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Revision 1.28 by root, Sat Oct 27 15:10:09 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.167 by root, Tue Jul 8 23:44:51 2008 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops
4		4
5	Event, Coro, Glib, Tk, Perl - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops
6		6
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	7	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		8
9	use AnyEvent;	9	use AnyEvent;
10		10
…		…
14		14
15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub {	15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub {
16	...	16	...
17	});	17	});
18		18
19	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores wether a condition was flagged	19	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
		20	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
20	$w->wait; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->broadcast	21	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
21	$w->broadcast; # wake up current and all future wait's	22
		23	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
		24
		25	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
		26	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
		27	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
		28
		29	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
		30
		31	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
		32	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
		33
		34	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of
		35	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.
		36
		37	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only
		38	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use in a
		39	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,
		40	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,
		41	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent
		42	helps hiding the differences between those event loops.
		43
		44	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event
		45	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a
		46	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your
		47	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
		48	model you use.
		49
		50	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
		51	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
		52	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you
		53	cannot use anything else, as it is simply incompatible to everything that
		54	isn't itself. What's worse, all the potential users of your module are
		55	I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
		56
		57	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
		58	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
		59	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if
		60	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,
		61	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all
		62	event models it supports (including stuff like POE and IO::Async, as long
		63	as those use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new
		64	event loops to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).
		65
		66	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
		67	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
		68	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
		69	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only
		70	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
		71	technically possible.
		72
		73	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
		74	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
		75	non-blocking connects (even with TLS/SSL, IPv6 and on broken platforms
		76	such as Windows) and lots of real-world knowledge and workarounds for
		77	platform bugs and differences.
		78
		79	Now, if you I<do want> lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat
		80	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
		81	model, you should I<not> use this module.
22		82
23	=head1 DESCRIPTION	83	=head1 DESCRIPTION
24		84
25	L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This	85	L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This
26	allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module	86	allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module
27	users to use the same event loop (as only a single event loop can coexist	87	users to use the same event loop (as only a single event loop can coexist
28	peacefully at any one time).	88	peacefully at any one time).
29		89
30	The interface itself is vaguely similar but not identical to the Event	90	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>
31	module.	91	module.
32		92
33	On the first call of any method, the module tries to detect the currently	93	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries
34	loaded event loop by probing wether any of the following modules is	94	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the
35	loaded: L<Coro::Event>, L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>. The first one found is	95	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>,
36	used. If none is found, the module tries to load these modules in the	96	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>,
37	order given. The first one that could be successfully loaded will be	97	L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries
38	used. If still none could be found, AnyEvent will fall back to a pure-perl	98	to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl
39	event loop, which is also not very efficient.	99	adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can
		100	be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be
		101	found, AnyEvent will fall back to a pure-perl event loop, which is not
		102	very efficient, but should work everywhere.
40		103
41	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading	104	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading
42	an Event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make	105	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make
43	that model the default. For example:	106	that model the default. For example:
44		107
45	use Tk;	108	use Tk;
46	use AnyEvent;	109	use AnyEvent;
47		110
48	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk	111	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk
49		112
		113	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and
		114	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to
		115	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...
		116
50	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	117	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called
51	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	118	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it
52	explicitly.	119	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)
53		120
54	=head1 WATCHERS	121	=head1 WATCHERS
55		122
56	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	123	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
57	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	124	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
58	the callback to call, the filehandle to watch, etc.	125	the callback to call, the file handle to watch, etc.
59		126
60	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After	127	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
61	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke	128	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
		129	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
		130	is in control).
		131
62	the callback. To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by	132	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
63	setting the variable that stores it to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all	133	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
64	references to it).	134	to it).
65		135
66	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	136	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
67		137
		138	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
		139	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
		140
		141	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:
		142
		143	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
		144	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
		145	undef $w;
		146	});
		147
		148	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,
		149	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
		150	declared.
		151
68	=head2 IO WATCHERS	152	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
69		153
70	You can create I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method with	154	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
71	the following mandatory arguments:	155	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
72		156
73	C<fh> the Perl I<filehandle> (not filedescriptor) to watch for	157	C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch for events
		158	(AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file handle). C<poll>
74	events. C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, that creates	159	must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a watcher
75	a watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events. C<cb> teh callback	160	waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively. C<cb> is the
76	to invoke everytime the filehandle becomes ready.	161	callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
77		162
78	Only one io watcher per C<fh> and C<poll> combination is allowed (i.e. on	163	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
79	a socket you can have one r + one w, not any more (limitation comes from	164	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
80	Tk - if you are sure you are not using Tk this limitation is gone).	165	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
81		166
82	Filehandles will be kept alive, so as long as the watcher exists, the	167	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.
83	filehandle exists, too.	168	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the
		169	underlying file descriptor.
84		170
85	Example:	171	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should
		172	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
		173	handles.
86		174
87	# wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the watcher	175	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
		176	watcher.
		177
88	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {	178	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
89	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);	179	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);
90	warn "read: $input\n";	180	warn "read: $input\n";
91	undef $w;	181	undef $w;
92	});	182	});
…		…
94	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	184	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
95		185
96	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	186	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
97	method with the following mandatory arguments:	187	method with the following mandatory arguments:
98		188
99	C<after> after how many seconds (fractions are supported) should the timer	189	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
100	activate. C<cb> the callback to invoke.	190	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
		191	in that case.
101		192
102	The timer callback will be invoked at most once: if you want a repeating	193	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
103	timer you have to create a new watcher (this is a limitation by both Tk	194	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
104	and Glib).	195	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
105		196
106	Example:	197	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another
		198	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
		199	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
		200	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
		201	false value, then it is treated as if it were missing.
107		202
		203	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
		204	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
		205	only approximate.
		206
108	# fire an event after 7.7 seconds	207	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
		208
109	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	209	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
110	warn "timeout\n";	210	warn "timeout\n";
111	});	211	});
112		212
113	# to cancel the timer:	213	# to cancel the timer:
114	undef $w	214	undef $w;
115		215
116	=head2 CONDITION WATCHERS	216	Example 2: fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second.
117		217
118	Condition watchers can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar >>	218	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, interval => 1, cb => sub {
119	method without any arguments.	219	warn "timeout\n";
		220	};
120		221
121	A condition watcher watches for a condition - precisely that the C<<	222	=head3 TIMING ISSUES
122	->broadcast >> method has been called.
123		223
124	The watcher has only two methods:	224	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire
		225	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12
		226	o'clock").
		227
		228	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they
		229	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock
		230	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from
		231	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to
		232	fire "after" a second might actually take six years to finally fire.
		233
		234	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious
		235	about these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based
		236	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)
		237	timers.
