… | |
… | |
4 | |
4 | |
5 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
5 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
6 | |
6 | |
7 | use AnyEvent::MP; |
7 | use AnyEvent::MP; |
8 | |
8 | |
9 | NODE # returns this node identifier |
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10 | $NODE # contains this node identifier |
9 | $NODE # contains this node's noderef |
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10 | NODE # returns this node's noderef |
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11 | NODE $port # returns the noderef of the port |
11 | |
12 | |
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13 | $SELF # receiving/own port id in rcv callbacks |
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14 | |
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15 | # initialise the node so it can send/receive messages |
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16 | initialise_node; # -OR- |
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17 | initialise_node "localhost:4040"; # -OR- |
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18 | initialise_node "slave/", "localhost:4040" |
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19 | |
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20 | # ports are message endpoints |
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21 | |
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22 | # sending messages |
12 | snd $port, type => data...; |
23 | snd $port, type => data...; |
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24 | snd $port, @msg; |
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25 | snd @msg_with_first_element_being_a_port; |
13 | |
26 | |
14 | rcv $port, smartmatch => $cb->($port, @msg); |
27 | # creating/using ports, the simple way |
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28 | my $simple_port = port { my @msg = @_; 0 }; |
15 | |
29 | |
16 | # examples: |
30 | # creating/using ports, tagged message matching |
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31 | my $port = port; |
17 | rcv $port2, ping => sub { snd $_[0], "pong"; 0 }; |
32 | rcv $port, ping => sub { snd $_[0], "pong"; 0 }; |
18 | rcv $port1, pong => sub { warn "pong received\n" }; |
33 | rcv $port, pong => sub { warn "pong received\n"; 0 }; |
19 | snd $port2, ping => $port1; |
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20 | |
34 | |
21 | # more, smarter, matches (_any_ is exported by this module) |
35 | # create a port on another node |
22 | rcv $port, [child_died => $pid] => sub { ... |
36 | my $port = spawn $node, $initfunc, @initdata; |
23 | rcv $port, [_any_, _any_, 3] => sub { .. $_[2] is 3 |
37 | |
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38 | # monitoring |
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39 | mon $port, $cb->(@msg) # callback is invoked on death |
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40 | mon $port, $otherport # kill otherport on abnormal death |
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41 | mon $port, $otherport, @msg # send message on death |
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42 | |
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43 | =head1 CURRENT STATUS |
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44 | |
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45 | AnyEvent::MP - stable API, should work |
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46 | AnyEvent::MP::Intro - outdated |
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47 | AnyEvent::MP::Kernel - WIP |
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48 | AnyEvent::MP::Transport - mostly stable |
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49 | |
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50 | stay tuned. |
24 | |
51 | |
25 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
52 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
26 | |
53 | |
27 | This module (-family) implements a simple message passing framework. |
54 | This module (-family) implements a simple message passing framework. |
28 | |
55 | |
29 | Despite its simplicity, you can securely message other processes running |
56 | Despite its simplicity, you can securely message other processes running |
30 | on the same or other hosts. |
57 | on the same or other hosts. |
31 | |
58 | |
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59 | For an introduction to this module family, see the L<AnyEvent::MP::Intro> |
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60 | manual page. |
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61 | |
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62 | At the moment, this module family is severly broken and underdocumented, |
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63 | so do not use. This was uploaded mainly to reserve the CPAN namespace - |
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64 | stay tuned! |
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65 | |
32 | =head1 CONCEPTS |
66 | =head1 CONCEPTS |
33 | |
67 | |
34 | =over 4 |
68 | =over 4 |
35 | |
69 | |
36 | =item port |
70 | =item port |
37 | |
71 | |
38 | A port is something you can send messages to with the C<snd> function, and |
72 | A port is something you can send messages to (with the C<snd> function). |
39 | you can register C<rcv> handlers with. All C<rcv> handlers will receive |
73 | |
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74 | Ports allow you to register C<rcv> handlers that can match all or just |
40 | messages they match, messages will not be queued. |
75 | some messages. Messages will not be queued. |
41 | |
76 | |
42 | =item port id - C<noderef#portname> |
77 | =item port id - C<noderef#portname> |
43 | |
78 | |
44 | A port id is always the noderef, a hash-mark (C<#>) as separator, followed |
79 | A port ID is the concatenation of a noderef, a hash-mark (C<#>) as |
45 | by a port name (a printable string of unspecified format). |
80 | separator, and a port name (a printable string of unspecified format). An |
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81 | exception is the the node port, whose ID is identical to its node |
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82 | reference. |
46 | |
83 | |
47 | =item node |
84 | =item node |
48 | |
85 | |
49 | A node is a single process containing at least one port - the node |
86 | A node is a single process containing at least one port - the node port, |
50 | port. You can send messages to node ports to let them create new ports, |
87 | which provides nodes to manage each other remotely, and to create new |
51 | among other things. |
88 | ports. |
52 | |
89 | |
53 | Initially, nodes are either private (single-process only) or hidden |
90 | Nodes are either private (single-process only), slaves (connected to a |
54 | (connected to a master node only). Only when they epxlicitly "become |
91 | master node only) or public nodes (connectable from unrelated nodes). |
55 | public" can you send them messages from unrelated other nodes. |
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56 | |
92 | |
57 | =item noderef - C<host:port,host:port...>, C<id@noderef, C<id> |
93 | =item noderef - C<host:port,host:port...>, C<id@noderef>, C<id> |
58 | |
94 | |
59 | A noderef is a string that either uniquely identifies a given node (for |
95 | A node reference is a string that either simply identifies the node (for |
60 | private and hidden nodes), or contains a recipe on how to reach a given |
96 | private and slave nodes), or contains a recipe on how to reach a given |
61 | node (for public nodes). |
97 | node (for public nodes). |
62 | |
98 | |
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99 | This recipe is simply a comma-separated list of C<address:port> pairs (for |
