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Comparing AnyEvent-HTTP/HTTP.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.2 by root, Wed Jun 4 11:37:41 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.12 by root, Thu Jun 5 16:33:02 2008 UTC

… …
8 8
9=head1 DESCRIPTION 9=head1 DESCRIPTION
10 10
11This module is an L<AnyEvent> user, you need to make sure that you use and 11This module is an L<AnyEvent> user, you need to make sure that you use and
12run a supported event loop. 12run a supported event loop.
13
14This module implements a simple, stateless and non-blocking HTTP
15client. It supports GET, POST and other request methods, cookies and more,
16all on a very low level. It can follow redirects supports proxies and
17automatically limits the number of connections to the values specified in
18the RFC.
19
20It should generally be a "good client" that is enough for most HTTP
21tasks. Simple tasks should be simple, but complex tasks should still be
22possible as the user retains control over request and response headers.
23
24The caller is responsible for authentication management, cookies (if
25the simplistic implementation in this module doesn't suffice), referer
26and other high-level protocol details for which this module offers only
27limited support.
13 28
14=head2 METHODS 29=head2 METHODS
15 30
16=over 4 31=over 4
17 32
… …
34our $VERSION = '1.0'; 49our $VERSION = '1.0';
35 50
36our @EXPORT = qw(http_get http_request); 51our @EXPORT = qw(http_get http_request);
37 52
38our $USERAGENT = "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; AnyEvent::HTTP/$VERSION; +http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/AnyEvent)"; 53our $USERAGENT = "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; AnyEvent::HTTP/$VERSION; +http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/AnyEvent)";
39our $MAX_REDIRECTS = 10; 54our $MAX_RECURSE = 10;
40our $MAX_PERSISTENT = 8; 55our $MAX_PERSISTENT = 8;
41our $PERSISTENT_TIMEOUT = 2; 56our $PERSISTENT_TIMEOUT = 2;
42our $TIMEOUT = 300; 57our $TIMEOUT = 300;
43 58
44# changing these is evil 59# changing these is evil
45our $MAX_PERSISTENT_PER_HOST = 2; 60our $MAX_PERSISTENT_PER_HOST = 2;
46our $MAX_PER_HOST = 4; # not respected yet :( 61our $MAX_PER_HOST = 4;
47 62
48our $PROXY; 63our $PROXY;
49 64
50my %KA_COUNT; # number of open keep-alive connections per host 65my %KA_COUNT; # number of open keep-alive connections per host
66my %CO_SLOT; # number of open connections, and wait queue, per host
51 67
52=item http_get $url, key => value..., $cb->($data, $headers) 68=item http_get $url, key => value..., $cb->($data, $headers)
53 69
54Executes an HTTP-GET request. See the http_request function for details on 70Executes an HTTP-GET request. See the http_request function for details on
55additional parameters. 71additional parameters.
72
73=item http_head $url, key => value..., $cb->($data, $headers)
74
75Executes an HTTP-HEAD request. See the http_request function for details on
76additional parameters.
77
78=item http_post $url, $body, key => value..., $cb->($data, $headers)
79
80Executes an HTTP-POST request with a request body of C<$bod>. See the
81http_request function for details on additional parameters.
56 82
57=item http_request $method => $url, key => value..., $cb->($data, $headers) 83=item http_request $method => $url, key => value..., $cb->($data, $headers)
58 84
59Executes a HTTP request of type C<$method> (e.g. C<GET>, C<POST>). The URL 85Executes a HTTP request of type C<$method> (e.g. C<GET>, C<POST>). The URL
60must be an absolute http or https URL. 86must be an absolute http or https URL.
61 87
62The callback will be called with the response data as first argument 88The callback will be called with the response data as first argument
63(or C<undef> if it wasn't available due to errors), and a hash-ref with 89(or C<undef> if it wasn't available due to errors), and a hash-ref with
64response headers as second argument. 90response headers as second argument.
65 91
66All the headers in that has are lowercased. In addition to the response 92All the headers in that hash are lowercased. In addition to the response
67headers, the three "pseudo-headers" C<HTTPVersion>, C<Status> and 93headers, the three "pseudo-headers" C<HTTPVersion>, C<Status> and
68C<Reason> contain the three parts of the HTTP Status-Line of the same 94C<Reason> contain the three parts of the HTTP Status-Line of the same
69name. 95name. If the server sends a header multiple lines, then their contents
96will be joined together with C<\x00>.
