of BEGIN blocks.
		303	sub worker_run {
		304	my ($fh, @args) = @_;
		305	...
		306	}
		307
		308	# now preserve everything so far as AnyEvent::Fork object
		309	# in §TEMPLATE.
		310	use AnyEvent::Fork::Template;
		311
		312	# do not put code outside of BEGIN blocks until here
		313
		314	# now use the $TEMPLATE process in any way you like
		315
		316	# for example: create 10 worker processes
		317	my @worker;
		318	my $cv = AE::cv;
		319	for (1..10) {
		320	$cv->begin;
		321	$TEMPLATE->fork->send_arg ($_)->run ("worker_run", sub {
		322	push @worker, shift;
		323	$cv->end;
		324	});
		325	}
		326	$cv->recv;
145		327
146	=head1 CONCEPTS	328	=head1 CONCEPTS
147		329
148	This module can create new processes either by executing a new perl	330	This module can create new processes either by executing a new perl
149	process, or by forking from an existing "template" process.	331	process, or by forking from an existing "template" process.
		332
		333	All these processes are called "child processes" (whether they are direct
		334	children or not), while the process that manages them is called the
		335	"parent process".
150		336
151	Each such process comes with its own file handle that can be used to	337	Each such process comes with its own file handle that can be used to
152	communicate with it (it's actually a socket - one end in the new process,	338	communicate with it (it's actually a socket - one end in the new process,
153	one end in the main process), and among the things you can do in it are	339	one end in the main process), and among the things you can do in it are
154	load modules, fork new processes, send file handles to it, and execute	340	load modules, fork new processes, send file handles to it, and execute
…		…
166	needed the first time. Forking from this process shares the memory used	352	needed the first time. Forking from this process shares the memory used
167	for the perl interpreter with the new process, but loading modules takes	353	for the perl interpreter with the new process, but loading modules takes
168	time, and the memory is not shared with anything else.	354	time, and the memory is not shared with anything else.
169		355
170	This is ideal for when you only need one extra process of a kind, with the	356	This is ideal for when you only need one extra process of a kind, with the
171	option of starting and stipping it on demand.	357	option of starting and stopping it on demand.
172		358
173	Example:	359	Example:
174		360
175	AnyEvent::Fork	361	AnyEvent::Fork
176	->new	362	->new
…		…
191	modules you loaded) is shared between the processes, and each new process	377	modules you loaded) is shared between the processes, and each new process
192	consumes relatively little memory of its own.	378	consumes relatively little memory of its own.
193		379
194	The disadvantage of this approach is that you need to create a template	380	The disadvantage of this approach is that you need to create a template
195	process for the sole purpose of forking new processes from it, but if you	381	process for the sole purpose of forking new processes from it, but if you
196	only need a fixed number of proceses you can create them, and then destroy	382	only need a fixed number of processes you can create them, and then destroy
197	the template process.	383	the template process.
198		384
199	Example:	385	Example:
200		386
201	my $template = AnyEvent::Fork->new->require ("Some::Module");	387	my $template = AnyEvent::Fork->new->require ("Some::Module");
…		…
228	my ($fork_fh) = @_;	414	my ($fork_fh) = @_;
229	});	415	});
230		416
231	=back	417	=back
232		418
233	=head1 FUNCTIONS	419	=head1 THE C<AnyEvent::Fork> CLASS
		420
		421	This module exports nothing, and only implements a single class -
		422	C<AnyEvent::Fork>.
		423
		424	There are two class constructors that both create new processes - C<new>
		425	and C<new_exec>. The C<fork> method creates a new process by forking an
		426	existing one and could be considered a third constructor.
		427
		428	Most of the remaining methods deal with preparing the new process, by
		429	loading code, evaluating code and sending data to the new process. They
		430	usually return the process object, so you can chain method calls.
		431
		432	If a process object is destroyed before calling its C<run> method, then
		433	the process simply exits. After C<run> is called, all responsibility is
		434	passed to the specified function.
		435
		436	As long as there is any outstanding work to be done, process objects
		437	resist being destroyed, so there is no reason to store them unless you
		438	need them later - configure and forget works just fine.
234		439
235	=over 4	440	=over 4
236		441
237	=cut	442	=cut
238		443
239	package AnyEvent::Fork;	444	package AnyEvent::Fork;
240		445
241	use common::sense;	446	use common::sense;
242		447
243	use Socket ();	448	use Errno ();
244		449
245	use AnyEvent;	450	use AnyEvent;
246	use AnyEvent::Util ();	451	use AnyEvent::Util ();
247		452
248	use IO::FDPass;	453	use IO::FDPass;
249		454
250	our $VERSION = 0.2;	455	our $VERSION = '1.0';
251
252	our $PERL; # the path to the perl interpreter, deduces with various forms of magic
253
254	=item my $pool = new AnyEvent::Fork key => value...