		238
		239	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
		240	AnyEvent API.
		241
		242	AnyEvent has two additional methods that return the "current time":
125		243
126	=over 4	244	=over 4
127		245
128	=item $cv->wait	246	=item AnyEvent->time
129		247
130	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->broadcast >> method has been	248	This returns the "current wallclock time" as a fractional number of
131	called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers normally.	249	seconds since the Epoch (the same thing as C<time> or C<Time::HiRes::time>
		250	return, and the result is guaranteed to be compatible with those).
132		251
133	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case, so	252	It progresses independently of any event loop processing, i.e. each call
134	if you are using this from a module, never require a blocking wait, but	253	will check the system clock, which usually gets updated frequently.
135	let the caller decide wether the call will block or not (for example,
136	by coupling condition variables with some kind of request results and
137	supporting callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not
138	block, while still suppporting blockign waits if the caller so desires).
139		254
140	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls will return	255	=item AnyEvent->now
141	immediately.
142		256
143	=item $cv->broadcast	257	This also returns the "current wallclock time", but unlike C<time>, above,
		258	this value might change only once per event loop iteration, depending on
		259	the event loop (most return the same time as C<time>, above). This is the
		260	time that AnyEvent's timers get scheduled against.
144		261
145	Flag the condition as ready - a running C<< ->wait >> and all further	262	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
146	calls to C<wait> will return after this method has been called. If nobody	263	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
147	is waiting the broadcast will be remembered..
148		264
149	Example:	265	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
		266	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
		267	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts).
		268
		269	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
		270	with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.
		271
		272	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
		273	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
		274
		275	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at
		276	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
		277	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
		278	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
		279	after three seconds.
		280
		281	With L<Event::Lib>, C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> will
		282	both return C<501>, because that is the current time, and the timer will
		283	be scheduled to fire at time=504 (C<501> + C<3>).
		284
		285	With L<EV>, C<< AnyEvent->time >> returns C<501> (as that is the current
		286	time), but C<< AnyEvent->now >> returns C<500>, as that is the time the
		287	last event processing phase started. With L<EV>, your timer gets scheduled
		288	to run at time=503 (C<500> + C<3>).
		289
		290	In one sense, L<Event::Lib> is more exact, as it uses the current time
		291	regardless of any delays introduced by event processing. However, most
		292	callbacks do not expect large delays in processing, so this causes a
		293	higher drift (and a lot more system calls to get the current time).
		294
		295	In another sense, L<EV> is more exact, as your timer will be scheduled at
		296	the same time, regardless of how long event processing actually took.
		297
		298	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
		299	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
		300	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
		301	account.
		302
		303	=back
		304
		305	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
		306
		307	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
		308	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
		309	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
		310
		311	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
		312	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
		313	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.
		314
		315	Multiple signal occurrences can be clumped together into one callback
		316	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
		317	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
		318	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
		319
		320	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
		321	between multiple watchers.
		322
		323	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals
		324	directly will likely not work correctly.
		325
		326	Example: exit on SIGINT
		327
		328	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
		329
		330	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
		331
		332	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
		333
		334	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it
		335	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often
		336	as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a
		337	signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>. The callback will be called with the pid
		338	and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types,
		339	you I<can> rely on child watcher callback arguments.
		340
		341	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
		342	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
		343	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
		344
		345	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for
		346	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be
		347	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).
		348
		349	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an
		350	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you
		351	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		352
		353	Example: fork a process and wait for it
		354
		355	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
		356
		357	my $pid = fork or exit 5;
		358
		359	my $w = AnyEvent->child (
		360	pid => $pid,
		361	cb => sub {
		362	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
		363	warn "pid $pid exited with status $status";
		364	$done->send;
		365	},
		366	);
		367
		368	# do something else, then wait for process exit
		369	$done->recv;
		370
		371	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
		372
		373	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
		374	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
		375	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
		376
		377	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and
		378	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
		379
		380	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called
		381	because they represent a condition that must become true.
		382
		383	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
		384	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
		385	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
		386	becomes true.
		387
		388	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
		389	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
		390	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
		391	->send >> method).
		392
		393	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can
		394	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points
		395	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet
		396	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be
		397	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers
		398	a result.
		399
		400	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
		401	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
		402	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
		403	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
		404	called or can synchronously C<< ->recv >> for the results.
		405
		406	You can also use them to simulate traditional event loops - for example,
		407	you can block your main program until an event occurs - for example, you
		408	could C<< ->recv >> in your main program until the user clicks the Quit
		409	button of your app, which would C<< ->send >> the "quit" event.
		410
		411	Note that condition variables recurse into the event loop - if you have
		412	two pieces of code that call C<< ->recv >> in a round-robin fashion, you
		413	lose. Therefore, condition variables are good to export to your caller, but
		414	you should avoid making a blocking wait yourself, at least in callbacks,
		415	as this asks for trouble.
		416
		417	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys
		418	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing
		419	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of
		420	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call
		421	it's C<new> method in your own C<new> method.
		422
		423	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which
		424	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
		425	for the send to occur.
		426
		427	Example: wait for a timer.
150		428
151	# wait till the result is ready	429	# wait till the result is ready
152	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	430	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;
153		431
154	# do something such as adding a timer	432	# do something such as adding a timer
155	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->broadcast	433	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->send
156	# when the "result" is ready.	434	# when the "result" is ready.
		435	# in this case, we simply use a timer:
		436	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (
		437	after => 1,
		438	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },
		439	);
157		440
		441	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
		442	# calls send
158	$result_ready->wait;	443	$result_ready->recv;
		444
		445	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that
		446	condition variables are also code references.
		447
		448	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
		449	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
		450	$done->recv;
		451
		452	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS
		453
		454	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the
		455	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also
		456	the producer side which creates the condvar in most cases, but it isn't
		457	uncommon for the consumer to create it as well.
		458
		459	=over 4
		460
		461	=item $cv->send (...)
		462
		463	Flag the condition as ready - a running C<< ->recv >> and all further
		464	calls to C<recv> will (eventually) return after this method has been
		465	called. If nobody is waiting the send will be remembered.
		466
		467	If a callback has been set on the condition variable, it is called
		468	immediately from within send.
		469
		470	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
		471	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
		472
		473	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly
		474	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
		475	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle
		476	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
		477	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
		478	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
		479	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
		480	example).
		481
		482	=item $cv->croak ($error)
		483
		484	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
		485	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
		486
		487	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
		488	user/consumer.
		489
		490	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
		491
		492	=item $cv->end
		493
		494	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
		495
		496	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
		497	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
		498	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
		499
		500	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
		501	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
		502	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback
		503	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no
		504	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.
