[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/AnyEvent/README

Comparing AnyEvent/README (file contents):
Revision 1.23 by root, Mon May 26 06:04:38 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.49 by root, Tue Jul 28 11:02:19 2009 UTC

…		…
1	=> NAME	1	NAME
2	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	2	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
3		3
4	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event	4	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async,
5	loops	5	Qt and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
6		6
7	SYNOPSIS	7	SYNOPSIS
8	use AnyEvent;	8	use AnyEvent;
9		9
		10	# file descriptor readable
10	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r\|w", cb => sub {	11	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
		12
		13	# one-shot or repeating timers
		14	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
		15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...
		16
		17	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
		18	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
		19
		20	# POSIX signal
		21	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });
		22
		23	# child process exit
		24	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
		25	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
11	...	26	...
12	});	27	});
13		28
14	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub {	29	# called when event loop idle (if applicable)
15	...	30	my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... });
16	});
17		31
18	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged	32	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
19	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's	33	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
20	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send	34	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
		35	# use a condvar in callback mode:
		36	$w->cb (sub { $_[0]->recv });
		37
		38	INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
		39	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested in a
		40	tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the AnyEvent::Intro
		41	manpage.
		42
		43	SUPPORT
		44	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		45	channel, too.
		46
		47	See the AnyEvent project page at the Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		48	Repository, at <http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
21		49
22	WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	50	WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
23	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	51	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
24	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	52	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
25		53
26	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is compatible, AnyEvent is *free of	54	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is compatible, AnyEvent is *free of
27	policy* and AnyEvent is small and efficient.	55	policy* and AnyEvent is small and efficient.
28		56
29	First and foremost, AnyEvent is not an event model itself, it only	57	First and foremost, AnyEvent is not an event model itself, it only
30	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use in a	58	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use, in a
31	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,	59	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,
32	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,	60	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,
33	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process.	61	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process.
34	AnyEvent helps hiding the differences between those event loops.	62	AnyEvent cannot change this, but it can hide the differences between
		63	those event loops.
35		64
36	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event	65	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event
37	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a	66	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a
38	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your	67	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your
39	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	68	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
40	model you use.	69	model you use.
41		70
42	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	71	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
43	actually doing all I/O synchronously...), using them in your module is	72	actually doing all I/O synchronously...), using them in your module is
44	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	73	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you
45	cannot use anything else, as it is simply incompatible to everything	74	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
46	that isn't itself. What's worse, all the potential users of your module	75	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your module
47	are also forced to use the same event loop you use.	76	are also forced to use the same event loop you use.
48		77
49	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	78	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
50	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	79	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
51	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? no go. Tk + Event? no go. Again: if your	80	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if your
52	module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it, too.	81	module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it, too.
53	But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all event	82	But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all event
54	models it supports (including stuff like POE and IO::Async, as long as	83	models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those use
55	those use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new	84	one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops
56	event loops to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	85	to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).
57		86
58	In addition to being free of having to use *the one and only true event	87	In addition to being free of having to use *the one and only true event
59	model*, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	88	model*, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
60	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	89	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
61	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by	90	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by
62	only offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a	91	only offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a
63	wrapper as technically possible.	92	wrapper as technically possible.
64		93
		94	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox of
		95	useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
		96	non-blocking connects (even with TLS/SSL, IPv6 and on broken platforms
		97	such as Windows) and lots of real-world knowledge and workarounds for
		98	platform bugs and differences.
		99
65	Of course, if you want lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat	100	Now, if you do want lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat
66	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	101	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
67	model, you should not use this module.	102	model, you should not use this module.
68		103
69	DESCRIPTION	104	DESCRIPTION
70	AnyEvent provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This	105	AnyEvent provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This
99	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors	134	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors
100	to use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...	135	to use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...
101		136
102	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	137	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called
103	"AnyEvent::Impl::Perl". Like other event modules you can load it	138	"AnyEvent::Impl::Perl". Like other event modules you can load it
104	explicitly.	139	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)
105		140
106	WATCHERS	141	WATCHERS
107	AnyEvent has the central concept of a watcher, which is an object that	142	AnyEvent has the central concept of a watcher, which is an object that
108	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	143	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
109	the callback to call, the file handle to watch, etc.	144	the callback to call, the file handle to watch, etc.
…		…
111	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After	146	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
112	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the	147	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
113	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model is	148	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model is
114	in control).	149	in control).
115		150
		151	Note that callbacks must not permanently change global variables
		152	potentially in use by the event loop (such as $_ or $[) and that
		153	callbacks must not "die". The former is good programming practise in
		154	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
		155	widely between event loops.
		156
116	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	157	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
117	variable you store it in to "undef" or otherwise deleting all references	158	variable you store it in to "undef" or otherwise deleting all references
118	to it).	159	to it).
119		160
120	All watchers are created by calling a method on the "AnyEvent" class.	161	All watchers are created by calling a method on the "AnyEvent" class.
…		…
122	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for	163	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
123	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.	164	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
124		165
125	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:	166	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:
126		167
127	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {	168	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
128	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it	169	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
129	undef $w;	170	undef $w;
130	});	171	});
131		172
132	Note that "my $w; $w =" combination. This is necessary because in Perl,	173	Note that "my $w; $w =" combination. This is necessary because in Perl,
133	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	174	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
134	declared.	175	declared.
135		176
136	I/O WATCHERS	177	I/O WATCHERS
137	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the "AnyEvent->io" method with	178	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the "AnyEvent->io" method with
138	the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	179	the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
139		180
140	"fh" the Perl file handle (not file descriptor) to watch for events.	181	"fh" is the Perl file handle (or a naked file descriptor) to watch for
		182	events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
		183	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
		184	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
		185	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example
		186	files or block devices.
		187
141	"poll" must be a string that is either "r" or "w", which creates a	188	"poll" must be a string that is either "r" or "w", which creates a
142	watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively. "cb"	189	watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively.
		190
143	is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.	191	"cb" is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
144		192
145	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	193	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
146	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	194	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
147	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.	195	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
148		196
…		…
152		200
153	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	201	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should
154	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	202	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
155	handles.	203	handles.
156		204
157	Example:
158
159	# wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the watcher	205	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
		206	watcher.