70 97
71If an internal error occurs, such as not being able to resolve a hostname, 98If an internal error occurs, such as not being able to resolve a hostname,
72then C<$data> will be C<undef>, C<< $headers->{Status} >> will be C<599> 99then C<$data> will be C<undef>, C<< $headers->{Status} >> will be C<599>
73and the C<Reason> pseudo-header will contain an error message. 100and the C<Reason> pseudo-header will contain an error message.
74 101
102A typical callback might look like this:
103
104 sub {
105 my ($body, $hdr) = @_;
106
107 if ($hdr->{Status} =~ /^2/) {
108 ... everything should be ok
109 } else {
110 print "error, $hdr->{Status} $hdr->{Reason}\n";
111 }
112 }
113
75Additional parameters are key-value pairs, and are fully optional. They 114Additional parameters are key-value pairs, and are fully optional. They
76include: 115include:
77 116
78=over 4 117=over 4
79 118
80=item recurse => $boolean (default: true) 119=item recurse => $count (default: $MAX_RECURSE)
81 120
82Whether to recurse requests or not, e.g. on redirects, authentication 121Whether to recurse requests or not, e.g. on redirects, authentication
83retries and so on. 122retries and so on, and how often to do so.
84 123
85=item headers => hashref 124=item headers => hashref
86 125
87The request headers to use. 126The request headers to use. Currently, C<http_request> may provide its
127own C<Host:>, C<Content-Length:>, C<Connection:> and C<Cookie:> headers
128and will provide defaults for C<User-Agent:> and C<Referer:>.
88 129
89=item timeout => $seconds 130=item timeout => $seconds
90 131
91The time-out to use for various stages - each connect attempt will reset 132The time-out to use for various stages - each connect attempt will reset
92the timeout, as will read or write activity. Default timeout is 5 minutes. 133the timeout, as will read or write activity. Default timeout is 5 minutes.
… …
97default proxy (as specified by C<$ENV{http_proxy}>) is used. 138default proxy (as specified by C<$ENV{http_proxy}>) is used.
98 139
99C<$scheme> must be either missing or C<http> for HTTP, or C<https> for 140C<$scheme> must be either missing or C<http> for HTTP, or C<https> for
100HTTPS. 141HTTPS.
101 142
143=item body => $string
144
145The request body, usually empty. Will be-sent as-is (future versions of
146this module might offer more options).
147
148=item cookie_jar => $hash_ref
149
150Passing this parameter enables (simplified) cookie-processing, loosely
151based on the original netscape specification.
152
153The C<$hash_ref> must be an (initially empty) hash reference which will
154get updated automatically. It is possible to save the cookie_jar to
155persistent storage with something like JSON or Storable, but this is not
156recommended, as expire times are currently being ignored.
157
158Note that this cookie implementation is not of very high quality, nor
159meant to be complete. If you want complete cookie management you have to
160do that on your own. C<cookie_jar> is meant as a quick fix to get some
161cookie-using sites working. Cookies are a privacy disaster, do not use
162them unless required to.
163
102=back 164=back
103 165
104=back 166Example: make a simple HTTP GET request for http://www.nethype.de/
167
168 http_request GET => "http://www.nethype.de/", sub {
169 my ($body, $hdr) = @_;
170 print "$body\n";
171 };
172
173Example: make a HTTP HEAD request on https://www.google.com/, use a
174timeout of 30 seconds.
