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Revision 1.34 by root, Wed Aug 5 23:50:46 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.153 by root, Sat Nov 2 01:30:49 2019 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent::MP - multi-processing/message-passing framework	3	AnyEvent::MP - erlang-style multi-processing/message-passing framework
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use AnyEvent::MP;	7	use AnyEvent::MP;
8		8
9	$NODE # contains this node's noderef	9	$NODE # contains this node's node ID
10	NODE # returns this node's noderef	10	NODE # returns this node's node ID
11	NODE $port # returns the noderef of the port
12		11
		12	$SELF # receiving/own port id in rcv callbacks
		13
		14	# initialise the node so it can send/receive messages
		15	configure;
		16
		17	# ports are message destinations
		18
		19	# sending messages
13	snd $port, type => data...;	20	snd $port, type => data...;
		21	snd $port, @msg;
		22	snd @msg_with_first_element_being_a_port;
14		23
15	$SELF # receiving/own port id in rcv callbacks	24	# creating/using ports, the simple way
		25	my $simple_port = port { my @msg = @_ };
16		26
17	rcv $port, smartmatch => $cb->($port, @msg);	27	# creating/using ports, tagged message matching
18		28	my $port = port;
19	# examples:
20	rcv $port2, ping => sub { snd $_[0], "pong"; 0 };	29	rcv $port, ping => sub { snd $_[0], "pong" };
21	rcv $port1, pong => sub { warn "pong received\n" };	30	rcv $port, pong => sub { warn "pong received\n" };
22	snd $port2, ping => $port1;
23		31
24	# more, smarter, matches (_any_ is exported by this module)	32	# create a port on another node
25	rcv $port, [child_died => $pid] => sub { ...	33	my $port = spawn $node, $initfunc, @initdata;
26	rcv $port, [_any_, _any_, 3] => sub { .. $_[2] is 3	34
		35	# destroy a port again
		36	kil $port; # "normal" kill
		37	kil $port, my_error => "everything is broken"; # error kill
		38
		39	# monitoring
		40	mon $port, $cb->(@msg) # callback is invoked on death
		41	mon $port, $localport # kill localport on abnormal death
		42	mon $port, $localport, @msg # send message on death
		43
		44	# temporarily execute code in port context
		45	peval $port, sub { die "kill the port!" };
		46
		47	# execute callbacks in $SELF port context
		48	my $timer = AE::timer 1, 0, psub {
		49	die "kill the port, delayed";
		50	};
		51
		52	# distributed database - modification
		53	db_set $family => $subkey [=> $value] # add a subkey
		54	db_del $family => $subkey... # delete one or more subkeys
		55	db_reg $family => $port [=> $value] # register a port
		56
		57	# distributed database - queries
		58	db_family $family => $cb->(\%familyhash)
		59	db_keys $family => $cb->(\@keys)
		60	db_values $family => $cb->(\@values)
		61
		62	# distributed database - monitoring a family
		63	db_mon $family => $cb->(\%familyhash, \@added, \@changed, \@deleted)
27		64
28	=head1 DESCRIPTION	65	=head1 DESCRIPTION
29		66
30	This module (-family) implements a simple message passing framework.	67	This module (-family) implements a simple message passing framework.
31		68
32	Despite its simplicity, you can securely message other processes running	69	Despite its simplicity, you can securely message other processes running
33	on the same or other hosts.	70	on the same or other hosts, and you can supervise entities remotely.
34		71
35	For an introduction to this module family, see the L<AnyEvent::MP::Intro>	72	For an introduction to this module family, see the L<AnyEvent::MP::Intro>
36	manual page.	73	manual page and the examples under F<eg/>.
37
38	At the moment, this module family is severly broken and underdocumented,
39	so do not use. This was uploaded mainly to reserve the CPAN namespace -
40	stay tuned! The basic API should be finished, however.
41		74
42	=head1 CONCEPTS	75	=head1 CONCEPTS
43		76
44	=over 4	77	=over 4
45		78
46	=item port	79	=item port
47		80
48	A port is something you can send messages to (with the C<snd> function).	81	Not to be confused with a TCP port, a "port" is something you can send
		82	messages to (with the C<snd> function).
49		83
50	Some ports allow you to register C<rcv> handlers that can match specific	84	Ports allow you to register C<rcv> handlers that can match all or just
51	messages. All C<rcv> handlers will receive messages they match, messages	85	some messages. Messages send to ports will not be queued, regardless of
52	will not be queued.	86	anything was listening for them or not.
53		87
		88	Ports are represented by (printable) strings called "port IDs".
		89
54	=item port id - C<noderef#portname>	90	=item port ID - C<nodeid#portname>
55		91
56	A port id is normaly the concatenation of a noderef, a hash-mark (C<#>) as	92	A port ID is the concatenation of a node ID, a hash-mark (C<#>)
57	separator, and a port name (a printable string of unspecified format). An	93	as separator, and a port name (a printable string of unspecified
58	exception is the the node port, whose ID is identical to its node	94	format created by AnyEvent::MP).
59	reference.
60		95
61	=item node	96	=item node
62		97
63	A node is a single process containing at least one port - the node	98	A node is a single process containing at least one port - the node port,
64	port. You can send messages to node ports to find existing ports or to	99	which enables nodes to manage each other remotely, and to create new
65	create new ports, among other things.	100	ports.
66		101
67	Nodes are either private (single-process only), slaves (connected to a	102	Nodes are either public (have one or more listening ports) or private
68	master node only) or public nodes (connectable from unrelated nodes).	103	(no listening ports). Private nodes cannot talk to other private nodes
		104	currently, but all nodes can talk to public nodes.
69		105
70	=item noderef - C<host:port,host:port...>, C<id@noderef>, C<id>	106	Nodes is represented by (printable) strings called "node IDs".
71		107
72	A node reference is a string that either simply identifies the node (for	108	=item node ID - C<[A-Za-z0-9_\-.:]*>
73	private and slave nodes), or contains a recipe on how to reach a given
74	node (for public nodes).
75		109
76	This recipe is simply a comma-separated list of C<address:port> pairs (for	110	A node ID is a string that uniquely identifies the node within a
77	TCP/IP, other protocols might look different).	111	network. Depending on the configuration used, node IDs can look like a
		112	hostname, a hostname and a port, or a random string. AnyEvent::MP itself
		113	doesn't interpret node IDs in any way except to uniquely identify a node.
78		114
79	Node references come in two flavours: resolved (containing only numerical	115	=item binds - C<ip:port>
80	addresses) or unresolved (where hostnames are used instead of addresses).
81		116
82	Before using an unresolved node reference in a message you first have to	117	Nodes can only talk to each other by creating some kind of connection to
83	resolve it.	118	each other. To do this, nodes should listen on one or more local transport
		119	endpoints - binds.
		120
		121	Currently, only standard C<ip:port> specifications can be used, which
		122	specify TCP ports to listen on. So a bind is basically just a tcp socket
		123	in listening mode that accepts connections from other nodes.
		124
		125	=item seed nodes
		126
		127	When a node starts, it knows nothing about the network it is in - it
		128	needs to connect to at least one other node that is already in the
		129	network. These other nodes are called "seed nodes".
		130
		131	Seed nodes themselves are not special - they are seed nodes only because
		132	some other node I<uses> them as such, but any node can be used as seed
		133	node for other nodes, and eahc node can use a different set of seed nodes.
		134
		135	In addition to discovering the network, seed nodes are also used to
		136	maintain the network - all nodes using the same seed node are part of the
		137	same network. If a network is split into multiple subnets because e.g. the
		138	network link between the parts goes down, then using the same seed nodes
		139	for all nodes ensures that eventually the subnets get merged again.
		140
		141	Seed nodes are expected to be long-running, and at least one seed node
		142	should always be available. They should also be relatively responsive - a
		143	seed node that blocks for long periods will slow down everybody else.
		144
		145	For small networks, it's best if every node uses the same set of seed
		146	nodes. For large networks, it can be useful to specify "regional" seed
		147	nodes for most nodes in an area, and use all seed nodes as seed nodes for
		148	each other. What's important is that all seed nodes connections form a
		149	complete graph, so that the network cannot split into separate subnets
		150	forever.
		151
		152	Seed nodes are represented by seed IDs.
		153
		154	=item seed IDs - C<host:port>
		155
		156	Seed IDs are transport endpoint(s) (usually a hostname/IP address and a
		157	TCP port) of nodes that should be used as seed nodes.
		158
		159	=item global nodes
		160
		161	An AEMP network needs a discovery service - nodes need to know how to
		162	connect to other nodes they only know by name. In addition, AEMP offers a
		163	distributed "group database", which maps group names to a list of strings
		164	- for example, to register worker ports.
		165
		166	A network needs at least one global node to work, and allows every node to
		167	be a global node.