		207
160	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {	208	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
161	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);	209	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);
162	warn "read: $input\n";	210	warn "read: $input\n";
163	undef $w;	211	undef $w;
164	});	212	});
…		…
173		221
174	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	222	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
175	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	223	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
176	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	224	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
177		225
178	The timer callback will be invoked at most once: if you want a repeating	226	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another
179	timer you have to create a new watcher (this is a limitation by both Tk	227	parameter, "interval", as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
180	and Glib).	228	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
		229	seconds) after the first invocation. If "interval" is specified with a
		230	false value, then it is treated as if it were missing.
181		231
182	Example:	232	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
		233	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval
		234	is only approximate.
183		235
184	# fire an event after 7.7 seconds	236	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
		237
185	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	238	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
186	warn "timeout\n";	239	warn "timeout\n";
187	});	240	});
188		241
189	# to cancel the timer:	242	# to cancel the timer:
190	undef $w;	243	undef $w;
191		244
192	Example 2:
193
194	# fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second	245	Example 2: fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second.
195	my $w;
196		246
197	my $cb = sub {
198	# cancel the old timer while creating a new one
199	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => $cb);	247	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, interval => 1, cb => sub {
		248	warn "timeout\n";
200	};	249	};
201
202	# start the "loop" by creating the first watcher
203	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, cb => $cb);
204		250
205	TIMING ISSUES	251	TIMING ISSUES
206	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire	252	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire
207	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12	253	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12
208	o'clock").	254	o'clock").
…		…
220	on wallclock time) timers.	266	on wallclock time) timers.
221		267
222	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the	268	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
223	AnyEvent API.	269	AnyEvent API.
224		270
		271	AnyEvent has two additional methods that return the "current time":
		272
		273	AnyEvent->time
		274	This returns the "current wallclock time" as a fractional number of
		275	seconds since the Epoch (the same thing as "time" or
		276	"Time::HiRes::time" return, and the result is guaranteed to be
		277	compatible with those).
		278
		279	It progresses independently of any event loop processing, i.e. each
		280	call will check the system clock, which usually gets updated
		281	frequently.
		282
		283	AnyEvent->now
		284	This also returns the "current wallclock time", but unlike "time",
		285	above, this value might change only once per event loop iteration,
		286	depending on the event loop (most return the same time as "time",
		287	above). This is the time that AnyEvent's timers get scheduled
		288	against.
		289
		290	*In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
		291	function to call when you want to know the current time.*
		292
		293	This function is also often faster then "AnyEvent->time", and thus
		294	the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
		295	AnyEvent::Handle uses this to update it's activity timeouts).
		296
		297	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very
		298	exact with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.
		299
		300	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider
		301	Event::Lib and EV and the following set-up:
		302
		303	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback
		304	at time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your
		305	callback, you wait a second by executing "sleep 1" (blocking the
		306	process for a second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative
		307	timer that fires after three seconds.
		308
		309	With Event::Lib, "AnyEvent->time" and "AnyEvent->now" will both
		310	return 501, because that is the current time, and the timer will be
		311	scheduled to fire at time=504 (501 + 3).
		312
		313	With EV, "AnyEvent->time" returns 501 (as that is the current time),
		314	but "AnyEvent->now" returns 500, as that is the time the last event
		315	processing phase started. With EV, your timer gets scheduled to run
		316	at time=503 (500 + 3).
		317
		318	In one sense, Event::Lib is more exact, as it uses the current time
		319	regardless of any delays introduced by event processing. However,
		320	most callbacks do not expect large delays in processing, so this
		321	causes a higher drift (and a lot more system calls to get the
		322	current time).
		323
		324	In another sense, EV is more exact, as your timer will be scheduled
		325	at the same time, regardless of how long event processing actually
		326	took.
		327
		328	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
		329	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking
		330	the difference between "AnyEvent->time" and "AnyEvent->now" into
		331	account.
		332
		333	AnyEvent->now_update
		334	Some event loops (such as EV or AnyEvent::Impl::Perl) cache the
		335	current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of
		336	AnyEvent->now, above).
		337
		338	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps),
		339	then this "current" time will differ substantially from the real
		340	time, which might affect timers and time-outs.
		341
		342	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update
		343	the event loop's idea of "current time".
		344
		345	Note that updating the time might cause some events to be handled.
		346
225	SIGNAL WATCHERS	347	SIGNAL WATCHERS
226	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, "signal" is the signal	348	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, "signal" is the signal
227	name without any "SIG" prefix, "cb" is the Perl callback to be invoked	349	name in uppercase and without any "SIG" prefix, "cb" is the Perl
228	whenever a signal occurs.	350	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
229		351
230	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	352	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
231	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	353	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
232	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.	354	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.
233		355
…		…
235	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous	357	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous
236	means that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the	358	means that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the
237	process, but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	359	process, but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
238		360
239	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a	361	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a
240	signal between multiple watchers.	362	signal between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals
		363	will not interrupt your program at bad times.
241		364
242	This watcher might use %SIG, so programs overwriting those signals	365	This watcher might use %SIG (depending on the event loop used), so
243	directly will likely not work correctly.	366	programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		367	correctly.
244		368
245	Example: exit on SIGINT	369	Example: exit on SIGINT
246		370
247	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	371	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
		372
		373	Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		374	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		375	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot do
		376	race-free signal handling in perl. AnyEvent will try to do it's best,
		377	but in some cases, signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal
		378	might be delayed is specified in $AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY (default:
		379	10 seconds). This variable can be changed only before the first signal
		380	watcher is created, and should be left alone otherwise. Higher values
		381	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		382	saving. All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		383	Async::Interrupt module. This will not work with inherently broken event
		384	loops such as Event or Event::Lib (and not with POE currently, as POE
		385	does it's own workaround with one-second latency). With those, you just
		386	have to suffer the delays.
248		387
249	CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	388	CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
250	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	389	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
251		390
252	The child process is specified by the "pid" argument (if set to 0, it	391	The child process is specified by the "pid" argument (one some backends,
253	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often	392	using 0 watches for any child process exit, on others this will croak).
254	as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a	393	The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has finished
255	signal handler for "SIGCHLD". The callback will be called with the pid	394	and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
256	and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types,	395	(stopped/continued).
257	you can rely on child watcher callback arguments.	396
		397	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
		398	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you can rely on child watcher
		399	callback arguments.
		400
		401	This watcher type works by installing a signal handler for "SIGCHLD",
		402	and since it cannot be shared, nothing else should use SIGCHLD or reap
		403	random child processes (waiting for specific child processes, e.g.
		404	inside "system", is just fine).
258		405
259	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start	406	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start
260	them after the child process was created, and this means the process	407	them after the child process was created, and this means the process
261	could have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	408	could have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
262		409
263	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	410	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async
		411	do, see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event
264	event models that do handle this correctly, they usually need to be	412	models that do handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded
265	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first	413	before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).
