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Revision 1.47 by root, Thu Aug 13 01:57:10 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.156 by root, Sat Oct 23 03:35:49 2021 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent::MP - multi-processing/message-passing framework	3	AnyEvent::MP - erlang-style multi-processing/message-passing framework
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use AnyEvent::MP;	7	use AnyEvent::MP;
8		8
9	$NODE # contains this node's noderef	9	$NODE # contains this node's node ID
10	NODE # returns this node's noderef	10	NODE # returns this node's node ID
11	NODE $port # returns the noderef of the port
12		11
13	$SELF # receiving/own port id in rcv callbacks	12	$SELF # receiving/own port id in rcv callbacks
14		13
		14	# initialise the node so it can send/receive messages
		15	configure;
		16
15	# ports are message endpoints	17	# ports are message destinations
16		18
17	# sending messages	19	# sending messages
18	snd $port, type => data...;	20	snd $port, type => data...;
19	snd $port, @msg;	21	snd $port, @msg;
20	snd @msg_with_first_element_being_a_port;	22	snd @msg_with_first_element_being_a_port;
21		23
22	# miniports	24	# creating/using ports, the simple way
23	my $miniport = port { my @msg = @_; 0 };	25	my $simple_port = port { my @msg = @_ };
24		26
25	# full ports	27	# creating/using ports, tagged message matching
26	my $port = port;	28	my $port = port;
27	rcv $port, smartmatch => $cb->(@msg);
28	rcv $port, ping => sub { snd $_[0], "pong"; 0 };	29	rcv $port, ping => sub { snd $_[0], "pong" };
29	rcv $port, pong => sub { warn "pong received\n"; 0 };	30	rcv $port, pong => sub { warn "pong received\n" };
30		31
31	# remote ports	32	# create a port on another node
32	my $port = spawn $node, $initfunc, @initdata;	33	my $port = spawn $node, $initfunc, @initdata;
33		34
34	# more, smarter, matches (_any_ is exported by this module)	35	# destroy a port again
35	rcv $port, [child_died => $pid] => sub { ...	36	kil $port; # "normal" kill
36	rcv $port, [_any_, _any_, 3] => sub { .. $_[2] is 3	37	kil $port, my_error => "everything is broken"; # error kill
37		38
38	# monitoring	39	# monitoring
39	mon $port, $cb->(@msg) # callback is invoked on death	40	mon $port, $cb->(@msg) # callback is invoked on death
40	mon $port, $otherport # kill otherport on abnormal death	41	mon $port, $localport # kill localport on abnormal death
41	mon $port, $otherport, @msg # send message on death	42	mon $port, $localport, @msg # send message on death
42		43
43	=head1 CURRENT STATUS	44	# temporarily execute code in port context
		45	peval $port, sub { die "kill the port!" };
44		46
45	AnyEvent::MP - stable API, should work	47	# execute callbacks in $SELF port context
46	AnyEvent::MP::Intro - outdated	48	my $timer = AE::timer 1, 0, psub {
47	AnyEvent::MP::Kernel - WIP	49	die "kill the port, delayed";
48	AnyEvent::MP::Transport - mostly stable	50	};
49		51
50	stay tuned.	52	# distributed database - modification
		53	db_set $family => $subkey [=> $value] # add a subkey
		54	db_del $family => $subkey... # delete one or more subkeys
		55	db_reg $family => $port [=> $value] # register a port
		56
		57	# distributed database - queries
		58	db_family $family => $cb->(\%familyhash)
		59	db_keys $family => $cb->(\@keys)
		60	db_values $family => $cb->(\@values)
		61
		62	# distributed database - monitoring a family
		63	db_mon $family => $cb->(\%familyhash, \@added, \@changed, \@deleted)
51		64
52	=head1 DESCRIPTION	65	=head1 DESCRIPTION
53		66
54	This module (-family) implements a simple message passing framework.	67	This module (-family) implements a simple message passing framework.
55		68
56	Despite its simplicity, you can securely message other processes running	69	Despite its simplicity, you can securely message other processes running
57	on the same or other hosts.	70	on the same or other hosts, and you can supervise entities remotely.
58		71
59	For an introduction to this module family, see the L<AnyEvent::MP::Intro>	72	For an introduction to this module family, see the L<AnyEvent::MP::Intro>
60	manual page.	73	manual page and the examples under F<eg/>.
61
62	At the moment, this module family is severly broken and underdocumented,
63	so do not use. This was uploaded mainly to reserve the CPAN namespace -
64	stay tuned!
65		74
66	=head1 CONCEPTS	75	=head1 CONCEPTS
67		76
68	=over 4	77	=over 4
69		78
70	=item port	79	=item port
71		80
72	A port is something you can send messages to (with the C<snd> function).	81	Not to be confused with TCP ports, a "port" is something you can send
		82	messages to (with the C<snd> function).
73		83
74	Some ports allow you to register C<rcv> handlers that can match specific	84	Ports allow you to register C<rcv> handlers that can match all or just
75	messages. All C<rcv> handlers will receive messages they match, messages	85	some messages. Messages send to ports will not be queued, regardless of
76	will not be queued.	86	whether anything was listening for them or not.
77		87
		88	Ports are represented by (printable) strings called "port IDs".
		89
78	=item port id - C<noderef#portname>	90	=item port ID - C<nodeid#portname>
79		91
80	A port id is normaly the concatenation of a noderef, a hash-mark (C<#>) as	92	A port ID is the concatenation of a node ID, a hash-mark (C<#>)
81	separator, and a port name (a printable string of unspecified format). An	93	as separator, and a port name (a printable string of unspecified
82	exception is the the node port, whose ID is identical to its node	94	format created by AnyEvent::MP).
83	reference.
84		95
85	=item node	96	=item node
86		97
87	A node is a single process containing at least one port - the node	98	A node is a single process containing at least one port - the node port,
88	port. You can send messages to node ports to find existing ports or to	99	which enables nodes to manage each other remotely, and to create new
89	create new ports, among other things.	100	ports.
90		101
91	Nodes are either private (single-process only), slaves (connected to a	102	Nodes are either public (have one or more listening ports) or private
92	master node only) or public nodes (connectable from unrelated nodes).	103	(no listening ports). Private nodes cannot talk to other private nodes
		104	currently, but all nodes can talk to public nodes.
93		105
94	=item noderef - C<host:port,host:port...>, C<id@noderef>, C<id>	106	Nodes is represented by (printable) strings called "node IDs".
95		107
96	A node reference is a string that either simply identifies the node (for	108	=item node ID - C<[A-Za-z0-9_\-.:]*>
97	private and slave nodes), or contains a recipe on how to reach a given
98	node (for public nodes).
99		109
100	This recipe is simply a comma-separated list of C<address:port> pairs (for	110	A node ID is a string that uniquely identifies the node within a
101	TCP/IP, other protocols might look different).	111	network. Depending on the configuration used, node IDs can look like a
		112	hostname, a hostname and a port, or a random string. AnyEvent::MP itself
		113	doesn't interpret node IDs in any way except to uniquely identify a node.
102		114
103	Node references come in two flavours: resolved (containing only numerical	115	=item binds - C<ip:port>
104	addresses) or unresolved (where hostnames are used instead of addresses).
105		116
106	Before using an unresolved node reference in a message you first have to	117	Nodes can only talk to each other by creating some kind of connection to
107	resolve it.	118	each other. To do this, nodes should listen on one or more local transport
		119	endpoints - binds.
		120
		121	Currently, only standard C<ip:port> specifications can be used, which
		122	specify TCP ports to listen on. So a bind is basically just a tcp socket
		123	in listening mode that accepts connections from other nodes.
		124
		125	=item seed nodes
		126
		127	When a node starts, it knows nothing about the network it is in - it
		128	needs to connect to at least one other node that is already in the
		129	network. These other nodes are called "seed nodes".
		130
		131	Seed nodes themselves are not special - they are seed nodes only because
		132	some other node I<uses> them as such, but any node can be used as seed
		133	node for other nodes, and eahc node can use a different set of seed nodes.
		134
		135	In addition to discovering the network, seed nodes are also used to
		136	maintain the network - all nodes using the same seed node are part of the
		137	same network. If a network is split into multiple subnets because e.g. the
		138	network link between the parts goes down, then using the same seed nodes
		139	for all nodes ensures that eventually the subnets get merged again.
		140
		141	Seed nodes are expected to be long-running, and at least one seed node
		142	should always be available. They should also be relatively responsive - a
		143	seed node that blocks for long periods will slow down everybody else.
		144
		145	For small networks, it's best if every node uses the same set of seed
		146	nodes. For large networks, it can be useful to specify "regional" seed
		147	nodes for most nodes in an area, and use all seed nodes as seed nodes for
		148	each other. What's important is that all seed nodes connections form a
		149	complete graph, so that the network cannot split into separate subnets
		150	forever.
		151
		152	Seed nodes are represented by seed IDs.
		153
		154	=item seed IDs - C<host:port>
		155
		156	Seed IDs are transport endpoint(s) (usually a hostname/IP address and a
		157	TCP port) of nodes that should be used as seed nodes.
		158
		159	=item global nodes
		160
		161	An AEMP network needs a discovery service - nodes need to know how to
		162	connect to other nodes they only know by name. In addition, AEMP offers a
		163	distributed "group database", which maps group names to a list of strings
		164	- for example, to register worker ports.