		168
		169	Any node that loads the L<AnyEvent::MP::Global> module becomes a global
		170	node and tries to keep connections to all other nodes. So while it can
		171	make sense to make every node "global" in small networks, it usually makes
		172	sense to only make seed nodes into global nodes in large networks (nodes
		173	keep connections to seed nodes and global nodes, so making them the same
		174	reduces overhead).
84		175
85	=back	176	=back
86		177
87	=head1 VARIABLES/FUNCTIONS	178	=head1 VARIABLES/FUNCTIONS
88		179
…		…
90		181
91	=cut	182	=cut
92		183
93	package AnyEvent::MP;	184	package AnyEvent::MP;
94		185
		186	use AnyEvent::MP::Config ();
95	use AnyEvent::MP::Base;	187	use AnyEvent::MP::Kernel;
		188	use AnyEvent::MP::Kernel qw(
		189	%NODE %PORT %PORT_DATA $UNIQ $RUNIQ $ID
		190	add_node load_func
		191
		192	NODE $NODE
		193	configure
		194	node_of port_is_local
		195	snd kil
		196	db_set db_del
		197	db_mon db_family db_keys db_values
		198	);
96		199
97	use common::sense;	200	use common::sense;
98		201
99	use Carp ();	202	use Carp ();
100		203
101	use AE ();	204	use AnyEvent ();
		205	use Guard ();
102		206
103	use base "Exporter";	207	use base "Exporter";
104		208
105	our $VERSION = '0.1';	209	our $VERSION = '2.02'; # also in MP/Config.pm
		210
106	our @EXPORT = qw(	211	our @EXPORT = qw(
107	NODE $NODE *SELF node_of _any_	212	configure
108	resolve_node initialise_node	213
109	snd rcv mon kil reg psub	214	NODE $NODE
110	port	215	*SELF
		216
		217	node_of port_is_local
		218
		219	snd kil
		220	port rcv mon mon_guard psub peval spawn cal
		221	db_set db_del db_reg
		222	db_mon db_family db_keys db_values
		223
		224	after
111	);	225	);
112		226
113	our $SELF;	227	our $SELF;
114		228
115	sub _self_die() {	229	sub _self_die() {
…		…
118	kil $SELF, die => $msg;	232	kil $SELF, die => $msg;
119	}	233	}
120		234
121	=item $thisnode = NODE / $NODE	235	=item $thisnode = NODE / $NODE
122		236
123	The C<NODE> function returns, and the C<$NODE> variable contains	237	The C<NODE> function returns, and the C<$NODE> variable contains, the node
124	the noderef of the local node. The value is initialised by a call	238	ID of the node running in the current process. This value is initialised by
125	to C<become_public> or C<become_slave>, after which all local port	239	a call to C<configure>.
126	identifiers become invalid.
127		240
128	=item $noderef = node_of $port	241	=item $nodeid = node_of $port
129		242
130	Extracts and returns the noderef from a portid or a noderef.	243	Extracts and returns the node ID from a port ID or a node ID.
131		244
132	=item initialise_node $noderef, $seednode, $seednode...	245	=item $is_local = port_is_local $port
133		246
134	=item initialise_node "slave/", $master, $master...	247	Returns true iff the port is a local port.
135		248
		249	=item configure $profile, key => value...
		250
		251	=item configure key => value...
		252
136	Before a node can talk to other nodes on the network it has to initialise	253	Before a node can talk to other nodes on the network (i.e. enter
137	itself - the minimum a node needs to know is it's own name, and optionally	254	"distributed mode") it has to configure itself - the minimum a node needs
138	it should know the noderefs of some other nodes in the network.	255	to know is its own name, and optionally it should know the addresses of
		256	some other nodes in the network to discover other nodes.
139		257
140	This function initialises a node - it must be called exactly once (or	258	This function configures a node - it must be called exactly once (or
141	never) before calling other AnyEvent::MP functions.	259	never) before calling other AnyEvent::MP functions.
142		260
143	All arguments are noderefs, which can be either resolved or unresolved.	261	The key/value pairs are basically the same ones as documented for the
144		262	F<aemp> command line utility (sans the set/del prefix), with these additions:
145	There are two types of networked nodes, public nodes and slave nodes:
146		263
147	=over 4	264	=over 4
148		265
149	=item public nodes	266	=item norc => $boolean (default false)
150		267
151	For public nodes, C<$noderef> must either be a (possibly unresolved)	268	If true, then the rc file (e.g. F<~/.perl-anyevent-mp>) will I<not>
152	noderef, in which case it will be resolved, or C<undef> (or missing), in	269	be consulted - all configuration options must be specified in the
153	which case the noderef will be guessed.	270	C<configure> call.
154		271
155	Afterwards, the node will bind itself on all endpoints and try to connect	272	=item force => $boolean (default false)
156	to all additional C<$seednodes> that are specified. Seednodes are optional
157	and can be used to quickly bootstrap the node into an existing network.
158		273
159	=item slave nodes	274	IF true, then the values specified in the C<configure> will take
160		275	precedence over any values configured via the rc file. The default is for
161	When the C<$noderef> is the special string C<slave/>, then the node will	276	the rc file to override any options specified in the program.
162	become a slave node. Slave nodes cannot be contacted from outside and will
163	route most of their traffic to the master node that they attach to.
164
165	At least one additional noderef is required: The node will try to connect
166	to all of them and will become a slave attached to the first node it can
167	successfully connect to.
168		277
169	=back	278	=back
170		279
171	This function will block until all nodes have been resolved and, for slave
172	nodes, until it has successfully established a connection to a master
173	server.
174
175	Example: become a public node listening on the default node.
176
177	initialise_node;
178
179	Example: become a public node, and try to contact some well-known master
180	servers to become part of the network.
181
182	initialise_node undef, "master1", "master2";
183
184	Example: become a public node listening on port C<4041>.
185
186	initialise_node 4041;
187
188	Example: become a public node, only visible on localhost port 4044.
189
190	initialise_node "locahost:4044";
191
192	Example: become a slave node to any of the specified master servers.
193
194	initialise_node "slave/", "master1", "192.168.13.17", "mp.example.net";
195
196	=item $cv = resolve_node $noderef
197
198	Takes an unresolved node reference that may contain hostnames and
199	abbreviated IDs, resolves all of them and returns a resolved node
200	reference.
201
202	In addition to C<address:port> pairs allowed in resolved noderefs, the
203	following forms are supported:
204
205	=over 4	280	=over 4
206		281
207	=item the empty string	282	=item step 1, gathering configuration from profiles
208		283
209	An empty-string component gets resolved as if the default port (4040) was	284	The function first looks up a profile in the aemp configuration (see the
210	specified.	285	L<aemp> commandline utility). The profile name can be specified via the
		286	named C<profile> parameter or can simply be the first parameter). If it is
		287	missing, then the nodename (F<uname -n>) will be used as profile name.
211		288
212	=item naked port numbers (e.g. C<1234>)	289	The profile data is then gathered as follows:
213		290
214	These are resolved by prepending the local nodename and a colon, to be	291	First, all remaining key => value pairs (all of which are conveniently
215	further resolved.	292	undocumented at the moment) will be interpreted as configuration
		293	data. Then they will be overwritten by any values specified in the global
		294	default configuration (see the F<aemp> utility), then the chain of
		295	profiles chosen by the profile name (and any C<parent> attributes).
216		296
217	=item hostnames (e.g. C<localhost:1234>, C<localhost>)	297	That means that the values specified in the profile have highest priority
		298	and the values specified directly via C<configure> have lowest priority,
		299	and can only be used to specify defaults.
218		300
219	These are resolved by using AnyEvent::DNS to resolve them, optionally	301	If the profile specifies a node ID, then this will become the node ID of
220	looking up SRV records for the C<aemp=4040> port, if no port was	302	this process. If not, then the profile name will be used as node ID, with
221	specified.	303	a unique randoms tring (C</%u>) appended.
		304
		305	The node ID can contain some C<%> sequences that are expanded: C<%n>
		306	is expanded to the local nodename, C<%u> is replaced by a random
		307	strign to make the node unique. For example, the F<aemp> commandline
		308	utility uses C<aemp/%n/%u> as nodename, which might expand to
		309	C<aemp/cerebro/ZQDGSIkRhEZQDGSIkRhE>.
		310
		311	=item step 2, bind listener sockets
		312
		313	The next step is to look up the binds in the profile, followed by binding
		314	aemp protocol listeners on all binds specified (it is possible and valid
		315	to have no binds, meaning that the node cannot be contacted from the
		316	outside. This means the node cannot talk to other nodes that also have no
		317	binds, but it can still talk to all "normal" nodes).