		505
		506	Let's clarify this with the ping example:
		507
		508	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		509
		510	my %result;
		511	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });
		512
		513	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
		514	$cv->begin;
		515	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
		516	$result{$host} = ...;
		517	$cv->end;
		518	};
		519	}
		520
		521	$cv->end;
		522
		523	This code fragment supposedly pings a number of hosts and calls
		524	C<send> after results for all then have have been gathered - in any
		525	order. To achieve this, the code issues a call to C<begin> when it starts
		526	each ping request and calls C<end> when it has received some result for
		527	it. Since C<begin> and C<end> only maintain a counter, the order in which
		528	results arrive is not relevant.
		529
		530	There is an additional bracketing call to C<begin> and C<end> outside the
		531	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
		532	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
		533	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
		534	doesn't execute once).
		535
		536	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:
		537	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>
		538	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call
		539	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.
159		540
160	=back	541	=back
161		542
162	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	543	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
163		544
164	You can listen for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	545	These methods should only be used by the consuming side, i.e. the
165	I<name> without any C<SIG> prefix. Multiple signals events can be clumped	546	code awaits the condition.
166	together into one callback invocation, and callback invocation might or
167	might not be asynchronous.
168		547
169	These watchers might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	548	=over 4
170	directly will likely not work correctly.
171		549
172	Example: exit on SIGINT	550	=item $cv->recv
173		551
174	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	552	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak
		553	>> methods have been called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers
		554	normally.
175		555
176	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	556	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but
		557	will return immediately.
177		558
178	You can also listen for the status of a child process specified by the	559	If an error condition has been set by calling C<< ->croak >>, then this
179	C<pid> argument. The watcher will only trigger once. This works by	560	function will call C<croak>.
180	installing a signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>.
181		561
182	Example: wait for pid 1333	562	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
		563	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
183		564
184	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => 1333, cb => sub { warn "exit status $?" });	565	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
		566	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
		567	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the
		568	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
		569	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
		570	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
		571	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
185		572
186	=head1 GLOBALS	573	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
		574	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
		575	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
		576	can supply.
		577
		578	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
		579	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
		580	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
		581	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
		582	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
		583
		584	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
		585	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
		586	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
		587	waits otherwise.
		588
		589	=item $bool = $cv->ready
		590
		591	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or
		592	C<croak> have been called.
		593
		594	=item $cb = $cv->cb ([new callback])
		595
		596	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
		597	replaces it before doing so.
		598
		599	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when
		600	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition
		601	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time
		602	is guaranteed not to block.
		603
		604	=back
		605
		606	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
187		607
188	=over 4	608	=over 4
189		609
190	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	610	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
191		611
…		…
195	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	615	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case
196	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	616	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).
197		617
198	The known classes so far are:	618	The known classes so far are:
199		619
200	AnyEvent::Impl::Coro based on Coro::Event, best choice.
201	EV::AnyEvent based on EV (an interface to libevent)	620	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
202	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, also best choice :)	621	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
		622	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
203	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, second-best choice.	623	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
204	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.	624	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
205	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, inefficient.	625	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
		626	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		627	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
		628
		629	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
		630	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
		631	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
		632	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
		633	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
		634	it's adaptor.
		635
		636	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
		637	autodetecting them.
206		638
207	=item AnyEvent::detect	639	=item AnyEvent::detect
208		640
209	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model if	641	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
210	necessary. You should only call this function right before you would have	642	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
211	created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, very late at runtime.	643	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
		644	runtime.
		645
		646	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
		647
		648	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
		649	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).
		650
		651	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
		652	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See
		653	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.
		654
		655	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
		656
		657	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
		658	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after
		659	the event loop has been chosen.
		660
		661	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
		662	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,
		663	and the array will be ignored.
		664
		665	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.
212		666
213	=back	667	=back
214		668
215	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	669	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
216		670
217	As a module author, you should "use AnyEvent" and call AnyEvent methods	671	As a module author, you should C<use AnyEvent> and call AnyEvent methods
218	freely, but you should not load a specific event module or rely on it.	672	freely, but you should not load a specific event module or rely on it.
219		673
220	Be careful when you create watchers in the module body - Anyevent will	674	Be careful when you create watchers in the module body - AnyEvent will
221	decide which event module to use as soon as the first method is called, so	675	decide which event module to use as soon as the first method is called, so
222	by calling AnyEvent in your module body you force the user of your module	676	by calling AnyEvent in your module body you force the user of your module
223	to load the event module first.	677	to load the event module first.
224		678
		679	Never call C<< ->recv >> on a condition variable unless you I<know> that
		680	the C<< ->send >> method has been called on it already. This is
		681	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using
		682	events is to stay interactive.
		683
		684	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module
		685	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method
		686	called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->recv >>
		687	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always).
		688
225	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM	689	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM
226		690
227	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should	691	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should
228	dictate which event model to use.	692	dictate which event model to use.
229		693
230	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not	694	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not
231	do anything special and let AnyEvent decide which implementation to chose.	695	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent
		696	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.
232		697
233	If the main program relies on a specific event model (for example, in Gtk2	698	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in
234	programs you have to rely on either Glib or Glib::Event), you should load	699	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the
235	it before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it, generally, as early	700	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally
236	as possible. The reason is that modules might create watchers when they	701	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that
237	are loaded, and AnyEvent will decide on the event model to use as soon as	702	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will
238	it creates watchers, and it might chose the wrong one unless you load the	703	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it
239	correct one yourself.	704	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.
240		705
241	You can chose to use a rather inefficient pure-perl implementation by	706	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the
242	loading the C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, but letting AnyEvent chose is	707	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar behaviour
243	generally better.	708	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.
		709
		710	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION
		711
		712	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who
		713	only want to use AnyEvent), you do not want to run a specific event loop.
		714
		715	In that case, you can use a condition variable like this:
		716
		717	AnyEvent->condvar->recv;
		718
		719	This has the effect of entering the event loop and looping forever.
		720
		721	Note that usually your program has some exit condition, in which case
		722	it is better to use the "traditional" approach of storing a condition
		723	variable somewhere, waiting for it, and sending it when the program should
		724	exit cleanly.
		725
		726
		727	=head1 OTHER MODULES
		728
		729	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
		730	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules
		731	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are
		732	available via CPAN.
		733
		734	=over 4
		735
		736	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
		737
		738	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking
		739	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.
		740
		741	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
		742
		743	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
		744	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
		745	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.
		746
		747	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
		748
		749	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
		750	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
		751	non-blocking SSL/TLS.
		752
		753	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
		754
		755	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
		756
		757	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>
		758
		759	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent
		760	HTTP requests.
		761
		762	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
		763
		764	Provides a simple web application server framework.
		765
		766	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
		767
		768	The fastest ping in the west.
		769
		770	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
		771
		772	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
		773
		774	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		775
		776	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
		777	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent
		778	together.