255
256	Create a new process pool. The following named parameters are supported:
257
258	=over 4
259
260	=back
261
262	=cut
263		456
264	# the early fork template process	457	# the early fork template process
265	our $EARLY;	458	our $EARLY;
266		459
267	# the empty template process	460	# the empty template process
268	our $TEMPLATE;	461	our $TEMPLATE;
269		462
		463	sub QUEUE() { 0 }
		464	sub FH() { 1 }
		465	sub WW() { 2 }
		466	sub PID() { 3 }
		467	sub CB() { 4 }
		468
		469	sub _new {
		470	my ($self, $fh, $pid) = @_;
		471
		472	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking $fh, 1;
		473
		474	$self = bless [
		475	[], # write queue - strings or fd's
		476	$fh,
		477	undef, # AE watcher
		478	$pid,
		479	], $self;
		480
		481	$self
		482	}
		483
270	sub _cmd {	484	sub _cmd {
271	my $self = shift;	485	my $self = shift;
272		486
273	#TODO: maybe append the packet to any existing string command already in the queue
274
275	# ideally, we would want to use "a (w/a)*" as format string, but perl versions	487	# ideally, we would want to use "a (w/a)*" as format string, but perl
276	# from at least 5.8.9 to 5.16.3 are all buggy and can't unpack it.	488	# versions from at least 5.8.9 to 5.16.3 are all buggy and can't unpack
277	push @{ $self->[2] }, pack "N/a", pack "(w/a)*", @_;	489	# it.
		490	push @{ $self->[QUEUE] }, pack "a N/a*", $_[0], $_[1];
278		491
279	$self->[3] \|\|= AE::io $self->[1], 1, sub {	492	$self->[WW] \|\|= AE::io $self->[FH], 1, sub {
		493	do {
280	# send the next "thing" in the queue - either a reference to an fh,	494	# send the next "thing" in the queue - either a reference to an fh,
281	# or a plain string.	495	# or a plain string.
282		496
283	if (ref $self->[2][0]) {	497	if (ref $self->[QUEUE][0]) {
284	# send fh	498	# send fh
285	IO::FDPass::send fileno $self->[1], fileno ${ $self->[2][0] }	499	unless (IO::FDPass::send fileno $self->[FH], fileno ${ $self->[QUEUE][0] }) {
		500	return if $! == Errno::EAGAIN \|\| $! == Errno::EWOULDBLOCK;
		501	undef $self->[WW];
		502	die "AnyEvent::Fork: file descriptor send failure: $!";
		503	}
		504
286	and shift @{ $self->[2] };	505	shift @{ $self->[QUEUE] };
287		506
288	} else {	507	} else {
289	# send string	508	# send string
290	my $len = syswrite $self->[1], $self->[2][0]	509	my $len = syswrite $self->[FH], $self->[QUEUE][0];
		510
		511	unless ($len) {
		512	return if $! == Errno::EAGAIN \|\| $! == Errno::EWOULDBLOCK;
		513	undef $self->[WW];
291	or do { undef $self->[3]; die "AnyEvent::Fork: command write failure: $!" };	514	die "AnyEvent::Fork: command write failure: $!";
		515	}
292		516
293	substr $self->[2][0], 0, $len, "";	517	substr $self->[QUEUE][0], 0, $len, "";
294	shift @{ $self->[2] } unless length $self->[2][0];	518	shift @{ $self->[QUEUE] } unless length $self->[QUEUE][0];
295	}	519	}
		520	} while @{ $self->[QUEUE] };
296		521
297	unless (@{ $self->[2] }) {	522	# everything written
298	undef $self->[3];	523	undef $self->[WW];
		524
299	# invoke run callback	525	# invoke run callback, if any
		526	if ($self->[CB]) {
300	$self->[0]->($self->[1]) if $self->[0];	527	$self->[CB]->($self->[FH]);
		528	@$self = ();
301	}	529	}
302	};	530	};
303		531
304	() # make sure we don't leak the watcher	532	() # make sure we don't leak the watcher
305	}
306
307	sub _new {
308	my ($self, $fh) = @_;
309
310	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking $fh, 1;
311
312	$self = bless [
313	undef, # run callback
314	$fh,
315	[], # write queue - strings or fd's
316	undef, # AE watcher
317	], $self;
318
319	$self
320	}	533	}
321		534
322	# fork template from current process, used by AnyEvent::Fork::Early/Template	535	# fork template from current process, used by AnyEvent::Fork::Early/Template
323	sub _new_fork {	536	sub _new_fork {
324	my ($fh, $slave) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_socketpair;	537	my ($fh, $slave) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_socketpair;
…		…
335	exit 0;	548	exit 0;
336	} elsif (!$pid) {	549	} elsif (!$pid) {
337	die "AnyEvent::Fork::Early/Template: unable to fork template process: $!";	550	die "AnyEvent::Fork::Early/Template: unable to fork template process: $!";
338	}	551	}
339		552
340	AnyEvent::Fork->_new ($fh)	553	AnyEvent::Fork->_new ($fh, $pid)
341	}	554	}
342		555
343	=item my $proc = new AnyEvent::Fork	556	=item my $proc = new AnyEvent::Fork
344		557
345	Create a new "empty" perl interpreter process and returns its process	558	Create a new "empty" perl interpreter process and returns its process
346	object for further manipulation.	559	object for further manipulation.