		318
		319	If the profile does not specify a binds list, then a default of C<*> is
		320	used, meaning the node will bind on a dynamically-assigned port on every
		321	local IP address it finds.
		322
		323	=item step 3, connect to seed nodes
		324
		325	As the last step, the seed ID list from the profile is passed to the
		326	L<AnyEvent::MP::Global> module, which will then use it to keep
		327	connectivity with at least one node at any point in time.
222		328
223	=back	329	=back
		330
		331	Example: become a distributed node using the local node name as profile.
		332	This should be the most common form of invocation for "daemon"-type nodes.
		333
		334	configure
		335
		336	Example: become a semi-anonymous node. This form is often used for
		337	commandline clients.
		338
		339	configure nodeid => "myscript/%n/%u";
		340
		341	Example: configure a node using a profile called seed, which is suitable
		342	for a seed node as it binds on all local addresses on a fixed port (4040,
		343	customary for aemp).
		344
		345	# use the aemp commandline utility
		346	# aemp profile seed binds '*:4040'
		347
		348	# then use it
		349	configure profile => "seed";
		350
		351	# or simply use aemp from the shell again:
		352	# aemp run profile seed
		353
		354	# or provide a nicer-to-remember nodeid
		355	# aemp run profile seed nodeid "$(hostname)"
224		356
225	=item $SELF	357	=item $SELF
226		358
227	Contains the current port id while executing C<rcv> callbacks or C<psub>	359	Contains the current port id while executing C<rcv> callbacks or C<psub>
228	blocks.	360	blocks.
229		361
230	=item SELF, %SELF, @SELF...	362	=item *SELF, SELF, %SELF, @SELF...
231		363
232	Due to some quirks in how perl exports variables, it is impossible to	364	Due to some quirks in how perl exports variables, it is impossible to
233	just export C<$SELF>, all the symbols called C<SELF> are exported by this	365	just export C<$SELF>, all the symbols named C<SELF> are exported by this
234	module, but only C<$SELF> is currently used.	366	module, but only C<$SELF> is currently used.
235		367
236	=item snd $port, type => @data	368	=item snd $port, type => @data
237		369
238	=item snd $port, @msg	370	=item snd $port, @msg
239		371
240	Send the given message to the given port ID, which can identify either	372	Send the given message to the given port, which can identify either a
241	a local or a remote port, and can be either a string or soemthignt hat	373	local or a remote port, and must be a port ID.
242	stringifies a sa port ID (such as a port object :).
243		374
244	While the message can be about anything, it is highly recommended to use a	375	While the message can be almost anything, it is highly recommended to
245	string as first element (a portid, or some word that indicates a request	376	use a string as first element (a port ID, or some word that indicates a
246	type etc.).	377	request type etc.) and to consist if only simple perl values (scalars,
		378	arrays, hashes) - if you think you need to pass an object, think again.
247		379
248	The message data effectively becomes read-only after a call to this	380	The message data logically becomes read-only after a call to this
249	function: modifying any argument is not allowed and can cause many	381	function: modifying any argument (or values referenced by them) is
250	problems.	382	forbidden, as there can be considerable time between the call to C<snd>
		383	and the time the message is actually being serialised - in fact, it might
		384	never be copied as within the same process it is simply handed to the
		385	receiving port.
251		386
252	The type of data you can transfer depends on the transport protocol: when	387	The type of data you can transfer depends on the transport protocol: when
253	JSON is used, then only strings, numbers and arrays and hashes consisting	388	JSON is used, then only strings, numbers and arrays and hashes consisting
254	of those are allowed (no objects). When Storable is used, then anything	389	of those are allowed (no objects). When Storable is used, then anything
255	that Storable can serialise and deserialise is allowed, and for the local	390	that Storable can serialise and deserialise is allowed, and for the local
256	node, anything can be passed.	391	node, anything can be passed. Best rely only on the common denominator of
		392	these.
257		393
258	=item $local_port = port	394	=item $local_port = port
259		395
260	Create a new local port object that can be used either as a pattern	396	Create a new local port object and returns its port ID. Initially it has
261	matching port ("full port") or a single-callback port ("miniport"),	397	no callbacks set and will throw an error when it receives messages.
262	depending on how C<rcv> callbacks are bound to the object.
263		398
264	=item $port = port { my @msg = @_; $finished }	399	=item $local_port = port { my @msg = @_ }
265		400
266	Creates a "miniport", that is, a very lightweight port without any pattern	401	Creates a new local port, and returns its ID. Semantically the same as
267	matching behind it, and returns its ID. Semantically the same as creating
268	a port and calling C<rcv $port, $callback> on it.	402	creating a port and calling C<rcv $port, $callback> on it.
269		403
270	The block will be called for every message received on the port. When the	404	The block will be called for every message received on the port, with the
271	callback returns a true value its job is considered "done" and the port	405	global variable C<$SELF> set to the port ID. Runtime errors will cause the
272	will be destroyed. Otherwise it will stay alive.	406	port to be C<kil>ed. The message will be passed as-is, no extra argument
		407	(i.e. no port ID) will be passed to the callback.
273		408
274	The message will be passed as-is, no extra argument (i.e. no port id) will	409	If you want to stop/destroy the port, simply C<kil> it:
275	be passed to the callback.
276		410
277	If you need the local port id in the callback, this works nicely:	411	my $port = port {
278		412	my @msg = @_;
279	my $port; $port = port {	413	...
280	snd $otherport, reply => $port;	414	kil $SELF;
281	};	415	};
282		416
283	=cut	417	=cut
284		418
285	sub rcv($@);	419	sub rcv($@);
286		420
		421	my $KILME = sub {
		422	(my $tag = substr $_[0], 0, 30) =~ s/([^\x20-\x7e])/./g;
		423	kil $SELF, unhandled_message => "no callback found for message '$tag'";
		424	};
		425
287	sub port(;&) {	426	sub port(;&) {
288	my $id = "$UNIQ." . $ID++;	427	my $id = $UNIQ . ++$ID;
289	my $port = "$NODE#$id";	428	my $port = "$NODE#$id";
290		429
291	if (@_) {
292	rcv $port, shift;	430	rcv $port, shift || $KILME;
293	} else {
294	$PORT{$id} = sub { }; # nop
295	}
296		431
297	$port	432	$port
298	}	433	}
299		434
300	=item reg $port, $name
301
302	Registers the given port under the name C<$name>. If the name already
303	exists it is replaced.
304
305	A port can only be registered under one well known name.
306
307	A port automatically becomes unregistered when it is killed.
308
309	=cut
310
311	sub reg(@) {
312	my ($port, $name) = @_;
313
314	$REG{$name} = $port;
315	}
316
317	=item rcv $port, $callback->(@msg)	435	=item rcv $local_port, $callback->(@msg)
318		436
319	Replaces the callback on the specified miniport (after converting it to	437	Replaces the default callback on the specified port. There is no way to
320	one if required).	438	remove the default callback: use C<sub { }> to disable it, or better
321		439	C<kil> the port when it is no longer needed.
322	=item rcv $port, tagstring => $callback->(@msg), ...
323
324	=item rcv $port, $smartmatch => $callback->(@msg), ...
325
326	=item rcv $port, [$smartmatch...] => $callback->(@msg), ...
327
328	Register callbacks to be called on matching messages on the given full
329	port (after converting it to one if required).
330
331	The callback has to return a true value when its work is done, after
332	which is will be removed, or a false value in which case it will stay
333	registered.
334		440
335	The global C<$SELF> (exported by this module) contains C<$port> while	441	The global C<$SELF> (exported by this module) contains C<$port> while
336	executing the callback.	442	executing the callback. Runtime errors during callback execution will
		443	result in the port being C<kil>ed.
337		444
338	Runtime errors wdurign callback execution will result in the port being	445	The default callback receives all messages not matched by a more specific
339	C<kil>ed.	446	C<tag> match.
340		447
341	If the match is an array reference, then it will be matched against the	448	=item rcv $local_port, tag => $callback->(@msg_without_tag), ...
342	first elements of the message, otherwise only the first element is being
343	matched.
344		449
345	Any element in the match that is specified as C<_any_> (a function	450	Register (or replace) callbacks to be called on messages starting with the
346	exported by this module) matches any single element of the message.	451	given tag on the given port (and return the port), or unregister it (when
		452	C<$callback> is C<$undef> or missing). There can only be one callback
		453	registered for each tag.
347		454
348	While not required, it is highly recommended that the first matching	455	The original message will be passed to the callback, after the first
349	element is a string identifying the message. The one-string-only match is	456	element (the tag) has been removed. The callback will use the same
350	also the most efficient match (by far).	457	environment as the default callback (see above).