		165
		166	A network needs at least one global node to work, and allows every node to
		167	be a global node.
		168
		169	Any node that loads the L<AnyEvent::MP::Global> module becomes a global
		170	node and tries to keep connections to all other nodes. So while it can
		171	make sense to make every node "global" in small networks, it usually makes
		172	sense to only make seed nodes into global nodes in large networks (nodes
		173	keep connections to seed nodes and global nodes, so making them the same
		174	reduces overhead).
108		175
109	=back	176	=back
110		177
111	=head1 VARIABLES/FUNCTIONS	178	=head1 VARIABLES/FUNCTIONS
112		179
…		…
114		181
115	=cut	182	=cut
116		183
117	package AnyEvent::MP;	184	package AnyEvent::MP;
118		185
		186	use AnyEvent::MP::Config ();
119	use AnyEvent::MP::Kernel;	187	use AnyEvent::MP::Kernel;
		188	use AnyEvent::MP::Kernel qw(
		189	%NODE %PORT %PORT_DATA $UNIQ $RUNIQ $ID
		190	add_node load_func
		191
		192	NODE $NODE
		193	configure
		194	node_of port_is_local
		195	snd kil
		196	db_set db_del
		197	db_mon db_family db_keys db_values
		198	);
120		199
121	use common::sense;	200	use common::sense;
122		201
123	use Carp ();	202	use Carp ();
124		203
125	use AE ();	204	use AnyEvent ();
		205	use Guard ();
126		206
127	use base "Exporter";	207	use base "Exporter";
128		208
129	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::MP::Kernel::VERSION;	209	our $VERSION = '2.02'; # also in MP/Config.pm
130		210
131	our @EXPORT = qw(	211	our @EXPORT = qw(
132	NODE $NODE *SELF node_of _any_	212	configure
133	resolve_node initialise_node	213
134	snd rcv mon kil reg psub spawn	214	NODE $NODE
135	port	215	*SELF
		216
		217	node_of port_is_local
		218
		219	snd kil
		220	port rcv mon mon_guard psub peval spawn cal
		221	db_set db_del db_reg
		222	db_mon db_family db_keys db_values
		223
		224	after
136	);	225	);
137		226
138	our $SELF;	227	our $SELF;
139		228
140	sub _self_die() {	229	sub _self_die() {
…		…
143	kil $SELF, die => $msg;	232	kil $SELF, die => $msg;
144	}	233	}
145		234
146	=item $thisnode = NODE / $NODE	235	=item $thisnode = NODE / $NODE
147		236
148	The C<NODE> function returns, and the C<$NODE> variable contains	237	The C<NODE> function returns, and the C<$NODE> variable contains, the node
149	the noderef of the local node. The value is initialised by a call	238	ID of the node running in the current process. This value is initialised by
150	to C<become_public> or C<become_slave>, after which all local port	239	a call to C<configure>.
151	identifiers become invalid.
152		240
153	=item $noderef = node_of $port	241	=item $nodeid = node_of $port
154		242
155	Extracts and returns the noderef from a portid or a noderef.	243	Extracts and returns the node ID from a port ID or a node ID.
156		244
157	=item initialise_node $noderef, $seednode, $seednode...	245	=item $is_local = port_is_local $port
158		246
159	=item initialise_node "slave/", $master, $master...	247	Returns true iff the port is a local port.
160		248
		249	=item configure $profile, key => value...
		250
		251	=item configure key => value...
		252
161	Before a node can talk to other nodes on the network it has to initialise	253	Before a node can talk to other nodes on the network (i.e. enter
162	itself - the minimum a node needs to know is it's own name, and optionally	254	"distributed mode") it has to configure itself - the minimum a node needs
163	it should know the noderefs of some other nodes in the network.	255	to know is its own name, and optionally it should know the addresses of
		256	some other nodes in the network to discover other nodes.
164		257
165	This function initialises a node - it must be called exactly once (or	258	This function configures a node - it must be called exactly once (or
166	never) before calling other AnyEvent::MP functions.	259	never) before calling other AnyEvent::MP functions.
167		260
168	All arguments are noderefs, which can be either resolved or unresolved.	261	The key/value pairs are basically the same ones as documented for the
169		262	F<aemp> command line utility (sans the set/del prefix), with these additions:
170	There are two types of networked nodes, public nodes and slave nodes:
171		263
172	=over 4	264	=over 4
173		265
174	=item public nodes	266	=item norc => $boolean (default false)
175		267
176	For public nodes, C<$noderef> must either be a (possibly unresolved)	268	If true, then the rc file (e.g. F<~/.perl-anyevent-mp>) will I<not>
177	noderef, in which case it will be resolved, or C<undef> (or missing), in	269	be consulted - all configuration options must be specified in the
178	which case the noderef will be guessed.	270	C<configure> call.
179		271
180	Afterwards, the node will bind itself on all endpoints and try to connect	272	=item force => $boolean (default false)
181	to all additional C<$seednodes> that are specified. Seednodes are optional
182	and can be used to quickly bootstrap the node into an existing network.
183		273
184	=item slave nodes	274	IF true, then the values specified in the C<configure> will take
185		275	precedence over any values configured via the rc file. The default is for
186	When the C<$noderef> is the special string C<slave/>, then the node will	276	the rc file to override any options specified in the program.
187	become a slave node. Slave nodes cannot be contacted from outside and will
188	route most of their traffic to the master node that they attach to.
189
190	At least one additional noderef is required: The node will try to connect
191	to all of them and will become a slave attached to the first node it can
192	successfully connect to.
193		277
194	=back	278	=back
195		279
196	This function will block until all nodes have been resolved and, for slave
197	nodes, until it has successfully established a connection to a master
198	server.
199
200	Example: become a public node listening on the default node.
201
202	initialise_node;
203
204	Example: become a public node, and try to contact some well-known master
205	servers to become part of the network.
206
207	initialise_node undef, "master1", "master2";
208
209	Example: become a public node listening on port C<4041>.
210
211	initialise_node 4041;
212
213	Example: become a public node, only visible on localhost port 4044.
214
215	initialise_node "locahost:4044";
216
217	Example: become a slave node to any of the specified master servers.
218
219	initialise_node "slave/", "master1", "192.168.13.17", "mp.example.net";
220
221	=item $cv = resolve_node $noderef
222
223	Takes an unresolved node reference that may contain hostnames and
224	abbreviated IDs, resolves all of them and returns a resolved node
225	reference.
226
227	In addition to C<address:port> pairs allowed in resolved noderefs, the
228	following forms are supported:
229
230	=over 4	280	=over 4
231		281
232	=item the empty string	282	=item step 1, gathering configuration from profiles
233		283
234	An empty-string component gets resolved as if the default port (4040) was	284	The function first looks up a profile in the aemp configuration (see the
235	specified.	285	L<aemp> commandline utility). The profile name can be specified via the
		286	named C<profile> parameter or can simply be the first parameter). If it is
		287	missing, then the nodename (F<uname -n>) will be used as profile name.
236		288
237	=item naked port numbers (e.g. C<1234>)	289	The profile data is then gathered as follows:
238		290
239	These are resolved by prepending the local nodename and a colon, to be	291	First, all remaining key => value pairs (all of which are conveniently
240	further resolved.	292	undocumented at the moment) will be interpreted as configuration
		293	data. Then they will be overwritten by any values specified in the global
		294	default configuration (see the F<aemp> utility), then the chain of
		295	profiles chosen by the profile name (and any C<parent> attributes).
241		296
242	=item hostnames (e.g. C<localhost:1234>, C<localhost>)	297	That means that the values specified in the profile have highest priority
		298	and the values specified directly via C<configure> have lowest priority,
		299	and can only be used to specify defaults.
243		300
244	These are resolved by using AnyEvent::DNS to resolve them, optionally	301	If the profile specifies a node ID, then this will become the node ID of
245	looking up SRV records for the C<aemp=4040> port, if no port was	302	this process. If not, then the profile name will be used as node ID, with
246	specified.	303	a unique randoms tring (C</%u>) appended.
		304
		305	The node ID can contain some C<%> sequences that are expanded: C<%n>
		306	is expanded to the local nodename, C<%u> is replaced by a random
		307	string to make the node unique. For example, the F<aemp> commandline
		308	utility uses C<aemp/%n/%u> as nodename, which might expand to
		309	C<aemp/cerebro/ZQDGSIkRhEZQDGSIkRhE>.
		310
		311	=item step 2, bind listener sockets
		312
		313	The next step is to look up the binds in the profile, followed by binding
		314	aemp protocol listeners on all binds specified (it is possible and valid
		315	to have no binds, meaning that the node cannot be contacted from the
		316	outside. This means the node cannot talk to other nodes that also have no
		317	binds, but it can still talk to all "normal" nodes).
		318
		319	If the profile does not specify a binds list, then a default of C<*> is
		320	used, meaning the node will bind on a dynamically-assigned port on every
		321	local IP address it finds.
		322
		323	=item step 3, connect to seed nodes
		324
		325	As the last step, the seed ID list from the profile is passed to the
		326	L<AnyEvent::MP::Global> module, which will then use it to keep
		327	connectivity with at least one node at any point in time.
247		328
248	=back	329	=back
		330
		331	Example: become a distributed node using the local node name as profile.
		332	This should be the most common form of invocation for "daemon"-type nodes.
		333
		334	configure
		335
		336	Example: become a semi-anonymous node. This form is often used for
		337	commandline clients.