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100 | TCP/IP, other protocols might look different). |
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101 | |
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102 | Node references come in two flavours: resolved (containing only numerical |
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103 | addresses) or unresolved (where hostnames are used instead of addresses). |
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104 | |
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105 | Before using an unresolved node reference in a message you first have to |
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106 | resolve it. |
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107 | |
63 | =back |
108 | =back |
64 | |
109 | |
65 | =head1 VARIABLES/FUNCTIONS |
110 | =head1 VARIABLES/FUNCTIONS |
66 | |
111 | |
67 | =over 4 |
112 | =over 4 |
68 | |
113 | |
69 | =cut |
114 | =cut |
70 | |
115 | |
71 | package AnyEvent::MP; |
116 | package AnyEvent::MP; |
72 | |
117 | |
73 | use AnyEvent::MP::Util (); |
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74 | use AnyEvent::MP::Node; |
118 | use AnyEvent::MP::Kernel; |
75 | use AnyEvent::MP::Transport; |
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76 | |
119 | |
77 | use utf8; |
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78 | use common::sense; |
120 | use common::sense; |
79 | |
121 | |
80 | use Carp (); |
122 | use Carp (); |
81 | |
123 | |
82 | use AE (); |
124 | use AE (); |
83 | |
125 | |
84 | use base "Exporter"; |
126 | use base "Exporter"; |
85 | |
127 | |
86 | our $VERSION = '0.0'; |
128 | our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::MP::Kernel::VERSION; |
87 | our @EXPORT = qw(NODE $NODE $PORT snd rcv _any_); |
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88 | |
129 | |
89 | our $DEFAULT_SECRET; |
130 | our @EXPORT = qw( |
90 | our $DEFAULT_PORT = "4040"; |
131 | NODE $NODE *SELF node_of _any_ |
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132 | resolve_node initialise_node |
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133 | snd rcv mon kil reg psub spawn |
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134 | port |
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135 | ); |
91 | |
136 | |
92 | our $CONNECT_INTERVAL = 5; # new connect every 5s, at least |
137 | our $SELF; |
93 | our $CONNECT_TIMEOUT = 30; # includes handshake |
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94 | |
138 | |
95 | sub default_secret { |
139 | sub _self_die() { |
96 | unless (defined $DEFAULT_SECRET) { |
140 | my $msg = $@; |
97 | if (open my $fh, "<$ENV{HOME}/.aemp-secret") { |
141 | $msg =~ s/\n+$// unless ref $msg; |
98 | sysread $fh, $DEFAULT_SECRET, -s $fh; |
142 | kil $SELF, die => $msg; |
99 | } else { |
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100 | $DEFAULT_SECRET = AnyEvent::MP::Util::nonce 32; |
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101 | } |
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102 | } |
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103 | |
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104 | $DEFAULT_SECRET |
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105 | } |
143 | } |
106 | |
144 | |
107 | =item NODE / $NODE |
145 | =item $thisnode = NODE / $NODE |
108 | |
146 | |
109 | The C<NODE ()> function and the C<$NODE> variable contain the noderef of |
147 | The C<NODE> function returns, and the C<$NODE> variable contains the |
110 | the local node. The value is initialised by a call to C<become_public> or |
148 | noderef of the local node. The value is initialised by a call to |
111 | C<become_slave>, after which all local port identifiers become invalid. |
149 | C<initialise_node>. |
112 | |
150 | |
113 | =cut |
151 | =item $noderef = node_of $port |
114 | |
152 | |
115 | our $UNIQ = sprintf "%x.%x", $$, time; # per-process/node unique cookie |
153 | Extracts and returns the noderef from a port ID or a noderef. |
116 | our $PUBLIC = 0; |
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117 | our $NODE; |
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118 | our $PORT; |
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119 | |
154 | |
120 | our %NODE; # node id to transport mapping, or "undef", for local node |
155 | =item initialise_node $noderef, $seednode, $seednode... |
121 | our %PORT; # local ports |
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122 | our %LISTENER; # local transports |
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123 | |
156 | |
124 | sub NODE() { $NODE } |
157 | =item initialise_node "slave/", $master, $master... |
125 | |
158 | |
126 | { |
159 | Before a node can talk to other nodes on the network it has to initialise |
127 | use POSIX (); |
160 | itself - the minimum a node needs to know is it's own name, and optionally |
128 | my $nodename = (POSIX::uname)[1]; |
161 | it should know the noderefs of some other nodes in the network. |
129 | $NODE = "$$\@$nodename"; |
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130 | } |
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131 | |
162 | |
132 | sub _ANY_() { 1 } |
163 | This function initialises a node - it must be called exactly once (or |
133 | sub _any_() { \&_ANY_ } |
164 | never) before calling other AnyEvent::MP functions. |
134 | |
165 | |
135 | sub add_node { |
166 | All arguments (optionally except for the first) are noderefs, which can be |
136 | my ($noderef) = @_; |
167 | either resolved or unresolved. |
137 | |
168 | |
138 | return $NODE{$noderef} |
169 | The first argument will be looked up in the configuration database first |
139 | if exists $NODE{$noderef}; |
170 | (if it is C<undef> then the current nodename will be used instead) to find |
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171 | the relevant configuration profile (see L<aemp>). If none is found then |
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172 | the default configuration is used. The configuration supplies additional |
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173 | seed/master nodes and can override the actual noderef. |
140 | |
174 | |
141 | for (split /,/, $noderef) { |
175 | There are two types of networked nodes, public nodes and slave nodes: |
142 | return $NODE{$noderef} = $NODE{$_} |
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143 | if exists $NODE{$_}; |
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144 | } |
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145 | |
176 | |
146 | # for indirect sends, use a different class |
177 | =over 4 |
147 | my $node = new AnyEvent::MP::Node::Direct $noderef; |
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148 | |
178 | |
149 | $NODE{$_} = $node |
179 | =item public nodes |
150 | for $noderef, split /,/, $noderef; |
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151 | |
180 | |
152 | $node |
181 | For public nodes, C<$noderef> (supplied either directly to |
153 | } |
182 | C<initialise_node> or indirectly via a profile or the nodename) must be a |
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183 | noderef (possibly unresolved, in which case it will be resolved). |
154 | |
184 | |
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185 | After resolving, the node will bind itself on all endpoints and try to |
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186 | connect to all additional C<$seednodes> that are specified. Seednodes are |
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187 | optional and can be used to quickly bootstrap the node into an existing |
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188 | network. |
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189 | |
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190 | =item slave nodes |
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191 | |
