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NAME |
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AnyEvent::WebDriver - control browsers using the W3C WebDriver protocol |
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|
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SYNOPSIS |
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# start geckodriver or any other w3c-compatible webdriver via the shell |
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$ geckdriver -b myfirefox/firefox --log trace --port 4444 |
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|
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# then use it |
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use AnyEvent::WebDriver; |
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|
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# create a new webdriver object |
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my $wd = new AnyEvent::WebDriver; |
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|
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# create a new session with default capabilities. |
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$wd->new_session ({}); |
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|
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$wd->navigate_to ("https://duckduckgo.com/html"); |
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my $searchbox = $wd->find_element ("css selector" => 'input[type="text"]'); |
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|
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$wd->element_send_keys ($searchbox => "free software"); |
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$wd->element_click ($wd->find_element ("css selector" => 'input[type="submit"]')); |
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|
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sleep 10; |
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|
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DESCRIPTION |
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This module aims to implement the W3C WebDriver specification which is |
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the standardised equivalent to the Selenium WebDriver API., which in |
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turn aims at remotely controlling web browsers such as Firefox or |
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Chromium. |
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|
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At the time of this writing, it was so brand new that I ciould only get |
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"geckodriver" (For Firefox) to work, but that is expected to be fioxed |
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very soon indeed. |
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|
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To make most of this module, or, in fact, to make any reasonable use of |
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this module, you would need to refer to the W3C WebDriver |
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recommendation, which can be found here |
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<https://www.w3.org/TR/webdriver1/>: |
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|
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https://www.w3.org/TR/webdriver1/ |
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|
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CONVENTIONS |
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Unless otherwise stated, all delays and time differences in this module |
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are represented as an integer number of milliseconds. |
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|
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WEBDRIVER OBJECTS |
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new AnyEvent::WebDriver key => value... |
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Create a new WebDriver object. Example for a remote WebDriver |
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connection (the only type supported at the moment): |
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|
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my $wd = new AnyEvent::WebDriver host => "localhost", port => 4444; |
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|
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Supported keys are: |
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|
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endpoint => $string |
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For remote connections, the endpoint to connect to (defaults to |
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"http://localhost:4444"). |
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|
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proxy => $proxyspec |
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The proxy to use (same as the "proxy" argument used by |
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AnyEvent::HTTP). The default is "undef", which disables proxies. |
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To use the system-provided proxy (e.g. "http_proxy" environment |
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variable), specify a value of "default". |
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|
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autodelete => $boolean |
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If true (the default), then automatically execute |
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"delete_session" when the WebDriver object is destroyed with an |
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active session. IF set to a false value, then the session will |
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continue to exist. |
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|
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timeout => $seconds |
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The HTTP timeout, in (fractional) seconds (default: 300, but |
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this will likely drastically reduce). This timeout is reset on |
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any activity, so it is not an overall request timeout. Also, |
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individual requests might extend this timeout if they are known |
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to take longer. |
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|
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$al = $wd->actions |
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Creates an action list associated with this WebDriver. See ACTION |
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LISTS, below, for full details. |
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|
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SIMPLIFIED API |
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This section documents the simplified API, which is really just a very |
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thin wrapper around the WebDriver protocol commands. They all block |