		338
		339	configure nodeid => "myscript/%n/%u";
		340
		341	Example: configure a node using a profile called seed, which is suitable
		342	for a seed node as it binds on all local addresses on a fixed port (4040,
		343	customary for aemp).
		344
		345	# use the aemp commandline utility
		346	# aemp profile seed binds '*:4040'
		347
		348	# then use it
		349	configure profile => "seed";
		350
		351	# or simply use aemp from the shell again:
		352	# aemp run profile seed
		353
		354	# or provide a nicer-to-remember nodeid
		355	# aemp run profile seed nodeid "$(hostname)"
249		356
250	=item $SELF	357	=item $SELF
251		358
252	Contains the current port id while executing C<rcv> callbacks or C<psub>	359	Contains the current port id while executing C<rcv> callbacks or C<psub>
253	blocks.	360	blocks.
254		361
255	=item SELF, %SELF, @SELF...	362	=item *SELF, SELF, %SELF, @SELF...
256		363
257	Due to some quirks in how perl exports variables, it is impossible to	364	Due to some quirks in how perl exports variables, it is impossible to
258	just export C<$SELF>, all the symbols called C<SELF> are exported by this	365	just export C<$SELF>, all the symbols named C<SELF> are exported by this
259	module, but only C<$SELF> is currently used.	366	module, but only C<$SELF> is currently used.
260		367
261	=item snd $port, type => @data	368	=item snd $port, type => @data
262		369
263	=item snd $port, @msg	370	=item snd $port, @msg
264		371
265	Send the given message to the given port ID, which can identify either	372	Send the given message to the given port, which can identify either a
266	a local or a remote port, and can be either a string or soemthignt hat	373	local or a remote port, and must be a port ID.
267	stringifies a sa port ID (such as a port object :).
268		374
269	While the message can be about anything, it is highly recommended to use a	375	While the message can be almost anything, it is highly recommended to
270	string as first element (a portid, or some word that indicates a request	376	use a string as first element (a port ID, or some word that indicates a
271	type etc.).	377	request type etc.) and to consist if only simple perl values (scalars,
		378	arrays, hashes) - if you think you need to pass an object, think again.
272		379
273	The message data effectively becomes read-only after a call to this	380	The message data logically becomes read-only after a call to this
274	function: modifying any argument is not allowed and can cause many	381	function: modifying any argument (or values referenced by them) is
275	problems.	382	forbidden, as there can be considerable time between the call to C<snd>
		383	and the time the message is actually being serialised - in fact, it might
		384	never be copied as within the same process it is simply handed to the
		385	receiving port.
276		386
277	The type of data you can transfer depends on the transport protocol: when	387	The type of data you can transfer depends on the transport protocol: when
278	JSON is used, then only strings, numbers and arrays and hashes consisting	388	JSON is used, then only strings, numbers and arrays and hashes consisting
279	of those are allowed (no objects). When Storable is used, then anything	389	of those are allowed (no objects). When Storable is used, then anything
280	that Storable can serialise and deserialise is allowed, and for the local	390	that Storable can serialise and deserialise is allowed, and for the local
281	node, anything can be passed.	391	node, anything can be passed. Best rely only on the common denominator of
		392	these.
282		393
283	=item $local_port = port	394	=item $local_port = port
284		395
285	Create a new local port object that can be used either as a pattern	396	Create a new local port object and returns its port ID. Initially it has
286	matching port ("full port") or a single-callback port ("miniport"),	397	no callbacks set and will throw an error when it receives messages.
287	depending on how C<rcv> callbacks are bound to the object.
288		398
289	=item $port = port { my @msg = @_; $finished }	399	=item $local_port = port { my @msg = @_ }
290		400
291	Creates a "miniport", that is, a very lightweight port without any pattern	401	Creates a new local port, and returns its ID. Semantically the same as
292	matching behind it, and returns its ID. Semantically the same as creating
293	a port and calling C<rcv $port, $callback> on it.	402	creating a port and calling C<rcv $port, $callback> on it.
294		403
295	The block will be called for every message received on the port. When the	404	The block will be called for every message received on the port, with the
296	callback returns a true value its job is considered "done" and the port	405	global variable C<$SELF> set to the port ID. Runtime errors will cause the
297	will be destroyed. Otherwise it will stay alive.	406	port to be C<kil>ed. The message will be passed as-is, no extra argument
		407	(i.e. no port ID) will be passed to the callback.
298		408
299	The message will be passed as-is, no extra argument (i.e. no port id) will	409	If you want to stop/destroy the port, simply C<kil> it:
300	be passed to the callback.
301		410
302	If you need the local port id in the callback, this works nicely:	411	my $port = port {
303		412	my @msg = @_;
304	my $port; $port = port {	413	...
305	snd $otherport, reply => $port;	414	kil $SELF;
306	};	415	};
307		416
308	=cut	417	=cut
309		418
310	sub rcv($@);	419	sub rcv($@);
311		420
		421	my $KILME = sub {
		422	(my $tag = substr $_[0], 0, 30) =~ s/([^\x20-\x7e])/./g;
		423	kil $SELF, unhandled_message => "no callback found for message '$tag'";
		424	};
		425
312	sub port(;&) {	426	sub port(;&) {
313	my $id = "$UNIQ." . $ID++;	427	my $id = $UNIQ . ++$ID;
314	my $port = "$NODE#$id";	428	my $port = "$NODE#$id";
315		429
316	if (@_) {
317	rcv $port, shift;	430	rcv $port, shift || $KILME;
318	} else {
319	$PORT{$id} = sub { }; # nop
320	}
321		431
322	$port	432	$port
323	}	433	}
324		434
325	=item reg $port, $name
326
327	=item reg $name
328
329	Registers the given port (or C<$SELF><<< if missing) under the name
330	C<$name>. If the name already exists it is replaced.
331
332	A port can only be registered under one well known name.
333
334	A port automatically becomes unregistered when it is killed.
335
336	=cut
337
338	sub reg(@) {
339	my $port = @_ > 1 ? shift : $SELF || Carp::croak 'reg: called with one argument only, but $SELF not set,';
340
341	$REG{$_[0]} = $port;
342	}
343
344	=item rcv $port, $callback->(@msg)	435	=item rcv $local_port, $callback->(@msg)
345		436
346	Replaces the callback on the specified miniport (after converting it to	437	Replaces the default callback on the specified port. There is no way to
347	one if required).	438	remove the default callback: use C<sub { }> to disable it, or better
348		439	C<kil> the port when it is no longer needed.
349	=item rcv $port, tagstring => $callback->(@msg), ...
350
351	=item rcv $port, $smartmatch => $callback->(@msg), ...
352
353	=item rcv $port, [$smartmatch...] => $callback->(@msg), ...
354
355	Register callbacks to be called on matching messages on the given full
356	port (after converting it to one if required) and return the port.
357
358	The callback has to return a true value when its work is done, after
359	which is will be removed, or a false value in which case it will stay
360	registered.
361		440
362	The global C<$SELF> (exported by this module) contains C<$port> while	441	The global C<$SELF> (exported by this module) contains C<$port> while
363	executing the callback.	442	executing the callback. Runtime errors during callback execution will
		443	result in the port being C<kil>ed.
364		444
365	Runtime errors during callback execution will result in the port being	445	The default callback receives all messages not matched by a more specific
366	C<kil>ed.	446	C<tag> match.
367		447
368	If the match is an array reference, then it will be matched against the	448	=item rcv $local_port, tag => $callback->(@msg_without_tag), ...
369	first elements of the message, otherwise only the first element is being
370	matched.
371		449
372	Any element in the match that is specified as C<_any_> (a function	450	Register (or replace) callbacks to be called on messages starting with the
373	exported by this module) matches any single element of the message.	451	given tag on the given port (and return the port), or unregister it (when
		452	C<$callback> is C<$undef> or missing). There can only be one callback
		453	registered for each tag.
374		454
375	While not required, it is highly recommended that the first matching	455	The original message will be passed to the callback, after the first
376	element is a string identifying the message. The one-string-only match is	456	element (the tag) has been removed. The callback will use the same
377	also the most efficient match (by far).	457	environment as the default callback (see above).
378		458
379	Example: create a port and bind receivers on it in one go.	459	Example: create a port and bind receivers on it in one go.
380		460
381	my $port = rcv port,	461	my $port = rcv port,
382	msg1 => sub { ...; 0 },	462	msg1 => sub { ... },
383	msg2 => sub { ...; 0 },	463	msg2 => sub { ... },
384	;	464	;
385		465
386	Example: create a port, bind receivers and send it in a message elsewhere	466	Example: create a port, bind receivers and send it in a message elsewhere
387	in one go:	467	in one go:
388		468
389	snd $otherport, reply =>	469	snd $otherport, reply =>
390	rcv port,	470	rcv port,
391	msg1 => sub { ...; 0 },	471	msg1 => sub { ... },
392	...	472	...
393	;	473	;
394		474
		475	Example: temporarily register a rcv callback for a tag matching some port
		476	(e.g. for an rpc reply) and unregister it after a message was received.