		779
		780	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>
		781
		782	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses
		783	L<BDB> and AnyEvent together.
		784
		785	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
		786
		787	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
		788
		789	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
		790
		791	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
		792	L<App::IGS>).
		793
		794	=item L<Net::IRC3>
		795
		796	AnyEvent based IRC client module family.
		797
		798	=item L<Net::XMPP2>
		799
		800	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
		801
		802	=item L<Net::FCP>
		803
		804	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
		805	of AnyEvent.
		806
		807	=item L<Event::ExecFlow>
		808
		809	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
		810
		811	=item L<Coro>
		812
		813	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
		814
		815	=item L<IO::Lambda>
		816
		817	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
		818
		819	=back
244		820
245	=cut	821	=cut
246		822
247	package AnyEvent;	823	package AnyEvent;
248		824
249	no warnings;	825	no warnings;
250	use strict;	826	use strict;
251		827
252	use Carp;	828	use Carp;
253		829
254	our $VERSION = '2.55';	830	our $VERSION = 4.2;
255	our $MODEL;	831	our $MODEL;
256		832
257	our $AUTOLOAD;	833	our $AUTOLOAD;
258	our @ISA;	834	our @ISA;
259		835
		836	our @REGISTRY;
		837
		838	our $WIN32;
		839
		840	BEGIN {
		841	my $win32 = ! ! ($^O =~ /mswin32/i);
		842	eval "sub WIN32(){ $win32 }";
		843	}
		844
260	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	845	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
261		846
262	our @REGISTRY;	847	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
		848
		849	{
		850	my $idx;
		851	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx
		852	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
		853	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
		854	}
263		855
264	my @models = (	856	my @models = (
265	[Coro::Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Coro::],
266	[EV:: => EV::AnyEvent::],	857	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],
267	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],	858	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],
268	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::],
269	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::],
270	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],	859	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],
		860	# everything below here will not be autoprobed
		861	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
		862	# and is usually faster
		863	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
		864	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		865	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		866	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
		867	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
		868	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		869	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
271	);	870	);
272		871
273	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer condvar broadcast wait signal one_event DESTROY);	872	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer time now signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);
		873
		874	our @post_detect;
		875
		876	sub post_detect(&) {
		877	my ($cb) = @_;
		878
		879	if ($MODEL) {
		880	$cb->();
		881
		882	1
		883	} else {
		884	push @post_detect, $cb;
		885
		886	defined wantarray
		887	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect"
		888	: ()
		889	}
		890	}
		891
		892	sub AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect::DESTROY {
		893	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
		894	}
274		895
275	sub detect() {	896	sub detect() {
276	unless ($MODEL) {	897	unless ($MODEL) {
277	no strict 'refs';	898	no strict 'refs';
		899	local $SIG{__DIE__};
		900
		901	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
		902	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
		903	if (eval "require $model") {
		904	$MODEL = $model;
		905	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
		906	} else {
		907	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;
		908	}
		909	}
278		910
279	# check for already loaded models	911	# check for already loaded models
		912	unless ($MODEL) {
280	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	913	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
281	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	914	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
282	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	915	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
283	if (eval "require $model") {	916	if (eval "require $model") {
284	$MODEL = $model;	917	$MODEL = $model;
285	warn "AnyEvent: found model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	918	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
286	last;	919	last;
		920	}
287	}	921	}
288	}	922	}
		923
		924	unless ($MODEL) {
		925	# try to load a model
		926
		927	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
		928	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
		929	if (eval "require $package"
		930	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
		931	and eval "require $model") {
		932	$MODEL = $model;
		933	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
		934	last;
		935	}
		936	}
		937
		938	$MODEL
		939	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.";
		940	}
289	}	941	}
290		942
291	unless ($MODEL) {	943	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
292	# try to load a model
293		944
294	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	945	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}) {
295	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	946	unshift @AnyEvent::Base::Strict::ISA, $MODEL;
296	if (eval "require $package"	947	unshift @ISA, AnyEvent::Base::Strict::
297	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0	948	} else {
298	and eval "require $model") {	949	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
299	$MODEL = $model;
300	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed and loaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
301	last;
302	}
303	}
304
305	$MODEL
306	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: Event (or Coro+Event), Glib or Tk.";
307	}	950	}
308		951
309	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;	952	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
310	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
311	}	953	}
312		954
313	$MODEL	955	$MODEL
314	}	956	}
315		957
…		…
325	$class->$func (@_);	967	$class->$func (@_);
326	}	968	}
327		969
328	package AnyEvent::Base;	970	package AnyEvent::Base;
329		971
		972	# default implementation for now and time
		973
		974	use Time::HiRes ();
		975
		976	sub time { Time::HiRes::time }
		977	sub now { Time::HiRes::time }
		978
330	# default implementation for ->condvar, ->wait, ->broadcast	979	# default implementation for ->condvar
331		980
332	sub condvar {	981	sub condvar {
333	bless \my $flag, "AnyEvent::Base::CondVar"	982	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar::
334	}
335
336	sub AnyEvent::Base::CondVar::broadcast {
337	${$_[0]}++;
338	}
339
340	sub AnyEvent::Base::CondVar::wait {
341	AnyEvent->one_event while !${$_[0]};
342	}	983	}
343		984
344	# default implementation for ->signal	985	# default implementation for ->signal
345		986
346	our %SIG_CB;	987	our %SIG_CB;
…		…
362	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {	1003	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {
363	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1004	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
364		1005
365	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};	1006	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
366		1007
367	$SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT' unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };	1008	delete $SIG{$signal} unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
368	}	1009	}
369		1010
370	# default implementation for ->child	1011	# default implementation for ->child
371		1012
372	our %PID_CB;	1013	our %PID_CB;
373	our $CHLD_W;	1014	our $CHLD_W;
		1015	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
374	our $PID_IDLE;	1016	our $PID_IDLE;
375	our $WNOHANG;	1017	our $WNOHANG;
376		1018
377	sub _child_wait {	1019	sub _child_wait {
378	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1020	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {
379	$_->() for values %{ (delete $PID_CB{$pid}) || {} };	1021	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),
		1022	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });
380	}	1023	}
381		1024
382	undef $PID_IDLE;	1025	undef $PID_IDLE;
		1026	}
		1027
		1028	sub _sigchld {
		1029	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.