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(using AnyEvent condvars) the caller until the result is available, so |
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must not be called from an event loop callback - see "EVENT BASED API" |
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for an alternative. |
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|
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The method names are pretty much taken directly from the W3C WebDriver |
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specification, e.g. the request documented in the "Get All Cookies" |
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section is implemented via the "get_all_cookies" method. |
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|
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The order is the same as in the WebDriver draft at the time of this |
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writing, and only minimal massaging is done to request parameters and |
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results. |
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|
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SESSIONS |
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$wd->new_session ({ key => value... }) |
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Try to connect to the WebDriver and initialize a new session with a |
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"new session" command, passing the given key-value pairs as value |
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(e.g. "capabilities"). |
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|
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No session-dependent methods must be called before this function |
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returns successfully, and only one session can be created per |
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WebDriver object. |
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|
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On success, "$wd->{sid}" is set to the session ID, and |
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"$wd->{capabilities}" is set to the returned capabilities. |
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|
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my $wd = new AnyEvent::Selenium endpoint => "http://localhost:4545"; |
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|
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$wd->new_session ({ |
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capabilities => { |
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pageLoadStrategy => "normal", |
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}. |
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}); |
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|
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$wd->delete_session |
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Deletes the session - the WebDriver object must not be used after |
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this call. |
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|
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$timeouts = $wd->get_timeouts |
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Get the current timeouts, e.g.: |
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|
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my $timeouts = $wd->get_timeouts; |
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=> { implicit => 0, pageLoad => 300000, script => 30000 } |
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|
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$wd->set_timeouts ($timeouts) |
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Sets one or more timeouts, e.g.: |
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|
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$wd->set_timeouts ({ script => 60000 }); |
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|
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NAVIGATION |
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$wd->navigate_to ($url) |
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Navigates to the specified URL. |
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|
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$url = $wd->get_current_url |
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Queries the current page URL as set by "navigate_to". |
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|
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$wd->back |
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The equivalent of pressing "back" in the browser. |
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|
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$wd->forward |
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The equivalent of pressing "forward" in the browser. |
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|
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$wd->refresh |
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The equivalent of pressing "refresh" in the browser. |
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|
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$title = $wd->get_title |
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Returns the current document title. |
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|
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COMMAND CONTEXTS |
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$handle = $wd->get_window_handle |
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Returns the current window handle. |
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|
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$wd->close_window |
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Closes the current browsing context. |
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|
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$wd->switch_to_window ($handle) |
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Changes the current browsing context to the given window. |
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|
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$handles = $wd->get_window_handles |
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Return the current window handles as an array-ref of handle IDs. |
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|
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$handles = $wd->switch_to_frame ($frame) |
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Switch to the given frame identified by $frame, which must be either |
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"undef" to go back to the top-level browsing context, an integer to |
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select the nth subframe, or an element object. |
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|
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$handles = $wd->switch_to_parent_frame |
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Switch to the parent frame. |
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|
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$rect = $wd->get_window_rect |