175
176 http_request
177 GET => "https://www.google.com",
178 timeout => 30,
179 sub {
180 my ($body, $hdr) = @_;
181 use Data::Dumper;
182 print Dumper $hdr;
183 }
184 ;
105 185
106=cut 186=cut
187
188sub _slot_schedule;
189sub _slot_schedule($) {
190 my $host = shift;
191
192 while ($CO_SLOT{$host}[0] < $MAX_PER_HOST) {
193 if (my $cb = shift @{ $CO_SLOT{$host}[1] }) {
194 # somebody wants that slot
195 ++$CO_SLOT{$host}[0];
196
197 $cb->(AnyEvent::Util::guard {
198 --$CO_SLOT{$host}[0];
199 _slot_schedule $host;
200 });
201 } else {
202 # nobody wants the slot, maybe we can forget about it
203 delete $CO_SLOT{$host} unless $CO_SLOT{$host}[0];
204 last;
205 }
206 }
207}
208
209# wait for a free slot on host, call callback
210sub _get_slot($$) {
211 push @{ $CO_SLOT{$_[0]}[1] }, $_[1];
212
213 _slot_schedule $_[0];
214}
107 215
108sub http_request($$$;@) { 216sub http_request($$$;@) {
109 my $cb = pop; 217 my $cb = pop;
110 my ($method, $url, %arg) = @_; 218 my ($method, $url, %arg) = @_;
111 219
112 my %hdr; 220 my %hdr;
113 221
222 $method = uc $method;
223
114 if (my $hdr = delete $arg{headers}) { 224 if (my $hdr = $arg{headers}) {
115 while (my ($k, $v) = each %$hdr) { 225 while (my ($k, $v) = each %$hdr) {
116 $hdr{lc $k} = $v; 226 $hdr{lc $k} = $v;
117 } 227 }
118 } 228 }
119 229
230 my $recurse = exists $arg{recurse} ? $arg{recurse} : $MAX_RECURSE;
231
232 return $cb->(undef, { Status => 599, Reason => "recursion limit reached" })
233 if $recurse < 0;
234
120 my $proxy = $arg{proxy} || $PROXY; 235 my $proxy = $arg{proxy} || $PROXY;
121 my $timeout = $arg{timeout} || $TIMEOUT; 236 my $timeout = $arg{timeout} || $TIMEOUT;
122 237
123 $hdr{"user-agent"} ||= $USERAGENT; 238 $hdr{"user-agent"} ||= $USERAGENT;
124 239
125 my ($host, $port, $path, $scheme); 240 my ($scheme, $authority, $upath, $query, $fragment) =
241 $url =~ m|(?:([^:/?#]+):)?(?://([^/?#]*))?([^?#]*)(?:\?([^#]*))?(?:#(.*))?|;
242
243 $scheme = lc $scheme;
244
245 my $uport = $scheme eq "http" ? 80
246 : $scheme eq "https" ? 443
247 : return $cb->(undef, { Status => 599, Reason => "only http and https URL schemes supported" });
248
249 $authority =~ /^(?: .*\@ )? ([^\@:]+) (?: : (\d+) )?$/x
250 or return $cb->(undef, { Status => 599, Reason => "unparsable URL" });
251
252 my $uhost = $1;
253 $uport = $2 if defined $2;
254
255 $uhost =~ s/^\[(.*)\]$/$1/;
256 $upath .= "?$query" if length $query;
257
258 $upath =~ s%^/?%/%;
259
260 $hdr{referer} ||= "$scheme://$authority$upath";
261
262 # cookie processing
263 if (my $jar = $arg{cookie_jar}) {
264 %$jar = () if $jar->{version} < 1;
265
266 my @cookie;
267
268 while (my ($chost, $v) = each %$jar) {
269 next unless $chost eq substr $uhost, -length $chost;
270 next unless $chost =~ /^\./;
271
272 while (my ($cpath, $v) = each %$v) {
273 next unless $cpath eq substr $upath, 0, length $cpath;
274
275 while (my ($k, $v) = each %$v) {
276 next if $scheme ne "https" && exists $v->{secure};
277 push @cookie, "$k=$v->{value}";
278 }
279 }
280 }
281
282 $hdr{cookie} = join "; ", @cookie
283 if @cookie;
284 }
285
286 my ($rhost, $rport, $rpath); # request host, port, path
126 287
127 if ($proxy) { 288 if ($proxy) {
128 ($host, $port, $scheme) = @$proxy; 289 ($rhost, $rport, $scheme) = @$proxy;
129 $path = $url; 290 $rpath = $url;
130 } else { 291 } else {