		458
		459	Example: create a port and bind receivers on it in one go.
		460
		461	my $port = rcv port,
		462	msg1 => sub { ... },
		463	msg2 => sub { ... },
		464	;
		465
		466	Example: create a port, bind receivers and send it in a message elsewhere
		467	in one go:
		468
		469	snd $otherport, reply =>
		470	rcv port,
		471	msg1 => sub { ... },
		472	...
		473	;
		474
		475	Example: temporarily register a rcv callback for a tag matching some port
		476	(e.g. for an rpc reply) and unregister it after a message was received.
		477
		478	rcv $port, $otherport => sub {
		479	my @reply = @_;
		480
		481	rcv $SELF, $otherport;
		482	};
351		483
352	=cut	484	=cut
353		485
354	sub rcv($@) {	486	sub rcv($@) {
355	my $port = shift;	487	my $port = shift;
356	my ($noderef, $portid) = split /#/, $port, 2;	488	my ($nodeid, $portid) = split /#/, $port, 2;
357		489
358	($NODE{$noderef} || add_node $noderef) == $NODE{""}	490	$nodeid eq $NODE
359	or Carp::croak "$port: rcv can only be called on local ports, caught";	491	or Carp::croak "$port: rcv can only be called on local ports, caught";
360		492
361	if (@_ == 1) {	493	while (@_) {
		494	if (ref $_[0]) {
		495	if (my $self = $PORT_DATA{$portid}) {
		496	"AnyEvent::MP::Port" eq ref $self
		497	or Carp::croak "$port: rcv can only be called on message matching ports, caught";
		498
		499	$self->[0] = shift;
		500	} else {
362	my $cb = shift;	501	my $cb = shift;
363	delete $PORT_DATA{$portid};
364	$PORT{$portid} = sub {	502	$PORT{$portid} = sub {
365	local $SELF = $port;	503	local $SELF = $port;
366	eval {	504	eval { &$cb }; _self_die if $@;
367	&$cb	505	};
368	and kil $port;
369	};	506	}
370	_self_die if $@;	507	} elsif (defined $_[0]) {
371	};
372	} else {
373	my $self = $PORT_DATA{$portid} ||= do {	508	my $self = $PORT_DATA{$portid} ||= do {
374	my $self = bless {	509	my $self = bless [$PORT{$portid} || sub { }, { }, $port], "AnyEvent::MP::Port";
375	id => $port,
376	}, "AnyEvent::MP::Port";
377		510
378	$PORT{$portid} = sub {	511	$PORT{$portid} = sub {
379	local $SELF = $port;	512	local $SELF = $port;
380		513
381	eval {
382	for (@{ $self->{rc0}{$_[0]} }) {	514	if (my $cb = $self->[1]{$_[0]}) {
383	$_ && &{$_->[0]}	515	shift;
384	&& undef $_;	516	eval { &$cb }; _self_die if $@;
385	}	517	} else {
386
387	for (@{ $self->{rcv}{$_[0]} }) {
388	$_ && [@_[1 .. @{$_->[1]}]] ~~ $_->[1]
389	&& &{$_->[0]}	518	&{ $self->[0] };
390	&& undef $_;
391	}
392
393	for (@{ $self->{any} }) {
394	$_ && [@_[0 .. $#{$_->[1]}]] ~~ $_->[1]
395	&& &{$_->[0]}
396	&& undef $_;
397	}	519	}
398	};	520	};
399	_self_die if $@;	521
		522	$self
400	};	523	};
401		524
402	$self
403	};
404
405	"AnyEvent::MP::Port" eq ref $self	525	"AnyEvent::MP::Port" eq ref $self
406	or Carp::croak "$port: rcv can only be called on message matching ports, caught";	526	or Carp::croak "$port: rcv can only be called on message matching ports, caught";
407		527
408	while (@_) {
409	my ($match, $cb) = splice @_, 0, 2;	528	my ($tag, $cb) = splice @_, 0, 2;
410		529
411	if (!ref $match) {	530	if (defined $cb) {
412	push @{ $self->{rc0}{$match} }, [$cb];	531	$self->[1]{$tag} = $cb;
413	} elsif (("ARRAY" eq ref $match && !ref $match->[0])) {
414	my ($type, @match) = @$match;
415	@match
416	? push @{ $self->{rcv}{$match->[0]} }, [$cb, \@match]
417	: push @{ $self->{rc0}{$match->[0]} }, [$cb];
418	} else {	532	} else {
419	push @{ $self->{any} }, [$cb, $match];	533	delete $self->[1]{$tag};
420	}	534	}
421	}	535	}
422	}	536	}
423		537
424	$port	538	$port
425	}	539	}
426		540
		541	=item peval $port, $coderef[, @args]
		542
		543	Evaluates the given C<$codref> within the context of C<$port>, that is,
		544	when the code throws an exception the C<$port> will be killed.
		545
		546	Any remaining args will be passed to the callback. Any return values will
		547	be returned to the caller.
		548
		549	This is useful when you temporarily want to execute code in the context of
		550	a port.
		551
		552	Example: create a port and run some initialisation code in it's context.
		553
		554	my $port = port { ... };
		555
		556	peval $port, sub {
		557	init
		558	or die "unable to init";
		559	};
		560
		561	=cut
		562
		563	sub peval($$) {
		564	local $SELF = shift;
		565	my $cb = shift;
		566
		567	if (wantarray) {
		568	my @res = eval { &$cb };
		569	_self_die if $@;
		570	@res
		571	} else {
		572	my $res = eval { &$cb };
		573	_self_die if $@;
		574	$res
		575	}
		576	}
		577
427	=item $closure = psub { BLOCK }	578	=item $closure = psub { BLOCK }
428		579
429	Remembers C<$SELF> and creates a closure out of the BLOCK. When the	580	Remembers C<$SELF> and creates a closure out of the BLOCK. When the
430	closure is executed, sets up the environment in the same way as in C<rcv>	581	closure is executed, sets up the environment in the same way as in C<rcv>
431	callbacks, i.e. runtime errors will cause the port to get C<kil>ed.	582	callbacks, i.e. runtime errors will cause the port to get C<kil>ed.
		583
		584	The effect is basically as if it returned C<< sub { peval $SELF, sub {
		585	BLOCK }, @_ } >>.
432		586
433	This is useful when you register callbacks from C<rcv> callbacks:	587	This is useful when you register callbacks from C<rcv> callbacks:
434		588
435	rcv delayed_reply => sub {	589	rcv delayed_reply => sub {
436	my ($delay, @reply) = @_;	590	my ($delay, @reply) = @_;
…		…
460	$res	614	$res
461	}	615	}
462	}	616	}
463	}	617	}
464		618
465	=item $guard = mon $port, $cb->(@reason)	619	=item $guard = mon $port, $rcvport # kill $rcvport when $port dies
466		620
467	=item $guard = mon $port, $otherport	621	=item $guard = mon $port # kill $SELF when $port dies
468		622
469	=item $guard = mon $port, $otherport, @msg	623	=item $guard = mon $port, $cb->(@reason) # call $cb when $port dies
470		624
		625	=item $guard = mon $port, $rcvport, @msg # send a message when $port dies
		626
471	Monitor the given port and do something when the port is killed.	627	Monitor the given port and do something when the port is killed or
		628	messages to it were lost, and optionally return a guard that can be used
		629	to stop monitoring again.
472		630
473	In the first form, the callback is simply called with any number	631	The first two forms distinguish between "normal" and "abnormal" kil's:
		632
		633	In the first form (another port given), if the C<$port> is C<kil>'ed with
		634	a non-empty reason, the other port (C<$rcvport>) will be kil'ed with the
		635	same reason. That is, on "normal" kil's nothing happens, while under all
		636	other conditions, the other port is killed with the same reason.
		637
		638	The second form (kill self) is the same as the first form, except that
		639	C<$rvport> defaults to C<$SELF>.
		640
		641	The remaining forms don't distinguish between "normal" and "abnormal" kil's
		642	- it's up to the callback or receiver to check whether the C<@reason> is
		643	empty and act accordingly.
		644
		645	In the third form (callback), the callback is simply called with any
474	of C<@reason> elements (no @reason means that the port was deleted	646	number of C<@reason> elements (empty @reason means that the port was deleted
475	"normally"). Note also that I<< the callback B<must> never die >>, so use	647	"normally"). Note also that I<< the callback B<must> never die >>, so use
476	C<eval> if unsure.	648	C<eval> if unsure.
477		649
478	In the second form, the other port will be C<kil>'ed with C<@reason>, iff	650	In the last form (message), a message of the form C<$rcvport, @msg,
479	a @reason was specified, i.e. on "normal" kils nothing happens, while	651	@reason> will be C<snd>.
480	under all other conditions, the other port is killed with the same reason.
481		652
482	In the last form, a message of the form C<@msg, @reason> will be C<snd>.	653	Monitoring-actions are one-shot: once messages are lost (and a monitoring
		654	alert was raised), they are removed and will not trigger again, even if it
		655	turns out that the port is still alive.