266	place).	414	AnyEvent's pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless
		415	of when you start the watcher.
267		416
268	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in	417	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in
269	an AnyEvent program, you have to create at least one watcher before	418	an AnyEvent program, you have to create at least one watcher before
270	you "fork" the child (alternatively, you can call "AnyEvent::detect").	419	you "fork" the child (alternatively, you can call "AnyEvent::detect").
271		420
		421	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will
		422	be emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race
		423	problems mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
		424
272	Example: fork a process and wait for it	425	Example: fork a process and wait for it
273		426
274	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	427	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
275		428
276	my $pid = fork or exit 5;	429	my $pid = fork or exit 5;
277		430
278	my $w = AnyEvent->child (	431	my $w = AnyEvent->child (
279	pid => $pid,	432	pid => $pid,
280	cb => sub {	433	cb => sub {
281	my ($pid, $status) = @_;	434	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
282	warn "pid $pid exited with status $status";	435	warn "pid $pid exited with status $status";
283	$done->send;	436	$done->send;
284	},	437	},
285	);	438	);
286		439
287	# do something else, then wait for process exit	440	# do something else, then wait for process exit
288	$done->recv;	441	$done->recv;
		442
		443	IDLE WATCHERS
		444	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important to
		445	do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
		446	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
		447	attention by the event loop".
		448
		449	Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing better
		450	to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new events.
		451	Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.
		452
		453	Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only
		454	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
		455	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
		456
		457	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the program
		458	is otherwise idle:
		459
		460	my @lines; # read data
		461	my $idle_w;
		462	my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
		463	push @lines, scalar <STDIN>;
		464
		465	# start an idle watcher, if not already done
		466	$idle_w \|\|= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub {
		467	# handle only one line, when there are lines left
		468	if (my $line = shift @lines) {
		469	print "handled when idle: $line";
		470	} else {
		471	# otherwise disable the idle watcher again
		472	undef $idle_w;
		473	}
		474	});
		475	});
289		476
290	CONDITION VARIABLES	477	CONDITION VARIABLES
291	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	478	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
292	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	479	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
293	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	480	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
294		481
295	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop	482	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the
296	and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	483	event loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the
		484	user).
297		485
298	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	486	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called
299	because they represent a condition that must become true.	487	because they represent a condition that must become true.
		488
		489	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
300		490
301	Condition variables can be created by calling the "AnyEvent->condvar"	491	Condition variables can be created by calling the "AnyEvent->condvar"
302	method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	492	method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
303	"cb", which specifies a callback to be called when the condition	493	"cb", which specifies a callback to be called when the condition
304	variable becomes true.	494	variable becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument
		495	(but not the results).
305		496
306	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes	497	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes
307	"true" by calling the "send" method (or calling the condition variable	498	"true" by calling the "send" method (or calling the condition variable
308	as if it were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for	499	as if it were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for
309	the "->send" method).	500	the "->send" method).
…		…
311	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	502	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can
312	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	503	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points
313	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	504	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet
314	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can	505	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can
315	be used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and	506	be used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and
316	delivers a result.	507	delivers a result. And yet some people know them as "futures" - a
		508	promise to compute/deliver something that you can wait for.
317		509
318	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has	510	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has
319	finished, for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http	511	finished, for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http
320	requests, then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to	512	requests, then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to
321	signal the availability of results. The user can either act when the	513	signal the availability of results. The user can either act when the
…		…
355	after => 1,	547	after => 1,
356	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	548	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },
357	);	549	);
358		550
359	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	551	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
360	# calls send	552	# calls -<send
361	$result_ready->recv;	553	$result_ready->recv;
362		554
363	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition	555	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
364	variables are also code references.	556	variables are also callable directly.
365		557
366	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	558	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
367	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	559	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
368	$done->recv;	560	$done->recv;
		561
		562	Example: Imagine an API that returns a condvar and doesn't support
		563	callbacks. This is how you make a synchronous call, for example from the
		564	main program:
		565
		566	use AnyEvent::CouchDB;
		567
		568	...
		569
		570	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
		571
		572	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
		573	results are available:
		574
		575	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
		576	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
		577	});
369		578
370	METHODS FOR PRODUCERS	579	METHODS FOR PRODUCERS
371	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the	580	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the
372	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also the	581	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also the
373	producer side which creates the condvar in most cases, but it isn't	582	producer side which creates the condvar in most cases, but it isn't
…		…
383		592
384	Any arguments passed to the "send" call will be returned by all	593	Any arguments passed to the "send" call will be returned by all
385	future "->recv" calls.	594	future "->recv" calls.
386		595
387	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as	596	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as
388	a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	597	if they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as
389	"send". Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	598	calling "send".
390	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition
391	variable instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and
392	EV loops support overloading, however, as well as all functions that
393	use perl to invoke a callback (as in AnyEvent::Socket and
394	AnyEvent::DNS for example).
395		599
396	$cv->croak ($error)	600	$cv->croak ($error)
397	Similar to send, but causes all call's to "->recv" to invoke	601	Similar to send, but causes all call's to "->recv" to invoke
398	"Carp::croak" with the given error message/object/scalar.	602	"Carp::croak" with the given error message/object/scalar.
399		603
400	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	604	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
401	user/consumer.	605	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling "croak" directly
		606	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that
		607	it diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected,
		608	and not deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual
		609	code causing the problem.
402		610
403	$cv->begin ([group callback])	611	$cv->begin ([group callback])
404	$cv->end	612	$cv->end
405	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
406
407	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events	613	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events
408	into one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel	614	into one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel
409	might want to use a condition variable for the whole process.	615	might want to use a condition variable for the whole process.
410		616
411	Every call to "->begin" will increment a counter, and every call to	617	Every call to "->begin" will increment a counter, and every call to
412	"->end" will decrement it. If the counter reaches 0 in "->end", the	618	"->end" will decrement it. If the counter reaches 0 in "->end", the
413	(last) callback passed to "begin" will be executed. That callback is	619	(last) callback passed to "begin" will be executed. That callback is
414	supposed to call "->send", but that is not required. If no	620	supposed to call "->send", but that is not required. If no
415	callback was set, "send" will be called without any arguments.	621	callback was set, "send" will be called without any arguments.
416		622
417	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	623	You can think of "$cv->send" giving you an OR condition (one call
		624	sends), while "$cv->begin" and "$cv->end" giving you an AND
		625	condition (all "begin" calls must be "end"'ed before the condvar
		626	sends).