131 ($scheme, my $authority, $path, my $query, my $fragment) = 292 ($rhost, $rport, $rpath) = ($uhost, $uport, $upath);
132 $url =~ m|(?:([^:/?#]+):)?(?://([^/?#]*))?([^?#]*)(?:\?([^#]*))?(?:#(.*))?|;
133
134 $port = $scheme eq "http" ? 80
135 : $scheme eq "https" ? 443
136 : croak "$url: only http and https URLs supported";
137
138 $authority =~ /^(?: .*\@ )? ([^\@:]+) (?: : (\d+) )?$/x
139 or croak "$authority: unparsable URL";
140
141 $host = $1;
142 $port = $2 if defined $2;
143
144 $host =~ s/^\[(.*)\]$/$1/;
145 $path .= "?$query" if length $query;
146
147 $path = "/" unless $path;
148
149 $hdr{host} = $host = lc $host; 293 $hdr{host} = $uhost;
150 } 294 }
151 295
152 $scheme = lc $scheme;
153
154 my %state;
155
156 my $body = "";
157 $state{body} = $body;
158
159 $hdr{"content-length"} = length $body; 296 $hdr{"content-length"} = length $arg{body};
160 297
298 my %state = (connect_guard => 1);
299
300 _get_slot $uhost, sub {
301 $state{slot_guard} = shift;
302
303 return unless $state{connect_guard};
304
161 $state{connect_guard} = AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect $host, $port, sub { 305 $state{connect_guard} = AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect $rhost, $rport, sub {
162 $state{fh} = shift 306 $state{fh} = shift
163 or return $cb->(undef, { Status => 599, Reason => "$!" }); 307 or return $cb->(undef, { Status => 599, Reason => "$!" });
164 308
165 delete $state{connect_guard}; # reduce memory usage, save a tree 309 delete $state{connect_guard}; # reduce memory usage, save a tree
166 310
167 # get handle 311 # get handle
168 $state{handle} = new AnyEvent::Handle 312 $state{handle} = new AnyEvent::Handle
169 fh => $state{fh}, 313 fh => $state{fh},
170 ($scheme eq "https" ? (tls => "connect") : ()); 314 ($scheme eq "https" ? (tls => "connect") : ());
171 315
172 # limit the number of persistent connections 316 # limit the number of persistent connections
173 if ($KA_COUNT{$_[1]} < $MAX_PERSISTENT_PER_HOST) { 317 if ($KA_COUNT{$_[1]} < $MAX_PERSISTENT_PER_HOST) {
174 ++$KA_COUNT{$_[1]}; 318 ++$KA_COUNT{$_[1]};
175 $state{handle}{ka_count_guard} = AnyEvent::Util::guard { --$KA_COUNT{$_[1]} }; 319 $state{handle}{ka_count_guard} = AnyEvent::Util::guard { --$KA_COUNT{$_[1]} };
176 $hdr{connection} = "keep-alive"; 320 $hdr{connection} = "keep-alive";
177 delete $hdr{connection}; # keep-alive not yet supported 321 delete $hdr{connection}; # keep-alive not yet supported
178 } else { 322 } else {
179 delete $hdr{connection}; 323 delete $hdr{connection};
180 } 324 }
181 325
182 # (re-)configure handle 326 # (re-)configure handle
183 $state{handle}->timeout ($timeout); 327 $state{handle}->timeout ($timeout);
184 $state{handle}->on_error (sub { 328 $state{handle}->on_error (sub {
185 %state = (); 329 %state = ();
186 $cb->(undef, { Status => 599, Reason => "$!" }); 330 $cb->(undef, { Status => 599, Reason => "$!" });
187 }); 331 });
188 $state{handle}->on_eof (sub { 332 $state{handle}->on_eof (sub {
189 %state = (); 333 %state = ();
190 $cb->(undef, { Status => 599, Reason => "unexpected end-of-file" }); 334 $cb->(undef, { Status => 599, Reason => "unexpected end-of-file" });
191 }); 335 });
192 336
193 # send request 337 # send request
194 $state{handle}->push_write ( 338 $state{handle}->push_write (
195 "\U$method\E $path HTTP/1.0\015\012" 339 "$method $rpath HTTP/1.0\015\012"