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192 | When the C<$noderef> (either as given or overriden by the config file) |
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193 | is the special string C<slave/>, then the node will become a slave |
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194 | node. Slave nodes cannot be contacted from outside and will route most of |
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195 | their traffic to the master node that they attach to. |
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196 | |
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197 | At least one additional noderef is required (either by specifying it |
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198 | directly or because it is part of the configuration profile): The node |
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199 | will try to connect to all of them and will become a slave attached to the |
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200 | first node it can successfully connect to. |
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201 | |
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202 | Note that slave nodes cannot change their name, and consequently, their |
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203 | master, so if the master goes down, the slave node will not function well |
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204 | anymore until it can re-establish conenciton to its master. This makes |
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205 | slave nodes unsuitable for long-term nodes or fault-tolerant networks. |
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206 | |
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207 | =back |
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208 | |
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209 | This function will block until all nodes have been resolved and, for slave |
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210 | nodes, until it has successfully established a connection to a master |
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211 | server. |
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212 | |
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213 | All the seednodes will also be specially marked to automatically retry |
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214 | connecting to them infinitely. |
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215 | |
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216 | Example: become a public node listening on the guessed noderef, or the one |
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217 | specified via C<aemp> for the current node. This should be the most common |
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218 | form of invocation for "daemon"-type nodes. |
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219 | |
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220 | initialise_node; |
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221 | |
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222 | Example: become a slave node to any of the the seednodes specified via |
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223 | C<aemp>. This form is often used for commandline clients. |
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224 | |
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225 | initialise_node "slave/"; |
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226 | |
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227 | Example: become a slave node to any of the specified master servers. This |
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228 | form is also often used for commandline clients. |
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229 | |
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230 | initialise_node "slave/", "master1", "192.168.13.17", "mp.example.net"; |
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231 | |
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232 | Example: become a public node, and try to contact some well-known master |
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233 | servers to become part of the network. |
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234 | |
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235 | initialise_node undef, "master1", "master2"; |
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236 | |
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237 | Example: become a public node listening on port C<4041>. |
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238 | |
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239 | initialise_node 4041; |
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240 | |
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241 | Example: become a public node, only visible on localhost port 4044. |
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242 | |
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243 | initialise_node "localhost:4044"; |
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244 | |
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245 | =item $cv = resolve_node $noderef |
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246 | |
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247 | Takes an unresolved node reference that may contain hostnames and |
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248 | abbreviated IDs, resolves all of them and returns a resolved node |
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249 | reference. |
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250 | |
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251 | In addition to C<address:port> pairs allowed in resolved noderefs, the |
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252 | following forms are supported: |
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253 | |
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254 | =over 4 |
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255 | |
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256 | =item the empty string |
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257 | |
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258 | An empty-string component gets resolved as if the default port (4040) was |
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259 | specified. |
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260 | |
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261 | =item naked port numbers (e.g. C<1234>) |
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262 | |
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263 | These are resolved by prepending the local nodename and a colon, to be |
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264 | further resolved. |
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265 | |
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266 | =item hostnames (e.g. C<localhost:1234>, C<localhost>) |
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267 | |
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268 | These are resolved by using AnyEvent::DNS to resolve them, optionally |
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269 | looking up SRV records for the C<aemp=4040> port, if no port was |
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270 | specified. |
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271 | |
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272 | =back |
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273 | |
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274 | =item $SELF |
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275 | |