347		560
348	The new process is forked from a template process that is kept around	561	The new process is forked from a template process that is kept around
349	for this purpose. When it doesn't exist yet, it is created by a call to	562	for this purpose. When it doesn't exist yet, it is created by a call to
350	C<new_exec> and kept around for future calls.	563	C<new_exec> first and then stays around for future calls.
351
352	When the process object is destroyed, it will release the file handle
353	that connects it with the new process. When the new process has not yet
354	called C<run>, then the process will exit. Otherwise, what happens depends
355	entirely on the code that is executed.
356		564
357	=cut	565	=cut
358		566
359	sub new {	567	sub new {
360	my $class = shift;	568	my $class = shift;
…		…
396	reduces the amount of memory sharing that is possible, and is also slower.	604	reduces the amount of memory sharing that is possible, and is also slower.
397		605
398	You should use C<new> whenever possible, except when having a template	606	You should use C<new> whenever possible, except when having a template
399	process around is unacceptable.	607	process around is unacceptable.
400		608
401	The path to the perl interpreter is divined usign various methods - first	609	The path to the perl interpreter is divined using various methods - first
402	C<$^X> is investigated to see if the path ends with something that sounds	610	C<$^X> is investigated to see if the path ends with something that sounds
403	as if it were the perl interpreter. Failing this, the module falls back to	611	as if it were the perl interpreter. Failing this, the module falls back to
404	using C<$Config::Config{perlpath}>.	612	using C<$Config::Config{perlpath}>.
405		613
406	=cut	614	=cut
…		…
438	# quick. also doesn't work in win32. of course. what did you expect	646	# quick. also doesn't work in win32. of course. what did you expect
439	#local $ENV{PERL5LIB} = join ":", grep !ref, @INC;	647	#local $ENV{PERL5LIB} = join ":", grep !ref, @INC;
440	my %env = %ENV;	648	my %env = %ENV;
441	$env{PERL5LIB} = join +($^O eq "MSWin32" ? ";" : ":"), grep !ref, @INC;	649	$env{PERL5LIB} = join +($^O eq "MSWin32" ? ";" : ":"), grep !ref, @INC;
442		650
443	Proc::FastSpawn::spawn (	651	my $pid = Proc::FastSpawn::spawn (
444	$perl,	652	$perl,
445	["perl", "-MAnyEvent::Fork::Serve", "-e", "AnyEvent::Fork::Serve::me", fileno $slave, $$],	653	["perl", "-MAnyEvent::Fork::Serve", "-e", "AnyEvent::Fork::Serve::me", fileno $slave, $$],
446	[map "$_=$env{$_}", keys %env],	654	[map "$_=$env{$_}", keys %env],
447	) or die "unable to spawn AnyEvent::Fork server: $!";	655	) or die "unable to spawn AnyEvent::Fork server: $!";
448		656
449	$self->_new ($fh)	657	$self->_new ($fh, $pid)
		658	}
		659
		660	=item $pid = $proc->pid
		661
		662	Returns the process id of the process I<iff it is a direct child of the
		663	process running AnyEvent::Fork>, and C<undef> otherwise.
		664
		665	Normally, only processes created via C<< AnyEvent::Fork->new_exec >> and
		666	L<AnyEvent::Fork::Template> are direct children, and you are responsible
		667	to clean up their zombies when they die.