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Return the current window rect, e.g.: |
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|
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$rect = $wd->get_window_rect |
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=> { height => 1040, width => 540, x => 0, y => 0 } |
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|
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$wd->set_window_rect ($rect) |
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Sets the window rect. |
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|
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$wd->maximize_window |
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$wd->minimize_window |
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$wd->fullscreen_window |
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Changes the window size by either maximising, minimising or making |
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it fullscreen. In my experience, this will timeout if no window |
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manager is running. |
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|
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ELEMENT RETRIEVAL |
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$element = $wd->find_element ($location_strategy, $selector) |
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Finds the first element specified by the given selector and returns |
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its element object. Raises an error when no element was found. |
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|
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$element = $wd->find_element ("css selector" => "body a"); |
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$element = $wd->find_element ("link text" => "Click Here For Porn"); |
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$element = $wd->find_element ("partial link text" => "orn"); |
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$element = $wd->find_element ("tag name" => "input"); |
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$element = $wd->find_element ("xpath" => '//input[@type="text"]'); |
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=> e.g. { "element-6066-11e4-a52e-4f735466cecf" => "decddca8-5986-4e1d-8c93-efe952505a5f" } |
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|
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$elements = $wd->find_elements ($location_strategy, $selector) |
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As above, but returns an arrayref of all found element objects. |
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|
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$element = $wd->find_element_from_element ($element, $location_strategy, |
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$selector) |
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Like "find_element", but looks only inside the specified $element. |
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|
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$elements = $wd->find_elements_from_element ($element, |
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$location_strategy, $selector) |
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Like "find_elements", but looks only inside the specified $element. |
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|
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my $head = $wd->find_element ("tag name" => "head"); |
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my $links = $wd->find_elements_from_element ($head, "tag name", "link"); |
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|
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$element = $wd->get_active_element |
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Returns the active element. |
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|
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ELEMENT STATE |
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$bool = $wd->is_element_selected |
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Returns whether the given input or option element is selected or |
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not. |
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|
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$string = $wd->get_element_attribute ($element, $name) |
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Returns the value of the given attribute. |
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|
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$string = $wd->get_element_property ($element, $name) |
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Returns the value of the given property. |
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|
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$string = $wd->get_element_css_value ($element, $name) |
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Returns the value of the given CSS value. |
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|
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$string = $wd->get_element_text ($element) |
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Returns the (rendered) text content of the given element. |
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|
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$string = $wd->get_element_tag_name ($element) |
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Returns the tag of the given element. |
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|
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$rect = $wd->get_element_rect ($element) |
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Returns the element rect(angle) of the given element. |
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|
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$bool = $wd->is_element_enabled |
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Returns whether the element is enabled or not. |
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|
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ELEMENT INTERACTION |
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$wd->element_click ($element) |
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Clicks the given element. |
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|
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$wd->element_clear ($element) |
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Clear the contents of the given element. |
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|
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$wd->element_send_keys ($element, $text) |
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Sends the given text as key events to the given element. |
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|
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DOCUMENT HANDLING |
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$source = $wd->get_page_source |
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Returns the (HTML/XML) page source of the current document. |
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|
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$results = $wd->execute_script ($javascript, $args) |