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276 | Contains the current port id while executing C<rcv> callbacks or C<psub> |
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277 | blocks. |
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278 | |
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279 | =item SELF, %SELF, @SELF... |
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280 | |
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281 | Due to some quirks in how perl exports variables, it is impossible to |
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282 | just export C<$SELF>, all the symbols called C<SELF> are exported by this |
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283 | module, but only C<$SELF> is currently used. |
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284 | |
155 | =item snd $portid, type => @data |
285 | =item snd $port, type => @data |
156 | |
286 | |
157 | =item snd $portid, @msg |
287 | =item snd $port, @msg |
158 | |
288 | |
159 | Send the given message to the given port ID, which can identify either a |
289 | Send the given message to the given port ID, which can identify either |
160 | local or a remote port. |
290 | a local or a remote port, and must be a port ID. |
161 | |
291 | |
162 | While the message can be about anything, it is highly recommended to use |
292 | While the message can be about anything, it is highly recommended to use a |
163 | a constant string as first element. |
293 | string as first element (a port ID, or some word that indicates a request |
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294 | type etc.). |
164 | |
295 | |
165 | The message data effectively becomes read-only after a call to this |
296 | The message data effectively becomes read-only after a call to this |
166 | function: modifying any argument is not allowed and can cause many |
297 | function: modifying any argument is not allowed and can cause many |
167 | problems. |
298 | problems. |
168 | |
299 | |
… | |
… | |
170 | JSON is used, then only strings, numbers and arrays and hashes consisting |
301 | JSON is used, then only strings, numbers and arrays and hashes consisting |
171 | of those are allowed (no objects). When Storable is used, then anything |
302 | of those are allowed (no objects). When Storable is used, then anything |
172 | that Storable can serialise and deserialise is allowed, and for the local |
303 | that Storable can serialise and deserialise is allowed, and for the local |
173 | node, anything can be passed. |
304 | node, anything can be passed. |
174 | |
305 | |
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306 | =item $local_port = port |
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307 | |
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308 | Create a new local port object and returns its port ID. Initially it has |
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309 | no callbacks set and will throw an error when it receives messages. |
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310 | |
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311 | =item $local_port = port { my @msg = @_ } |
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312 | |
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313 | Creates a new local port, and returns its ID. Semantically the same as |
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314 | creating a port and calling C<rcv $port, $callback> on it. |
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315 | |
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316 | The block will be called for every message received on the port, with the |
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317 | global variable C<$SELF> set to the port ID. Runtime errors will cause the |
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318 | port to be C<kil>ed. The message will be passed as-is, no extra argument |
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319 | (i.e. no port ID) will be passed to the callback. |
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320 | |
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321 | If you want to stop/destroy the port, simply C<kil> it: |
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322 | |
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323 | my $port = port { |
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324 | my @msg = @_; |
|
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325 | ... |
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326 | kil $SELF; |
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327 | }; |
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328 | |
175 | =cut |
329 | =cut |
176 | |
330 | |
177 | sub snd(@) { |
331 | sub rcv($@); |
178 | my ($noderef, $port) = split /#/, shift, 2; |
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179 | |
332 | |
180 | add_node $noderef |
333 | sub _kilme { |
181 | unless exists $NODE{$noderef}; |
334 | die "received message on port without callback"; |
182 | |
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183 | $NODE{$noderef}->send (["$port", [@_]]); |
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184 | } |
335 | } |
185 | |
336 | |
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337 | sub port(;&) { |
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338 | my $id = "$UNIQ." . $ID++; |
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339 | my $port = "$NODE#$id"; |
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340 | |
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341 | rcv $port, shift || \&_kilme; |
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342 | |
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343 | $port |
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344 | } |
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345 | |
186 | =item rcv $portid, type => $callback->(@msg) |
346 | =item rcv $local_port, $callback->(@msg) |
187 | |
347 | |
188 | =item rcv $portid, $smartmatch => $callback->(@msg) |
348 | Replaces the default callback on the specified port. There is no way to |
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349 | remove the default callback: use C<sub { }> to disable it, or better |
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350 | C<kil> the port when it is no longer needed. |
189 | |
351 | |
190 | =item rcv $portid, [$smartmatch...] => $callback->(@msg) |
352 | The global C<$SELF> (exported by this module) contains C<$port> while |
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353 | executing the callback. Runtime errors during callback execution will |
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354 | result in the port being C<kil>ed. |
191 | |
355 | |
192 | Register a callback on the port identified by C<$portid>, which I<must> be |
356 | The default callback received all messages not matched by a more specific |
193 | a local port. |
357 | C<tag> match. |
194 | |
358 | |
195 | The callback has to return a true value when its work is done, after |
359 | =item rcv $local_port, tag => $callback->(@msg_without_tag), ... |
196 | which is will be removed, or a false value in which case it will stay |
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197 | registered. |
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198 | |
360 | |
199 | If the match is an array reference, then it will be matched against the |
361 | Register (or replace) callbacks to be called on messages starting with the |
200 | first elements of the message, otherwise only the first element is being |
362 | given tag on the given port (and return the port), or unregister it (when |
201 | matched. |
363 | C<$callback> is C<$undef> or missing). There can only be one callback |
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364 | registered for each tag. |
202 | |
365 | |
