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Revision 1.169 by root, Wed Jul 9 10:36:22 2008 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops
4		4
5	EV, Event, Coro::EV, Coro::Event, Glib, Tk, Perl - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops
6		6
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	7	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		8
9	use AnyEvent;	9	use AnyEvent;
10		10
…		…
15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub {	15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub {
16	...	16	...
17	});	17	});
18		18
19	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged	19	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
		20	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
20	$w->wait; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->broadcast	21	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
21	$w->broadcast; # wake up current and all future wait's	22
		23	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
		24
		25	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
		26	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
		27	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
22		28
23	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	29	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
24		30
25	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	31	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
26	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	32	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
27		33
28	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of	34	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of
29	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.	35	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.
30		36
31	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only	37	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only
32	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use in a	38	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use, in a
33	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,	39	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,
34	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality, and AnyEvent	40	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,
35	helps hiding the differences.	41	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent
		42	cannot change this, but it can hide the differences between those event
		43	loops.
36		44
37	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event	45	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event
38	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a	46	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a
39	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your	47	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your
40	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	48	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
41	model you use.	49	model you use.
42		50
43	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is actually doing all I/O	51	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
44	I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is like joining a	52	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
45	cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you cannot use	53	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you
46	anything else, as it is simply incompatible to everything that isn't	54	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
47	itself.	55	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
		56	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
48		57
49	AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works fine. AnyEvent + Tk	58	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
50	works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together with the rest: POE	59	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
51	+ IO::Async? no go. Tk + Event? no go. If your module uses one of	60	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if
52	those, every user of your module has to use it, too. If your module	61	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,
53	uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all event models it supports	62	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all
54	(including stuff like POE and IO::Async).	63	event models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those
		64	use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops
		65	to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).
55		66
56	In addition of being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	67	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
57	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	68	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
58	modules, you get an enourmous amount of code and strict rules you have	69	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
59	to follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and to the point by only	70	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only
60	offering the functionality that is useful, in as thin as a wrapper as	71	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
61	technically possible.	72	technically possible.
62		73
		74	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
		75	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
		76	non-blocking connects (even with TLS/SSL, IPv6 and on broken platforms
		77	such as Windows) and lots of real-world knowledge and workarounds for
		78	platform bugs and differences.
		79
63	Of course, if you want lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat	80	Now, if you I<do want> lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat
64	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	81	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
65	model, you should I<not> use this module.	82	model, you should I<not> use this module.
66
67		83
68	=head1 DESCRIPTION	84	=head1 DESCRIPTION
69		85
70	L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This	86	L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This
71	allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module	87	allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module
72	users to use the same event loop (as only a single event loop can coexist	88	users to use the same event loop (as only a single event loop can coexist
73	peacefully at any one time).	89	peacefully at any one time).
74		90
75	The interface itself is vaguely similar but not identical to the Event	91	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>
76	module.	92	module.
77		93
78	On the first call of any method, the module tries to detect the currently	94	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries
79	loaded event loop by probing whether any of the following modules is	95	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the
80	loaded: L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>, L<EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>. The	96	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>,
		97	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>,
81	first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries to load these	98	L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries
82	modules in the order given. The first one that could be successfully	99	to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl
83	loaded will be used. If still none could be found, AnyEvent will fall back	100	adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can
84	to a pure-perl event loop, which is also not very efficient.	101	be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be
		102	found, AnyEvent will fall back to a pure-perl event loop, which is not
		103	very efficient, but should work everywhere.
85		104
86	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading	105	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading
87	an Event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make	106	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make
88	that model the default. For example:	107	that model the default. For example:
89		108
90	use Tk;	109	use Tk;
91	use AnyEvent;	110	use AnyEvent;
92		111
93	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk	112	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk
94		113
		114	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and
		115	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to
		116	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...
		117
95	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	118	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called
96	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	119	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it
97	explicitly.	120	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)
98		121
99	=head1 WATCHERS	122	=head1 WATCHERS
100		123
101	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	124	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
102	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	125	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
103	the callback to call, the filehandle to watch, etc.	126	the callback to call, the file handle to watch, etc.
104		127
105	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After	128	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
106	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke	129	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
		130	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
		131	is in control).
		132
107	the callback. To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by	133	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
108	setting the variable that stores it to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all	134	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
109	references to it).	135	to it).