		656
		657	As a rule of thumb, monitoring requests should always monitor a remote
		658	port locally (using a local C<$rcvport> or a callback). The reason is that
		659	kill messages might get lost, just like any other message. Another less
		660	obvious reason is that even monitoring requests can get lost (for example,
		661	when the connection to the other node goes down permanently). When
		662	monitoring a port locally these problems do not exist.
		663
		664	C<mon> effectively guarantees that, in the absence of hardware failures,
		665	after starting the monitor, either all messages sent to the port will
		666	arrive, or the monitoring action will be invoked after possible message
		667	loss has been detected. No messages will be lost "in between" (after
		668	the first lost message no further messages will be received by the
		669	port). After the monitoring action was invoked, further messages might get
		670	delivered again.
		671
		672	Inter-host-connection timeouts and monitoring depend on the transport
		673	used. The only transport currently implemented is TCP, and AnyEvent::MP
		674	relies on TCP to detect node-downs (this can take 10-15 minutes on a
		675	non-idle connection, and usually around two hours for idle connections).
		676
		677	This means that monitoring is good for program errors and cleaning up
		678	stuff eventually, but they are no replacement for a timeout when you need
		679	to ensure some maximum latency.
483		680
484	Example: call a given callback when C<$port> is killed.	681	Example: call a given callback when C<$port> is killed.
485		682
486	mon $port, sub { warn "port died because of <@_>\n" };	683	mon $port, sub { warn "port died because of <@_>\n" };
487		684
488	Example: kill ourselves when C<$port> is killed abnormally.	685	Example: kill ourselves when C<$port> is killed abnormally.
489		686
490	mon $port, $self;	687	mon $port;
491		688
492	Example: send us a restart message another C<$port> is killed.	689	Example: send us a restart message when another C<$port> is killed.
493		690
494	mon $port, $self => "restart";	691	mon $port, $self => "restart";
495		692
496	=cut	693	=cut
497		694
498	sub mon {	695	sub mon {
499	my ($noderef, $port) = split /#/, shift, 2;	696	my ($nodeid, $port) = split /#/, shift, 2;
500		697
501	my $node = $NODE{$noderef} || add_node $noderef;	698	my $node = $NODE{$nodeid} || add_node $nodeid;
502		699
503	my $cb = shift;	700	my $cb = @_ ? shift : $SELF || Carp::croak 'mon: called with one argument only, but $SELF not set,';
504		701
505	unless (ref $cb) {	702	unless (ref $cb) {
506	if (@_) {	703	if (@_) {
507	# send a kill info message	704	# send a kill info message
508	my (@msg) = ($cb, @_);	705	my (@msg) = ($cb, @_);
…		…
515	}	712	}
516		713
517	$node->monitor ($port, $cb);	714	$node->monitor ($port, $cb);
518		715
519	defined wantarray	716	defined wantarray
520	and AnyEvent::Util::guard { $node->unmonitor ($port, $cb) }	717	and ($cb += 0, Guard::guard { $node->unmonitor ($port, $cb) })
521	}	718	}
522		719
523	=item $guard = mon_guard $port, $ref, $ref...	720	=item $guard = mon_guard $port, $ref, $ref...
524		721
525	Monitors the given C<$port> and keeps the passed references. When the port	722	Monitors the given C<$port> and keeps the passed references. When the port
526	is killed, the references will be freed.	723	is killed, the references will be freed.
527		724
528	Optionally returns a guard that will stop the monitoring.	725	Optionally returns a guard that will stop the monitoring.
529		726
530	This function is useful when you create e.g. timers or other watchers and	727	This function is useful when you create e.g. timers or other watchers and
531	want to free them when the port gets killed:	728	want to free them when the port gets killed (note the use of C<psub>):
532		729
533	$port->rcv (start => sub {	730	$port->rcv (start => sub {
534	my $timer; $timer = mon_guard $port, AE::timer 1, 1, sub {	731	my $timer; $timer = mon_guard $port, AE::timer 1, 1, psub {
535	undef $timer if 0.9 < rand;	732	undef $timer if 0.9 < rand;
536	});	733	});
537	});	734	});
538		735
539	=cut	736	=cut
540		737
541	sub mon_guard {	738	sub mon_guard {
542	my ($port, @refs) = @_;	739	my ($port, @refs) = @_;
543		740
		741	#TODO: mon-less form?
		742
544	mon $port, sub { 0 && @refs }	743	mon $port, sub { 0 && @refs }
545	}	744	}
546		745
547	=item lnk $port1, $port2
548
549	Link two ports. This is simply a shorthand for:
550
551	mon $port1, $port2;
552	mon $port2, $port1;
553
554	It means that if either one is killed abnormally, the other one gets
555	killed as well.
556
557	=item kil $port[, @reason]	746	=item kil $port[, @reason]
558		747
559	Kill the specified port with the given C<@reason>.	748	Kill the specified port with the given C<@reason>.
560		749
561	If no C<@reason> is specified, then the port is killed "normally" (linked	750	If no C<@reason> is specified, then the port is killed "normally" -
562	ports will not be kileld, or even notified).	751	monitor callback will be invoked, but the kil will not cause linked ports
		752	(C<mon $mport, $lport> form) to get killed.
563		753
564	Otherwise, linked ports get killed with the same reason (second form of	754	If a C<@reason> is specified, then linked ports (C<mon $mport, $lport>
565	C<mon>, see below).	755	form) get killed with the same reason.
566		756
567	Runtime errors while evaluating C<rcv> callbacks or inside C<psub> blocks	757	Runtime errors while evaluating C<rcv> callbacks or inside C<psub> blocks
568	will be reported as reason C<< die => $@ >>.	758	will be reported as reason C<< die => $@ >>.
569		759
570	Transport/communication errors are reported as C<< transport_error =>	760	Transport/communication errors are reported as C<< transport_error =>
571	$message >>.	761	$message >>.
572		762
		763	Common idioms:
		764
		765	# silently remove yourself, do not kill linked ports
		766	kil $SELF;
		767
		768	# report a failure in some detail
		769	kil $SELF, failure_mode_1 => "it failed with too high temperature";
		770
		771	# do not waste much time with killing, just die when something goes wrong
		772	open my $fh, "<file"
		773	or die "file: $!";
		774
		775	=item $port = spawn $node, $initfunc[, @initdata]
		776
		777	Creates a port on the node C<$node> (which can also be a port ID, in which
		778	case it's the node where that port resides).
		779
		780	The port ID of the newly created port is returned immediately, and it is
		781	possible to immediately start sending messages or to monitor the port.
		782
		783	After the port has been created, the init function is called on the remote
		784	node, in the same context as a C<rcv> callback. This function must be a
		785	fully-qualified function name (e.g. C<MyApp::Chat::Server::init>). To
		786	specify a function in the main program, use C<::name>.
		787
		788	If the function doesn't exist, then the node tries to C<require>
		789	the package, then the package above the package and so on (e.g.
		790	C<MyApp::Chat::Server>, C<MyApp::Chat>, C<MyApp>) until the function
		791	exists or it runs out of package names.
		792
		793	The init function is then called with the newly-created port as context
		794	object (C<$SELF>) and the C<@initdata> values as arguments. It I<must>
		795	call one of the C<rcv> functions to set callbacks on C<$SELF>, otherwise
		796	the port might not get created.
		797
		798	A common idiom is to pass a local port, immediately monitor the spawned
		799	port, and in the remote init function, immediately monitor the passed
		800	local port. This two-way monitoring ensures that both ports get cleaned up
		801	when there is a problem.
		802
		803	C<spawn> guarantees that the C<$initfunc> has no visible effects on the
		804	caller before C<spawn> returns (by delaying invocation when spawn is
		805	called for the local node).
		806
		807	Example: spawn a chat server port on C<$othernode>.
		808
		809	# this node, executed from within a port context:
		810	my $server = spawn $othernode, "MyApp::Chat::Server::connect", $SELF;
		811	mon $server;
		812
		813	# init function on C<$othernode>
		814	sub connect {
		815	my ($srcport) = @_;
		816
		817	mon $srcport;
		818
		819	rcv $SELF, sub {
		820	...
		821	};
		822	}
		823
		824	=cut
		825
		826	sub _spawn {
		827	my $port = shift;
		828	my $init = shift;
		829
		830	# rcv will create the actual port
		831	local $SELF = "$NODE#$port";
		832	eval {
		833	&{ load_func $init }
		834	};
		835	_self_die if $@;
		836	}
		837
		838	sub spawn(@) {
		839	my ($nodeid, undef) = split /#/, shift, 2;
		840
		841	my $id = $RUNIQ . ++$ID;
		842
		843	$_[0] =~ /::/
		844	or Carp::croak "spawn init function must be a fully-qualified name, caught";
		845
		846	snd_to_func $nodeid, "AnyEvent::MP::_spawn" => $id, @_;
		847
		848	"$nodeid#$id"
		849	}
		850
		851
		852	=item after $timeout, @msg
		853
		854	=item after $timeout, $callback
		855
		856	Either sends the given message, or call the given callback, after the
		857	specified number of seconds.