		627
		628	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for
		629	example, STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for
		630	both streams to close before activating a condvar:
		631
		632	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		633
		634	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		635	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		636	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		637	or $cv->end;
		638	});
		639
		640	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		641	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		642	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		643	or $cv->end;
		644	});
		645
		646	$cv->recv;
		647
		648	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle),
		649	there is one call to "begin", so the condvar waits for all calls to
		650	"end" before sending.
		651
		652	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as
		653	the there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks
		654	that are begung can potentially be zero:
418		655
419	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	656	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
420		657
421	my %result;	658	my %result;
422	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	659	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });
…		…
442	the loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the	679	the loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the
443	callback to be called once the counter reaches 0, and second, it	680	callback to be called once the counter reaches 0, and second, it
444	ensures that "send" is called even when "no" hosts are being pinged	681	ensures that "send" is called even when "no" hosts are being pinged
445	(the loop doesn't execute once).	682	(the loop doesn't execute once).
446		683
447	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple	684	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
448	subrequests: use an outer "begin"/"end" pair to set the callback and	685	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer "begin"/"end" pair to
449	ensure "end" is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest	686	set the callback and ensure "end" is called at least once, and then,
450	you start, call "begin" and for each subrequest you finish, call	687	for each subrequest you start, call "begin" and for each subrequest
451	"end".	688	you finish, call "end".
452		689
453	METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	690	METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
454	These methods should only be used by the consuming side, i.e. the code	691	These methods should only be used by the consuming side, i.e. the code
455	awaits the condition.	692	awaits the condition.
456		693
…		…
465	function will call "croak".	702	function will call "croak".
466		703
467	In list context, all parameters passed to "send" will be returned,	704	In list context, all parameters passed to "send" will be returned,
468	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	705	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
469		706
		707	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by
		708	any event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking "->recv"
		709	is not allowed, and the "recv" call will "croak" if such a condition
		710	is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		711	Coro::AnyEvent, which allows you to do a blocking "->recv" from any
		712	thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		713
470	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	714	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
471	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so *if you are	715	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so *if you are
472	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait*, but let	716	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait*. Instead,
473	the caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example,	717	let the caller decide whether the call will block or not (for
474	by coupling condition variables with some kind of request results	718	example, by coupling condition variables with some kind of request
475	and supporting callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result	719	results and supporting callbacks so the caller knows that getting
476	will not block, while still supporting blocking waits if the caller	720	the result will not block, while still supporting blocking waits if
477	so desires).	721	the caller so desires).
478
479	Another reason never to "->recv" in a module is that you cannot
480	sensibly have two "->recv"'s in parallel, as that would require
481	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which
482	"AnyEvent" can supply.
483
484	The Coro module, however, can and does supply coroutines and, in
485	fact, Coro::AnyEvent replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
486	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making
487	blocking "->recv" calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from
488	another coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
489		722
490	You can ensure that "-recv" never blocks by setting a callback and	723	You can ensure that "-recv" never blocks by setting a callback and
491	only calling "->recv" from within that callback (or at a later	724	only calling "->recv" from within that callback (or at a later
492	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support	725	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support
493	blocking waits otherwise.	726	blocking waits otherwise.
494		727
495	$bool = $cv->ready	728	$bool = $cv->ready
496	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether "send" or	729	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether "send" or
497	"croak" have been called.	730	"croak" have been called.
498		731
499	$cb = $cv->cb ([new callback])	732	$cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
500	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and	733	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and
501	optionally replaces it before doing so.	734	optionally replaces it before doing so.
502		735
503	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e.	736	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e.
504	when "send" or "croak" are called. Calling "recv" inside the	737	when "send" or "croak" are called, with the only argument being the
		738	condition variable itself. Calling "recv" inside the callback or at
505	callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.	739	any later time is guaranteed not to block.
		740
		741	SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		742	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		743
		744	Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		745	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		746	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will try Event, and,
		747	failing that, will fall back to its own pure-perl implementation,
		748	which is available everywhere as it comes with AnyEvent itself.
		749
		750	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		751	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		752	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
		753
		754	Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		755	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first
		756	watcher is created, in which case it is assumed that the application
		757	is using them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the
		758	right backend when the main program loads an event module before
		759	anything starts to create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done
		760	by the main program.
		761
		762	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		763	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		764	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		765	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		766	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		767
		768	Backends with special needs.
		769	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		770	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		771	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are
		772	created, everything should just work.
		773
		774	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		775
		776	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
		777	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also is
		778	the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so it
		779	can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
		780	AnyEvent::Impl::Async for the gory details.
		781
		782	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
		783
		784	Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		785	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		786
		787	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (Wx) or Prima.
		788
		789	WxWidgets has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		790	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that
		791	simply polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too
		792	horrible to even consider for AnyEvent.
		793
		794	Prima is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a
		795	POE backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		796
		797	AnyEvent knows about both Prima and Wx, however, and will try to
		798	load POE when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them
		799	up, in which case everything will be automatic.
506		800
507	GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	801	GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
		802	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		803	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		804
508	$AnyEvent::MODEL	805	$AnyEvent::MODEL
509	Contains "undef" until the first watcher is being created. Then it	806	Contains "undef" until the first watcher is being created, before
		807	the backend has been autodetected.
		808
510	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of	809	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is
511	the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of	810	the name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is
512	the "AnyEvent::Impl:xxx" modules, but can be any other class in the	811	usually one of the "AnyEvent::Impl:xxx" modules, but can be any
513	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in rxvt-unicode).	812	other class in the case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g.
514		813	in rxvt-unicode it will be "urxvt::anyevent").
515	The known classes so far are:
516
517	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
518	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
519	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
520	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
521	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
522	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
523	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
524	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
525
526	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
527	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
528	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
529	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
530	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by
531	using it's adaptor.
532
533	AnyEvent knows about Prima and Wx and will try to use POE when
534	autodetecting them.
535		814
536	AnyEvent::detect	815	AnyEvent::detect
537	Returns $AnyEvent::MODEL, forcing autodetection of the event model	816	Returns $AnyEvent::MODEL, forcing autodetection of the event model
538	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you	817	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you
539	would have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as	818	would have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as
540	possible at runtime.	819	possible at runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.
		820
		821	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		822	created, use "post_detect".
541		823
542	$guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	824	$guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
543	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event	825	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event
544	model is autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	826	model is autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).