110		136
111	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	137	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
112		138
		139	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
		140	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
		141
		142	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:
		143
		144	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
		145	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
		146	undef $w;
		147	});
		148
		149	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,
		150	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
		151	declared.
		152
113	=head2 IO WATCHERS	153	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
114		154
115	You can create I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method with	155	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
116	the following mandatory arguments:	156	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
117		157
118	C<fh> the Perl I<filehandle> (not filedescriptor) to watch for	158	C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch for events
		159	(AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file handle). C<poll>
119	events. C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, that creates	160	must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a watcher
120	a watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events. C<cb> the callback	161	waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively. C<cb> is the
121	to invoke everytime the filehandle becomes ready.	162	callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
122		163
123	Filehandles will be kept alive, so as long as the watcher exists, the	164	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
124	filehandle exists, too.	165	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
		166	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
125		167
126	Example:	168	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.
		169	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the
		170	underlying file descriptor.
127		171
		172	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should
		173	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
		174	handles.
		175
128	# wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the watcher	176	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
		177	watcher.
		178
129	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {	179	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
130	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);	180	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);
131	warn "read: $input\n";	181	warn "read: $input\n";
132	undef $w;	182	undef $w;
133	});	183	});
…		…
135	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	185	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
136		186
137	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	187	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
138	method with the following mandatory arguments:	188	method with the following mandatory arguments:
139		189
140	C<after> after how many seconds (fractions are supported) should the timer	190	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
141	activate. C<cb> the callback to invoke.	191	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
		192	in that case.
142		193
143	The timer callback will be invoked at most once: if you want a repeating	194	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
144	timer you have to create a new watcher (this is a limitation by both Tk	195	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
145	and Glib).	196	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
146		197
147	Example:	198	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another
		199	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
		200	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
		201	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
		202	false value, then it is treated as if it were missing.
148		203
		204	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
		205	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
		206	only approximate.
		207
149	# fire an event after 7.7 seconds	208	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
		209
150	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	210	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
151	warn "timeout\n";	211	warn "timeout\n";
152	});	212	});
153		213
154	# to cancel the timer:	214	# to cancel the timer:
155	undef $w;	215	undef $w;
156		216
157	=head2 CONDITION WATCHERS	217	Example 2: fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second.
158		218
159	Condition watchers can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar >>	219	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, interval => 1, cb => sub {
160	method without any arguments.	220	warn "timeout\n";
		221	};
161		222
162	A condition watcher watches for a condition - precisely that the C<<	223	=head3 TIMING ISSUES
163	->broadcast >> method has been called.
164		224
165	Note that condition watchers recurse into the event loop - if you have	225	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire
166	two watchers that call C<< ->wait >> in a round-robbin fashion, you	226	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12
167	lose. Therefore, condition watchers are good to export to your caller, but	227	o'clock").
168	you should avoid making a blocking wait, at least in callbacks, as this
169	usually asks for trouble.
170		228
171	The watcher has only two methods:	229	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they
		230	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock
		231	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from
		232	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to
		233	fire "after" a second might actually take six years to finally fire.
		234
		235	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious
		236	about these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based
		237	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)
		238	timers.
		239
		240	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
		241	AnyEvent API.
		242
		243	AnyEvent has two additional methods that return the "current time":
172		244
173	=over 4	245	=over 4
174		246
		247	=item AnyEvent->time
		248
		249	This returns the "current wallclock time" as a fractional number of
		250	seconds since the Epoch (the same thing as C<time> or C<Time::HiRes::time>
		251	return, and the result is guaranteed to be compatible with those).
		252
		253	It progresses independently of any event loop processing, i.e. each call
		254	will check the system clock, which usually gets updated frequently.
		255
		256	=item AnyEvent->now
		257
		258	This also returns the "current wallclock time", but unlike C<time>, above,
		259	this value might change only once per event loop iteration, depending on
		260	the event loop (most return the same time as C<time>, above). This is the
		261	time that AnyEvent's timers get scheduled against.
		262
		263	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
		264	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
		265
		266	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
		267	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
		268	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts).
		269
		270	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
		271	with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.
		272
		273	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
		274	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
		275
		276	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at
		277	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
		278	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
		279	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
		280	after three seconds.
		281
		282	With L<Event::Lib>, C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> will
		283	both return C<501>, because that is the current time, and the timer will
		284	be scheduled to fire at time=504 (C<501> + C<3>).