196 . (join "", map "$_: $hdr{$_}\015\012", keys %hdr) 340 . (join "", map "$_: $hdr{$_}\015\012", keys %hdr)
197 . "\015\012" 341 . "\015\012"
198 . (delete $state{body}) 342 . (delete $arg{body})
199 );
200
201 %hdr = (); # reduce memory usage, save a kitten
202
203 # status line
204 $state{handle}->push_read (line => qr/\015?\012/, sub {
205 $_[1] =~ /^HTTP\/([0-9\.]+) \s+ ([0-9]{3}) \s+ ([^\015\012]+)/ix
206 or return (%state = (), $cb->(undef, { Status => 599, Reason => "invalid server response ($_[1])" }));
207
208 my %hdr = ( # response headers
209 HTTPVersion => ",$1",
210 Status => ",$2",
211 Reason => ",$3",
212 ); 343 );
213 344
345 %hdr = (); # reduce memory usage, save a kitten
346
347 # status line
348 $state{handle}->push_read (line => qr/\015?\012/, sub {
349 $_[1] =~ /^HTTP\/([0-9\.]+) \s+ ([0-9]{3}) \s+ ([^\015\012]+)/ix
350 or return (%state = (), $cb->(undef, { Status => 599, Reason => "invalid server response ($_[1])" }));
351
352 my %hdr = ( # response headers
353 HTTPVersion => "\x00$1",
354 Status => "\x00$2",
355 Reason => "\x00$3",
356 );
357
214 # headers, could be optimized a bit 358 # headers, could be optimized a bit
215 $state{handle}->unshift_read (line => qr/\015?\012\015?\012/, sub { 359 $state{handle}->unshift_read (line => qr/\015?\012\015?\012/, sub {
216 for ("$_[1]\012") { 360 for ("$_[1]\012") {
217 # we support spaces in field names, as lotus domino 361 # we support spaces in field names, as lotus domino
218 # creates them. 362 # creates them.
219 $hdr{lc $1} .= ",$2" 363 $hdr{lc $1} .= "\x00$2"
220 while /\G 364 while /\G
221 ([^:\000-\037]+): 365 ([^:\000-\037]+):
222 [\011\040]* 366 [\011\040]*
223 ((?: [^\015\012]+ | \015?\012[\011\040] )*) 367 ((?: [^\015\012]+ | \015?\012[\011\040] )*)
224 \015?\012 368 \015?\012
225 /gxc; 369 /gxc;
226 370
227 /\G$/ 371 /\G$/
228 or return $cb->(undef, { Status => 599, Reason => "garbled response headers" }); 372 or return (%state = (), $cb->(undef, { Status => 599, Reason => "garbled response headers" }));
229 } 373 }
230 374
231 substr $_, 0, 1, "" 375 substr $_, 0, 1, ""
232 for values %hdr; 376 for values %hdr;
233 377
234 if (exists $hdr{"content-length"}) { 378 my $finish = sub {
235 $_[0]->unshift_read (chunk => $hdr{"content-length"}, sub {
236 # could cache persistent connection now
237 if ($hdr{connection} =~ /\bkeep-alive\b/i) {
238 # but we don't, due to misdesigns, this is annoyingly complex
239 };
240
241 %state = (); 379 %state = ();
380
381 # set-cookie processing
382 if ($arg{cookie_jar} && exists $hdr{"set-cookie"}) {
383 for (split /\x00/, $hdr{"set-cookie"}) {
384 my ($cookie, @arg) = split /;\s*/;
385 my ($name, $value) = split /=/, $cookie, 2;
386 my %kv = (value => $value, map { split /=/, $_, 2 } @arg);
387
388 my $cdom = (delete $kv{domain}) || $uhost;
389 my $cpath = (delete $kv{path}) || "/";
390
391 $cdom =~ s/^.?/./; # make sure it starts with a "."
392
393 next if $cdom =~ /\.$/;
394
395 # this is not rfc-like and not netscape-like. go figure.
396 my $ndots = $cdom =~ y/.//;
397 next if $ndots < ($cdom =~ /\.[^.][^.]\.[^.][^.]$/ ? 3 : 2);
398
399 # store it
400 $arg{cookie_jar}{version} = 1;
401 $arg{cookie_jar}{$cdom}{$cpath}{$name} = \%kv;
402 }
403 }
404
405 if ($_[1]{Status} =~ /^x30[12]$/ && $recurse) {
406 # microsoft and other assholes don't give a shit for following standards,
407 # try to support a common form of broken Location header.