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Synchronously execute the given script with given arguments and |
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return its results ($args can be "undef" if no arguments are |
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wanted/needed). |
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|
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$ten = $wd->execute_script ("return arguments[0]+arguments[1]", [3, 7]); |
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|
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$results = $wd->execute_async_script ($javascript, $args) |
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Similar to "execute_script", but doesn't wait for script to return, |
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but instead waits for the script to call its last argument, which is |
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added to $args automatically. |
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|
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$twenty = $wd->execute_async_script ("arguments[0](20)", undef); |
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|
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COOKIES |
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$cookies = $wd->get_all_cookies |
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Returns all cookies, as an arrayref of hashrefs. |
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|
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# google surely sets a lot of cookies without my consent |
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$wd->navigate_to ("http://google.com"); |
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use Data::Dump; |
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ddx $wd->get_all_cookies; |
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|
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$cookie = $wd->get_named_cookie ($name) |
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Returns a single cookie as a hashref. |
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|
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$wd->add_cookie ($cookie) |
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Adds the given cookie hashref. |
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|
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$wd->delete_cookie ($name) |
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Delete the named cookie. |
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|
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$wd->delete_all_cookies |
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Delete all cookies. |
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|
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ACTIONS |
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$wd->perform_actions ($actions) |
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Perform the given actions (an arrayref of action specifications |
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simulating user activity, or an "AnyEvent::WebDriver::Actions" |
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object). For further details, read the spec or the section "ACTION |
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LISTS", below. |
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|
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An example to get you started (see the next example for a mostly |
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equivalent example using the "AnyEvent::WebDriver::Actions" helper |
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API): |
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|
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$wd->navigate_to ("https://duckduckgo.com/html"); |
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my $input = $wd->find_element ("css selector", 'input[type="text"]'); |
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$wd->perform_actions ([ |
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{ |
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id => "myfatfinger", |
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type => "pointer", |
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pointerType => "touch", |
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actions => [ |
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{ type => "pointerMove", duration => 100, origin => $input, x => 40, y => 5 }, |
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{ type => "pointerDown", button => 1 }, |
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{ type => "pause", duration => 40 }, |
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{ type => "pointerUp", button => 1 }, |
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], |
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}, |
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{ |
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id => "mykeyboard", |
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type => "key", |
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actions => [ |
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{ type => "pause" }, |
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{ type => "pause" }, |
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{ type => "pause" }, |
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{ type => "pause" }, |
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{ type => "keyDown", value => "a" }, |
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{ type => "pause", duration => 100 }, |
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{ type => "keyUp", value => "a" }, |
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{ type => "pause", duration => 100 }, |
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{ type => "keyDown", value => "b" }, |
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{ type => "pause", duration => 100 }, |
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{ type => "keyUp", value => "b" }, |
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{ type => "pause", duration => 2000 }, |
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{ type => "keyDown", value => "\x{E007}" }, # enter |
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{ type => "pause", duration => 100 }, |
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{ type => "keyUp", value => "\x{E007}" }, # enter |
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{ type => "pause", duration => 5000 }, |
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], |
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}, |
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]); |
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|
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And here is essentially the same (except for fewer pauses) example |
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as above, using the much simpler "AnyEvent::WebDriver::Actions" API. |
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Note that the pointer up and key down event happen concurrently in |
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this example: |
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|