		1030	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {
		1031	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;
		1032	&_child_wait;
		1033	});
383	}	1034	}
384		1035
385	sub child {	1036	sub child {
386	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1037	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
387		1038
388	my $pid = uc $arg{pid}	1039	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)
389	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1040	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
390		1041
391	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1042	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
392		1043
393	unless ($WNOHANG) {	1044	unless ($WNOHANG) {
394	$WNOHANG = eval { require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;	1045	$WNOHANG = eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
395	}	1046	}
396		1047
397	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1048	unless ($CHLD_W) {
398	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_child_wait);	1049	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);
399	# child could be a zombie already	1050	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
400	$PID_IDLE ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => \&_child_wait);	1051	&_sigchld;
401	}	1052	}
402		1053
403	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"	1054	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"
404	}	1055	}
405		1056
…		…
410	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1061	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
411		1062
412	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1063	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
413	}	1064	}
414		1065
		1066	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
		1067
		1068	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
		1069
		1070	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
		1071
		1072	use overload
		1073	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
		1074	fallback => 1;
		1075
		1076	sub _send {
		1077	# nop
		1078	}
		1079
		1080	sub send {
		1081	my $cv = shift;
		1082	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];
		1083	(delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv) if $cv->{_ae_cb};
		1084	$cv->_send;
		1085	}
		1086
		1087	sub croak {
		1088	$_[0]{_ae_croak} = $_[1];
		1089	$_[0]->send;
		1090	}
		1091
		1092	sub ready {
		1093	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
		1094	}
		1095
		1096	sub _wait {
		1097	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
		1098	}
		1099
		1100	sub recv {
		1101	$_[0]->_wait;
		1102
		1103	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};
		1104	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
		1105	}
		1106
		1107	sub cb {
		1108	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
		1109	$_[0]{_ae_cb}
		1110	}
		1111
		1112	sub begin {
		1113	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
		1114	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
		1115	}
		1116
		1117	sub end {
		1118	return if --$_[0]{_ae_counter};
		1119	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };
		1120	}
		1121
		1122	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
		1123	*broadcast = \&send;
		1124	*wait = \&_wait;
		1125
		1126	package AnyEvent::Base::Strict;
		1127
		1128	use Carp qw(croak);
		1129
		1130	# supply checks for argument validity for many functions
		1131
		1132	sub io {
		1133	my $class = shift;
		1134	my %arg = @_;
		1135
		1136	ref $arg{cb}
		1137	or croak "AnyEvent->io called with illegal cb argument '$arg{cb}'";
		1138	delete $arg{cb};
		1139
		1140	fileno $arg{fh}
		1141	or croak "AnyEvent->io called with illegal fh argument '$arg{fh}'";
		1142	delete $arg{fh};
		1143
		1144	$arg{poll} =~ /^[rw]$/
		1145	or croak "AnyEvent->io called with illegal poll argument '$arg{poll}'";
		1146	delete $arg{poll};
		1147
		1148	croak "AnyEvent->io called with unsupported parameter(s) " . join ", ", keys %arg
		1149	if keys %arg;
		1150
		1151	$class->SUPER::io (@_)
		1152	}
		1153
		1154	sub timer {
		1155	my $class = shift;
		1156	my %arg = @_;
		1157
		1158	ref $arg{cb}
		1159	or croak "AnyEvent->timer called with illegal cb argument '$arg{cb}'";
		1160	delete $arg{cb};
		1161
		1162	exists $arg{after}
		1163	or croak "AnyEvent->timer called without mandatory 'after' parameter";
		1164	delete $arg{after};
		1165
		1166	$arg{interval} > 0 || !$arg{interval}
		1167	or croak "AnyEvent->timer called with illegal interval argument '$arg{interval}'";
		1168	delete $arg{interval};
		1169
		1170	croak "AnyEvent->timer called with unsupported parameter(s) " . join ", ", keys %arg
		1171	if keys %arg;
		1172
		1173	$class->SUPER::timer (@_)
		1174	}
		1175
		1176	sub signal {
		1177	my $class = shift;
		1178	my %arg = @_;
		1179
		1180	ref $arg{cb}
		1181	or croak "AnyEvent->signal called with illegal cb argument '$arg{cb}'";
		1182	delete $arg{cb};
		1183
		1184	eval "require POSIX; defined &POSIX::SIG$arg{signal}"
		1185	or croak "AnyEvent->signal called with illegal signal name '$arg{signal}'";
		1186	delete $arg{signal};
		1187
		1188	croak "AnyEvent->signal called with unsupported parameter(s) " . join ", ", keys %arg
		1189	if keys %arg;
		1190
		1191	$class->SUPER::signal (@_)
		1192	}
		1193
		1194	sub child {
		1195	my $class = shift;
		1196	my %arg = @_;
		1197
		1198	ref $arg{cb}
		1199	or croak "AnyEvent->signal called with illegal cb argument '$arg{cb}'";
		1200	delete $arg{cb};
		1201
		1202	$arg{pid} =~ /^-?\d+$/
		1203	or croak "AnyEvent->signal called with illegal pid value '$arg{pid}'";
		1204	delete $arg{pid};
		1205
		1206	croak "AnyEvent->signal called with unsupported parameter(s) " . join ", ", keys %arg
		1207	if keys %arg;
		1208
		1209	$class->SUPER::child (@_)
		1210	}
		1211
		1212	sub condvar {
		1213	my $class = shift;
		1214	my %arg = @_;
		1215
		1216	!exists $arg{cb} or ref $arg{cb}
		1217	or croak "AnyEvent->condvar called with illegal cb argument '$arg{cb}'";
		1218	delete $arg{cb};
		1219
		1220	croak "AnyEvent->condvar called with unsupported parameter(s) " . join ", ", keys %arg
		1221	if keys %arg;
		1222
		1223	$class->SUPER::condvar (@_)
		1224	}
		1225
		1226	sub time {
		1227	my $class = shift;
		1228
		1229	@_
		1230	and croak "AnyEvent->time wrongly called with paramaters";
		1231
		1232	$class->SUPER::time (@_)
		1233	}
		1234
		1235	sub now {
		1236	my $class = shift;
		1237
		1238	@_
		1239	and croak "AnyEvent->now wrongly called with paramaters";
		1240
		1241	$class->SUPER::now (@_)
		1242	}
		1243
415	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1244	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
		1245
		1246	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in
		1247	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to
		1248	provide AnyEvent compatibility.