		668
		669	All other processes are not direct children, and will be cleaned up by
		670	AnyEvent::Fork itself.
		671
		672	=cut
		673
		674	sub pid {
		675	$_[0][PID]
450	}	676	}
451		677
452	=item $proc = $proc->eval ($perlcode, @args)	678	=item $proc = $proc->eval ($perlcode, @args)
453		679
454	Evaluates the given C<$perlcode> as ... perl code, while setting C<@_> to	680	Evaluates the given C<$perlcode> as ... Perl code, while setting C<@_> to
455	the strings specified by C<@args>.	681	the strings specified by C<@args>, in the "main" package.
456		682
457	This call is meant to do any custom initialisation that might be required	683	This call is meant to do any custom initialisation that might be required
458	(for example, the C<require> method uses it). It's not supposed to be used	684	(for example, the C<require> method uses it). It's not supposed to be used
459	to completely take over the process, use C<run> for that.	685	to completely take over the process, use C<run> for that.
460		686
461	The code will usually be executed after this call returns, and there is no	687	The code will usually be executed after this call returns, and there is no
462	way to pass anything back to the calling process. Any evaluation errors	688	way to pass anything back to the calling process. Any evaluation errors
463	will be reported to stderr and cause the process to exit.	689	will be reported to stderr and cause the process to exit.
464		690
		691	If you want to execute some code (that isn't in a module) to take over the
		692	process, you should compile a function via C<eval> first, and then call
		693	it via C<run>. This also gives you access to any arguments passed via the
		694	C<send_xxx> methods, such as file handles. See the L<use AnyEvent::Fork as
		695	a faster fork+exec> example to see it in action.
		696
465	Returns the process object for easy chaining of method calls.	697	Returns the process object for easy chaining of method calls.
466		698
467	=cut	699	=cut
468		700
469	sub eval {	701	sub eval {
470	my ($self, $code, @args) = @_;	702	my ($self, $code, @args) = @_;
471		703
472	$self->_cmd (e => $code, @args);	704	$self->_cmd (e => pack "(w/a)", $code, @args);
473		705
474	$self	706	$self
475	}	707	}
476		708
477	=item $proc = $proc->require ($module, ...)	709	=item $proc = $proc->require ($module, ...)
…		…
494	=item $proc = $proc->send_fh ($handle, ...)	726	=item $proc = $proc->send_fh ($handle, ...)
495		727
496	Send one or more file handles (I<not> file descriptors) to the process,	728	Send one or more file handles (I<not> file descriptors) to the process,
497	to prepare a call to C<run>.	729	to prepare a call to C<run>.
498		730
499	The process object keeps a reference to the handles until this is done,	731	The process object keeps a reference to the handles until they have
500	so you must not explicitly close the handles. This is most easily	732	been passed over to the process, so you must not explicitly close the
501	accomplished by simply not storing the file handles anywhere after passing	733	handles. This is most easily accomplished by simply not storing the file
502	them to this method.	734	handles anywhere after passing them to this method - when AnyEvent::Fork
		735	is finished using them, perl will automatically close them.
503		736
504	Returns the process object for easy chaining of method calls.	737	Returns the process object for easy chaining of method calls.
505		738
506	Example: pass an fh to a process, and release it without closing. it will	739	Example: pass a file handle to a process, and release it without
507	be closed automatically when it is no longer used.	740	closing. It will be closed automatically when it is no longer used.
508		741
509	$proc->send_fh ($my_fh);	742	$proc->send_fh ($my_fh);
510	undef $my_fh; # free the reference if you want, but DO NOT CLOSE IT	743	undef $my_fh; # free the reference if you want, but DO NOT CLOSE IT
511		744
512	=cut	745	=cut
…		…
514	sub send_fh {	747	sub send_fh {
515	my ($self, @fh) = @_;	748	my ($self, @fh) = @_;
516		749
517	for my $fh (@fh) {	750	for my $fh (@fh) {
518	$self->_cmd ("h");	751	$self->_cmd ("h");
519	push @{ $self->[2] }, \$fh;	752	push @{ $self->[QUEUE] }, \$fh;
520	}	753	}
521		754
522	$self	755	$self
523	}	756	}
524		757
525	=item $proc = $proc->send_arg ($string, ...)	758	=item $proc = $proc->send_arg ($string, ...)
526		759
527	Send one or more argument strings to the process, to prepare a call to	760	Send one or more argument strings to the process, to prepare a call to
528	C<run>. The strings can be any octet string.	761	C<run>. The strings can be any octet strings.
529		762
		763	The protocol is optimised to pass a moderate number of relatively short
		764	strings - while you can pass up to 4GB of data in one go, this is more
		765	meant to pass some ID information or other startup info, not big chunks of
		766	data.
		767
530	Returns the process object for easy chaining of emthod calls.	768	Returns the process object for easy chaining of method calls.