203 | Any element in the match that is specified as C<_any_> (a function |
366 | The original message will be passed to the callback, after the first |
204 | exported by this module) matches any single element of the message. |
367 | element (the tag) has been removed. The callback will use the same |
|
|
368 | environment as the default callback (see above). |
205 | |
369 | |
206 | While not required, it is highly recommended that the first matching |
370 | Example: create a port and bind receivers on it in one go. |
207 | element is a string identifying the message. The one-string-only match is |
371 | |
208 | also the most efficient match (by far). |
372 | my $port = rcv port, |
|
|
373 | msg1 => sub { ... }, |
|
|
374 | msg2 => sub { ... }, |
|
|
375 | ; |
|
|
376 | |
|
|
377 | Example: create a port, bind receivers and send it in a message elsewhere |
|
|
378 | in one go: |
|
|
379 | |
|
|
380 | snd $otherport, reply => |
|
|
381 | rcv port, |
|
|
382 | msg1 => sub { ... }, |
|
|
383 | ... |
|
|
384 | ; |
|
|
385 | |
|
|
386 | Example: temporarily register a rcv callback for a tag matching some port |
|
|
387 | (e.g. for a rpc reply) and unregister it after a message was received. |
|
|
388 | |
|
|
389 | rcv $port, $otherport => sub { |
|
|
390 | my @reply = @_; |
|
|
391 | |
|
|
392 | rcv $SELF, $otherport; |
|
|
393 | }; |
209 | |
394 | |
210 | =cut |
395 | =cut |
211 | |
396 | |
212 | sub rcv($@) { |
397 | sub rcv($@) { |
213 | my ($port, $match, $cb) = @_; |
398 | my $port = shift; |
214 | |
|
|
215 | my $port = $PORT{$port} |
|
|
216 | or do { |
|
|
217 | my ($noderef, $lport) = split /#/, $port; |
399 | my ($noderef, $portid) = split /#/, $port, 2; |
218 | "AnyEvent::MP::Node::Self" eq ref $NODE{$noderef} |
400 | |
|
|
401 | ($NODE{$noderef} || add_node $noderef) == $NODE{""} |
219 | or Carp::croak "$port: can only rcv on local ports"; |
402 | or Carp::croak "$port: rcv can only be called on local ports, caught"; |
220 | |
403 | |
221 | $PORT{$lport} |
404 | while (@_) { |
222 | or Carp::croak "$port: port does not exist"; |
405 | if (ref $_[0]) { |
223 | |
406 | if (my $self = $PORT_DATA{$portid}) { |
224 | $PORT{$port} = $PORT{$lport} # also return |
407 | "AnyEvent::MP::Port" eq ref $self |
225 | }; |
408 | or Carp::croak "$port: rcv can only be called on message matching ports, caught"; |
226 | |
409 | |
227 | if (!ref $match) { |
410 | $self->[2] = shift; |
228 | push @{ $port->{rc0}{$match} }, [$cb]; |
|
|
229 | } elsif (("ARRAY" eq ref $match && !ref $match->[0])) { |
|
|
230 | my ($type, @match) = @$match; |
|
|
231 | @match |
|
|
232 | ? push @{ $port->{rcv}{$match->[0]} }, [$cb, \@match] |
|
|
233 | : push @{ $port->{rc0}{$match->[0]} }, [$cb]; |
|
|
234 | } else { |
411 | } else { |
235 | push @{ $port->{any} }, [$cb, $match]; |
412 | my $cb = shift; |
236 | } |
413 | $PORT{$portid} = sub { |
237 | } |
414 | local $SELF = $port; |
238 | |
415 | eval { &$cb }; _self_die if $@; |
239 | sub _inject { |
|
|
240 | my ($port, $msg) = @{+shift}; |
|
|
241 | |
|
|
242 | $port = $PORT{$port} |
|
|
243 | or return; |
|
|
244 | |
|
|
245 | @_ = @$msg; |
|
|
246 | |
|
|
247 | for (@{ $port->{rc0}{$msg->[0]} }) { |
|
|
248 | $_ && &{$_->[0]} |
|
|
249 | && undef $_; |
|
|
250 | } |
|
|
251 | |
|
|
252 | for (@{ $port->{rcv}{$msg->[0]} }) { |
|
|
253 | $_ && [@_[1..$#{$_->[1]}]] ~~ $_->[1] |
|
|
254 | && &{$_->[0]} |
|
|
255 | && undef $_; |
|
|
256 | } |
|
|
257 | |
|
|
258 | for (@{ $port->{any} }) { |
|
|
259 | $_ && [@_[0..$#{$_->[1]}]] ~~ $_->[1] |
|
|
260 | && &{$_->[0]} |
|
|
261 | && undef $_; |
|
|
262 | } |
|
|
263 | } |
|
|
264 | |
|
|
265 | sub normalise_noderef($) { |
|
|
266 | my ($noderef) = @_; |
|
|
267 | |
|
|
268 | my $cv = AE::cv; |
|
|
269 | my @res; |
|
|
270 | |
|
|
271 | $cv->begin (sub { |
|
|
272 | my %seen; |
|
|
273 | my @refs; |
|
|
274 | for (sort { $a->[0] <=> $b->[0] } @res) { |
|
|
275 | push @refs, $_->[1] unless $seen{$_->[1]}++ |
|
|
276 | } |
|
|
277 | shift->send (join ",", @refs); |
|
|
278 | }); |
|
|
279 | |
|
|
280 | $noderef = $DEFAULT_PORT unless length $noderef; |
|
|
281 | |
|
|
282 | my $idx; |
|
|
283 | for my $t (split /,/, $noderef) { |
|
|
284 | my $pri = ++$idx; |
|
|
285 | |
|
|
286 | #TODO: this should be outside normalise_noderef and in become_public |
|
|
287 | if ($t =~ /^\d*$/) { |
|
|
288 | my $nodename = (POSIX::uname)[1]; |
|
|
289 | |
|
|
290 | $cv->begin; |
|
|
291 | AnyEvent::Socket::resolve_sockaddr $nodename, $t || "aemp=$DEFAULT_PORT", "tcp", 0, undef, sub { |
|
|
292 | for (@_) { |
|
|
293 | my ($service, $host) = AnyEvent::Socket::unpack_sockaddr $_->[3]; |
|
|
294 | push @res, [ |
|
|
295 | $pri += 1e-5, |
|
|
296 | AnyEvent::Socket::format_hostport AnyEvent::Socket::format_address $host, $service |
|
|
297 | ]; |
|
|
298 | } |
416 | }; |
299 | $cv->end; |
417 | } |
|
|
418 | } elsif (defined $_[0]) { |
|
|
419 | my $self = $PORT_DATA{$portid} ||= do { |
|
|
420 | my $self = bless [$PORT{$port} || sub { }, { }, $port], "AnyEvent::MP::Port"; |
|
|
421 | |
|
|
422 | $PORT{$portid} = sub { |
|
|
423 | local $SELF = $port; |
|
|
424 | |
|
|
425 | if (my $cb = $self->[1]{$_[0]}) { |
|
|
426 | shift; |
|
|
427 | eval { &$cb }; _self_die if $@; |
|
|
428 | } else { |
|
|
429 | &{ $self->[0] }; |
|
|
430 | } |
|
|
431 | }; |
|
|
432 | |
|
|
433 | $self |
300 | }; |
434 | }; |
301 | |
435 | |
302 | # my (undef, undef, undef, undef, @ipv4) = gethostbyname $nodename; |
436 | "AnyEvent::MP::Port" eq ref $self |
303 | # |
437 | or Carp::croak "$port: rcv can only be called on message matching ports, caught"; |
304 | # for (@ipv4) { |
438 | |
305 | # push @res, [ |
439 | my ($tag, $cb) = splice @_, 0, 2; |
306 | # $pri, |
440 | |
307 | # AnyEvent::Socket::format_hostport AnyEvent::Socket::format_address $_, $t || $DEFAULT_PORT, |
441 | if (defined $cb) { |
308 | # ]; |
442 | $self->[1]{$tag} = $cb; |
309 | # } |
|
|
310 | } else { |
443 | } else { |
311 | my ($host, $port) = AnyEvent::Socket::parse_hostport $t, "aemp=$DEFAULT_PORT" |
444 | delete $self->[1]{$tag}; |
312 | or Carp::croak "$t: unparsable transport descriptor"; |
|
|
313 | |
|
|
314 | $cv->begin; |
|
|
315 | AnyEvent::Socket::resolve_sockaddr $host, $port, "tcp", 0, undef, sub { |
|
|
316 | for (@_) { |
|
|
317 | my ($service, $host) = AnyEvent::Socket::unpack_sockaddr $_->[3]; |
|
|
318 | push @res, [ |
|
|
319 | $pri += 1e-5, |
|
|
320 | AnyEvent::Socket::format_hostport AnyEvent::Socket::format_address $host, $service |
|
|
321 | ]; |
|
|
322 | } |
|
|
323 | $cv->end; |
|
|
324 | } |
445 | } |
325 | } |
446 | } |
326 | } |
447 | } |
327 | |
448 | |
328 | $cv->end; |
449 | $port |
329 | |
|
|
330 | $cv |
|
|
331 | } |
450 | } |
332 | |
451 | |
333 | sub become_public { |
452 | =item $closure = psub { BLOCK } |
334 | return if $PUBLIC; |
|
|
335 | |
453 | |
336 | my $noderef = join ",", ref $_[0] ? @{+shift} : shift; |
454 | Remembers C<$SELF> and creates a closure out of the BLOCK. When the |
337 | my @args = @_; |
455 | closure is executed, sets up the environment in the same way as in C<rcv> |
|
|
456 | callbacks, i.e. runtime errors will cause the port to get C<kil>ed. |
338 | |
457 | |
339 | $NODE = (normalise_noderef $noderef)->recv; |
458 | This is useful when you register callbacks from C<rcv> callbacks: |
340 | |
459 | |
341 | for my $t (split /,/, $NODE) { |
460 | rcv delayed_reply => sub { |
342 | $NODE{$t} = $NODE{""}; |
461 | my ($delay, @reply) = @_; |
343 | |
462 | my $timer = AE::timer $delay, 0, psub { |
344 | my ($host, $port) = AnyEvent::Socket::parse_hostport $t; |
463 | snd @reply, $SELF; |
345 | |
|
|
346 | $LISTENER{$t} = AnyEvent::MP::Transport::mp_server $host, $port, |
|
|
347 | @args, |
|
|
348 | on_error => sub { |
|
|
349 | die "on_error<@_>\n";#d# |
|
|
350 | }, |
|
|
351 | on_connect => sub { |
|
|
352 | my ($tp) = @_; |
|
|
353 | |
|
|
354 | $NODE{$tp->{remote_id}} = $_[0]; |
|
|
355 | }, |
|
|
356 | sub { |
|
|