408 $_[1]{location} =~ s%^/%$scheme://$uhost:$uport/%;
409
410 http_request ($method, $_[1]{location}, %arg, recurse => $recurse - 1, $cb);
411 } else {
242 $cb->($_[1], \%hdr); 412 $cb->($_[0], $_[1]);
413 }
243 }); 414 };
415
416 if ($hdr{Status} =~ /^(?:1..|204|304)$/ or $method eq "HEAD") {
417 $finish->(undef, \%hdr);
244 } else { 418 } else {
419 if (exists $hdr{"content-length"}) {
420 $_[0]->unshift_read (chunk => $hdr{"content-length"}, sub {
421 # could cache persistent connection now
422 if ($hdr{connection} =~ /\bkeep-alive\b/i) {
423 # but we don't, due to misdesigns, this is annoyingly complex
424 };
425
426 $finish->($_[1], \%hdr);
427 });
428 } else {
245 # too bad, need to read until we get an error or EOF, 429 # too bad, need to read until we get an error or EOF,
246 # no way to detect winged data. 430 # no way to detect winged data.
247 $_[0]->on_error (sub { 431 $_[0]->on_error (sub {
248 %state = ();
249 $cb->($_[0]{rbuf}, \%hdr); 432 $finish->($_[0]{rbuf}, \%hdr);
433 });
434 $_[0]->on_eof (undef);
435 $_[0]->on_read (sub { });
436 }
250 }); 437 }
251 $_[0]->on_eof (undef);
252 $_[0]->on_read (sub { });
253 } 438 });
254 }); 439 });
440 }, sub {
441 $timeout
255 }); 442 };
256 }, sub {
257 $timeout
258 }; 443 };
259 444
260 defined wantarray && AnyEvent::Util::guard { %state = () } 445 defined wantarray && AnyEvent::Util::guard { %state = () }
261} 446}
262 447
263sub http_get($$;@) { 448sub http_get($$;@) {
264 unshift @_, "GET"; 449 unshift @_, "GET";
265 &http_request 450 &http_request
266} 451}
267 452
453sub http_head($$;@) {
454 unshift @_, "HEAD";
455 &http_request
456}
457
458sub http_post($$$;@) {
459 unshift @_, "POST", "body";
460 &http_request
461}
462
463=back
464
268=head2 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS AND VARIABLES 465=head2 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS AND VARIABLES
269 466
270=over 4 467=over 4
271 468
272=item AnyEvent::HTTP::set_proxy "proxy-url" 469=item AnyEvent::HTTP::set_proxy "proxy-url"
273 470
274Sets the default proxy server to use. The proxy-url must begin with a 471Sets the default proxy server to use. The proxy-url must begin with a
275string of the form C<http://host:port> (optionally C<https:...>). 472string of the form C<http://host:port> (optionally C<https:...>).
276 473
277=item $AnyEvent::HTTP::MAX_REDIRECTS 474=item $AnyEvent::HTTP::MAX_RECURSE
278 475
279The default value for the C<max_redirects> request parameter 476The default value for the C<recurse> request parameter (default: C<10>).
280(default: C<10>).
281 477
282=item $AnyEvent::HTTP::USERAGENT 478=item $AnyEvent::HTTP::USERAGENT
283 479
284The default value for the C<User-Agent> header (the default is 480The default value for the C<User-Agent> header (the default is
285C<Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; AnyEvent::HTTP/$VERSION; +http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/AnyEvent)>). 481C<Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; AnyEvent::HTTP/$VERSION; +http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/AnyEvent)>).
286 482
287=item $AnyEvent::HTTP::MAX_PERSISTENT 483=item $AnyEvent::HTTP::MAX_PERSISTENT
288 484
289The maximum number of persistent connections to keep open (default: 8). 485The maximum number of persistent connections to keep open (default: 8).
290 486
487Not implemented currently.
488
291=item $AnyEvent::HTTP::PERSISTENT_TIMEOUT 489=item $AnyEvent::HTTP::PERSISTENT_TIMEOUT
292 490
293The maximum time to cache a persistent connection, in seconds (default: 2). 491The maximum time to cache a persistent connection, in seconds (default: 2).
492
493Not implemented currently.
294 494
295=back 495=back
296 496
297=cut 497=cut
298 498

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