531		769
532	=cut	770	=cut
533		771
534	sub send_arg {	772	sub send_arg {
535	my ($self, @arg) = @_;	773	my ($self, @arg) = @_;
536		774
537	$self->_cmd (a => @arg);	775	$self->_cmd (a => pack "(w/a)", @arg);
538		776
539	$self	777	$self
540	}	778	}
541		779
542	=item $proc->run ($func, $cb->($fh))	780	=item $proc->run ($func, $cb->($fh))
543		781
544	Enter the function specified by the fully qualified name in C<$func> in	782	Enter the function specified by the function name in C<$func> in the
545	the process. The function is called with the communication socket as first	783	process. The function is called with the communication socket as first
546	argument, followed by all file handles and string arguments sent earlier	784	argument, followed by all file handles and string arguments sent earlier
547	via C<send_fh> and C<send_arg> methods, in the order they were called.	785	via C<send_fh> and C<send_arg> methods, in the order they were called.
548		786
549	If the called function returns, the process exits.
550
551	Preparing the process can take time - when the process is ready, the
552	callback is invoked with the local communications socket as argument.
553
554	The process object becomes unusable on return from this function.	787	The process object becomes unusable on return from this function - any
		788	further method calls result in undefined behaviour.
		789
		790	The function name should be fully qualified, but if it isn't, it will be
		791	looked up in the C<main> package.
		792
		793	If the called function returns, doesn't exist, or any error occurs, the
		794	process exits.
		795
		796	Preparing the process is done in the background - when all commands have
		797	been sent, the callback is invoked with the local communications socket
		798	as argument. At this point you can start using the socket in any way you
		799	like.
555		800
556	If the communication socket isn't used, it should be closed on both sides,	801	If the communication socket isn't used, it should be closed on both sides,
557	to save on kernel memory.	802	to save on kernel memory.
558		803
559	The socket is non-blocking in the parent, and blocking in the newly	804	The socket is non-blocking in the parent, and blocking in the newly
560	created process. The close-on-exec flag is set on both. Even if not used	805	created process. The close-on-exec flag is set in both.
		806
561	otherwise, the socket can be a good indicator for the existance of the	807	Even if not used otherwise, the socket can be a good indicator for the
562	process - if the other process exits, you get a readable event on it,	808	existence of the process - if the other process exits, you get a readable
563	because exiting the process closes the socket (if it didn't create any	809	event on it, because exiting the process closes the socket (if it didn't
564	children using fork).	810	create any children using fork).
565		811
566	Example: create a template for a process pool, pass a few strings, some	812	Example: create a template for a process pool, pass a few strings, some
567	file handles, then fork, pass one more string, and run some code.	813	file handles, then fork, pass one more string, and run some code.
568		814
569	my $pool = AnyEvent::Fork	815	my $pool = AnyEvent::Fork
…		…
577	->send_arg ("str3")	823	->send_arg ("str3")
578	->run ("Some::function", sub {	824	->run ("Some::function", sub {
579	my ($fh) = @_;	825	my ($fh) = @_;
580		826
581	# fh is nonblocking, but we trust that the OS can accept these	827	# fh is nonblocking, but we trust that the OS can accept these
582	# extra 3 octets anyway.	828	# few octets anyway.
583	syswrite $fh, "hi #$_\n";	829	syswrite $fh, "hi #$_\n";
584		830
585	# $fh is being closed here, as we don't store it anywhere	831	# $fh is being closed here, as we don't store it anywhere
586	});	832	});
587	}	833	}
…		…
589	# Some::function might look like this - all parameters passed before fork	835	# Some::function might look like this - all parameters passed before fork
590	# and after will be passed, in order, after the communications socket.	836	# and after will be passed, in order, after the communications socket.
591	sub Some::function {	837	sub Some::function {
592	my ($fh, $str1, $str2, $fh1, $fh2, $str3) = @_;	838	my ($fh, $str1, $str2, $fh1, $fh2, $str3) = @_;
593		839
594	print scalar <$fh>; # prints "hi 1\n" and "hi 2\n"	840	print scalar <$fh>; # prints "hi #1\n" and "hi #2\n" in any order
595	}	841	}
596		842
597	=cut	843	=cut
598		844
599	sub run {	845	sub run {
600	my ($self, $func, $cb) = @_;	846	my ($self, $func, $cb) = @_;
601		847
602	$self->[0] = $cb;	848	$self->[CB] = $cb;
603	$self->_cmd (r => $func);	849	$self->_cmd (r => $func);
604	}	850	}
605		851
606	=back	852	=back
		853
		854	=head2 ADVANCED METHODS
		855
		856	=over 4
		857
		858	=item new_from_stdio AnyEvent::Fork $fh
		859
		860	Assume that you have a perl interpreter running (without any special
		861	options or a program) somewhere and it has it's STDIN and STDOUT connected
		862	to the C<$fh> somehow. I.e. exactly the state perl is in when you start it
		863	without any arguments:
		864
		865	perl
		866
		867	Then you can create an C<AnyEvent::Fork> object out of this perl
		868	interpreter with this constructor.