545		827
		828	The block will be executed after the actual backend has been
		829	detected ($AnyEvent::MODEL is set), but before any watchers have
		830	been created, so it is possible to e.g. patch @AnyEvent::ISA or do
		831	other initialisations - see the sources of AnyEvent::Strict or
		832	AnyEvent::AIO to see how this is used.
		833
		834	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without
		835	forcing event module detection too early, for example, AnyEvent::AIO
		836	creates and installs the global IO::AIO watcher in a "post_detect"
		837	block to avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
		838
546	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an	839	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an
547	object that automatically removes the callback again when it is	840	object that automatically removes the callback again when it is
		841	destroyed (or "undef" when the hook was immediately executed). See
548	destroyed. See Coro::BDB for a case where this is useful.	842	AnyEvent::AIO for a case where this is useful.
		843
		844	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		845	$WATCHER. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though.
		846
		847	our WATCHER;
		848
		849	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		850	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		851	};
		852
		853	# the \|\|= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		854	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		855	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		856	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		857
		858	$WATCHER \|\|= $guard;
549		859
550	@AnyEvent::post_detect	860	@AnyEvent::post_detect
551	If there are any code references in this array (you can "push" to it	861	If there are any code references in this array (you can "push" to it
552	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly	862	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly
553	after the event loop has been chosen.	863	after the event loop has been chosen.
554		864
555	You should check $AnyEvent::MODEL before adding to this array,	865	You should check $AnyEvent::MODEL before adding to this array,
556	though: if it contains a true value then the event loop has already	866	though: if it is defined then the event loop has already been
557	been detected, and the array will be ignored.	867	detected, and the array will be ignored.
558		868
559	Best use "AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }" instead.	869	Best use "AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }" when your application
		870	allows it,as it takes care of these details.
		871
		872	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something
		873	useful when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is
		874	initialised, but do not need to even load it by default. This array
		875	provides the means to hook into AnyEvent passively, without loading
		876	it.
560		877
561	WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	878	WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
562	As a module author, you should "use AnyEvent" and call AnyEvent methods	879	As a module author, you should "use AnyEvent" and call AnyEvent methods
563	freely, but you should not load a specific event module or rely on it.	880	freely, but you should not load a specific event module or rely on it.
564		881
…		…
615	variable somewhere, waiting for it, and sending it when the program	932	variable somewhere, waiting for it, and sending it when the program
616	should exit cleanly.	933	should exit cleanly.
617		934
618	OTHER MODULES	935	OTHER MODULES
619	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	936	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
620	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	937	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other
621	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	938	AnyEvent modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the
622	available via CPAN.	939	modules come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.
623		940
624	AnyEvent::Util	941	AnyEvent::Util
625	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but	942	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but
626	blocking functions such as "inet_aton" by event-/callback-based	943	blocking functions such as "inet_aton" by event-/callback-based
627	versions.	944	versions.
628
629	AnyEvent::Handle
630	Provide read and write buffers and manages watchers for reads and
631	writes.
632		945
633	AnyEvent::Socket	946	AnyEvent::Socket
634	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	947	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
635	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking	948	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking
636	tcp connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and	949	tcp connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and
637	more.	950	more.
638		951
		952	AnyEvent::Handle
		953	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and
		954	writes, supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully
		955	transparent and non-blocking SSL/TLS (via AnyEvent::TLS.
		956
639	AnyEvent::DNS	957	AnyEvent::DNS
640	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	958	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
641		959
		960	AnyEvent::HTTP
		961	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of
		962	concurrent HTTP requests.
		963
642	AnyEvent::HTTPD	964	AnyEvent::HTTPD
643	Provides a simple web application server framework.	965	Provides a simple web application server framework.
644		966
645	AnyEvent::FastPing	967	AnyEvent::FastPing
646	The fastest ping in the west.	968	The fastest ping in the west.
647		969
		970	AnyEvent::DBI
		971	Executes DBI requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
		972
		973	AnyEvent::AIO
		974	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
		975	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses IO::AIO and AnyEvent
		976	together.
		977
		978	AnyEvent::BDB
		979	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently
		980	fuses BDB and AnyEvent together.
		981
		982	AnyEvent::GPSD
		983	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS
		984	information.
		985
		986	AnyEvent::IRC
		987	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older
648	Net::IRC3	988	Net::IRC3).
649	AnyEvent based IRC client module family.
650		989
651	Net::XMPP2	990	AnyEvent::XMPP
652	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.	991	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the
		992	older Net::XMPP2>.
		993
		994	AnyEvent::IGS
		995	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
		996	App::IGS).
653		997
654	Net::FCP	998	Net::FCP
655	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol,	999	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol,
656	birthplace of AnyEvent.	1000	birthplace of AnyEvent.
657		1001
…		…
659	High level API for event-based execution flow control.	1003	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
660		1004
661	Coro	1005	Coro
662	Has special support for AnyEvent via Coro::AnyEvent.	1006	Has special support for AnyEvent via Coro::AnyEvent.
663		1007
664	AnyEvent::AIO, IO::AIO	1008	ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
665	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event	1009	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
666	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses IO::AIO and AnyEvent	1010	caller to do that if required. The AnyEvent::Strict module (see also the
667	together.	1011	"PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT" environment variable, below) provides strict
		1012	checking of all AnyEvent methods, however, which is highly useful during
		1013	development.
668		1014
669	AnyEvent::BDB, BDB	1015	As for exception handling (i.e. runtime errors and exceptions thrown
670	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::AIO transparently	1016	while executing a callback), this is not only highly event-loop
671	fuses IO::AIO and AnyEvent together.	1017	specific, but also not in any way wrapped by this module, as this is the
		1018	job of the main program.
672		1019
673	IO::Lambda	1020	The pure perl event loop simply re-throws the exception (usually within
674	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use	1021	"condvar->recv"), the Event and EV modules call "$Event/EV::DIED->()",
675	AnyEvent.	1022	Glib uses "install_exception_handler" and so on.
676
677	SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
678	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent
679	in a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want
680	to provide AnyEvent compatibility.
681
682	If you need to support another event library which isn't directly
683	supported by AnyEvent, you can supply your own interface to it by
684	pushing, before the first watcher gets created, the package name of the
685	event module and the package name of the interface to use onto
686	@AnyEvent::REGISTRY. You can do that before and even without loading
687	AnyEvent, so it is reasonably cheap.
688
689	Example:
690
691	push @AnyEvent::REGISTRY, [urxvt => urxvt::anyevent::];
692
693	This tells AnyEvent to (literally) use the "urxvt::anyevent::"
694	package/class when it finds the "urxvt" package/module is already
695	loaded.