		858
		859	This is simply a utility function that comes in handy at times - the
		860	AnyEvent::MP author is not convinced of the wisdom of having it, though,
		861	so it may go away in the future.
		862
		863	=cut
		864
		865	sub after($@) {
		866	my ($timeout, @action) = @_;
		867
		868	my $t; $t = AE::timer $timeout, 0, sub {
		869	undef $t;
		870	ref $action[0]
		871	? $action[0]()
		872	: snd @action;
		873	};
		874	}
		875
		876	#=item $cb2 = timeout $seconds, $cb[, @args]
		877
		878	=item cal $port, @msg, $callback[, $timeout]
		879
		880	A simple form of RPC - sends a message to the given C<$port> with the
		881	given contents (C<@msg>), but adds a reply port to the message.
		882
		883	The reply port is created temporarily just for the purpose of receiving
		884	the reply, and will be C<kil>ed when no longer needed.
		885
		886	A reply message sent to the port is passed to the C<$callback> as-is.
		887
		888	If an optional time-out (in seconds) is given and it is not C<undef>,
		889	then the callback will be called without any arguments after the time-out
		890	elapsed and the port is C<kil>ed.
		891
		892	If no time-out is given (or it is C<undef>), then the local port will
		893	monitor the remote port instead, so it eventually gets cleaned-up.
		894
		895	Currently this function returns the temporary port, but this "feature"
		896	might go in future versions unless you can make a convincing case that
		897	this is indeed useful for something.
		898
		899	=cut
		900
		901	sub cal(@) {
		902	my $timeout = ref $_[-1] ? undef : pop;
		903	my $cb = pop;
		904
		905	my $port = port {
		906	undef $timeout;
		907	kil $SELF;
		908	&$cb;
		909	};
		910
		911	if (defined $timeout) {
		912	$timeout = AE::timer $timeout, 0, sub {
		913	undef $timeout;
		914	kil $port;
		915	$cb->();
		916	};
		917	} else {
		918	mon $_[0], sub {
		919	kil $port;
		920	$cb->();
		921	};
		922	}
		923
		924	push @_, $port;
		925	&snd;
		926
		927	$port
		928	}
		929
573	=back	930	=back
574		931
575	=head1 NODE MESSAGES	932	=head1 DISTRIBUTED DATABASE
576		933
577	Nodes understand the following messages sent to them. Many of them take	934	AnyEvent::MP comes with a simple distributed database. The database will
578	arguments called C<@reply>, which will simply be used to compose a reply	935	be mirrored asynchronously on all global nodes. Other nodes bind to one
579	message - C<$reply[0]> is the port to reply to, C<$reply[1]> the type and	936	of the global nodes for their needs. Every node has a "local database"
580	the remaining arguments are simply the message data.	937	which contains all the values that are set locally. All local databases
		938	are merged together to form the global database, which can be queried.
581		939
582	While other messages exist, they are not public and subject to change.	940	The database structure is that of a two-level hash - the database hash
		941	contains hashes which contain values, similarly to a perl hash of hashes,
		942	i.e.:
583		943
		944	$DATABASE{$family}{$subkey} = $value
		945
		946	The top level hash key is called "family", and the second-level hash key
		947	is called "subkey" or simply "key".
		948
		949	The family must be alphanumeric, i.e. start with a letter and consist
		950	of letters, digits, underscores and colons (C<[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_:]*>,
		951	pretty much like Perl module names.
		952
		953	As the family namespace is global, it is recommended to prefix family names
		954	with the name of the application or module using it.
		955
		956	The subkeys must be non-empty strings, with no further restrictions.
		957
		958	The values should preferably be strings, but other perl scalars should
		959	work as well (such as C<undef>, arrays and hashes).
		960
		961	Every database entry is owned by one node - adding the same family/subkey
		962	combination on multiple nodes will not cause discomfort for AnyEvent::MP,
		963	but the result might be nondeterministic, i.e. the key might have
		964	different values on different nodes.
		965
		966	Different subkeys in the same family can be owned by different nodes
		967	without problems, and in fact, this is the common method to create worker
		968	pools. For example, a worker port for image scaling might do this:
		969
		970	db_set my_image_scalers => $port;
		971
		972	And clients looking for an image scaler will want to get the
		973	C<my_image_scalers> keys from time to time:
		974
		975	db_keys my_image_scalers => sub {
		976	@ports = @{ $_[0] };
		977	};
		978
		979	Or better yet, they want to monitor the database family, so they always
		980	have a reasonable up-to-date copy:
		981
		982	db_mon my_image_scalers => sub {
		983	@ports = keys %{ $_[0] };
		984	};
		985
		986	In general, you can set or delete single subkeys, but query and monitor
		987	whole families only.
		988
		989	If you feel the need to monitor or query a single subkey, try giving it
		990	it's own family.
		991
584	=over 4	992	=over
		993
		994	=item $guard = db_set $family => $subkey [=> $value]
		995
		996	Sets (or replaces) a key to the database - if C<$value> is omitted,
		997	C<undef> is used instead.
		998
		999	When called in non-void context, C<db_set> returns a guard that
		1000	automatically calls C<db_del> when it is destroyed.
		1001
		1002	=item db_del $family => $subkey...
		1003
		1004	Deletes one or more subkeys from the database family.
		1005
		1006	=item $guard = db_reg $family => $port => $value
		1007
		1008	=item $guard = db_reg $family => $port
		1009
		1010	=item $guard = db_reg $family
		1011
		1012	Registers a port in the given family and optionally returns a guard to
		1013	remove it.
		1014
		1015	This function basically does the same as:
		1016
		1017	db_set $family => $port => $value
		1018
		1019	Except that the port is monitored and automatically removed from the
		1020	database family when it is kil'ed.
		1021
		1022	If C<$value> is missing, C<undef> is used. If C<$port> is missing, then
		1023	C<$SELF> is used.
		1024
		1025	This function is most useful to register a port in some port group (which
		1026	is just another name for a database family), and have it removed when the
		1027	port is gone. This works best when the port is a local port.
585		1028
586	=cut	1029	=cut
587		1030
588	=item lookup => $name, @reply	1031	sub db_reg($$;$) {
		1032	my $family = shift;
		1033	my $port = @_ ? shift : $SELF;
589		1034
590	Replies with the port ID of the specified well-known port, or C<undef>.	1035	my $clr = sub { db_del $family => $port };
		1036	mon $port, $clr;
591		1037
592	=item devnull => ...	1038	db_set $family => $port => $_[0];
593		1039
594	Generic data sink/CPU heat conversion.	1040	defined wantarray
		1041	and &Guard::guard ($clr)
		1042	}
595		1043
596	=item relay => $port, @msg	1044	=item db_family $family => $cb->(\%familyhash)
597		1045
598	Simply forwards the message to the given port.	1046	Queries the named database C<$family> and call the callback with the
		1047	family represented as a hash. You can keep and freely modify the hash.
599		1048
600	=item eval => $string[ @reply]	1049	=item db_keys $family => $cb->(\@keys)
601		1050
602	Evaluates the given string. If C<@reply> is given, then a message of the	1051	Same as C<db_family>, except it only queries the family I<subkeys> and passes
603	form C<@reply, $@, @evalres> is sent.	1052	them as array reference to the callback.
604		1053
605	Example: crash another node.	1054	=item db_values $family => $cb->(\@values)
606		1055
607	snd $othernode, eval => "exit";	1056	Same as C<db_family>, except it only queries the family I<values> and passes them
		1057	as array reference to the callback.
608		1058
609	=item time => @reply	1059	=item $guard = db_mon $family => $cb->(\%familyhash, \@added, \@changed, \@deleted)
610		1060
611	Replies the the current node time to C<@reply>.	1061	Creates a monitor on the given database family. Each time a key is
		1062	set or is deleted the callback is called with a hash containing the
		1063	database family and three lists of added, changed and deleted subkeys,
		1064	respectively. If no keys have changed then the array reference might be
		1065	C<undef> or even missing.
612		1066
613	Example: tell the current node to send the current time to C<$myport> in a	1067	If not called in void context, a guard object is returned that, when
614	C<timereply> message.	1068	destroyed, stops the monitor.
615		1069
616	snd $NODE, time => $myport, timereply => 1, 2;	1070	The family hash reference and the key arrays belong to AnyEvent::MP and
617	# => snd $myport, timereply => 1, 2, <time>	1071	B<must not be modified or stored> by the callback. When in doubt, make a
		1072	copy.