		869
		870	When the usefulness of this isn't immediately clear, imagine you manage to
		871	run a perl interpreter remotely (F<ssh remotemachine perl>), then you can
		872	manage it mostly like a local C<AnyEvent::Fork> child.
		873
		874	This works without any module support, i.e. the remote F<perl> does not
		875	need to have any special modules installed.
		876
		877	There are a number of limitations though: C<send_fh> will only work if the
		878	L<IO::FDPass> module is loadable by the remote perl and the two processes
		879	are connected in a way that let's L<IO::FDPass> do it's work.
		880
		881	This will therefore not work over a network connection. From this follows
		882	that C<fork> will also not work under these circumstances, as it relies on
		883	C<send_fh> internally.
		884
		885	Although not a limitation of this module, keep in mind that the
		886	"communications socket" is simply C<STDIN>, and depending on how you
		887	started F<perl> (e.g. via F<ssh>), it might only be half-duplex. This is
		888	fine for C<AnyEvent::Fork>, but your C<run> function might want to use
		889	C<STDIN> (or the "communications socket") for input and C<STDOUT> for
		890	output.
		891
		892	You can support both cases by checking the C<fileno> of the handle passed
		893	to your run function:
		894
		895	sub run {
		896	my ($rfh) = @_;
		897
		898	my $wfh = fileno $rfh ? $rfh : *STDOUT;
		899
		900	# now use $rfh for reading and $wfh for writing
		901	}
		902
		903	=cut
		904
		905	sub new_from_stdio {
		906	my ($class, $fh) = @_;
		907
		908	my $self = $class->_new ($fh);
		909
		910	# send startup code
		911	push @{ $self->[QUEUE] },
		912	(do "AnyEvent/Fork/serve.pl")
		913	. <<'EOF';
		914
		915	$OWNER = "another process";
		916	$0 = "AnyEvent::Fork/stdio of $OWNER";
		917
		918	serve *STDIN;
		919	__END__
		920	EOF
		921
		922	# the data is only sent when the user requests additional things, which
		923	# is likely early enough for our purposes.
		924
		925	$self
		926	}
		927
		928	=back
		929
		930	=head2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
		931
		932	These methods might go away completely or change behaviour, a any time.
		933
		934	=over 4
		935
		936	=item $proc->to_fh ($cb->($fh)) # EXPERIMENTAL, MIGHT BE REMOVED
		937
		938	Flushes all commands out to the process and then calls the callback with
		939	the communications socket.
		940
		941	The process object becomes unusable on return from this function - any
		942	further method calls result in undefined behaviour.
		943
		944	The point of this method is to give you a file handle thta you cna pass
		945	to another process. In that other process, you can call C<new_from_fh
		946	AnyEvent::Fork> to create a new C<AnyEvent::Fork> object from it, thereby
		947	effectively passing a fork object to another process.
		948
		949	=cut
		950
		951	sub to_fh {
		952	my ($self, $cb) = @_;
		953
		954	$self->[CB] = $cb;
		955
		956	unless ($self->[WW]) {
		957	$self->[CB]->($self->[FH]);
		958	@$self = ();
		959	}
		960	}
		961
		962	=item new_from_fh AnyEvent::Fork $fh # EXPERIMENTAL, MIGHT BE REMOVED
		963
		964	Takes a file handle originally rceeived by the C<to_fh> method and creates
		965	a new C<AnyEvent:Fork> object. The child process itself will not change in
		966	any way, i.e. it will keep all the modifications done to it before calling
		967	C<to_fh>.
		968
		969	The new object is very much like the original object, except that the
		970	C<pid> method will return C<undef> even if the process is a direct child.
		971
		972	=cut
		973
		974	sub new_from_fh {
		975	my ($class, $fh) = @_;
		976
		977	$class->_new ($fh)
		978	}
		979
		980	=back
		981
		982	=head1 PERFORMANCE
		983
		984	Now for some unscientific benchmark numbers (all done on an amd64
		985	GNU/Linux box). These are intended to give you an idea of the relative
		986	performance you can expect, they are not meant to be absolute performance
		987	numbers.