		285
		286	With L<EV>, C<< AnyEvent->time >> returns C<501> (as that is the current
		287	time), but C<< AnyEvent->now >> returns C<500>, as that is the time the
		288	last event processing phase started. With L<EV>, your timer gets scheduled
		289	to run at time=503 (C<500> + C<3>).
		290
		291	In one sense, L<Event::Lib> is more exact, as it uses the current time
		292	regardless of any delays introduced by event processing. However, most
		293	callbacks do not expect large delays in processing, so this causes a
		294	higher drift (and a lot more system calls to get the current time).
		295
		296	In another sense, L<EV> is more exact, as your timer will be scheduled at
		297	the same time, regardless of how long event processing actually took.
		298
		299	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
		300	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
		301	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
		302	account.
		303
		304	=back
		305
		306	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
		307
		308	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
		309	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
		310	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
		311
		312	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
		313	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
		314	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.
		315
		316	Multiple signal occurrences can be clumped together into one callback
		317	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
		318	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
		319	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
		320
		321	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
		322	between multiple watchers.
		323
		324	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals
		325	directly will likely not work correctly.
		326
		327	Example: exit on SIGINT
		328
		329	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
		330
		331	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
		332
		333	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
		334
		335	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it
		336	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often
		337	as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a
		338	signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>. The callback will be called with the pid
		339	and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types,
		340	you I<can> rely on child watcher callback arguments.
		341
		342	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
		343	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
		344	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
		345
		346	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for
		347	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be
		348	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).
		349
		350	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an
		351	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you
		352	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		353
		354	Example: fork a process and wait for it
		355
		356	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
		357
		358	my $pid = fork or exit 5;
		359
		360	my $w = AnyEvent->child (
		361	pid => $pid,
		362	cb => sub {
		363	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
		364	warn "pid $pid exited with status $status";
		365	$done->send;
		366	},
		367	);
		368
		369	# do something else, then wait for process exit
		370	$done->recv;
		371
		372	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
		373
		374	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
		375	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
		376	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
		377
		378	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and
		379	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
		380
		381	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called
		382	because they represent a condition that must become true.
		383
		384	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
		385	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
		386	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
		387	becomes true.
		388
		389	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
		390	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
		391	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
		392	->send >> method).
		393
		394	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can
		395	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points
		396	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet
		397	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be
		398	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers
		399	a result.
		400
		401	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
		402	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
		403	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
		404	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
		405	called or can synchronously C<< ->recv >> for the results.
		406
		407	You can also use them to simulate traditional event loops - for example,
		408	you can block your main program until an event occurs - for example, you
		409	could C<< ->recv >> in your main program until the user clicks the Quit
		410	button of your app, which would C<< ->send >> the "quit" event.
		411
		412	Note that condition variables recurse into the event loop - if you have
		413	two pieces of code that call C<< ->recv >> in a round-robin fashion, you
		414	lose. Therefore, condition variables are good to export to your caller, but
		415	you should avoid making a blocking wait yourself, at least in callbacks,
		416	as this asks for trouble.
		417
		418	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys
		419	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing
		420	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of
		421	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call
		422	it's C<new> method in your own C<new> method.
		423
		424	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which
		425	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
		426	for the send to occur.
		427
		428	Example: wait for a timer.
		429
		430	# wait till the result is ready
		431	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;
		432
		433	# do something such as adding a timer
		434	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->send
		435	# when the "result" is ready.
		436	# in this case, we simply use a timer:
		437	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (
		438	after => 1,
		439	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },
		440	);
		441
		442	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
		443	# calls send
		444	$result_ready->recv;
		445
		446	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that
		447	condition variables are also code references.
		448
		449	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
		450	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
		451	$done->recv;
		452
		453	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS
		454
		455	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the
		456	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also
		457	the producer side which creates the condvar in most cases, but it isn't
		458	uncommon for the consumer to create it as well.
		459
		460	=over 4
		461
		462	=item $cv->send (...)
		463
		464	Flag the condition as ready - a running C<< ->recv >> and all further
		465	calls to C<recv> will (eventually) return after this method has been
		466	called. If nobody is waiting the send will be remembered.
		467
		468	If a callback has been set on the condition variable, it is called
		469	immediately from within send.
		470
		471	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
		472	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
		473
		474	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly
		475	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
		476	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle
		477	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
		478	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
		479	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
		480	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
		481	example).