416		1249
417	If you need to support another event library which isn't directly	1250	If you need to support another event library which isn't directly
418	supported by AnyEvent, you can supply your own interface to it by	1251	supported by AnyEvent, you can supply your own interface to it by
419	pushing, before the first watcher gets created, the package name of	1252	pushing, before the first watcher gets created, the package name of
420	the event module and the package name of the interface to use onto	1253	the event module and the package name of the interface to use onto
421	C<@AnyEvent::REGISTRY>. You can do that before and even without loading	1254	C<@AnyEvent::REGISTRY>. You can do that before and even without loading
422	AnyEvent.	1255	AnyEvent, so it is reasonably cheap.
423		1256
424	Example:	1257	Example:
425		1258
426	push @AnyEvent::REGISTRY, [urxvt => urxvt::anyevent::];	1259	push @AnyEvent::REGISTRY, [urxvt => urxvt::anyevent::];
427		1260
428	This tells AnyEvent to (literally) use the C<urxvt::anyevent::>	1261	This tells AnyEvent to (literally) use the C<urxvt::anyevent::>
429	package/class when it finds the C<urxvt> package/module is loaded. When	1262	package/class when it finds the C<urxvt> package/module is already loaded.
		1263
430	AnyEvent is loaded and asked to find a suitable event model, it will	1264	When AnyEvent is loaded and asked to find a suitable event model, it
431	first check for the presence of urxvt.	1265	will first check for the presence of urxvt by trying to C<use> the
		1266	C<urxvt::anyevent> module.
432		1267
433	The class should provide implementations for all watcher types (see	1268	The class should provide implementations for all watcher types. See
434	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event> (source code), L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>	1269	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV> (source code), L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib> (Source code)
435	(Source code) and so on for actual examples, use C<perldoc -m	1270	and so on for actual examples. Use C<perldoc -m AnyEvent::Impl::Glib> to
436	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib> to see the sources).	1271	see the sources.
437		1272
		1273	If you don't provide C<signal> and C<child> watchers than AnyEvent will
		1274	provide suitable (hopefully) replacements.
		1275
438	The above isn't fictitious, the I<rxvt-unicode> (a.k.a. urxvt)	1276	The above example isn't fictitious, the I<rxvt-unicode> (a.k.a. urxvt)
439	uses the above line as-is. An interface isn't included in AnyEvent	1277	terminal emulator uses the above line as-is. An interface isn't included
440	because it doesn't make sense outside the embedded interpreter inside	1278	in AnyEvent because it doesn't make sense outside the embedded interpreter
441	I<rxvt-unicode>, and it is updated and maintained as part of the	1279	inside I<rxvt-unicode>, and it is updated and maintained as part of the
442	I<rxvt-unicode> distribution.	1280	I<rxvt-unicode> distribution.
443		1281
444	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to	1282	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to
445	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will	1283	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will
446	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must	1284	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must
447	not be in an interactive application, so it makes sense.	1285	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.
448		1286
449	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES	1287	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
450		1288
451	The following environment variables are used by this module:	1289	The following environment variables are used by this module:
452		1290
453	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE> when set to C<2> or higher, reports which event	1291	=over 4
454	model gets used.
455		1292
		1293	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
		1294
		1295	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
		1296	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
		1297	talkative.
		1298
		1299	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
		1300	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
		1301	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
		1302
		1303	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
		1304	model it chooses.
		1305
		1306	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
		1307
		1308	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
		1309	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
		1310	will cause AnyEvent to thoroughly check the arguments passed to most
		1311	method calls and croaks if it finds any problems. In other words, enables
		1312	"strict" mode. Unlike C<use strict> it is definitely recommended ot keep
		1313	it off in production.
		1314
		1315	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
		1316
		1317	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
		1318	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
		1319	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
		1320	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
		1321	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
		1322	auto detection and -probing.
		1323
		1324	This functionality might change in future versions.
		1325
		1326	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
		1327	could start your program like this:
		1328
		1329	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
		1330
		1331	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
		1332
		1333	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
		1334	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
		1335	of auto probing).
		1336
		1337	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
		1338	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
		1339	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
		1340	list.
		1341
		1342	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
		1343	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
		1344	small, as the program has to handle connection errors already-
		1345
		1346	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
		1347	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
		1348	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
		1349	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
		1350	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
		1351
		1352	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
		1353
		1354	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
		1355	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
		1356	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
		1357	default.
		1358
		1359	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
		1360	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
		1361
		1362	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
		1363
		1364	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
		1365	will create in parallel.
		1366
		1367	=back
		1368
456	=head1 EXAMPLE	1369	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
457		1370
458	The following program uses an io watcher to read data from stdin, a timer	1371	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer
459	to display a message once per second, and a condvar to exit the program	1372	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the
460	when the user enters quit:	1373	program when the user enters quit:
461		1374
462	use AnyEvent;	1375	use AnyEvent;
463		1376
464	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	1377	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
465		1378
466	my $io_watcher = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {	1379	my $io_watcher = AnyEvent->io (
		1380	fh => \*STDIN,
		1381	poll => 'r',
		1382	cb => sub {
467	warn "io event <$_[0]>\n"; # will always output <r>	1383	warn "io event <$_[0]>\n"; # will always output <r>
468	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>); # read a line	1384	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>); # read a line
469	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	1385	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
470	$cv->broadcast if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	1386	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
		1387	},
471	});	1388	);
472		1389
473	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once	1390	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
474		1391
475	sub new_timer {	1392	sub new_timer {
476	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	1393	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {
…		…
479	});	1396	});
480	}	1397	}
481		1398
482	new_timer; # create first timer	1399	new_timer; # create first timer
483		1400
484	$cv->wait; # wait until user enters /^q/i	1401	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
485		1402
486	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	1403	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
487		1404
488	Consider the L<Net::FCP> module. It features (among others) the following	1405	Consider the L<Net::FCP> module. It features (among others) the following
489	API calls, which are to freenet what HTTP GET requests are to http:	1406	API calls, which are to freenet what HTTP GET requests are to http:
…		…
539	syswrite $txn->{fh}, $txn->{request}	1456	syswrite $txn->{fh}, $txn->{request}
540	or die "connection or write error";	1457	or die "connection or write error";
541	$txn->{w} = AnyEvent->io (fh => $txn->{fh}, poll => 'r', cb => sub { $txn->fh_ready_r });	1458	$txn->{w} = AnyEvent->io (fh => $txn->{fh}, poll => 'r', cb => sub { $txn->fh_ready_r });
542		1459
543	Again, C<fh_ready_r> waits till all data has arrived, and then stores the	1460	Again, C<fh_ready_r> waits till all data has arrived, and then stores the
544	result and signals any possible waiters that the request ahs finished:	1461	result and signals any possible waiters that the request has finished:
545		1462
546	sysread $txn->{fh}, $txn->{buf}, length $txn->{$buf};	1463	sysread $txn->{fh}, $txn->{buf}, length $txn->{$buf};
547		1464
548	if (end-of-file or data complete) {	1465	if (end-of-file or data complete) {
549	$txn->{result} = $txn->{buf};	1466	$txn->{result} = $txn->{buf};
550	$txn->{finished}->broadcast;	1467	$txn->{finished}->send;
551	$txb->{cb}->($txn) of $txn->{cb}; # also call callback	1468	$txb->{cb}->($txn) of $txn->{cb}; # also call callback
552	}	1469	}
553		1470
554	The C<result> method, finally, just waits for the finished signal (if the	1471	The C<result> method, finally, just waits for the finished signal (if the
555	request was already finished, it doesn't wait, of course, and returns the	1472	request was already finished, it doesn't wait, of course, and returns the
556	data:	1473	data:
557		1474
558	$txn->{finished}->wait;	1475	$txn->{finished}->recv;
559	return $txn->{result};	1476	return $txn->{result};
560		1477
561	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	1478	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
562	that occured during request processing. The C<result> method detects	1479	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
563	wether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	1480	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
564	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	1481	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
565	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	1482	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a
566	random callback.	1483	random callback.