		988
		989	OK, so, I ran a simple benchmark that creates a socket pair, forks, calls
		990	exit in the child and waits for the socket to close in the parent. I did
		991	load AnyEvent, EV and AnyEvent::Fork, for a total process size of 5100kB.
		992
		993	2079 new processes per second, using manual socketpair + fork
		994
		995	Then I did the same thing, but instead of calling fork, I called
		996	AnyEvent::Fork->new->run ("CORE::exit") and then again waited for the
		997	socket from the child to close on exit. This does the same thing as manual
		998	socket pair + fork, except that what is forked is the template process
		999	(2440kB), and the socket needs to be passed to the server at the other end
		1000	of the socket first.
		1001
		1002	2307 new processes per second, using AnyEvent::Fork->new
		1003
		1004	And finally, using C<new_exec> instead C<new>, using vforks+execs to exec
		1005	a new perl interpreter and compile the small server each time, I get:
		1006
		1007	479 vfork+execs per second, using AnyEvent::Fork->new_exec
		1008
		1009	So how can C<< AnyEvent->new >> be faster than a standard fork, even
		1010	though it uses the same operations, but adds a lot of overhead?
		1011
		1012	The difference is simply the process size: forking the 5MB process takes
		1013	so much longer than forking the 2.5MB template process that the extra
		1014	overhead is canceled out.
		1015
		1016	If the benchmark process grows, the normal fork becomes even slower:
		1017
		1018	1340 new processes, manual fork of a 20MB process
		1019	731 new processes, manual fork of a 200MB process
		1020	235 new processes, manual fork of a 2000MB process
		1021
		1022	What that means (to me) is that I can use this module without having a bad
		1023	conscience because of the extra overhead required to start new processes.
607		1024
608	=head1 TYPICAL PROBLEMS	1025	=head1 TYPICAL PROBLEMS
609		1026
610	This section lists typical problems that remain. I hope by recognising	1027	This section lists typical problems that remain. I hope by recognising
611	them, most can be avoided.	1028	them, most can be avoided.
612		1029
613	=over 4	1030	=over 4
614		1031
615	=item "leaked" file descriptors for exec'ed processes	1032	=item leaked file descriptors for exec'ed processes
616		1033
617	POSIX systems inherit file descriptors by default when exec'ing a new	1034	POSIX systems inherit file descriptors by default when exec'ing a new
618	process. While perl itself laudably sets the close-on-exec flags on new	1035	process. While perl itself laudably sets the close-on-exec flags on new
619	file handles, most C libraries don't care, and even if all cared, it's	1036	file handles, most C libraries don't care, and even if all cared, it's
620	often not possible to set the flag in a race-free manner.	1037	often not possible to set the flag in a race-free manner.
621		1038
622	That means some file descriptors can leak through. And since it isn't	1039	That means some file descriptors can leak through. And since it isn't
623	possible to know which file descriptors are "good" and "neccessary" (or	1040	possible to know which file descriptors are "good" and "necessary" (or
624	even to know which file descreiptors are open), there is no good way to	1041	even to know which file descriptors are open), there is no good way to
625	close the ones that might harm.	1042	close the ones that might harm.
626		1043
627	As an example of what "harm" can be done consider a web server that	1044	As an example of what "harm" can be done consider a web server that
628	accepts connections and afterwards some module uses AnyEvent::Fork for the	1045	accepts connections and afterwards some module uses AnyEvent::Fork for the
629	first time, causing it to fork and exec a new process, which might inherit	1046	first time, causing it to fork and exec a new process, which might inherit
…		…
637	well before many random file descriptors are open.	1054	well before many random file descriptors are open.
638		1055
639	In general, the solution for these kind of problems is to fix the	1056	In general, the solution for these kind of problems is to fix the
640	libraries or the code that leaks those file descriptors.	1057	libraries or the code that leaks those file descriptors.
641		1058
642	Fortunately, most of these lekaed descriptors do no harm, other than	1059	Fortunately, most of these leaked descriptors do no harm, other than
643	sitting on some resources.	1060	sitting on some resources.
644		1061
645	=item "leaked" file descriptors for fork'ed processes	1062	=item leaked file descriptors for fork'ed processes
646		1063
647	Normally, L<AnyEvent::Fork> does start new processes by exec'ing them,	1064	Normally, L<AnyEvent::Fork> does start new processes by exec'ing them,
648	which closes file descriptors not marked for being inherited.	1065	which closes file descriptors not marked for being inherited.