		477
		478	rcv $port, $otherport => sub {
		479	my @reply = @_;
		480
		481	rcv $SELF, $otherport;
		482	};
		483
395	=cut	484	=cut
396		485
397	sub rcv($@) {	486	sub rcv($@) {
398	my $port = shift;	487	my $port = shift;
399	my ($noderef, $portid) = split /#/, $port, 2;	488	my ($nodeid, $portid) = split /#/, $port, 2;
400		489
401	($NODE{$noderef} || add_node $noderef) == $NODE{""}	490	$nodeid eq $NODE
402	or Carp::croak "$port: rcv can only be called on local ports, caught";	491	or Carp::croak "$port: rcv can only be called on local ports, caught";
403		492
404	if (@_ == 1) {	493	while (@_) {
		494	if (ref $_[0]) {
		495	if (my $self = $PORT_DATA{$portid}) {
		496	"AnyEvent::MP::Port" eq ref $self
		497	or Carp::croak "$port: rcv can only be called on message matching ports, caught";
		498
		499	$self->[0] = shift;
		500	} else {
405	my $cb = shift;	501	my $cb = shift;
406	delete $PORT_DATA{$portid};
407	$PORT{$portid} = sub {	502	$PORT{$portid} = sub {
408	local $SELF = $port;	503	local $SELF = $port;
409	eval {	504	eval { &$cb }; _self_die if $@;
410	&$cb	505	};
411	and kil $port;
412	};	506	}
413	_self_die if $@;	507	} elsif (defined $_[0]) {
414	};
415	} else {
416	my $self = $PORT_DATA{$portid} ||= do {	508	my $self = $PORT_DATA{$portid} ||= do {
417	my $self = bless {	509	my $self = bless [$PORT{$portid} || sub { }, { }, $port], "AnyEvent::MP::Port";
418	id => $port,
419	}, "AnyEvent::MP::Port";
420		510
421	$PORT{$portid} = sub {	511	$PORT{$portid} = sub {
422	local $SELF = $port;	512	local $SELF = $port;
423		513
424	eval {
425	for (@{ $self->{rc0}{$_[0]} }) {	514	if (my $cb = $self->[1]{$_[0]}) {
426	$_ && &{$_->[0]}	515	shift;
427	&& undef $_;	516	eval { &$cb }; _self_die if $@;
428	}	517	} else {
429
430	for (@{ $self->{rcv}{$_[0]} }) {
431	$_ && [@_[1 .. @{$_->[1]}]] ~~ $_->[1]
432	&& &{$_->[0]}	518	&{ $self->[0] };
433	&& undef $_;
434	}
435
436	for (@{ $self->{any} }) {
437	$_ && [@_[0 .. $#{$_->[1]}]] ~~ $_->[1]
438	&& &{$_->[0]}
439	&& undef $_;
440	}	519	}
441	};	520	};
442	_self_die if $@;	521
		522	$self
443	};	523	};
444		524
445	$self
446	};
447
448	"AnyEvent::MP::Port" eq ref $self	525	"AnyEvent::MP::Port" eq ref $self
449	or Carp::croak "$port: rcv can only be called on message matching ports, caught";	526	or Carp::croak "$port: rcv can only be called on message matching ports, caught";
450		527
451	while (@_) {
452	my ($match, $cb) = splice @_, 0, 2;	528	my ($tag, $cb) = splice @_, 0, 2;
453		529
454	if (!ref $match) {	530	if (defined $cb) {
455	push @{ $self->{rc0}{$match} }, [$cb];	531	$self->[1]{$tag} = $cb;
456	} elsif (("ARRAY" eq ref $match && !ref $match->[0])) {
457	my ($type, @match) = @$match;
458	@match
459	? push @{ $self->{rcv}{$match->[0]} }, [$cb, \@match]
460	: push @{ $self->{rc0}{$match->[0]} }, [$cb];
461	} else {	532	} else {
462	push @{ $self->{any} }, [$cb, $match];	533	delete $self->[1]{$tag};
463	}	534	}
464	}	535	}
465	}	536	}
466		537
467	$port	538	$port
468	}	539	}
469		540
		541	=item peval $port, $coderef[, @args]
		542
		543	Evaluates the given C<$codref> within the context of C<$port>, that is,
		544	when the code throws an exception the C<$port> will be killed.
		545
		546	Any remaining args will be passed to the callback. Any return values will
		547	be returned to the caller.
		548
		549	This is useful when you temporarily want to execute code in the context of
		550	a port.
		551
		552	Example: create a port and run some initialisation code in it's context.
		553
		554	my $port = port { ... };
		555
		556	peval $port, sub {
		557	init
		558	or die "unable to init";
		559	};
		560
		561	=cut
		562
		563	sub peval($$) {
		564	local $SELF = shift;
		565	my $cb = shift;
		566
		567	if (wantarray) {
		568	my @res = eval { &$cb };
		569	_self_die if $@;
		570	@res
		571	} else {
		572	my $res = eval { &$cb };
		573	_self_die if $@;
		574	$res
		575	}
		576	}
		577
470	=item $closure = psub { BLOCK }	578	=item $closure = psub { BLOCK }
471		579
472	Remembers C<$SELF> and creates a closure out of the BLOCK. When the	580	Remembers C<$SELF> and creates a closure out of the BLOCK. When the
473	closure is executed, sets up the environment in the same way as in C<rcv>	581	closure is executed, sets up the environment in the same way as in C<rcv>
474	callbacks, i.e. runtime errors will cause the port to get C<kil>ed.	582	callbacks, i.e. runtime errors will cause the port to get C<kil>ed.
		583
		584	The effect is basically as if it returned C<< sub { peval $SELF, sub {
		585	BLOCK }, @_ } >>.
475		586
476	This is useful when you register callbacks from C<rcv> callbacks:	587	This is useful when you register callbacks from C<rcv> callbacks:
477		588
478	rcv delayed_reply => sub {	589	rcv delayed_reply => sub {
479	my ($delay, @reply) = @_;	590	my ($delay, @reply) = @_;
…		…
503	$res	614	$res
504	}	615	}
505	}	616	}
506	}	617	}
507		618
508	=item $guard = mon $port, $cb->(@reason)	619	=item $guard = mon $port, $rcvport # kill $rcvport when $port dies
509		620
510	=item $guard = mon $port, $rcvport	621	=item $guard = mon $port # kill $SELF when $port dies
511		622
512	=item $guard = mon $port	623	=item $guard = mon $port, $cb->(@reason) # call $cb when $port dies
513		624
514	=item $guard = mon $port, $rcvport, @msg	625	=item $guard = mon $port, $rcvport, @msg # send a message when $port dies
515		626
516	Monitor the given port and do something when the port is killed or	627	Monitor the given port and do something when the port is killed or
517	messages to it were lost, and optionally return a guard that can be used	628	messages to it were lost, and optionally return a guard that can be used
518	to stop monitoring again.	629	to stop monitoring again.
519		630
		631	The first two forms distinguish between "normal" and "abnormal" kil's:
		632
		633	In the first form (another port given), if the C<$port> is C<kil>'ed with
		634	a non-empty reason, the other port (C<$rcvport>) will be kil'ed with the
		635	same reason. That is, on "normal" kil's nothing happens, while under all
		636	other conditions, the other port is killed with the same reason.
		637
		638	The second form (kill self) is the same as the first form, except that
		639	C<$rvport> defaults to C<$SELF>.
		640
		641	The remaining forms don't distinguish between "normal" and "abnormal" kil's
		642	- it's up to the callback or receiver to check whether the C<@reason> is
		643	empty and act accordingly.
		644
		645	In the third form (callback), the callback is simply called with any
		646	number of C<@reason> elements (empty @reason means that the port was deleted
		647	"normally"). Note also that I<< the callback B<must> never die >>, so use
		648	C<eval> if unsure.
		649
		650	In the last form (message), a message of the form C<$rcvport, @msg,
		651	@reason> will be C<snd>.
		652
		653	Monitoring-actions are one-shot: once messages are lost (and a monitoring
		654	alert was raised), they are removed and will not trigger again, even if it
		655	turns out that the port is still alive (but monitoring actions added after
		656	that will again trigger).
		657
		658	As a rule of thumb, monitoring requests should always monitor a remote
		659	port locally (using a local C<$rcvport> or a callback). The reason is that
		660	kill messages might get lost, just like any other message. Another less
		661	obvious reason is that even monitoring requests can get lost (for example,
		662	when the connection to the other node goes down permanently). When
		663	monitoring a port locally these problems do not exist.
		664
520	C<mon> effectively guarantees that, in the absence of hardware failures,	665	C<mon> effectively guarantees that, in the absence of hardware failures,
521	that after starting the monitor, either all messages sent to the port	666	after starting the monitor, either all messages sent to the port will
522	will arrive, or the monitoring action will be invoked after possible	667	arrive, or the monitoring action will be invoked after possible message
523	message loss has been detected. No messages will be lost "in between"	668	loss has been detected. No messages will be lost "in between" (after
524	(after the first lost message no further messages will be received by the	669	the first lost message no further messages will be received by the
525	port). After the monitoring action was invoked, further messages might get	670	port). After the monitoring action was invoked, further messages might get
526	delivered again.	671	delivered again.
527		672
528	In the first form (callback), the callback is simply called with any	673	Inter-host-connection timeouts and monitoring depend on the transport
529	number of C<@reason> elements (no @reason means that the port was deleted	674	used. The only transport currently implemented is TCP, and AnyEvent::MP
530	"normally"). Note also that I<< the callback B<must> never die >>, so use	675	relies on TCP to detect node-downs (this can take 10-15 minutes on a
531	C<eval> if unsure.	676	non-idle connection, and usually around two hours for idle connections).
532		677
533	In the second form (another port given), the other port (C<$rcvport>)	678	This means that monitoring is good for program errors and cleaning up
534	will be C<kil>'ed with C<@reason>, iff a @reason was specified, i.e. on	679	stuff eventually, but they are no replacement for a timeout when you need
535	"normal" kils nothing happens, while under all other conditions, the other	680	to ensure some maximum latency.