357 | my ($tp) = @_; |
|
|
358 | |
|
|
359 | $NODE{"$tp->{peerhost}:$tp->{peerport}"} = $tp; |
|
|
360 | }, |
|
|
361 | ; |
464 | }; |
|
|
465 | }; |
|
|
466 | |
|
|
467 | =cut |
|
|
468 | |
|
|
469 | sub psub(&) { |
|
|
470 | my $cb = shift; |
|
|
471 | |
|
|
472 | my $port = $SELF |
|
|
473 | or Carp::croak "psub can only be called from within rcv or psub callbacks, not"; |
|
|
474 | |
|
|
475 | sub { |
|
|
476 | local $SELF = $port; |
|
|
477 | |
|
|
478 | if (wantarray) { |
|
|
479 | my @res = eval { &$cb }; |
|
|
480 | _self_die if $@; |
|
|
481 | @res |
|
|
482 | } else { |
|
|
483 | my $res = eval { &$cb }; |
|
|
484 | _self_die if $@; |
|
|
485 | $res |
|
|
486 | } |
362 | } |
487 | } |
363 | |
|
|
364 | $PUBLIC = 1; |
|
|
365 | } |
488 | } |
366 | |
489 | |
|
|
490 | =item $guard = mon $port, $cb->(@reason) |
|
|
491 | |
|
|
492 | =item $guard = mon $port, $rcvport |
|
|
493 | |
|
|
494 | =item $guard = mon $port |
|
|
495 | |
|
|
496 | =item $guard = mon $port, $rcvport, @msg |
|
|
497 | |
|
|
498 | Monitor the given port and do something when the port is killed or |
|
|
499 | messages to it were lost, and optionally return a guard that can be used |
|
|
500 | to stop monitoring again. |
|
|
501 | |
|
|
502 | C<mon> effectively guarantees that, in the absence of hardware failures, |
|
|
503 | that after starting the monitor, either all messages sent to the port |
|
|
504 | will arrive, or the monitoring action will be invoked after possible |
|
|
505 | message loss has been detected. No messages will be lost "in between" |
|
|
506 | (after the first lost message no further messages will be received by the |
|
|
507 | port). After the monitoring action was invoked, further messages might get |
|
|
508 | delivered again. |
|
|
509 | |
|
|
510 | In the first form (callback), the callback is simply called with any |
|
|
511 | number of C<@reason> elements (no @reason means that the port was deleted |
|
|
512 | "normally"). Note also that I<< the callback B<must> never die >>, so use |
|
|
513 | C<eval> if unsure. |
|
|
514 | |
|
|
515 | In the second form (another port given), the other port (C<$rcvport>) |
|
|
516 | will be C<kil>'ed with C<@reason>, iff a @reason was specified, i.e. on |
|
|
517 | "normal" kils nothing happens, while under all other conditions, the other |
|
|
518 | port is killed with the same reason. |
|
|
519 | |
|
|
520 | The third form (kill self) is the same as the second form, except that |
|
|
521 | C<$rvport> defaults to C<$SELF>. |
|
|
522 | |
|
|
523 | In the last form (message), a message of the form C<@msg, @reason> will be |
|
|
524 | C<snd>. |
|
|
525 | |
|
|
526 | As a rule of thumb, monitoring requests should always monitor a port from |
|
|
527 | a local port (or callback). The reason is that kill messages might get |
|
|
528 | lost, just like any other message. Another less obvious reason is that |
|
|
529 | even monitoring requests can get lost (for exmaple, when the connection |
|
|
530 | to the other node goes down permanently). When monitoring a port locally |
|
|
531 | these problems do not exist. |
|
|
532 | |
|
|
533 | Example: call a given callback when C<$port> is killed. |
|
|
534 | |
|
|
535 | mon $port, sub { warn "port died because of <@_>\n" }; |
|
|
536 | |
|
|
537 | Example: kill ourselves when C<$port> is killed abnormally. |
|
|
538 | |
|
|
539 | mon $port; |
|
|
540 | |
|
|
541 | Example: send us a restart message when another C<$port> is killed. |
|
|
542 | |
|
|
543 | mon $port, $self => "restart"; |
|
|
544 | |
|
|
545 | =cut |
|
|
546 | |
|
|
547 | sub mon { |
|
|
548 | my ($noderef, $port) = split /#/, shift, 2; |
|
|
549 | |
|
|
550 | my $node = $NODE{$noderef} || add_node $noderef; |
|
|
551 | |
|
|
552 | my $cb = @_ ? shift : $SELF || Carp::croak 'mon: called with one argument only, but $SELF not set,'; |
|
|
553 | |
|
|
554 | unless (ref $cb) { |
|
|
555 | if (@_) { |
|
|
556 | # send a kill info message |
|
|
557 | my (@msg) = ($cb, @_); |
|
|
558 | $cb = sub { snd @msg, @_ }; |
|
|
559 | } else { |
|
|
560 | # simply kill other port |
|
|
561 | my $port = $cb; |
|
|
562 | $cb = sub { kil $port, @_ if @_ }; |
|
|
563 | } |
|
|
564 | } |
|
|
565 | |
|
|
566 | $node->monitor ($port, $cb); |
|
|
567 | |
|
|
568 | defined wantarray |
|
|
569 | and AnyEvent::Util::guard { $node->unmonitor ($port, $cb) } |
|
|
570 | } |
|
|
571 | |
|
|
572 | =item $guard = mon_guard $port, $ref, $ref... |
|
|
573 | |
|
|
574 | Monitors the given C<$port> and keeps the passed references. When the port |
|
|
575 | is killed, the references will be freed. |
|
|
576 | |
|
|
577 | Optionally returns a guard that will stop the monitoring. |
|
|
578 | |
|
|
579 | This function is useful when you create e.g. timers or other watchers and |
|
|
580 | want to free them when the port gets killed: |
|
|
581 | |
|
|
582 | $port->rcv (start => sub { |
|
|
583 | my $timer; $timer = mon_guard $port, AE::timer 1, 1, sub { |
|
|
584 | undef $timer if 0.9 < rand; |
|
|
585 | }); |
|
|
586 | }); |
|
|
587 | |
|
|
588 | =cut |
|
|
589 | |
|
|
590 | sub mon_guard { |
|
|
591 | my ($port, @refs) = @_; |
|
|
592 | |
|
|
593 | #TODO: mon-less form? |
|
|
594 | |
|
|
595 | mon $port, sub { 0 && @refs } |
|
|
596 | } |
|
|
597 | |
|
|
598 | =item kil $port[, @reason] |
|
|
599 | |
|
|
600 | Kill the specified port with the given C<@reason>. |
|
|
601 | |
|
|
602 | If no C<@reason> is specified, then the port is killed "normally" (linked |
|
|
603 | ports will not be kileld, or even notified). |
|
|
604 | |
|
|
605 | Otherwise, linked ports get killed with the same reason (second form of |
|
|
606 | C<mon>, see below). |
|
|
607 | |
|
|
608 | Runtime errors while evaluating C<rcv> callbacks or inside C<psub> blocks |
|
|
609 | will be reported as reason C<< die => $@ >>. |
|
|
610 | |
|
|
611 | Transport/communication errors are reported as C<< transport_error => |
|
|
612 | $message >>. |
|
|
613 | |
|
|
614 | =cut |
|
|
615 | |
|
|
616 | =item $port = spawn $node, $initfunc[, @initdata] |
|
|
617 | |
|
|
618 | Creates a port on the node C<$node> (which can also be a port ID, in which |
|
|
619 | case it's the node where that port resides). |
|
|
620 | |
|
|
621 | The port ID of the newly created port is return immediately, and it is |
|
|
622 | permissible to immediately start sending messages or monitor the port. |
|
|
623 | |
|
|
624 | After the port has been created, the init function is |
|
|
625 | called. This function must be a fully-qualified function name |
|
|
626 | (e.g. C<MyApp::Chat::Server::init>). To specify a function in the main |
|
|
627 | program, use C<::name>. |
|
|
628 | |
|
|
629 | If the function doesn't exist, then the node tries to C<require> |
|
|
630 | the package, then the package above the package and so on (e.g. |
|
|
631 | C<MyApp::Chat::Server>, C<MyApp::Chat>, C<MyApp>) until the function |
|
|
632 | exists or it runs out of package names. |
|
|
633 | |
|
|
634 | The init function is then called with the newly-created port as context |
|
|
635 | object (C<$SELF>) and the C<@initdata> values as arguments. |
|
|
636 | |
|
|
637 | A common idiom is to pass your own port, monitor the spawned port, and |
|
|
638 | in the init function, monitor the original port. This two-way monitoring |
|
|
639 | ensures that both ports get cleaned up when there is a problem. |
|
|
640 | |
|
|
641 | Example: spawn a chat server port on C<$othernode>. |
|
|
642 | |
|
|
643 | # this node, executed from within a port context: |
|
|
644 | my $server = spawn $othernode, "MyApp::Chat::Server::connect", $SELF; |
|
|
645 | mon $server; |
|
|
646 | |
|
|
647 | # init function on C<$othernode> |
|
|
648 | sub connect { |
|
|
649 | my ($srcport) = @_; |
|
|
650 | |
|
|
651 | mon $srcport; |
|
|
652 | |
|
|
653 | rcv $SELF, sub { |
|
|
654 | ... |
|
|
655 | }; |
|
|
656 | } |
|
|
657 | |
|
|
658 | =cut |
|
|
659 | |
|
|