696
697	When AnyEvent is loaded and asked to find a suitable event model, it
698	will first check for the presence of urxvt by trying to "use" the
699	"urxvt::anyevent" module.
700
701	The class should provide implementations for all watcher types. See
702	AnyEvent::Impl::EV (source code), AnyEvent::Impl::Glib (Source code) and
703	so on for actual examples. Use "perldoc -m AnyEvent::Impl::Glib" to see
704	the sources.
705
706	If you don't provide "signal" and "child" watchers than AnyEvent will
707	provide suitable (hopefully) replacements.
708
709	The above example isn't fictitious, the rxvt-unicode (a.k.a. urxvt)
710	terminal emulator uses the above line as-is. An interface isn't included
711	in AnyEvent because it doesn't make sense outside the embedded
712	interpreter inside rxvt-unicode, and it is updated and maintained as
713	part of the rxvt-unicode distribution.
714
715	rxvt-unicode also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to
716	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will
717	"die". This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls
718	must not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.
719		1023
720	ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES	1024	ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
721	The following environment variables are used by this module:	1025	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
		1026	submodules.
		1027
		1028	Note that AnyEvent will remove all environment variables starting with
		1029	"PERL_ANYEVENT_" from %ENV when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1030	enabled.
722		1031
723	"PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE"	1032	"PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE"
724	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal	1033	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
725	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent	1034	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent
726	more talkative.	1035	more talkative.
…		…
729	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified	1038	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified
730	by "PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL".	1039	by "PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL".
731		1040
732	When set to 2 or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which	1041	When set to 2 or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which
733	event model it chooses.	1042	event model it chooses.
		1043
		1044	When set to 8 or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information
		1045	on which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain
		1046	features.
		1047
		1048	"PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT"
		1049	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
		1050	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true
		1051	value will cause AnyEvent to load "AnyEvent::Strict" and then to
		1052	thoroughly check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it
		1053	finds any problems, it will croak.
		1054
		1055	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
		1056
		1057	Unlike "use strict" (or it's modern cousin, "use common::sense", it
		1058	is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
		1059	"PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1" in your environment while developing
		1060	programs can be very useful, however.
734		1061
735	"PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL"	1062	"PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL"
736	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent,	1063	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent,
737	before auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string	1064	before auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string
738	consisting entirely of ASCII letters. The string "AnyEvent::Impl::"	1065	consisting entirely of ASCII letters. The string "AnyEvent::Impl::"
…		…
743	This functionality might change in future versions.	1070	This functionality might change in future versions.
744		1071
745	For example, to force the pure perl model (AnyEvent::Impl::Perl) you	1072	For example, to force the pure perl model (AnyEvent::Impl::Perl) you
746	could start your program like this:	1073	could start your program like this:
747		1074
748	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...	1075	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
749		1076
750	"PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS"	1077	"PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS"
751	Used by both AnyEvent::DNS and AnyEvent::Socket to determine	1078	Used by both AnyEvent::DNS and AnyEvent::Socket to determine
752	preferences for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might	1079	preferences for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might
753	change, or be the result of auto probing).	1080	change, or be the result of auto probing).
…		…
757	mentioned will be used, and preference will be given to protocols	1084	mentioned will be used, and preference will be given to protocols
758	mentioned earlier in the list.	1085	mentioned earlier in the list.
759		1086
760	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks	1087	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
761	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is	1088	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is
762	likely small, as the program has to handle connection errors	1089	likely small, as the program has to handle conenction and other
763	already-	1090	failures anyways.
764		1091
765	Examples: "PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6" - prefer IPv4 over	1092	Examples: "PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6" - prefer IPv4 over
766	IPv6, but support both and try to use both.	1093	IPv6, but support both and try to use both.
767	"PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4" - only support IPv4, never try to	1094	"PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4" - only support IPv4, never try to
768	resolve or contact IPv6 addresses.	1095	resolve or contact IPv6 addresses.
…		…
775	but some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it	1102	but some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it
776	is off by default.	1103	is off by default.
777		1104
778	Setting this variable to 1 will cause AnyEvent::DNS to announce	1105	Setting this variable to 1 will cause AnyEvent::DNS to announce
779	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.	1106	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
		1107
		1108	"PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS"
		1109	The maximum number of child processes that
		1110	"AnyEvent::Util::fork_call" will create in parallel.
		1111
		1112	"PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS"
		1113	The default value for the "max_outstanding" parameter for the
		1114	default DNS resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS
		1115	requests that are sent to the DNS server.
		1116
		1117	"PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF"
		1118	The file to use instead of /etc/resolv.conf (or OS-specific
		1119	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty
		1120	string, no default config will be used.
		1121
		1122	"PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE", "PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH".
		1123	When neither "ca_file" nor "ca_path" was specified during
		1124	AnyEvent::TLS context creation, and either of these environment
		1125	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate
		1126	locations instead of a system-dependent default.
		1127
		1128	"PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD" and "PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT"
		1129	When these are set to 1, then the respective modules are not loaded.
		1130	Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
		1131
		1132	SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
		1133	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent
		1134	in a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want
		1135	to provide AnyEvent compatibility.
		1136
		1137	If you need to support another event library which isn't directly
		1138	supported by AnyEvent, you can supply your own interface to it by
		1139	pushing, before the first watcher gets created, the package name of the
		1140	event module and the package name of the interface to use onto
		1141	@AnyEvent::REGISTRY. You can do that before and even without loading
		1142	AnyEvent, so it is reasonably cheap.
		1143
		1144	Example:
		1145
		1146	push @AnyEvent::REGISTRY, [urxvt => urxvt::anyevent::];
		1147
		1148	This tells AnyEvent to (literally) use the "urxvt::anyevent::"
		1149	package/class when it finds the "urxvt" package/module is already
		1150	loaded.
		1151
		1152	When AnyEvent is loaded and asked to find a suitable event model, it
		1153	will first check for the presence of urxvt by trying to "use" the
		1154	"urxvt::anyevent" module.
		1155
		1156	The class should provide implementations for all watcher types. See
		1157	AnyEvent::Impl::EV (source code), AnyEvent::Impl::Glib (Source code) and
		1158	so on for actual examples. Use "perldoc -m AnyEvent::Impl::Glib" to see
		1159	the sources.
		1160
		1161	If you don't provide "signal" and "child" watchers than AnyEvent will
		1162	provide suitable (hopefully) replacements.