536	port is killed with the same reason.
537
538	The third form (kill self) is the same as the second form, except that
539	C<$rvport> defaults to C<$SELF>.
540
541	In the last form (message), a message of the form C<@msg, @reason> will be
542	C<snd>.
543
544	As a rule of thumb, monitoring requests should always monitor a port from
545	a local port (or callback). The reason is that kill messages might get
546	lost, just like any other message. Another less obvious reason is that
547	even monitoring requests can get lost (for exmaple, when the connection
548	to the other node goes down permanently). When monitoring a port locally
549	these problems do not exist.
550		681
551	Example: call a given callback when C<$port> is killed.	682	Example: call a given callback when C<$port> is killed.
552		683
553	mon $port, sub { warn "port died because of <@_>\n" };	684	mon $port, sub { warn "port died because of <@_>\n" };
554		685
…		…
561	mon $port, $self => "restart";	692	mon $port, $self => "restart";
562		693
563	=cut	694	=cut
564		695
565	sub mon {	696	sub mon {
566	my ($noderef, $port) = split /#/, shift, 2;	697	my ($nodeid, $port) = split /#/, shift, 2;
567		698
568	my $node = $NODE{$noderef} || add_node $noderef;	699	my $node = $NODE{$nodeid} || add_node $nodeid;
569		700
570	my $cb = @_ ? shift : $SELF || Carp::croak 'mon: called with one argument only, but $SELF not set,';	701	my $cb = @_ ? shift : $SELF || Carp::croak 'mon: called with one argument only, but $SELF not set,';
571		702
572	unless (ref $cb) {	703	unless (ref $cb) {
573	if (@_) {	704	if (@_) {
…		…
582	}	713	}
583		714
584	$node->monitor ($port, $cb);	715	$node->monitor ($port, $cb);
585		716
586	defined wantarray	717	defined wantarray
587	and AnyEvent::Util::guard { $node->unmonitor ($port, $cb) }	718	and ($cb += 0, Guard::guard { $node->unmonitor ($port, $cb) })
588	}	719	}
589		720
590	=item $guard = mon_guard $port, $ref, $ref...	721	=item $guard = mon_guard $port, $ref, $ref...
591		722
592	Monitors the given C<$port> and keeps the passed references. When the port	723	Monitors the given C<$port> and keeps the passed references. When the port
593	is killed, the references will be freed.	724	is killed, the references will be freed.
594		725
595	Optionally returns a guard that will stop the monitoring.	726	Optionally returns a guard that will stop the monitoring.
596		727
597	This function is useful when you create e.g. timers or other watchers and	728	This function is useful when you create e.g. timers or other watchers and
598	want to free them when the port gets killed:	729	want to free them when the port gets killed (note the use of C<psub>):
599		730
600	$port->rcv (start => sub {	731	$port->rcv (start => sub {
601	my $timer; $timer = mon_guard $port, AE::timer 1, 1, sub {	732	my $timer; $timer = mon_guard $port, AE::timer 1, 1, psub {
602	undef $timer if 0.9 < rand;	733	undef $timer if 0.9 < rand;
603	});	734	});
604	});	735	});
605		736
606	=cut	737	=cut
…		…
615		746
616	=item kil $port[, @reason]	747	=item kil $port[, @reason]
617		748
618	Kill the specified port with the given C<@reason>.	749	Kill the specified port with the given C<@reason>.
619		750
620	If no C<@reason> is specified, then the port is killed "normally" (linked	751	If no C<@reason> is specified, then the port is killed "normally" -
621	ports will not be kileld, or even notified).	752	monitor callback will be invoked, but the kil will not cause linked ports
		753	(C<mon $mport, $lport> form) to get killed.
622		754
623	Otherwise, linked ports get killed with the same reason (second form of	755	If a C<@reason> is specified, then linked ports (C<mon $mport, $lport>
624	C<mon>, see below).	756	form) get killed with the same reason.
625		757
626	Runtime errors while evaluating C<rcv> callbacks or inside C<psub> blocks	758	Runtime errors while evaluating C<rcv> callbacks or inside C<psub> blocks
627	will be reported as reason C<< die => $@ >>.	759	will be reported as reason C<< die => $@ >>.
628		760
629	Transport/communication errors are reported as C<< transport_error =>	761	Transport/communication errors are reported as C<< transport_error =>
630	$message >>.	762	$message >>.
631		763
632	=cut	764	Common idioms:
		765
		766	# silently remove yourself, do not kill linked ports
		767	kil $SELF;
		768
		769	# report a failure in some detail
		770	kil $SELF, failure_mode_1 => "it failed with too high temperature";
		771
		772	# do not waste much time with killing, just die when something goes wrong
		773	open my $fh, "<file"
		774	or die "file: $!";
633		775
634	=item $port = spawn $node, $initfunc[, @initdata]	776	=item $port = spawn $node, $initfunc[, @initdata]
635		777
636	Creates a port on the node C<$node> (which can also be a port ID, in which	778	Creates a port on the node C<$node> (which can also be a port ID, in which
637	case it's the node where that port resides).	779	case it's the node where that port resides).
638		780
639	The port ID of the newly created port is return immediately, and it is	781	The port ID of the newly created port is returned immediately, and it is
640	permissible to immediately start sending messages or monitor the port.	782	possible to immediately start sending messages or to monitor the port.
641		783
642	After the port has been created, the init function is	784	After the port has been created, the init function is called on the remote
643	called. This function must be a fully-qualified function name	785	node, in the same context as a C<rcv> callback. This function must be a
644	(e.g. C<MyApp::Chat::Server::init>). To specify a function in the main	786	fully-qualified function name (e.g. C<MyApp::Chat::Server::init>). To
645	program, use C<::name>.	787	specify a function in the main program, use C<::name>.
646		788
647	If the function doesn't exist, then the node tries to C<require>	789	If the function doesn't exist, then the node tries to C<require>
648	the package, then the package above the package and so on (e.g.	790	the package, then the package above the package and so on (e.g.
649	C<MyApp::Chat::Server>, C<MyApp::Chat>, C<MyApp>) until the function	791	C<MyApp::Chat::Server>, C<MyApp::Chat>, C<MyApp>) until the function
650	exists or it runs out of package names.	792	exists or it runs out of package names.
651		793
652	The init function is then called with the newly-created port as context	794	The init function is then called with the newly-created port as context
653	object (C<$SELF>) and the C<@initdata> values as arguments.	795	object (C<$SELF>) and the C<@initdata> values as arguments. It I<must>
		796	call one of the C<rcv> functions to set callbacks on C<$SELF>, otherwise
		797	the port might not get created.
654		798
655	A common idiom is to pass your own port, monitor the spawned port, and	799	A common idiom is to pass a local port, immediately monitor the spawned
656	in the init function, monitor the original port. This two-way monitoring	800	port, and in the remote init function, immediately monitor the passed
657	ensures that both ports get cleaned up when there is a problem.	801	local port. This two-way monitoring ensures that both ports get cleaned up
		802	when there is a problem.
		803
		804	C<spawn> guarantees that the C<$initfunc> has no visible effects on the
		805	caller before C<spawn> returns (by delaying invocation when spawn is
		806	called for the local node).
658		807
659	Example: spawn a chat server port on C<$othernode>.	808	Example: spawn a chat server port on C<$othernode>.
660		809
661	# this node, executed from within a port context:	810	# this node, executed from within a port context:
662	my $server = spawn $othernode, "MyApp::Chat::Server::connect", $SELF;	811	my $server = spawn $othernode, "MyApp::Chat::Server::connect", $SELF;
…		…
677		826
678	sub _spawn {	827	sub _spawn {
679	my $port = shift;	828	my $port = shift;
680	my $init = shift;	829	my $init = shift;
681		830
		831	# rcv will create the actual port
682	local $SELF = "$NODE#$port";	832	local $SELF = "$NODE#$port";
683	eval {	833	eval {
684	&{ load_func $init }	834	&{ load_func $init }
685	};	835	};
686	_self_die if $@;	836	_self_die if $@;
687	}	837	}
688		838
689	sub spawn(@) {	839	sub spawn(@) {
690	my ($noderef, undef) = split /#/, shift, 2;	840	my ($nodeid, undef) = split /#/, shift, 2;
691		841
692	my $id = "$RUNIQ." . $ID++;	842	my $id = $RUNIQ . ++$ID;
693		843
694	$_[0] =~ /::/	844	$_[0] =~ /::/
695	or Carp::croak "spawn init function must be a fully-qualified name, caught";	845	or Carp::croak "spawn init function must be a fully-qualified name, caught";
696		846
697	($NODE{$noderef} || add_node $noderef)	847	snd_to_func $nodeid, "AnyEvent::MP::_spawn" => $id, @_;
698	->send (["", "AnyEvent::MP::_spawn" => $id, @_]);
699		848
700	"$noderef#$id"	849	"$nodeid#$id"
701	}	850	}
702		851
		852
		853	=item after $timeout, @msg
		854
		855	=item after $timeout, $callback
		856
		857	Either sends the given message, or call the given callback, after the
		858	specified number of seconds.