567		1484
568	All of this enables the following usage styles:	1485	All of this enables the following usage styles:
569		1486
570	1. Blocking:	1487	1. Blocking:
571		1488
572	my $data = $fcp->client_get ($url);	1489	my $data = $fcp->client_get ($url);
573		1490
574	2. Blocking, but parallelizing:	1491	2. Blocking, but running in parallel:
575		1492
576	my @datas = map $_->result,	1493	my @datas = map $_->result,
577	map $fcp->txn_client_get ($_),	1494	map $fcp->txn_client_get ($_),
578	@urls;	1495	@urls;
579		1496
580	Both blocking examples work without the module user having to know	1497	Both blocking examples work without the module user having to know
581	anything about events.	1498	anything about events.
582		1499
583	3a. Event-based in a main program, using any support Event module:	1500	3a. Event-based in a main program, using any supported event module:
584		1501
585	use Event;	1502	use EV;
586		1503
587	$fcp->txn_client_get ($url)->cb (sub {	1504	$fcp->txn_client_get ($url)->cb (sub {
588	my $txn = shift;	1505	my $txn = shift;
589	my $data = $txn->result;	1506	my $data = $txn->result;
590	...	1507	...
591	});	1508	});
592		1509
593	Event::loop;	1510	EV::loop;
594		1511
595	3b. The module user could use AnyEvent, too:	1512	3b. The module user could use AnyEvent, too:
596		1513
597	use AnyEvent;	1514	use AnyEvent;
598		1515
599	my $quit = AnyEvent->condvar;	1516	my $quit = AnyEvent->condvar;
600		1517
601	$fcp->txn_client_get ($url)->cb (sub {	1518	$fcp->txn_client_get ($url)->cb (sub {
602	...	1519	...
603	$quit->broadcast;	1520	$quit->send;
604	});	1521	});
605		1522
606	$quit->wait;	1523	$quit->recv;
		1524
		1525
		1526	=head1 BENCHMARKS
		1527
		1528	To give you an idea of the performance and overheads that AnyEvent adds
		1529	over the event loops themselves and to give you an impression of the speed
		1530	of various event loops I prepared some benchmarks.
		1531
		1532	=head2 BENCHMARKING ANYEVENT OVERHEAD
		1533
		1534	Here is a benchmark of various supported event models used natively and
		1535	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
		1536	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
		1537	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
		1538
		1539	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
		1540	distribution.
		1541
		1542	=head3 Explanation of the columns
		1543
		1544	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
		1545	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
		1546	loop was given a number of watchers so that overall runtime is acceptable
		1547	and similar between tested event loop (and keep them from crashing): Glib
		1548	would probably take thousands of years if asked to process the same number
		1549	of watchers as EV in this benchmark.
		1550
		1551	I<bytes> is the number of bytes (as measured by the resident set size,
		1552	RSS) consumed by each watcher. This method of measuring captures both C
		1553	and Perl-based overheads.
		1554
		1555	I<create> is the time, in microseconds (millionths of seconds), that it
		1556	takes to create a single watcher. The callback is a closure shared between
		1557	all watchers, to avoid adding memory overhead. That means closure creation
		1558	and memory usage is not included in the figures.
		1559
		1560	I<invoke> is the time, in microseconds, used to invoke a simple
		1561	callback. The callback simply counts down a Perl variable and after it was
		1562	invoked "watcher" times, it would C<< ->send >> a condvar once to
		1563	signal the end of this phase.
		1564
		1565	I<destroy> is the time, in microseconds, that it takes to destroy a single
		1566	watcher.
		1567
		1568	=head3 Results
		1569
		1570	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
		1571	EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface
		1572	EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers
		1573	CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal
		1574	Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation
		1575	Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface
		1576	Event/Any 16000 590 35.75 31.42 1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		1577	Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour
		1578	Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
		1579	POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event
		1580	POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select
		1581
		1582	=head3 Discussion
		1583
		1584	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
		1585	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
		1586	can never compete with an event loop that uses epoll when the number of
		1587	file descriptors grows high. In this benchmark, all events become ready at
		1588	the same time, so select/poll-based implementations get an unnatural speed
		1589	boost.
		1590
		1591	Also, note that the number of watchers usually has a nonlinear effect on
		1592	overall speed, that is, creating twice as many watchers doesn't take twice
		1593	the time - usually it takes longer. This puts event loops tested with a
		1594	higher number of watchers at a disadvantage.
		1595
		1596	To put the range of results into perspective, consider that on the
		1597	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
		1598	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
		1599	cycles with POE.
		1600
		1601	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
		1602	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses
		1603	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event
		1604	natively.
		1605
		1606	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
		1607	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
		1608	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
		1609	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
		1610	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
		1611	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
		1612
		1613	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
		1614	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		1615
		1616	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
		1617	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
		1618	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
		1619	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
		1620	making it completely unusable when using larger numbers of watchers
		1621	(note that only a single file descriptor was used in the benchmark, so
		1622	inefficiencies of C<poll> do not account for this).
		1623
		1624	The C<Tk> adaptor works relatively well. The fact that it crashes with
		1625	more than 2000 watchers is a big setback, however, as correctness takes
		1626	precedence over speed. Nevertheless, its performance is surprising, as the
		1627	file descriptor is dup()ed for each watcher. This shows that the dup()
		1628	employed by some adaptors is not a big performance issue (it does incur a
		1629	hidden memory cost inside the kernel which is not reflected in the figures
		1630	above).
		1631
		1632	C<POE>, regardless of underlying event loop (whether using its pure perl
		1633	select-based backend or the Event module, the POE-EV backend couldn't
		1634	be tested because it wasn't working) shows abysmal performance and
		1635	memory usage with AnyEvent: Watchers use almost 30 times as much memory
		1636	as EV watchers, and 10 times as much memory as Event (the high memory
		1637	requirements are caused by requiring a session for each watcher). Watcher
		1638	invocation speed is almost 900 times slower than with AnyEvent's pure perl
		1639	implementation.