		1163
		1164	The above example isn't fictitious, the rxvt-unicode (a.k.a. urxvt)
		1165	terminal emulator uses the above line as-is. An interface isn't included
		1166	in AnyEvent because it doesn't make sense outside the embedded
		1167	interpreter inside rxvt-unicode, and it is updated and maintained as
		1168	part of the rxvt-unicode distribution.
		1169
		1170	rxvt-unicode also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to
		1171	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will
		1172	"die". This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls
		1173	must not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.
780		1174
781	EXAMPLE PROGRAM	1175	EXAMPLE PROGRAM
782	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a	1176	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a
783	timer to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to	1177	timer to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to
784	quit the program when the user enters quit:	1178	quit the program when the user enters quit:
…		…
971	destroy is the time, in microseconds, that it takes to destroy a	1365	destroy is the time, in microseconds, that it takes to destroy a
972	single watcher.	1366	single watcher.
973		1367
974	Results	1368	Results
975	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	1369	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
976	EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface	1370	EV/EV 400000 224 0.47 0.35 0.27 EV native interface
977	EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers	1371	EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers
978	CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal	1372	CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal
979	Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation	1373	Perl/Any 100000 452 4.13 0.73 0.95 pure perl implementation
980	Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface	1374	Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface
981	Event/Any 16000 590 35.75 31.42 1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers	1375	Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		1376	IOAsync/Any 16000 989 38.10 32.77 11.13 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		1377	IOAsync/Any 16000 990 37.59 29.50 10.61 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
982	Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour	1378	Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour
983	Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	1379	Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
984	POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event	1380	POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event
985	POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select	1381	POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select
986		1382
987	Discussion	1383	Discussion
988	The benchmark does not measure scalability of the event loop very	1384	The benchmark does not measure scalability of the event loop very
989	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	1385	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
990	can never compete with an event loop that uses epoll when the number of	1386	can never compete with an event loop that uses epoll when the number of
…		…
1015	few of them active), of course, but this was not subject of this	1411	few of them active), of course, but this was not subject of this
1016	benchmark.	1412	benchmark.
1017		1413
1018	The "Event" module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	1414	The "Event" module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1019	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	1415	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		1416
		1417	"IO::Async" performs admirably well, about on par with "Event", even
		1418	when using its pure perl backend.
1020		1419
1021	"Glib"'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a faster	1420	"Glib"'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a faster
1022	callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as "Event".	1421	callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as "Event".
1023	However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of watchers	1422	However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of watchers
1024	increases the processing time by more than a factor of four, making it	1423	increases the processing time by more than a factor of four, making it
…		…
1095	single "request", that is, reading the token from the pipe and	1494	single "request", that is, reading the token from the pipe and
1096	forwarding it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout	1495	forwarding it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout
1097	and creating a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	1496	and creating a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1098		1497
1099	Results	1498	Results
1100	name sockets create request	1499	name sockets create request
1101	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	1500	EV 20000 69.01 11.16
1102	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	1501	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87
		1502	IOAsync 20000 157.00 98.14 epoll
		1503	IOAsync 20000 159.31 616.06 poll
1103	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	1504	Event 20000 212.62 257.32
1104	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	1505	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30
1105	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	1506	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event
1106		1507
1107	Discussion	1508	Discussion
1108	This benchmark does measure scalability and overall performance of the	1509	This benchmark does measure scalability and overall performance of the
1109	particular event loop.	1510	particular event loop.
1110		1511
1111	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup	1512	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup
1112	time is relatively high, though.	1513	time is relatively high, though.
1113		1514
1114	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	1515	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1115	loops Event and Glib.	1516	loops Event and Glib.
		1517
		1518	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still
		1519	quite good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1116		1520
1117	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you	1521	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you
1118	will understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead	1522	will understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead
1119	compared to the "$_->() for .."-style loop that the Perl event loop	1523	compared to the "$_->() for .."-style loop that the Perl event loop
1120	uses. Event uses select or poll in basically all documented	1524	uses. Event uses select or poll in basically all documented
…		…
1171		1575
1172	Summary	1576	Summary
1173	* C-based event loops perform very well with small number of watchers,	1577	* C-based event loops perform very well with small number of watchers,
1174	as the management overhead dominates.	1578	as the management overhead dominates.
1175		1579
		1580	THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		1581	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		1582	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the
		1583	benchmark simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks
		1584	better (which shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the
		1585	benchmark is fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from
		1586	IO::Lambda isn't very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used
		1587	without the extra baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent
		1588	benchmark for AnyEvent.
		1589
		1590	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		1591	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		1592	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it
		1593	doesn't test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O,
		1594	but it is a benchmark nevertheless.
		1595
		1596	name runtime
		1597	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		1598	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		1599	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		1600	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		1601	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		1602	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		1603	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		1604	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		1605
		1606	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		1607	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		1608	+state machine 0.134 sec
		1609
		1610	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		1611	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		1612	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		1613	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		1614	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		1615	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking
		1616	connects generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling
		1617	than blocking connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		1618
		1619	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses AnyEvent::Handle, which
		1620	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using
		1621	conventional Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the
		1622	client are 100% non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		1623
		1624	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		1625	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		1626	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		1627
		1628	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		1629	slow :) AnyEvent::Handle abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda by a
		1630	large margin, even though it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O
		1631	in a non-blocking way.
		1632
		1633	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as eg/ae0.pl and
		1634	eg/ae2.pl in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		1635	part of the IO::lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		1636
		1637	SIGNALS
		1638	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
		1639
		1640	SIGCHLD
		1641	A handler for "SIGCHLD" is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
		1642	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also,
		1643	some event loops install a similar handler.
		1644
		1645	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE,
		1646	then AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit
		1647	statuses.
		1648
		1649	SIGPIPE
		1650	A no-op handler is installed for "SIGPIPE" when $SIG{PIPE} is
		1651	"undef" when AnyEvent gets loaded.
		1652
		1653	The rationale for this is that AnyEvent users usually do not really
		1654	depend on SIGPIPE delivery (which is purely an optimisation for
		1655	shell use, or badly-written programs), but "SIGPIPE" can cause
		1656	spurious and rare program exits as a lot of people do not expect
		1657	"SIGPIPE" when writing to some random socket.
		1658
		1659	The rationale for installing a no-op handler as opposed to ignoring
		1660	it is that this way, the handler will be restored to defaults on
		1661	exec.