		482
		483	=item $cv->croak ($error)
		484
		485	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
		486	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
		487
		488	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
		489	user/consumer.
		490
		491	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
		492
175	=item $cv->wait	493	=item $cv->end
176		494
177	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->broadcast >> method has been	495	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
		496
		497	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
		498	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
		499	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
		500
		501	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
		502	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
		503	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback
		504	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no
		505	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.
		506
		507	Let's clarify this with the ping example:
		508
		509	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		510
		511	my %result;
		512	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });
		513
		514	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
		515	$cv->begin;
		516	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
		517	$result{$host} = ...;
		518	$cv->end;
		519	};
		520	}
		521
		522	$cv->end;
		523
		524	This code fragment supposedly pings a number of hosts and calls
		525	C<send> after results for all then have have been gathered - in any
		526	order. To achieve this, the code issues a call to C<begin> when it starts
		527	each ping request and calls C<end> when it has received some result for
		528	it. Since C<begin> and C<end> only maintain a counter, the order in which
		529	results arrive is not relevant.
		530
		531	There is an additional bracketing call to C<begin> and C<end> outside the
		532	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
		533	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
		534	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
		535	doesn't execute once).
		536
		537	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:
		538	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>
		539	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call
		540	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.
		541
		542	=back
		543
		544	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
		545
		546	These methods should only be used by the consuming side, i.e. the
		547	code awaits the condition.
		548
		549	=over 4
		550
		551	=item $cv->recv
		552
		553	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak
178	called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers normally.	554	>> methods have been called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers
		555	normally.
179		556
180	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls will return	557	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but
181	immediately.	558	will return immediately.
		559
		560	If an error condition has been set by calling C<< ->croak >>, then this
		561	function will call C<croak>.
		562
		563	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
		564	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
182		565
183	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	566	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
184	(programs might want to do that so they stay interactive), so I<if you	567	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
185	are using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	568	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the
186	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	569	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
187	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	570	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
188	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	571	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
189	while still suppporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	572	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
190		573
191	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->wait >> in a module is that you cannot	574	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
192	sensibly have two C<< ->wait >>'s in parallel, as that would require	575	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
193	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>	576	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
194	can supply (the coroutine-aware backends C<Coro::EV> and C<Coro::Event>	577	can supply.
195	explicitly support concurrent C<< ->wait >>'s from different coroutines,
196	however).
197		578
198	=item $cv->broadcast	579	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
		580	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
		581	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
		582	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
		583	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
199		584
200	Flag the condition as ready - a running C<< ->wait >> and all further	585	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
201	calls to C<wait> will return after this method has been called. If nobody	586	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
202	is waiting the broadcast will be remembered..	587	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
		588	waits otherwise.
203		589
204	Example:	590	=item $bool = $cv->ready
205		591
206	# wait till the result is ready	592	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or
207	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	593	C<croak> have been called.
208		594
209	# do something such as adding a timer	595	=item $cb = $cv->cb ([new callback])
210	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->broadcast
211	# when the "result" is ready.
212		596
213	$result_ready->wait;	597	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
		598	replaces it before doing so.
		599
		600	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when
		601	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition
		602	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time
		603	is guaranteed not to block.
214		604
215	=back	605	=back
216		606
217	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	607	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
218
219	You can listen for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
220	I<name> without any C<SIG> prefix. Multiple signals events can be clumped
221	together into one callback invocation, and callback invocation might or
222	might not be asynchronous.
223
224	These watchers might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals
225	directly will likely not work correctly.
226
227	Example: exit on SIGINT
228
229	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
230
231	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
232
233	You can also listen for the status of a child process specified by the
234	C<pid> argument (or any child if the pid argument is 0). The watcher will
235	trigger as often as status change for the child are received. This works
236	by installing a signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>. The callback will be called with
237	the pid and exit status (as returned by waitpid).
238
239	Example: wait for pid 1333
240
241	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => 1333, cb => sub { warn "exit status $?" });
242
243	=head1 GLOBALS
244		608
245	=over 4	609	=over 4
246		610
247	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	611	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
248		612
…		…
252	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	616	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case
253	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	617	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).