649		1066
650	However, L<AnyEvent::Fork::Early> and L<AnyEvent::Fork::Template> offer	1067	However, L<AnyEvent::Fork::Early> and L<AnyEvent::Fork::Template> offer
…		…
659		1076
660	The solution is to either not load these modules before use'ing	1077	The solution is to either not load these modules before use'ing
661	L<AnyEvent::Fork::Early> or L<AnyEvent::Fork::Template>, or to delay	1078	L<AnyEvent::Fork::Early> or L<AnyEvent::Fork::Template>, or to delay
662	initialising them, for example, by calling C<init Gtk2> manually.	1079	initialising them, for example, by calling C<init Gtk2> manually.
663		1080
		1081	=item exiting calls object destructors
		1082
		1083	This only applies to users of L<AnyEvent::Fork:Early> and
		1084	L<AnyEvent::Fork::Template>, or when initialising code creates objects
		1085	that reference external resources.
		1086
		1087	When a process created by AnyEvent::Fork exits, it might do so by calling
		1088	exit, or simply letting perl reach the end of the program. At which point
		1089	Perl runs all destructors.
		1090
		1091	Not all destructors are fork-safe - for example, an object that represents
		1092	the connection to an X display might tell the X server to free resources,
		1093	which is inconvenient when the "real" object in the parent still needs to
		1094	use them.
		1095
		1096	This is obviously not a problem for L<AnyEvent::Fork::Early>, as you used
		1097	it as the very first thing, right?
		1098
		1099	It is a problem for L<AnyEvent::Fork::Template> though - and the solution
		1100	is to not create objects with nontrivial destructors that might have an
		1101	effect outside of Perl.
		1102
664	=back	1103	=back
665		1104
666	=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES	1105	=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES
667		1106
668	Native win32 perls are somewhat supported (AnyEvent::Fork::Early is a nop,	1107	Native win32 perls are somewhat supported (AnyEvent::Fork::Early is a nop,
669	and ::Template is not going to work), and it cost a lot of blood and sweat	1108	and ::Template is not going to work), and it cost a lot of blood and sweat
670	to make it so, mostly due to the bloody broken perl that nobody seems to	1109	to make it so, mostly due to the bloody broken perl that nobody seems to
671	care about. The fork emulation is a bad joke - I have yet to see something	1110	care about. The fork emulation is a bad joke - I have yet to see something
672	useful that you cna do with it without running into memory corruption	1111	useful that you can do with it without running into memory corruption
673	issues or other braindamage. Hrrrr.	1112	issues or other braindamage. Hrrrr.
674		1113
675	Cygwin perl is not supported at the moment, as it should implement fd	1114	Since fork is endlessly broken on win32 perls (it doesn't even remotely
676	passing, but doesn't, and rolling my own is hard, as cygwin doesn't	1115	work within it's documented limits) and quite obviously it's not getting
677	support enough functionality to do it.	1116	improved any time soon, the best way to proceed on windows would be to
		1117	always use C<new_exec> and thus never rely on perl's fork "emulation".
		1118
		1119	Cygwin perl is not supported at the moment due to some hilarious
		1120	shortcomings of its API - see L<IO::FDPoll> for more details. If you never
		1121	use C<send_fh> and always use C<new_exec> to create processes, it should
		1122	work though.
678		1123
679	=head1 SEE ALSO	1124	=head1 SEE ALSO
680		1125
681	L<AnyEvent::Fork::Early> (to avoid executing a perl interpreter),	1126	L<AnyEvent::Fork::Early>, to avoid executing a perl interpreter at all
		1127	(part of this distribution).
		1128
682	L<AnyEvent::Fork::Template> (to create a process by forking the main	1129	L<AnyEvent::Fork::Template>, to create a process by forking the main
683	program at a convenient time).	1130	program at a convenient time (part of this distribution).
684		1131
685	=head1 AUTHOR	1132	L<AnyEvent::Fork::RPC>, for simple RPC to child processes (on CPAN).
		1133
		1134	L<AnyEvent::Fork::Pool>, for simple worker process pool (on CPAN).
		1135
		1136	=head1 AUTHOR AND CONTACT INFORMATION
686		1137
687	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	1138	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
688	http://home.schmorp.de/	1139	http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/AnyEvent-Fork
689		1140
690	=cut	1141	=cut
691		1142
692	1	1143	1
693		1144

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Comparing AnyEvent-Fork/Fork.pm (file contents): Revision 1.15 by root, Fri Apr 5 08:56:36 2013 UTC vs. Revision 1.54 by root, Fri Apr 26 17:24:05 2013 UTC

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Comparing AnyEvent-Fork/Fork.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.15 by root, Fri Apr 5 08:56:36 2013 UTC vs.
Revision 1.54 by root, Fri Apr 26 17:24:05 2013 UTC