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$wd->navigate_to ("https://duckduckgo.com/html"); |
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my $input = $wd->find_element ("css selector", 'input[type="text"]'); |
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$wd->actions |
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->move ($input, 40, 5, "touch1") |
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->click; |
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->key ("a"); |
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->key ("b"); |
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->pause (2000); |
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->key ("\x{E007}") |
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->pause (5000); |
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->perform; |
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|
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$wd->release_actions |
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Release all keys and pointer buttons currently depressed. |
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|
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USER PROMPTS |
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$wd->dismiss_alert |
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Dismiss a simple dialog, if present. |
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|
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$wd->accept_alert |
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Accept a simple dialog, if present. |
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|
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$text = $wd->get_alert_text |
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Returns the text of any simple dialog. |
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|
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$text = $wd->send_alert_text |
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Fills in the user prompt with the given text. |
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|
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SCREEN CAPTURE |
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$wd->take_screenshot |
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Create a screenshot, returning it as a PNG image in a "data:" URL. |
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|
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$wd->take_element_screenshot ($element) |
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Accept a simple dialog, if present. |
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|
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ACTION LISTS |
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Action lists can be quite complicated. Or at least it took a while for |
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me to twist my head around them. Basically, an action list consists of a |
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number of sources representing devices (such as a finger, a mouse, a pen |
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or a keyboard) and a list of actions for each source. |
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|
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An action can be a key press, a pointer move or a pause (time delay). |
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Actions from different sources can happen "at the same time", while |
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actions from a single source are executed in order. |
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|
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While you can provide an action list manually, it is (hopefully) less |
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cumbersome to use the API described in this section to create them. |
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|
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The basic process of creating and performing actions is to create a new |
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action list, adding action sources, followed by adding actions. Finally |
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you would "perform" those actions on the WebDriver. |
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|
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Virtual time progresses as long as you add actions to the same event |
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source. Adding events to different sources are considered to happen |
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concurrently. If you want to force time to progress, you can do this |
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using a call to "->pause (0)". |
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|
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Most methods here are designed to chain, i.e. they return the web |
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actions object, to simplify multiple calls. |
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|
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For example, to simulate a mouse click to an input element, followed by |
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entering some text and pressing enter, you can use this: |
409 |
|
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$wd->actions |
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->click (1, 100) |
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->type ("some text") |
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->key ("Enter") |
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->perform; |
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|
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By default, keyboard and mouse input sources are provided. You can |
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create your own sources and use them when adding events. The above |
418 |
example could be more verbosely written like this: |
419 |
|
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$wd->actions |
421 |
->click (1, 100, "mouse") |
422 |
->type ("some text") |
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->key ("Enter") |
424 |
->perform; |
425 |
|
426 |
#TODO verboser example |
427 |
|
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When you specify the event source expliticly it will switch the current |
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"focus" for this class of device (all keyboards are in one class, all |
430 |
pointer-like devices such as mice/fingers/pens are in one class), so you |
431 |
don't have to specify the source for subsequent actions. |
432 |
|
433 |
When you use the sources "keyboard", "mouse", "touch1".."touch3", "pen" |
434 |
without defining them, then a suitable default source will be created |
435 |
for them. |
436 |
|
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$al = new AnyEvent::WebDriver::Actions |
438 |
Create a new empty action list object. More often you would use the |
439 |
"$sel->action_list" method to create one that is already associated |
440 |
with a given web driver. |
441 |
|
442 |
$al = $al->source ($id, $type, key => value...) |
443 |
The first time you call this with a givne ID, this defines the event |