		859
		860	This is simply a utility function that comes in handy at times - the
		861	AnyEvent::MP author is not convinced of the wisdom of having it, though,
		862	so it may go away in the future.
		863
		864	=cut
		865
		866	sub after($@) {
		867	my ($timeout, @action) = @_;
		868
		869	my $t; $t = AE::timer $timeout, 0, sub {
		870	undef $t;
		871	ref $action[0]
		872	? $action[0]()
		873	: snd @action;
		874	};
		875	}
		876
		877	#=item $cb2 = timeout $seconds, $cb[, @args]
		878
		879	=item cal $port, @msg, $callback[, $timeout]
		880
		881	A simple form of RPC - sends a message to the given C<$port> with the
		882	given contents (C<@msg>), but appends a reply port to the message.
		883
		884	The reply port is created temporarily just for the purpose of receiving
		885	the reply, and will be C<kil>ed when no longer needed.
		886
		887	A reply message sent to the port is passed to the C<$callback> as-is.
		888
		889	If an optional time-out (in seconds) is given and it is not C<undef>,
		890	then the callback will be called without any arguments after the time-out
		891	elapsed and the port is C<kil>ed.
		892
		893	If no time-out is given (or it is C<undef>), then the local port will
		894	monitor the remote port instead, so it eventually gets cleaned-up.
		895
		896	Currently this function returns the temporary port, but this "feature"
		897	might go in future versions unless you can make a convincing case that
		898	this is indeed useful for something.
		899
		900	=cut
		901
		902	sub cal(@) {
		903	my $timeout = ref $_[-1] ? undef : pop;
		904	my $cb = pop;
		905
		906	my $port = port {
		907	undef $timeout;
		908	kil $SELF;
		909	&$cb;
		910	};
		911
		912	if (defined $timeout) {
		913	$timeout = AE::timer $timeout, 0, sub {
		914	undef $timeout;
		915	kil $port;
		916	$cb->();
		917	};
		918	} else {
		919	mon $_[0], sub {
		920	kil $port;
		921	$cb->();
		922	};
		923	}
		924
		925	push @_, $port;
		926	&snd;
		927
		928	$port
		929	}
		930
703	=back	931	=back
704		932
705	=head1 NODE MESSAGES	933	=head1 DISTRIBUTED DATABASE
706		934
707	Nodes understand the following messages sent to them. Many of them take	935	AnyEvent::MP comes with a simple distributed database. The database will
708	arguments called C<@reply>, which will simply be used to compose a reply	936	be mirrored asynchronously on all global nodes. Other nodes bind to one
709	message - C<$reply[0]> is the port to reply to, C<$reply[1]> the type and	937	of the global nodes for their needs. Every node has a "local database"
710	the remaining arguments are simply the message data.	938	which contains all the values that are set locally. All local databases
		939	are merged together to form the global database, which can be queried.
711		940
712	While other messages exist, they are not public and subject to change.	941	The database structure is that of a two-level hash - the database hash
		942	contains hashes which contain values, similarly to a perl hash of hashes,
		943	i.e.:
713		944
		945	$DATABASE{$family}{$subkey} = $value
		946
		947	The top level hash key is called "family", and the second-level hash key
		948	is called "subkey" or simply "key".
		949
		950	The family must be alphanumeric, i.e. start with a letter and consist
		951	of letters, digits, underscores and colons (C<[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_:]*>,
		952	pretty much like Perl module names.
		953
		954	As the family namespace is global, it is recommended to prefix family names
		955	with the name of the application or module using it.
		956
		957	The subkeys must be non-empty strings, with no further restrictions.
		958
		959	The values should preferably be strings, but other perl scalars should
		960	work as well (such as C<undef>, arrays and hashes).
		961
		962	Every database entry is owned by one node - adding the same family/subkey
		963	combination on multiple nodes will not cause discomfort for AnyEvent::MP,
		964	but the result might be nondeterministic, i.e. the key might have
		965	different values on different nodes.
		966
		967	Different subkeys in the same family can be owned by different nodes
		968	without problems, and in fact, this is the common method to create worker
		969	pools. For example, a worker port for image scaling might do this:
		970
		971	db_set my_image_scalers => $port; # value not used
		972
		973	And clients looking for an image scaler will want to get the
		974	C<my_image_scalers> keys from time to time:
		975
		976	db_keys my_image_scalers => sub {
		977	@ports = @{ $_[0] };
		978	};
		979
		980	Or better yet, they want to monitor the database family, so they always
		981	have a reasonable up-to-date copy:
		982
		983	db_mon my_image_scalers => sub {
		984	@ports = keys %{ $_[0] };
		985	};
		986
		987	In general, you can set or delete single subkeys, but query and monitor
		988	whole families only.
		989
		990	If you feel the need to monitor or query a single subkey, try giving it
		991	it's own family.
		992
714	=over 4	993	=over
		994
		995	=item $guard = db_set $family => $subkey [=> $value]
		996
		997	Sets (or replaces) a key to the database - if C<$value> is omitted,
		998	C<undef> is used instead.
		999
		1000	When called in non-void context, C<db_set> returns a guard that
		1001	automatically calls C<db_del> when it is destroyed.
		1002
		1003	=item db_del $family => $subkey...
		1004
		1005	Deletes one or more subkeys from the database family.
		1006
		1007	=item $guard = db_reg $family => $port => $value
		1008
		1009	=item $guard = db_reg $family => $port
		1010
		1011	=item $guard = db_reg $family
		1012
		1013	Registers a port in the given family and optionally returns a guard to
		1014	remove it.
		1015
		1016	This function basically does the same as:
		1017
		1018	db_set $family => $port => $value
		1019
		1020	Except that the port is monitored and automatically removed from the
		1021	database family when it is kil'ed.
		1022
		1023	If C<$value> is missing, C<undef> is used. If C<$port> is missing, then
		1024	C<$SELF> is used.
		1025
		1026	This function is most useful to register a port in some port group (which
		1027	is just another name for a database family), and have it removed when the
		1028	port is gone. This works best when the port is a local port.
715		1029
716	=cut	1030	=cut
717		1031
718	=item lookup => $name, @reply	1032	sub db_reg($$;$) {
		1033	my $family = shift;
		1034	my $port = @_ ? shift : $SELF;
719		1035
720	Replies with the port ID of the specified well-known port, or C<undef>.	1036	my $clr = sub { db_del $family => $port };
		1037	mon $port, $clr;
721		1038
722	=item devnull => ...	1039	db_set $family => $port => $_[0];
723		1040
724	Generic data sink/CPU heat conversion.	1041	defined wantarray
		1042	and &Guard::guard ($clr)
		1043	}
725		1044
726	=item relay => $port, @msg	1045	=item db_family $family => $cb->(\%familyhash)
727		1046
728	Simply forwards the message to the given port.	1047	Queries the named database C<$family> and call the callback with the
		1048	family represented as a hash. You can keep and freely modify the hash.
729		1049
730	=item eval => $string[ @reply]	1050	=item db_keys $family => $cb->(\@keys)
731		1051
732	Evaluates the given string. If C<@reply> is given, then a message of the	1052	Same as C<db_family>, except it only queries the family I<subkeys> and passes
733	form C<@reply, $@, @evalres> is sent.	1053	them as array reference to the callback.
734		1054
735	Example: crash another node.	1055	=item db_values $family => $cb->(\@values)
736		1056
737	snd $othernode, eval => "exit";	1057	Same as C<db_family>, except it only queries the family I<values> and passes them
		1058	as array reference to the callback.
738		1059
739	=item time => @reply	1060	=item $guard = db_mon $family => $cb->(\%familyhash, \@added, \@changed, \@deleted)
740		1061
741	Replies the the current node time to C<@reply>.	1062	Creates a monitor on the given database family. Each time a key is
		1063	set or is deleted the callback is called with a hash containing the
		1064	database family and three lists of added, changed and deleted subkeys,
		1065	respectively. If no keys have changed then the array reference might be
		1066	C<undef> or even missing.
742		1067
743	Example: tell the current node to send the current time to C<$myport> in a	1068	If not called in void context, a guard object is returned that, when
744	C<timereply> message.	1069	destroyed, stops the monitor.
745		1070
746	snd $NODE, time => $myport, timereply => 1, 2;	1071	The family hash reference and the key arrays belong to AnyEvent::MP and
747	# => snd $myport, timereply => 1, 2, <time>	1072	B<must not be modified or stored> by the callback. When in doubt, make a
		1073	copy.
		1074
		1075	As soon as possible after the monitoring starts, the callback will be
		1076	called with the intiial contents of the family, even if it is empty,
		1077	i.e. there will always be a timely call to the callback with the current
		1078	contents.
		1079
		1080	It is possible that the callback is called with a change event even though
		1081	the subkey is already present and the value has not changed.