660 | sub _spawn { |
|
|
661 | my $port = shift; |
|
|
662 | my $init = shift; |
|
|
663 | |
|
|
664 | local $SELF = "$NODE#$port"; |
|
|
665 | eval { |
|
|
666 | &{ load_func $init } |
|
|
667 | }; |
|
|
668 | _self_die if $@; |
|
|
669 | } |
|
|
670 | |
|
|
671 | sub spawn(@) { |
|
|
672 | my ($noderef, undef) = split /#/, shift, 2; |
|
|
673 | |
|
|
674 | my $id = "$RUNIQ." . $ID++; |
|
|
675 | |
|
|
676 | $_[0] =~ /::/ |
|
|
677 | or Carp::croak "spawn init function must be a fully-qualified name, caught"; |
|
|
678 | |
|
|
679 | snd_to_func $noderef, "AnyEvent::MP::_spawn" => $id, @_; |
|
|
680 | |
|
|
681 | "$noderef#$id" |
|
|
682 | } |
|
|
683 | |
367 | =back |
684 | =back |
368 | |
685 | |
369 | =head1 NODE MESSAGES |
686 | =head1 AnyEvent::MP vs. Distributed Erlang |
370 | |
687 | |
371 | Nodes understand the following messages sent to them: |
688 | AnyEvent::MP got lots of its ideas from distributed Erlang (Erlang node |
|
|
689 | == aemp node, Erlang process == aemp port), so many of the documents and |
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690 | programming techniques employed by Erlang apply to AnyEvent::MP. Here is a |
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691 | sample: |
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692 | |
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693 | http://www.Erlang.se/doc/programming_rules.shtml |
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694 | http://Erlang.org/doc/getting_started/part_frame.html # chapters 3 and 4 |
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695 | http://Erlang.org/download/Erlang-book-part1.pdf # chapters 5 and 6 |
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696 | http://Erlang.org/download/armstrong_thesis_2003.pdf # chapters 4 and 5 |
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697 | |
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698 | Despite the similarities, there are also some important differences: |
372 | |
699 | |
373 | =over 4 |
700 | =over 4 |
374 | |
701 | |
375 | =cut |
702 | =item * Node references contain the recipe on how to contact them. |
376 | |
703 | |
377 | ############################################################################# |
704 | Erlang relies on special naming and DNS to work everywhere in the |
378 | # self node code |
705 | same way. AEMP relies on each node knowing it's own address(es), with |
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706 | convenience functionality. |
379 | |
707 | |
380 | sub _new_port($) { |
708 | This means that AEMP requires a less tightly controlled environment at the |
381 | my ($name) = @_; |
709 | cost of longer node references and a slightly higher management overhead. |
382 | |
710 | |
383 | my ($noderef, $portname) = split /#/, $name; |
711 | =item * Erlang has a "remote ports are like local ports" philosophy, AEMP |
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712 | uses "local ports are like remote ports". |
384 | |
713 | |
385 | $PORT{$name} = |
714 | The failure modes for local ports are quite different (runtime errors |
386 | $PORT{$portname} = { |
715 | only) then for remote ports - when a local port dies, you I<know> it dies, |
387 | names => [$name, $portname], |
716 | when a connection to another node dies, you know nothing about the other |
388 | }; |
717 | port. |
389 | } |
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390 | |
718 | |
391 | $NODE{""} = new AnyEvent::MP::Node::Self noderef => $NODE; |
719 | Erlang pretends remote ports are as reliable as local ports, even when |
392 | _new_port ""; |
720 | they are not. |
393 | |
721 | |
394 | =item relay => $port, @msg |
722 | AEMP encourages a "treat remote ports differently" philosophy, with local |
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723 | ports being the special case/exception, where transport errors cannot |
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724 | occur. |
395 | |
725 | |
396 | Simply forwards the message to the given port. |
726 | =item * Erlang uses processes and a mailbox, AEMP does not queue. |
397 | |
727 | |
398 | =cut |
728 | Erlang uses processes that selectively receive messages, and therefore |
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729 | needs a queue. AEMP is event based, queuing messages would serve no |
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730 | useful purpose. For the same reason the pattern-matching abilities of |
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731 | AnyEvent::MP are more limited, as there is little need to be able to |
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732 | filter messages without dequeing them. |
399 | |
733 | |
400 | rcv "", relay => \&snd; |
734 | (But see L<Coro::MP> for a more Erlang-like process model on top of AEMP). |
401 | |
735 | |
402 | =item eval => $string[ @reply] |
736 | =item * Erlang sends are synchronous, AEMP sends are asynchronous. |
403 | |
737 | |
404 | Evaluates the given string. If C<@reply> is given, then a message of the |
738 | Sending messages in Erlang is synchronous and blocks the process (and |
405 | form C<@reply, $@, @evalres> is sent (C<$reply[0]> is the port to reply to). |
739 | so does not need a queue that can overflow). AEMP sends are immediate, |
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740 | connection establishment is handled in the background. |
406 | |
741 | |
407 | =cut |
742 | =item * Erlang suffers from silent message loss, AEMP does not. |
408 | |
743 | |
409 | rcv "", eval => sub { |
744 | Erlang makes few guarantees on messages delivery - messages can get lost |
410 | my (undef, $string, @reply) = @_; |
745 | without any of the processes realising it (i.e. you send messages a, b, |
411 | my @res = eval $string; |
746 | and c, and the other side only receives messages a and c). |
412 | snd @reply, "$@", @res if @reply; |
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413 | }; |
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414 | |
747 | |
415 | =item time => @reply |
748 | AEMP guarantees correct ordering, and the guarantee that there are no |
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749 | holes in the message sequence. |
416 | |
750 | |
417 | Replies the the current node time to C<@reply>. |
751 | =item * In Erlang, processes can be declared dead and later be found to be |
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752 | alive. |
418 | |
753 | |
419 | =cut |
754 | In Erlang it can happen that a monitored process is declared dead and |
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755 | linked processes get killed, but later it turns out that the process is |
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756 | still alive - and can receive messages. |
420 | |
757 | |
421 | rcv "", time => sub { shift; snd @_, AE::time }; |
758 | In AEMP, when port monitoring detects a port as dead, then that port will |
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759 | eventually be killed - it cannot happen that a node detects a port as dead |
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760 | and then later sends messages to it, finding it is still alive. |
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761 | |
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762 | =item * Erlang can send messages to the wrong port, AEMP does not. |
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763 | |
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764 | In Erlang it is quite likely that a node that restarts reuses a process ID |
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765 | known to other nodes for a completely different process, causing messages |
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766 | destined for that process to end up in an unrelated process. |
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767 | |