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source using the extra parameters. Subsequent calls merely switch |
445 |
the current source for its event class. |
446 |
|
447 |
It's not an error to define built-in sources (such as "keyboard" or |
448 |
"touch1") differently then the defaults. |
449 |
|
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Example: define a new touch device called "fatfinger". |
451 |
|
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$al->source (fatfinger => "pointer", pointerType => "touch"); |
453 |
|
454 |
Example: switchdefine a new touch device called "fatfinger". |
455 |
|
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$al->source (fatfinger => "pointer", pointerType => "touch"); |
457 |
|
458 |
$al = $al->pause ($duration) |
459 |
Creates a pause with the given duration. Makes sure that time |
460 |
progresses in any case, even when $duration is 0. |
461 |
|
462 |
$al = $al->pointer_down ($button, $source) |
463 |
$al = $al->pointer_up ($button, $source) |
464 |
Press or release the given button. $button defaults to 1. |
465 |
|
466 |
$al = $al->click ($button, $source) |
467 |
Convenience function that creates a button press and release action |
468 |
without any delay between them. $button defaults to 1. |
469 |
|
470 |
$al = $al->doubleclick ($button, $source) |
471 |
Convenience function that creates two button press and release |
472 |
action pairs in a row, with no unnecessary delay between them. |
473 |
$button defaults to 1. |
474 |
|
475 |
$al = $al->move ($button, $origin, $x, $y, $duration, $source) |
476 |
Moves a pointer to the given position, relative to origin (either |
477 |
"viewport", "pointer" or an element object. |
478 |
|
479 |
$al = $al->keyDown ($key, $source) |
480 |
$al = $al->keyUp ($key, $source) |
481 |
Press or release the given key. |
482 |
|
483 |
$al->perform ($wd) |
484 |
Finaluses and compiles the list, if not done yet, and calls |
485 |
"$wd->perform" with it. |
486 |
|
487 |
If $wd is undef, and the action list was created using the |
488 |
"$wd->actions" method, then perform it against that WebDriver |
489 |
object. |
490 |
|
491 |
There is no underscore variant - call the "perform_actions_" method |
492 |
with the action object instead. |
493 |
|
494 |
$al->perform_release ($wd) |
495 |
Exactly like "perform", but additionally call "release_actions" |
496 |
afterwards. |
497 |
|
498 |
($actions, $duration) = $al->compile |
499 |
Finalises and compiles the list, if not done yet, and returns an |
500 |
actions object suitable for calls to "$wd->perform_actions". When |
501 |
called in list context, additionally returns the total duration of |
502 |
the action list. |
503 |
|
504 |
Since building large action lists can take nontrivial amounts of |
505 |
time, it can make sense to build an action list only once and then |
506 |
perform it multiple times. |
507 |
|
508 |
Actions must not be added after compiling a list. |
509 |
|
510 |
EVENT BASED API |
511 |
This module wouldn't be a good AnyEvent citizen if it didn't have a true |
512 |
event-based API. |
513 |
|
514 |
In fact, the simplified API, as documented above, is emulated via the |
515 |
event-based API and an "AUTOLOAD" function that automatically provides |
516 |
blocking wrappers around the callback-based API. |
517 |
|
518 |
Every method documented in the "SIMPLIFIED API" section has an |
519 |
equivalent event-based method that is formed by appending a underscore |
520 |
("_") to the method name, and appending a callback to the argument list |
521 |
(mnemonic: the underscore indicates the "the action is not yet finished" |
522 |
after the call returns). |
523 |
|
524 |
For example, instead of a blocking calls to "new_session", "navigate_to" |
525 |
and "back", you can make a callback-based ones: |
526 |
|
527 |
my $cv = AE::cv; |
528 |
|
529 |
$wd->new_session ({}, sub { |
530 |
my ($status, $value) = @_, |
531 |
|
532 |
die "error $value->{error}" if $status ne "200"; |
533 |
|
534 |
$wd->navigate_to_ ("http://www.nethype.de", sub { |
535 |
|
536 |
$wd->back_ (sub { |
537 |
print "all done\n"; |
538 |
$cv->send; |
539 |
}); |
540 |
|
541 |
}); |
542 |
}); |
543 |
|
544 |
$cv->recv; |
545 |
|
546 |
While the blocking methods "croak" on errors, the callback-based ones |
547 |
all pass two values to the callback, $status and $res, where $status is |
548 |
the HTTP status code (200 for successful requests, typically 4xx or 5xx |
549 |
for errors), and $res is the value of the "value" key in the JSON |
550 |
response object. |
551 |
|
552 |
Other than that, the underscore variants and the blocking variants are |
553 |
identical. |
554 |
|
555 |
LOW LEVEL API |
556 |
All the simplified API methods are very thin wrappers around WebDriver |
557 |
commands of the same name. They are all implemented in terms of the |
558 |
low-level methods ("req", "get", "post" and "delete"), which exists in |
559 |
blocking and callback-based variants ("req_", "get_", "post_" and |
560 |
"delete_"). |
561 |
|
562 |
Examples are after the function descriptions. |
563 |
|
564 |
$wd->req_ ($method, $uri, $body, $cb->($status, $value)) |
565 |
$value = $wd->req ($method, $uri, $body) |
566 |
Appends the $uri to the "endpoint/session/{sessionid}/" URL and |
567 |
makes a HTTP $method request ("GET", "POST" etc.). "POST" requests |
568 |
can provide a UTF-8-encoded JSON text as HTTP request body, or the |
569 |
empty string to indicate no body is used. |
570 |
|
571 |
For the callback version, the callback gets passed the HTTP status |
572 |
code (200 for every successful request), and the value of the |
573 |
"value" key in the JSON response object as second argument. |
574 |
|
575 |
$wd->get_ ($uri, $cb->($status, $value)) |
576 |
$value = $wd->get ($uri) |
577 |
Simply a call to "req_" with $method set to "GET" and an empty body. |
578 |
|
579 |
$wd->post_ ($uri, $data, $cb->($status, $value)) |
580 |
$value = $wd->post ($uri, $data) |
581 |
Simply a call to "req_" with $method set to "POST" - if $body is |
582 |
"undef", then an empty object is send, otherwise, $data must be a |
583 |
valid request object, which gets encoded into JSON for you. |
584 |
|
585 |
$wd->delete_ ($uri, $cb->($status, $value)) |
586 |
$value = $wd->delete ($uri) |
587 |
Simply a call to "req_" with $method set to "DELETE" and an empty |
588 |
body. |
589 |
|
590 |
Example: implement "get_all_cookies", which is a simple "GET" request |
591 |
without any parameters: |
592 |
|
593 |
$cookies = $wd->get ("cookie"); |
594 |
|
595 |
Example: implement "execute_script", which needs some parameters: |
596 |
|
597 |
$results = $wd->post ("execute/sync" => { script => "$javascript", args => [] }); |
598 |
|
599 |
Example: call "find_elements" to find all "IMG" elements: |
600 |
|
601 |
$elems = $wd->post (elements => { using => "css selector", value => "img" }); |
602 |
|
603 |
HISTORY |
604 |
This module was unintentionally created (it started inside some quickly |
605 |
hacked-together script) simply because I couldn't get the existing |
606 |
"Selenium::Remote::Driver" module to work, ever, despite multiple |
607 |
attempts over the years and trying to report multiple bugs, which have |
608 |
been completely ignored. It's also not event-based, so, yeah... |
609 |
|
610 |
AUTHOR |
611 |
Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de> |
612 |
http://anyevent.schmorp.de |
613 |
|