		1082
		1083	The monitoring stops when the guard object is destroyed.
		1084
		1085	Example: on every change to the family "mygroup", print out all keys.
		1086
		1087	my $guard = db_mon mygroup => sub {
		1088	my ($family, $a, $c, $d) = @_;
		1089	print "mygroup members: ", (join " ", keys %$family), "\n";
		1090	};
		1091
		1092	Exmaple: wait until the family "My::Module::workers" is non-empty.
		1093
		1094	my $guard; $guard = db_mon My::Module::workers => sub {
		1095	my ($family, $a, $c, $d) = @_;
		1096	return unless %$family;
		1097	undef $guard;
		1098	print "My::Module::workers now nonempty\n";
		1099	};
		1100
		1101	Example: print all changes to the family "AnyEvent::Fantasy::Module".
		1102
		1103	my $guard = db_mon AnyEvent::Fantasy::Module => sub {
		1104	my ($family, $a, $c, $d) = @_;
		1105
		1106	print "+$_=$family->{$_}\n" for @$a;
		1107	print "*$_=$family->{$_}\n" for @$c;
		1108	print "-$_=$family->{$_}\n" for @$d;
		1109	};
		1110
		1111	=cut
748		1112
749	=back	1113	=back
750		1114
751	=head1 AnyEvent::MP vs. Distributed Erlang	1115	=head1 AnyEvent::MP vs. Distributed Erlang
752		1116
753	AnyEvent::MP got lots of its ideas from distributed Erlang (Erlang node	1117	AnyEvent::MP got lots of its ideas from distributed Erlang (Erlang node
754	== aemp node, Erlang process == aemp port), so many of the documents and	1118	== aemp node, Erlang process == aemp port), so many of the documents and
755	programming techniques employed by Erlang apply to AnyEvent::MP. Here is a	1119	programming techniques employed by Erlang apply to AnyEvent::MP. Here is a
756	sample:	1120	sample:
757		1121
758	http://www.Erlang.se/doc/programming_rules.shtml	1122	http://www.erlang.se/doc/programming_rules.shtml
759	http://Erlang.org/doc/getting_started/part_frame.html # chapters 3 and 4	1123	http://erlang.org/doc/getting_started/part_frame.html # chapters 3 and 4
760	http://Erlang.org/download/Erlang-book-part1.pdf # chapters 5 and 6	1124	http://erlang.org/download/erlang-book-part1.pdf # chapters 5 and 6
761	http://Erlang.org/download/armstrong_thesis_2003.pdf # chapters 4 and 5	1125	http://erlang.org/download/armstrong_thesis_2003.pdf # chapters 4 and 5
762		1126
763	Despite the similarities, there are also some important differences:	1127	Despite the similarities, there are also some important differences:
764		1128
765	=over 4	1129	=over 4
766		1130
767	=item * Node references contain the recipe on how to contact them.	1131	=item * Node IDs are arbitrary strings in AEMP.
768		1132
769	Erlang relies on special naming and DNS to work everywhere in the	1133	Erlang relies on special naming and DNS to work everywhere in the same
770	same way. AEMP relies on each node knowing it's own address(es), with	1134	way. AEMP relies on each node somehow knowing its own address(es) (e.g. by
771	convenience functionality.	1135	configuration or DNS), and possibly the addresses of some seed nodes, but
		1136	will otherwise discover other nodes (and their IDs) itself.
772		1137
773	This means that AEMP requires a less tightly controlled environment at the	1138	=item * Erlang has a "remote ports are like local ports" philosophy, AEMP
774	cost of longer node references and a slightly higher management overhead.	1139	uses "local ports are like remote ports".
		1140
		1141	The failure modes for local ports are quite different (runtime errors
		1142	only) then for remote ports - when a local port dies, you I<know> it dies,
		1143	when a connection to another node dies, you know nothing about the other
		1144	port.
		1145
		1146	Erlang pretends remote ports are as reliable as local ports, even when
		1147	they are not.
		1148
		1149	AEMP encourages a "treat remote ports differently" philosophy, with local
		1150	ports being the special case/exception, where transport errors cannot
		1151	occur.
775		1152
776	=item * Erlang uses processes and a mailbox, AEMP does not queue.	1153	=item * Erlang uses processes and a mailbox, AEMP does not queue.
777		1154
778	Erlang uses processes that selctively receive messages, and therefore	1155	Erlang uses processes that selectively receive messages out of order, and
779	needs a queue. AEMP is event based, queuing messages would serve no useful	1156	therefore needs a queue. AEMP is event based, queuing messages would serve
780	purpose.	1157	no useful purpose. For the same reason the pattern-matching abilities
		1158	of AnyEvent::MP are more limited, as there is little need to be able to
		1159	filter messages without dequeuing them.
781		1160
782	(But see L<Coro::MP> for a more Erlang-like process model on top of AEMP).	1161	This is not a philosophical difference, but simply stems from AnyEvent::MP
		1162	being event-based, while Erlang is process-based.
		1163
		1164	You can have a look at L<Coro::MP> for a more Erlang-like process model on
		1165	top of AEMP and Coro threads.
783		1166
784	=item * Erlang sends are synchronous, AEMP sends are asynchronous.	1167	=item * Erlang sends are synchronous, AEMP sends are asynchronous.
785		1168
786	Sending messages in Erlang is synchronous and blocks the process. AEMP	1169	Sending messages in Erlang is synchronous and blocks the process until
787	sends are immediate, connection establishment is handled in the	1170	a connection has been established and the message sent (and so does not
788	background.	1171	need a queue that can overflow). AEMP sends return immediately, connection
		1172	establishment is handled in the background.
789		1173
790	=item * Erlang can silently lose messages, AEMP cannot.	1174	=item * Erlang suffers from silent message loss, AEMP does not.
791		1175
792	Erlang makes few guarantees on messages delivery - messages can get lost	1176	Erlang implements few guarantees on messages delivery - messages can get
793	without any of the processes realising it (i.e. you send messages a, b,	1177	lost without any of the processes realising it (i.e. you send messages a,
794	and c, and the other side only receives messages a and c).	1178	b, and c, and the other side only receives messages a and c).
795		1179
796	AEMP guarantees correct ordering, and the guarantee that there are no	1180	AEMP guarantees (modulo hardware errors) correct ordering, and the
		1181	guarantee that after one message is lost, all following ones sent to the
		1182	same port are lost as well, until monitoring raises an error, so there are
797	holes in the message sequence.	1183	no silent "holes" in the message sequence.
798		1184
799	=item * In Erlang, processes can be declared dead and later be found to be	1185	If you want your software to be very reliable, you have to cope with
800	alive.	1186	corrupted and even out-of-order messages in both Erlang and AEMP. AEMP
801		1187	simply tries to work better in common error cases, such as when a network
802	In Erlang it can happen that a monitored process is declared dead and	1188	link goes down.
803	linked processes get killed, but later it turns out that the process is
804	still alive - and can receive messages.
805
806	In AEMP, when port monitoring detects a port as dead, then that port will
807	eventually be killed - it cannot happen that a node detects a port as dead
808	and then later sends messages to it, finding it is still alive.
809		1189
810	=item * Erlang can send messages to the wrong port, AEMP does not.	1190	=item * Erlang can send messages to the wrong port, AEMP does not.
811		1191
812	In Erlang it is quite possible that a node that restarts reuses a process	1192	In Erlang it is quite likely that a node that restarts reuses an Erlang
813	ID known to other nodes for a completely different process, causing	1193	process ID known to other nodes for a completely different process,
814	messages destined for that process to end up in an unrelated process.	1194	causing messages destined for that process to end up in an unrelated
		1195	process.
815		1196
816	AEMP never reuses port IDs, so old messages or old port IDs floating	1197	AEMP does not reuse port IDs, so old messages or old port IDs floating
817	around in the network will not be sent to an unrelated port.	1198	around in the network will not be sent to an unrelated port.
818		1199
819	=item * Erlang uses unprotected connections, AEMP uses secure	1200	=item * Erlang uses unprotected connections, AEMP uses secure
820	authentication and can use TLS.	1201	authentication and can use TLS.
821		1202
822	AEMP can use a proven protocol - SSL/TLS - to protect connections and	1203	AEMP can use a proven protocol - TLS - to protect connections and
823	securely authenticate nodes.	1204	securely authenticate nodes.
824		1205
825	=item * The AEMP protocol is optimised for both text-based and binary	1206	=item * The AEMP protocol is optimised for both text-based and binary
826	communications.	1207	communications.
827		1208
828	The AEMP protocol, unlike the Erlang protocol, supports both	1209	The AEMP protocol, unlike the Erlang protocol, supports both programming
829	language-independent text-only protocols (good for debugging) and binary,	1210	language independent text-only protocols (good for debugging), and binary,
830	language-specific serialisers (e.g. Storable).	1211	language-specific serialisers (e.g. Storable). By default, unless TLS is
		1212	used, the protocol is actually completely text-based.
831		1213
832	It has also been carefully designed to be implementable in other languages	1214	It has also been carefully designed to be implementable in other languages
833	with a minimum of work while gracefully degrading fucntionality to make the	1215	with a minimum of work while gracefully degrading functionality to make the
834	protocol simple.	1216	protocol simple.
835		1217
836	=item * AEMP has more flexible monitoring options than Erlang.	1218	=item * AEMP has more flexible monitoring options than Erlang.
837		1219
838	In Erlang, you can chose to receive I<all> exit signals as messages	1220	In Erlang, you can chose to receive I<all> exit signals as messages or
839	or I<none>, there is no in-between, so monitoring single processes is	1221	I<none>, there is no in-between, so monitoring single Erlang processes is
840	difficult to implement. Monitoring in AEMP is more flexible than in	1222	difficult to implement.