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768 | AEMP never reuses port IDs, so old messages or old port IDs floating |
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769 | around in the network will not be sent to an unrelated port. |
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770 | |
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771 | =item * Erlang uses unprotected connections, AEMP uses secure |
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772 | authentication and can use TLS. |
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773 | |
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774 | AEMP can use a proven protocol - SSL/TLS - to protect connections and |
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775 | securely authenticate nodes. |
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776 | |
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|
777 | =item * The AEMP protocol is optimised for both text-based and binary |
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778 | communications. |
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779 | |
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780 | The AEMP protocol, unlike the Erlang protocol, supports both |
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781 | language-independent text-only protocols (good for debugging) and binary, |
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782 | language-specific serialisers (e.g. Storable). |
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783 | |
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784 | It has also been carefully designed to be implementable in other languages |
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785 | with a minimum of work while gracefully degrading fucntionality to make the |
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786 | protocol simple. |
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787 | |
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|
788 | =item * AEMP has more flexible monitoring options than Erlang. |
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789 | |
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790 | In Erlang, you can chose to receive I<all> exit signals as messages |
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791 | or I<none>, there is no in-between, so monitoring single processes is |
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792 | difficult to implement. Monitoring in AEMP is more flexible than in |
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793 | Erlang, as one can choose between automatic kill, exit message or callback |
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794 | on a per-process basis. |
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795 | |
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796 | =item * Erlang tries to hide remote/local connections, AEMP does not. |
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797 | |
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798 | Monitoring in Erlang is not an indicator of process death/crashes, |
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799 | as linking is (except linking is unreliable in Erlang). |
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800 | |
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801 | In AEMP, you don't "look up" registered port names or send to named ports |
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802 | that might or might not be persistent. Instead, you normally spawn a port |
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803 | on the remote node. The init function monitors the you, and you monitor |
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804 | the remote port. Since both monitors are local to the node, they are much |
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805 | more reliable. |
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806 | |
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807 | This also saves round-trips and avoids sending messages to the wrong port |
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808 | (hard to do in Erlang). |
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809 | |
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810 | =back |
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811 | |
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812 | =head1 RATIONALE |
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813 | |
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814 | =over 4 |
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815 | |
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816 | =item Why strings for ports and noderefs, why not objects? |
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817 | |
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818 | We considered "objects", but found that the actual number of methods |
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819 | thatc an be called are very low. Since port IDs and noderefs travel over |
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820 | the network frequently, the serialising/deserialising would add lots of |
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821 | overhead, as well as having to keep a proxy object. |
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822 | |
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823 | Strings can easily be printed, easily serialised etc. and need no special |
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824 | procedures to be "valid". |
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825 | |
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826 | And a a miniport consists of a single closure stored in a global hash - it |
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827 | can't become much cheaper. |
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828 | |
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|
829 | =item Why favour JSON, why not real serialising format such as Storable? |
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830 | |
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|
831 | In fact, any AnyEvent::MP node will happily accept Storable as framing |
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832 | format, but currently there is no way to make a node use Storable by |
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833 | default. |
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|
834 | |
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835 | The default framing protocol is JSON because a) JSON::XS is many times |
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|
836 | faster for small messages and b) most importantly, after years of |
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|
837 | experience we found that object serialisation is causing more problems |
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|
838 | than it gains: Just like function calls, objects simply do not travel |
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839 | easily over the network, mostly because they will always be a copy, so you |
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840 | always have to re-think your design. |
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841 | |
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|
842 | Keeping your messages simple, concentrating on data structures rather than |
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843 | objects, will keep your messages clean, tidy and efficient. |
422 | |
844 | |
423 | =back |
845 | =back |
424 | |
846 | |
425 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
847 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
426 | |
848 | |