		1073
		1074	As soon as possible after the monitoring starts, the callback will be
		1075	called with the intiial contents of the family, even if it is empty,
		1076	i.e. there will always be a timely call to the callback with the current
		1077	contents.
		1078
		1079	It is possible that the callback is called with a change event even though
		1080	the subkey is already present and the value has not changed.
		1081
		1082	The monitoring stops when the guard object is destroyed.
		1083
		1084	Example: on every change to the family "mygroup", print out all keys.
		1085
		1086	my $guard = db_mon mygroup => sub {
		1087	my ($family, $a, $c, $d) = @_;
		1088	print "mygroup members: ", (join " ", keys %$family), "\n";
		1089	};
		1090
		1091	Exmaple: wait until the family "My::Module::workers" is non-empty.
		1092
		1093	my $guard; $guard = db_mon My::Module::workers => sub {
		1094	my ($family, $a, $c, $d) = @_;
		1095	return unless %$family;
		1096	undef $guard;
		1097	print "My::Module::workers now nonempty\n";
		1098	};
		1099
		1100	Example: print all changes to the family "AnyEvent::Fantasy::Module".
		1101
		1102	my $guard = db_mon AnyEvent::Fantasy::Module => sub {
		1103	my ($family, $a, $c, $d) = @_;
		1104
		1105	print "+$_=$family->{$_}\n" for @$a;
		1106	print "*$_=$family->{$_}\n" for @$c;
		1107	print "-$_=$family->{$_}\n" for @$d;
		1108	};
		1109
		1110	=cut
618		1111
619	=back	1112	=back
620		1113
621	=head1 AnyEvent::MP vs. Distributed Erlang	1114	=head1 AnyEvent::MP vs. Distributed Erlang
622		1115
623	AnyEvent::MP got lots of its ideas from distributed erlang (erlang node	1116	AnyEvent::MP got lots of its ideas from distributed Erlang (Erlang node
624	== aemp node, erlang process == aemp port), so many of the documents and	1117	== aemp node, Erlang process == aemp port), so many of the documents and
625	programming techniques employed by erlang apply to AnyEvent::MP. Here is a	1118	programming techniques employed by Erlang apply to AnyEvent::MP. Here is a
626	sample:	1119	sample:
627		1120
628	http://www.erlang.se/doc/programming_rules.shtml	1121	http://www.erlang.se/doc/programming_rules.shtml
629	http://erlang.org/doc/getting_started/part_frame.html # chapters 3 and 4	1122	http://erlang.org/doc/getting_started/part_frame.html # chapters 3 and 4
630	http://erlang.org/download/erlang-book-part1.pdf # chapters 5 and 6	1123	http://erlang.org/download/erlang-book-part1.pdf # chapters 5 and 6
…		…
632		1125
633	Despite the similarities, there are also some important differences:	1126	Despite the similarities, there are also some important differences:
634		1127
635	=over 4	1128	=over 4
636		1129
637	=item * Node references contain the recipe on how to contact them.	1130	=item * Node IDs are arbitrary strings in AEMP.
638		1131
639	Erlang relies on special naming and DNS to work everywhere in the	1132	Erlang relies on special naming and DNS to work everywhere in the same
640	same way. AEMP relies on each node knowing it's own address(es), with	1133	way. AEMP relies on each node somehow knowing its own address(es) (e.g. by
641	convenience functionality.	1134	configuration or DNS), and possibly the addresses of some seed nodes, but
		1135	will otherwise discover other nodes (and their IDs) itself.
642		1136
643	This means that AEMP requires a less tightly controlled environment at the	1137	=item * Erlang has a "remote ports are like local ports" philosophy, AEMP
644	cost of longer node references and a slightly higher management overhead.	1138	uses "local ports are like remote ports".
		1139
		1140	The failure modes for local ports are quite different (runtime errors
		1141	only) then for remote ports - when a local port dies, you I<know> it dies,
		1142	when a connection to another node dies, you know nothing about the other
		1143	port.
		1144
		1145	Erlang pretends remote ports are as reliable as local ports, even when
		1146	they are not.
		1147
		1148	AEMP encourages a "treat remote ports differently" philosophy, with local
		1149	ports being the special case/exception, where transport errors cannot
		1150	occur.
645		1151
646	=item * Erlang uses processes and a mailbox, AEMP does not queue.	1152	=item * Erlang uses processes and a mailbox, AEMP does not queue.
647		1153
648	Erlang uses processes that selctively receive messages, and therefore	1154	Erlang uses processes that selectively receive messages out of order, and
649	needs a queue. AEMP is event based, queuing messages would serve no useful	1155	therefore needs a queue. AEMP is event based, queuing messages would serve
650	purpose.	1156	no useful purpose. For the same reason the pattern-matching abilities
		1157	of AnyEvent::MP are more limited, as there is little need to be able to
		1158	filter messages without dequeuing them.
651		1159
652	(But see L<Coro::MP> for a more erlang-like process model on top of AEMP).	1160	This is not a philosophical difference, but simply stems from AnyEvent::MP
		1161	being event-based, while Erlang is process-based.
		1162
		1163	You can have a look at L<Coro::MP> for a more Erlang-like process model on
		1164	top of AEMP and Coro threads.
653		1165
654	=item * Erlang sends are synchronous, AEMP sends are asynchronous.	1166	=item * Erlang sends are synchronous, AEMP sends are asynchronous.
655		1167
656	Sending messages in erlang is synchronous and blocks the process. AEMP	1168	Sending messages in Erlang is synchronous and blocks the process until
657	sends are immediate, connection establishment is handled in the	1169	a connection has been established and the message sent (and so does not
658	background.	1170	need a queue that can overflow). AEMP sends return immediately, connection
		1171	establishment is handled in the background.
659		1172
660	=item * Erlang can silently lose messages, AEMP cannot.	1173	=item * Erlang suffers from silent message loss, AEMP does not.
661		1174
662	Erlang makes few guarantees on messages delivery - messages can get lost	1175	Erlang implements few guarantees on messages delivery - messages can get
663	without any of the processes realising it (i.e. you send messages a, b,	1176	lost without any of the processes realising it (i.e. you send messages a,
664	and c, and the other side only receives messages a and c).	1177	b, and c, and the other side only receives messages a and c).
665		1178
666	AEMP guarantees correct ordering, and the guarantee that there are no	1179	AEMP guarantees (modulo hardware errors) correct ordering, and the
		1180	guarantee that after one message is lost, all following ones sent to the
		1181	same port are lost as well, until monitoring raises an error, so there are
667	holes in the message sequence.	1182	no silent "holes" in the message sequence.
668		1183
669	=item * In erlang, processes can be declared dead and later be found to be	1184	If you want your software to be very reliable, you have to cope with
670	alive.	1185	corrupted and even out-of-order messages in both Erlang and AEMP. AEMP
671		1186	simply tries to work better in common error cases, such as when a network
672	In erlang it can happen that a monitored process is declared dead and	1187	link goes down.
673	linked processes get killed, but later it turns out that the process is
674	still alive - and can receive messages.
675
676	In AEMP, when port monitoring detects a port as dead, then that port will
677	eventually be killed - it cannot happen that a node detects a port as dead
678	and then later sends messages to it, finding it is still alive.
679		1188
680	=item * Erlang can send messages to the wrong port, AEMP does not.	1189	=item * Erlang can send messages to the wrong port, AEMP does not.
681		1190
682	In erlang it is quite possible that a node that restarts reuses a process	1191	In Erlang it is quite likely that a node that restarts reuses an Erlang
683	ID known to other nodes for a completely different process, causing	1192	process ID known to other nodes for a completely different process,
684	messages destined for that process to end up in an unrelated process.	1193	causing messages destined for that process to end up in an unrelated
		1194	process.
685		1195
686	AEMP never reuses port IDs, so old messages or old port IDs floating	1196	AEMP does not reuse port IDs, so old messages or old port IDs floating
687	around in the network will not be sent to an unrelated port.	1197	around in the network will not be sent to an unrelated port.
688		1198
689	=item * Erlang uses unprotected connections, AEMP uses secure	1199	=item * Erlang uses unprotected connections, AEMP uses secure
690	authentication and can use TLS.	1200	authentication and can use TLS.
691		1201
692	AEMP can use a proven protocol - SSL/TLS - to protect connections and	1202	AEMP can use a proven protocol - TLS - to protect connections and
693	securely authenticate nodes.	1203	securely authenticate nodes.
694		1204
695	=item * The AEMP protocol is optimised for both text-based and binary	1205	=item * The AEMP protocol is optimised for both text-based and binary
696	communications.	1206	communications.