841	Erlang, as one can choose between automatic kill, exit message or callback	1223
842	on a per-process basis.	1224	Monitoring in AEMP is more flexible than in Erlang, as one can choose
		1225	between automatic kill, exit message or callback on a per-port basis.
843		1226
844	=item * Erlang tries to hide remote/local connections, AEMP does not.	1227	=item * Erlang tries to hide remote/local connections, AEMP does not.
845		1228
846	Monitoring in Erlang is not an indicator of process death/crashes,	1229	Monitoring in Erlang is not an indicator of process death/crashes, in the
847	as linking is (except linking is unreliable in Erlang).	1230	same way as linking is (except linking is unreliable in Erlang).
848		1231
849	In AEMP, you don't "look up" registered port names or send to named ports	1232	In AEMP, you don't "look up" registered port names or send to named ports
850	that might or might not be persistent. Instead, you normally spawn a port	1233	that might or might not be persistent. Instead, you normally spawn a port
851	on the remote node. The init function monitors the you, and you monitor	1234	on the remote node. The init function monitors you, and you monitor the
852	the remote port. Since both monitors are local to the node, they are much	1235	remote port. Since both monitors are local to the node, they are much more
853	more reliable.	1236	reliable (no need for C<spawn_link>).
854		1237
855	This also saves round-trips and avoids sending messages to the wrong port	1238	This also saves round-trips and avoids sending messages to the wrong port
856	(hard to do in Erlang).	1239	(hard to do in Erlang).
857		1240
858	=back	1241	=back
859		1242
860	=head1 RATIONALE	1243	=head1 RATIONALE
861		1244
862	=over 4	1245	=over 4
863		1246
864	=item Why strings for ports and noderefs, why not objects?	1247	=item Why strings for port and node IDs, why not objects?
865		1248
866	We considered "objects", but found that the actual number of methods	1249	We considered "objects", but found that the actual number of methods
867	thatc an be called are very low. Since port IDs and noderefs travel over	1250	that can be called are quite low. Since port and node IDs travel over
868	the network frequently, the serialising/deserialising would add lots of	1251	the network frequently, the serialising/deserialising would add lots of
869	overhead, as well as having to keep a proxy object.	1252	overhead, as well as having to keep a proxy object everywhere.
870		1253
871	Strings can easily be printed, easily serialised etc. and need no special	1254	Strings can easily be printed, easily serialised etc. and need no special
872	procedures to be "valid".	1255	procedures to be "valid".
873		1256
874	And a a miniport consists of a single closure stored in a global hash - it	1257	And as a result, a port with just a default receiver consists of a single
875	can't become much cheaper.	1258	code reference stored in a global hash - it can't become much cheaper.
876		1259
877	=item Why favour JSON, why not real serialising format such as Storable?	1260	=item Why favour JSON, why not a real serialising format such as Storable?
878		1261
879	In fact, any AnyEvent::MP node will happily accept Storable as framing	1262	In fact, any AnyEvent::MP node will happily accept Storable as framing
880	format, but currently there is no way to make a node use Storable by	1263	format, but currently there is no way to make a node use Storable by
881	default.	1264	default (although all nodes will accept it).
882		1265
883	The default framing protocol is JSON because a) JSON::XS is many times	1266	The default framing protocol is JSON because a) JSON::XS is many times
884	faster for small messages and b) most importantly, after years of	1267	faster for small messages and b) most importantly, after years of
885	experience we found that object serialisation is causing more problems	1268	experience we found that object serialisation is causing more problems
886	than it gains: Just like function calls, objects simply do not travel	1269	than it solves: Just like function calls, objects simply do not travel
887	easily over the network, mostly because they will always be a copy, so you	1270	easily over the network, mostly because they will always be a copy, so you
888	always have to re-think your design.	1271	always have to re-think your design.
889		1272
890	Keeping your messages simple, concentrating on data structures rather than	1273	Keeping your messages simple, concentrating on data structures rather than
891	objects, will keep your messages clean, tidy and efficient.	1274	objects, will keep your messages clean, tidy and efficient.
892		1275
893	=back	1276	=back
894		1277
		1278	=head1 PORTING FROM AnyEvent::MP VERSION 1.X
		1279
		1280	AEMP version 2 has a few major incompatible changes compared to version 1:
		1281
		1282	=over 4
		1283
		1284	=item AnyEvent::MP::Global no longer has group management functions.
		1285
		1286	At least not officially - the grp_* functions are still exported and might
		1287	work, but they will be removed in some later release.
		1288
		1289	AnyEvent::MP now comes with a distributed database that is more
		1290	powerful. Its database families map closely to port groups, but the API
		1291	has changed (the functions are also now exported by AnyEvent::MP). Here is
		1292	a rough porting guide:
		1293
		1294	grp_reg $group, $port # old
		1295	db_reg $group, $port # new
		1296
		1297	$list = grp_get $group # old
		1298	db_keys $group, sub { my $list = shift } # new
		1299
		1300	grp_mon $group, $cb->(\@ports, $add, $del) # old
		1301	db_mon $group, $cb->(\%ports, $add, $change, $del) # new
		1302
		1303	C<grp_reg> is a no-brainer (just replace by C<db_reg>), but C<grp_get> is
		1304	no longer instant, because the local node might not have a copy of the
		1305	group. You can either modify your code to allow for a callback, or use
		1306	C<db_mon> to keep an updated copy of the group:
		1307
		1308	my $local_group_copy;
		1309	db_mon $group => sub { $local_group_copy = $_[0] };
		1310
		1311	# now "keys %$local_group_copy" always returns the most up-to-date
		1312	# list of ports in the group.
		1313
		1314	C<grp_mon> can be replaced by C<db_mon> with minor changes - C<db_mon>
		1315	passes a hash as first argument, and an extra C<$chg> argument that can be
		1316	ignored:
		1317
		1318	db_mon $group => sub {
		1319	my ($ports, $add, $chg, $del) = @_;
		1320	$ports = [keys %$ports];
		1321
		1322	# now $ports, $add and $del are the same as
		1323	# were originally passed by grp_mon.
		1324	...
		1325	};
		1326
		1327	=item Nodes not longer connect to all other nodes.
		1328
		1329	In AEMP 1.x, every node automatically loads the L<AnyEvent::MP::Global>
		1330	module, which in turn would create connections to all other nodes in the
		1331	network (helped by the seed nodes).
		1332
		1333	In version 2.x, global nodes still connect to all other global nodes, but
		1334	other nodes don't - now every node either is a global node itself, or
		1335	attaches itself to another global node.
		1336
		1337	If a node isn't a global node itself, then it attaches itself to one
		1338	of its seed nodes. If that seed node isn't a global node yet, it will
		1339	automatically be upgraded to a global node.
		1340
		1341	So in many cases, nothing needs to be changed - one just has to make sure
		1342	that all seed nodes are meshed together with the other seed nodes (as with
		1343	AEMP 1.x), and other nodes specify them as seed nodes. This is most easily
		1344	achieved by specifying the same set of seed nodes for all nodes in the
		1345	network.
		1346
		1347	Not opening a connection to every other node is usually an advantage,
		1348	except when you need the lower latency of an already established
		1349	connection. To ensure a node establishes a connection to another node,
		1350	you can monitor the node port (C<mon $node, ...>), which will attempt to
		1351	create the connection (and notify you when the connection fails).
		1352
		1353	=item Listener-less nodes (nodes without binds) are gone.
		1354
		1355	And are not coming back, at least not in their old form. If no C<binds>
		1356	are specified for a node, AnyEvent::MP assumes a default of C<*:*>.
		1357
		1358	There are vague plans to implement some form of routing domains, which
		1359	might or might not bring back listener-less nodes, but don't count on it.
		1360
		1361	The fact that most connections are now optional somewhat mitigates this,
		1362	as a node can be effectively unreachable from the outside without any
		1363	problems, as long as it isn't a global node and only reaches out to other
		1364	nodes (as opposed to being contacted from other nodes).
		1365
		1366	=item $AnyEvent::MP::Kernel::WARN has gone.
		1367
		1368	AnyEvent has acquired a logging framework (L<AnyEvent::Log>), and AEMP now
		1369	uses this, and so should your programs.
		1370
		1371	Every module now documents what kinds of messages it generates, with
		1372	AnyEvent::MP acting as a catch all.
		1373
		1374	On the positive side, this means that instead of setting
		1375	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MP_WARNLEVEL>, you can get away by setting C<AE_VERBOSE> -
		1376	much less to type.
		1377
		1378	=back
		1379
		1380	=head1 LOGGING
		1381
		1382	AnyEvent::MP does not normally log anything by itself, but since it is the
		1383	root of the context hierarchy for AnyEvent::MP modules, it will receive
		1384	all log messages by submodules.
		1385
895	=head1 SEE ALSO	1386	=head1 SEE ALSO
		1387
		1388	L<AnyEvent::MP::Intro> - a gentle introduction.
		1389
		1390	L<AnyEvent::MP::Kernel> - more, lower-level, stuff.
		1391
		1392	L<AnyEvent::MP::Global> - network maintenance and port groups, to find
		1393	your applications.
		1394
		1395	L<AnyEvent::MP::DataConn> - establish data connections between nodes.
		1396
		1397	L<AnyEvent::MP::LogCatcher> - simple service to display log messages from
		1398	all nodes.
896		1399
897	L<AnyEvent>.	1400	L<AnyEvent>.
898		1401
899	=head1 AUTHOR	1402	=head1 AUTHOR
900		1403

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