		1662
		1663	Feel free to install your own handler, or reset it to defaults.
		1664
		1665	RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		1666	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		1667	it's built-in modules) are required to use it.
		1668
		1669	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		1670	modules if they are installed.
		1671
		1672	This section epxlains which additional modules will be used, and how
		1673	they affect AnyEvent's operetion.
		1674
		1675	Async::Interrupt
		1676	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal
		1677	handling: To my knowledge, there is no way to do completely
		1678	race-free and quick signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that
		1679	signals still get delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer
		1680	to wake up perl (and catch the signals) with some delay (default is
		1681	10 seconds, look for $AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY).
		1682
		1683	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement
		1684	signal catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and
		1685	the event loop will not be interrupted regularly, which is more
		1686	efficient (And good for battery life on laptops).
		1687
		1688	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event
		1689	loops that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		1690
		1691	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers
		1692	natively, and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use
		1693	AnyEvent's workaround (using $AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY).
		1694	Installing Async::Interrupt does nothing for those backends.
		1695
		1696	EV This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the
		1697	backend event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the
		1698	best event loop available in terms of features, speed and stability:
		1699	It supports the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher
		1700	types in XS, does automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic
		1701	clock is available, can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces
		1702	such as "epoll" and "kqueue", and is the fastest backend by far.
		1703	You can even embed Glib/Gtk2 in it (or vice versa, see EV::Glib and
		1704	Glib::EV).
		1705
		1706	Guard
		1707	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		1708	"AnyEvent::Util::guard". This speeds up guards considerably (and
		1709	uses a lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard
		1710	operation much. It is purely used for performance.
		1711
		1712	JSON and JSON::XS
		1713	This module is required when you want to read or write JSON data via
		1714	AnyEvent::Handle. It is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		1715	advantage of the ultra-high-speed JSON::XS module when it is
		1716	installed.
		1717
		1718	In fact, AnyEvent::Handle will use JSON::XS by default if it is
		1719	installed.
		1720
		1721	Net::SSLeay
		1722	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		1723	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then AnyEvent::Handle (with
		1724	the help of AnyEvent::TLS), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		1725
		1726	Time::HiRes
		1727	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used
		1728	when the chosen event library does not come with a timing source on
		1729	it's own. The pure-perl event loop (AnyEvent::Impl::Perl) will
		1730	additionally use it to try to use a monotonic clock for timing
		1731	stability.
		1732
1176	FORK	1733	FORK
1177	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	1734	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1178	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe "select" or "poll" calls.	1735	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe "select" or "poll" calls.
1179	Only EV is fully fork-aware.	1736	Only EV is fully fork-aware.
1180		1737
1181	If you have to fork, you must either do so before creating your first	1738	If you have to fork, you must either do so before creating your first
1182	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	1739	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		1740	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
1183		1741
1184	SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	1742	SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1185	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	1743	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
1186	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}. While this cannot (to my knowledge) be used	1744	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}. While this cannot (to my knowledge) be used
1187	to execute arbitrary code or directly gain access, it can easily be used	1745	to execute arbitrary code or directly gain access, it can easily be used
…		…
1190	model than specified in the variable.	1748	model than specified in the variable.
1191		1749
1192	You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it	1750	You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it
1193	before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a "BEGIN" block:	1751	before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a "BEGIN" block:
1194		1752
1195	BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} }	1753	BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} }
1196		1754
1197	use AnyEvent;	1755	use AnyEvent;
1198		1756
1199	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	1757	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1200	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which	1758	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which
1201	is probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL).	1759	is probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL),
		1760	and $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		1761
		1762	Note that AnyEvent will remove all environment variables starting with
		1763	"PERL_ANYEVENT_" from %ENV when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1764	enabled.
		1765
		1766	BUGS
		1767	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are
		1768	hard to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl
		1769	5.10 and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other
		1770	annoying memleaks, such as leaking on "map" and "grep" but it is usually
		1771	not as pronounced).
1202		1772
1203	SEE ALSO	1773	SEE ALSO
1204	Utility functions: AnyEvent::Util.	1774	Utility functions: AnyEvent::Util.
1205		1775
1206	Event modules: EV, EV::Glib, Glib::EV, Event, Glib::Event, Glib, Tk,	1776	Event modules: EV, EV::Glib, Glib::EV, Event, Glib::Event, Glib, Tk,
1207	Event::Lib, Qt, POE.	1777	Event::Lib, Qt, POE.
1208		1778
1209	Implementations: AnyEvent::Impl::EV, AnyEvent::Impl::Event,	1779	Implementations: AnyEvent::Impl::EV, AnyEvent::Impl::Event,
1210	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib, AnyEvent::Impl::Tk, AnyEvent::Impl::Perl,	1780	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib, AnyEvent::Impl::Tk, AnyEvent::Impl::Perl,
1211	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib, AnyEvent::Impl::Qt, AnyEvent::Impl::POE.	1781	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib, AnyEvent::Impl::Qt, AnyEvent::Impl::POE,
		1782	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync, Anyevent::Impl::Irssi.
1212		1783
1213	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and servers:	1784	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and servers:
1214	AnyEvent::Handle, AnyEvent::Socket.	1785	AnyEvent::Handle, AnyEvent::Socket, AnyEvent::TLS.
1215		1786
1216	Asynchronous DNS: AnyEvent::DNS.	1787	Asynchronous DNS: AnyEvent::DNS.
1217		1788
1218	Coroutine support: Coro, Coro::AnyEvent, Coro::EV, Coro::Event,	1789	Coroutine support: Coro, Coro::AnyEvent, Coro::EV, Coro::Event,
1219		1790
1220	Nontrivial usage examples: Net::FCP, Net::XMPP2, AnyEvent::DNS.	1791	Nontrivial usage examples: AnyEvent::GPSD, AnyEvent::XMPP,
		1792	AnyEvent::HTTP.
1221		1793
1222	AUTHOR	1794	AUTHOR
1223	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	1795	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1224	http://home.schmorp.de/	1796	http://home.schmorp.de/
1225		1797

Diff Legend

-–
+Removed lines
-+
+Added lines
-<
+Changed lines
->
+Changed lines

Comparing AnyEvent/README (file contents): Revision 1.23 by root, Mon May 26 06:04:38 2008 UTC vs. Revision 1.49 by root, Tue Jul 28 11:02:19 2009 UTC

Diff Legend

Comparing AnyEvent/README (file contents):
Revision 1.23 by root, Mon May 26 06:04:38 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.49 by root, Tue Jul 28 11:02:19 2009 UTC