697		1207
698	The AEMP protocol, unlike the erlang protocol, supports both	1208	The AEMP protocol, unlike the Erlang protocol, supports both programming
699	language-independent text-only protocols (good for debugging) and binary,	1209	language independent text-only protocols (good for debugging), and binary,
700	language-specific serialisers (e.g. Storable).	1210	language-specific serialisers (e.g. Storable). By default, unless TLS is
		1211	used, the protocol is actually completely text-based.
701		1212
702	It has also been carefully designed to be implementable in other languages	1213	It has also been carefully designed to be implementable in other languages
703	with a minimum of work while gracefully degrading fucntionality to make the	1214	with a minimum of work while gracefully degrading functionality to make the
704	protocol simple.	1215	protocol simple.
705		1216
		1217	=item * AEMP has more flexible monitoring options than Erlang.
		1218
		1219	In Erlang, you can chose to receive I<all> exit signals as messages or
		1220	I<none>, there is no in-between, so monitoring single Erlang processes is
		1221	difficult to implement.
		1222
		1223	Monitoring in AEMP is more flexible than in Erlang, as one can choose
		1224	between automatic kill, exit message or callback on a per-port basis.
		1225
		1226	=item * Erlang tries to hide remote/local connections, AEMP does not.
		1227
		1228	Monitoring in Erlang is not an indicator of process death/crashes, in the
		1229	same way as linking is (except linking is unreliable in Erlang).
		1230
		1231	In AEMP, you don't "look up" registered port names or send to named ports
		1232	that might or might not be persistent. Instead, you normally spawn a port
		1233	on the remote node. The init function monitors you, and you monitor the
		1234	remote port. Since both monitors are local to the node, they are much more
		1235	reliable (no need for C<spawn_link>).
		1236
		1237	This also saves round-trips and avoids sending messages to the wrong port
		1238	(hard to do in Erlang).
		1239
706	=back	1240	=back
707		1241
		1242	=head1 RATIONALE
		1243
		1244	=over 4
		1245
		1246	=item Why strings for port and node IDs, why not objects?
		1247
		1248	We considered "objects", but found that the actual number of methods
		1249	that can be called are quite low. Since port and node IDs travel over
		1250	the network frequently, the serialising/deserialising would add lots of
		1251	overhead, as well as having to keep a proxy object everywhere.
		1252
		1253	Strings can easily be printed, easily serialised etc. and need no special
		1254	procedures to be "valid".
		1255
		1256	And as a result, a port with just a default receiver consists of a single
		1257	code reference stored in a global hash - it can't become much cheaper.
		1258
		1259	=item Why favour JSON, why not a real serialising format such as Storable?
		1260
		1261	In fact, any AnyEvent::MP node will happily accept Storable as framing
		1262	format, but currently there is no way to make a node use Storable by
		1263	default (although all nodes will accept it).
		1264
		1265	The default framing protocol is JSON because a) JSON::XS is many times
		1266	faster for small messages and b) most importantly, after years of
		1267	experience we found that object serialisation is causing more problems
		1268	than it solves: Just like function calls, objects simply do not travel
		1269	easily over the network, mostly because they will always be a copy, so you
		1270	always have to re-think your design.
		1271
		1272	Keeping your messages simple, concentrating on data structures rather than
		1273	objects, will keep your messages clean, tidy and efficient.
		1274
		1275	=back
		1276
		1277	=head1 PORTING FROM AnyEvent::MP VERSION 1.X
		1278
		1279	AEMP version 2 has a few major incompatible changes compared to version 1:
		1280
		1281	=over 4
		1282
		1283	=item AnyEvent::MP::Global no longer has group management functions.
		1284
		1285	At least not officially - the grp_* functions are still exported and might
		1286	work, but they will be removed in some later release.
		1287
		1288	AnyEvent::MP now comes with a distributed database that is more
		1289	powerful. Its database families map closely to port groups, but the API
		1290	has changed (the functions are also now exported by AnyEvent::MP). Here is
		1291	a rough porting guide:
		1292
		1293	grp_reg $group, $port # old
		1294	db_reg $group, $port # new
		1295
		1296	$list = grp_get $group # old
		1297	db_keys $group, sub { my $list = shift } # new
		1298
		1299	grp_mon $group, $cb->(\@ports, $add, $del) # old
		1300	db_mon $group, $cb->(\%ports, $add, $change, $del) # new
		1301
		1302	C<grp_reg> is a no-brainer (just replace by C<db_reg>), but C<grp_get> is
		1303	no longer instant, because the local node might not have a copy of the
		1304	group. You can either modify your code to allow for a callback, or use
		1305	C<db_mon> to keep an updated copy of the group:
		1306
		1307	my $local_group_copy;
		1308	db_mon $group => sub { $local_group_copy = $_[0] };
		1309
		1310	# now "keys %$local_group_copy" always returns the most up-to-date
		1311	# list of ports in the group.
		1312
		1313	C<grp_mon> can be replaced by C<db_mon> with minor changes - C<db_mon>
		1314	passes a hash as first argument, and an extra C<$chg> argument that can be
		1315	ignored:
		1316
		1317	db_mon $group => sub {
		1318	my ($ports, $add, $chg, $del) = @_;
		1319	$ports = [keys %$ports];
		1320
		1321	# now $ports, $add and $del are the same as
		1322	# were originally passed by grp_mon.
		1323	...
		1324	};
		1325
		1326	=item Nodes not longer connect to all other nodes.
		1327
		1328	In AEMP 1.x, every node automatically loads the L<AnyEvent::MP::Global>
		1329	module, which in turn would create connections to all other nodes in the
		1330	network (helped by the seed nodes).
		1331
		1332	In version 2.x, global nodes still connect to all other global nodes, but
		1333	other nodes don't - now every node either is a global node itself, or
		1334	attaches itself to another global node.
		1335
		1336	If a node isn't a global node itself, then it attaches itself to one
		1337	of its seed nodes. If that seed node isn't a global node yet, it will
		1338	automatically be upgraded to a global node.
		1339
		1340	So in many cases, nothing needs to be changed - one just has to make sure
		1341	that all seed nodes are meshed together with the other seed nodes (as with
		1342	AEMP 1.x), and other nodes specify them as seed nodes. This is most easily
		1343	achieved by specifying the same set of seed nodes for all nodes in the
		1344	network.
		1345
		1346	Not opening a connection to every other node is usually an advantage,
		1347	except when you need the lower latency of an already established
		1348	connection. To ensure a node establishes a connection to another node,
		1349	you can monitor the node port (C<mon $node, ...>), which will attempt to
		1350	create the connection (and notify you when the connection fails).
		1351
		1352	=item Listener-less nodes (nodes without binds) are gone.
		1353
		1354	And are not coming back, at least not in their old form. If no C<binds>
		1355	are specified for a node, AnyEvent::MP assumes a default of C<*:*>.
		1356
		1357	There are vague plans to implement some form of routing domains, which
		1358	might or might not bring back listener-less nodes, but don't count on it.
		1359
		1360	The fact that most connections are now optional somewhat mitigates this,
		1361	as a node can be effectively unreachable from the outside without any
		1362	problems, as long as it isn't a global node and only reaches out to other
		1363	nodes (as opposed to being contacted from other nodes).
		1364
		1365	=item $AnyEvent::MP::Kernel::WARN has gone.
		1366
		1367	AnyEvent has acquired a logging framework (L<AnyEvent::Log>), and AEMP now
		1368	uses this, and so should your programs.
		1369
		1370	Every module now documents what kinds of messages it generates, with
		1371	AnyEvent::MP acting as a catch all.
		1372
		1373	On the positive side, this means that instead of setting
		1374	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MP_WARNLEVEL>, you can get away by setting C<AE_VERBOSE> -
		1375	much less to type.
		1376
		1377	=back
		1378
		1379	=head1 LOGGING
		1380
		1381	AnyEvent::MP does not normally log anything by itself, but since it is the
		1382	root of the context hierarchy for AnyEvent::MP modules, it will receive
		1383	all log messages by submodules.
		1384
708	=head1 SEE ALSO	1385	=head1 SEE ALSO
		1386
		1387	L<AnyEvent::MP::Intro> - a gentle introduction.
		1388
		1389	L<AnyEvent::MP::Kernel> - more, lower-level, stuff.
		1390
		1391	L<AnyEvent::MP::Global> - network maintenance and port groups, to find
		1392	your applications.
		1393
		1394	L<AnyEvent::MP::DataConn> - establish data connections between nodes.
		1395
		1396	L<AnyEvent::MP::LogCatcher> - simple service to display log messages from
		1397	all nodes.
709		1398
710	L<AnyEvent>.	1399	L<AnyEvent>.
711		1400
712	=head1 AUTHOR	1401	=head1 AUTHOR
713		1402

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