		1640
		1641	The design of the POE adaptor class in AnyEvent can not really account
		1642	for the performance issues, though, as session creation overhead is
		1643	small compared to execution of the state machine, which is coded pretty
		1644	optimally within L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE> (and while everybody agrees that
		1645	using multiple sessions is not a good approach, especially regarding
		1646	memory usage, even the author of POE could not come up with a faster
		1647	design).
		1648
		1649	=head3 Summary
		1650
		1651	=over 4
		1652
		1653	=item * Using EV through AnyEvent is faster than any other event loop
		1654	(even when used without AnyEvent), but most event loops have acceptable
		1655	performance with or without AnyEvent.
		1656
		1657	=item * The overhead AnyEvent adds is usually much smaller than the overhead of
		1658	the actual event loop, only with extremely fast event loops such as EV
		1659	adds AnyEvent significant overhead.
		1660
		1661	=item * You should avoid POE like the plague if you want performance or
		1662	reasonable memory usage.
		1663
		1664	=back
		1665
		1666	=head2 BENCHMARKING THE LARGE SERVER CASE
		1667
		1668	This benchmark actually benchmarks the event loop itself. It works by
		1669	creating a number of "servers": each server consists of a socket pair, a
		1670	timeout watcher that gets reset on activity (but never fires), and an I/O
		1671	watcher waiting for input on one side of the socket. Each time the socket
		1672	watcher reads a byte it will write that byte to a random other "server".
		1673
		1674	The effect is that there will be a lot of I/O watchers, only part of which
		1675	are active at any one point (so there is a constant number of active
		1676	fds for each loop iteration, but which fds these are is random). The
		1677	timeout is reset each time something is read because that reflects how
		1678	most timeouts work (and puts extra pressure on the event loops).
		1679
		1680	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
		1681	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
		1682	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
		1683
		1684	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
		1685	distribution.
		1686
		1687	=head3 Explanation of the columns
		1688
		1689	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
		1690	each server has a read and write socket end).
		1691
		1692	I<create> is the time it takes to create a socket pair (which is
		1693	nontrivial) and two watchers: an I/O watcher and a timeout watcher.
		1694
		1695	I<request>, the most important value, is the time it takes to handle a
		1696	single "request", that is, reading the token from the pipe and forwarding
		1697	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
		1698	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
		1699
		1700	=head3 Results
		1701
		1702	name sockets create request
		1703	EV 20000 69.01 11.16
		1704	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87
		1705	Event 20000 212.62 257.32
		1706	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30
		1707	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event
		1708
		1709	=head3 Discussion
		1710
		1711	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
		1712	particular event loop.
		1713
		1714	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
		1715	is relatively high, though.
		1716
		1717	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
		1718	loops Event and Glib.
		1719
		1720	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
		1721	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
		1722	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
		1723	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
		1724
		1725	Glib is hit hard by its quadratic behaviour w.r.t. many watchers. It
		1726	clearly fails to perform with many filehandles or in busy servers.
		1727
		1728	POE is still completely out of the picture, taking over 1000 times as long
		1729	as EV, and over 100 times as long as the Perl implementation, even though
		1730	it uses a C-based event loop in this case.
		1731
		1732	=head3 Summary
		1733
		1734	=over 4
		1735
		1736	=item * The pure perl implementation performs extremely well.
		1737
		1738	=item * Avoid Glib or POE in large projects where performance matters.
		1739
		1740	=back
		1741
		1742	=head2 BENCHMARKING SMALL SERVERS
		1743
		1744	While event loops should scale (and select-based ones do not...) even to
		1745	large servers, most programs we (or I :) actually write have only a few
		1746	I/O watchers.
		1747
		1748	In this benchmark, I use the same benchmark program as in the large server
		1749	case, but it uses only eight "servers", of which three are active at any
		1750	one time. This should reflect performance for a small server relatively
		1751	well.
		1752
		1753	The columns are identical to the previous table.
		1754
		1755	=head3 Results
		1756
		1757	name sockets create request
		1758	EV 16 20.00 6.54
		1759	Perl 16 25.75 12.62
		1760	Event 16 81.27 35.86
		1761	Glib 16 32.63 15.48
		1762	POE 16 261.87 276.28 uses POE::Loop::Event
		1763
		1764	=head3 Discussion
		1765
		1766	The benchmark tries to test the performance of a typical small
		1767	server. While knowing how various event loops perform is interesting, keep
		1768	in mind that their overhead in this case is usually not as important, due
		1769	to the small absolute number of watchers (that is, you need efficiency and
		1770	speed most when you have lots of watchers, not when you only have a few of
		1771	them).
		1772
		1773	EV is again fastest.
		1774
		1775	Perl again comes second. It is noticeably faster than the C-based event
		1776	loops Event and Glib, although the difference is too small to really
		1777	matter.
		1778
		1779	POE also performs much better in this case, but is is still far behind the
		1780	others.
		1781
		1782	=head3 Summary
		1783
		1784	=over 4
		1785
		1786	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
		1787	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
		1788
		1789	=back
		1790
		1791
		1792	=head1 FORK
		1793
		1794	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
		1795	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>
		1796	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.
		1797
		1798	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
		1799	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.
		1800
		1801
		1802	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
		1803
		1804	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
		1805	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}. While this cannot (to my knowledge) be used to
		1806	execute arbitrary code or directly gain access, it can easily be used to
		1807	make the program hang or malfunction in subtle ways, as AnyEvent watchers
		1808	will not be active when the program uses a different event model than
		1809	specified in the variable.
		1810
		1811	You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it
		1812	before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a C<BEGIN> block:
		1813
		1814	BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} }
		1815
		1816	use AnyEvent;
		1817
		1818	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
		1819	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
		1820	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
		1821	$ENV{PERL_ANYEGENT_STRICT}.
		1822
		1823
		1824	=head1 BUGS
		1825
		1826	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
		1827	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
		1828	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
		1829	mamleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
		1830	pronounced).
		1831
607		1832
608	=head1 SEE ALSO	1833	=head1 SEE ALSO
609		1834
610	Event modules: L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>, L<Glib>.	1835	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.
611		1836
612	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::Coro>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>.	1837	Event modules: L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>,
		1838	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
613		1839
614	Nontrivial usage example: L<Net::FCP>.	1840	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
		1841	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
		1842	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
		1843	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.
615		1844
616	=head1	1845	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
		1846	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.
		1847
		1848	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
		1849
		1850	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,
		1851
		1852	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
		1853
		1854
		1855	=head1 AUTHOR
		1856
		1857	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
		1858	http://home.schmorp.de/
617		1859
618	=cut	1860	=cut
619		1861
620	1	1862	1
621		1863

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