254		618
255	The known classes so far are:	619	The known classes so far are:
256		620
257	AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEV based on Coro::EV, best choice.
258	AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEvent based on Coro::Event, second best choice.
259	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, also best choice).	621	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
260	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, also second best choice :)	622	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
		623	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
261	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.	624	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
262	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.	625	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
263	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, inefficient but portable.	626	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
		627	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		628	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
		629
		630	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
		631	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
		632	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
		633	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
		634	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
		635	it's adaptor.
		636
		637	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
		638	autodetecting them.
264		639
265	=item AnyEvent::detect	640	=item AnyEvent::detect
266		641
267	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model if	642	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
268	necessary. You should only call this function right before you would have	643	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
269	created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, very late at runtime.	644	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
		645	runtime.
		646
		647	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
		648
		649	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
		650	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).
		651
		652	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
		653	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See
		654	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.
		655
		656	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
		657
		658	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
		659	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after
		660	the event loop has been chosen.
		661
		662	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
		663	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,
		664	and the array will be ignored.
		665
		666	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.
270		667
271	=back	668	=back
272		669
273	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	670	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
274		671
275	As a module author, you should "use AnyEvent" and call AnyEvent methods	672	As a module author, you should C<use AnyEvent> and call AnyEvent methods
276	freely, but you should not load a specific event module or rely on it.	673	freely, but you should not load a specific event module or rely on it.
277		674
278	Be careful when you create watchers in the module body - Anyevent will	675	Be careful when you create watchers in the module body - AnyEvent will
279	decide which event module to use as soon as the first method is called, so	676	decide which event module to use as soon as the first method is called, so
280	by calling AnyEvent in your module body you force the user of your module	677	by calling AnyEvent in your module body you force the user of your module
281	to load the event module first.	678	to load the event module first.
282		679
		680	Never call C<< ->recv >> on a condition variable unless you I<know> that
		681	the C<< ->send >> method has been called on it already. This is
		682	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using
		683	events is to stay interactive.
		684
		685	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module
		686	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method
		687	called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->recv >>
		688	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always).
		689
283	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM	690	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM
284		691
285	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should	692	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should
286	dictate which event model to use.	693	dictate which event model to use.
287		694
288	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not	695	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not
289	do anything special and let AnyEvent decide which implementation to chose.	696	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent
		697	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.
290		698
291	If the main program relies on a specific event model (for example, in Gtk2	699	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in
292	programs you have to rely on either Glib or Glib::Event), you should load	700	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the
293	it before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it, generally, as early	701	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally
294	as possible. The reason is that modules might create watchers when they	702	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that
295	are loaded, and AnyEvent will decide on the event model to use as soon as	703	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will
296	it creates watchers, and it might chose the wrong one unless you load the	704	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it
297	correct one yourself.	705	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.
298		706
299	You can chose to use a rather inefficient pure-perl implementation by	707	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the
300	loading the C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, but letting AnyEvent chose is	708	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar behaviour
301	generally better.	709	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.
		710
		711	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION
		712
		713	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who
		714	only want to use AnyEvent), you do not want to run a specific event loop.
		715
		716	In that case, you can use a condition variable like this:
		717
		718	AnyEvent->condvar->recv;
		719
		720	This has the effect of entering the event loop and looping forever.
		721
		722	Note that usually your program has some exit condition, in which case
		723	it is better to use the "traditional" approach of storing a condition
		724	variable somewhere, waiting for it, and sending it when the program should
		725	exit cleanly.
		726
		727
		728	=head1 OTHER MODULES
		729
		730	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
		731	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules
		732	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are
		733	available via CPAN.
		734
		735	=over 4
		736
		737	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
		738
		739	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking
		740	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.
		741
		742	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
		743
		744	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
		745	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
		746	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.
		747
		748	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
		749
		750	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
		751	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
		752	non-blocking SSL/TLS.
		753
		754	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
		755
		756	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
		757
		758	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>
		759
		760	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent
		761	HTTP requests.
		762
		763	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
		764
		765	Provides a simple web application server framework.
		766
		767	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
		768
		769	The fastest ping in the west.
		770
		771	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
		772
		773	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
		774
		775	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		776
		777	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
		778	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent
		779	together.
		780
		781	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>
		782
		783	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses
		784	L<BDB> and AnyEvent together.
		785
		786	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
		787
		788	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
		789
		790	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
		791
		792	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
		793	L<App::IGS>).
		794
		795	=item L<Net::IRC3>
		796
		797	AnyEvent based IRC client module family.
		798
		799	=item L<Net::XMPP2>
		800
		801	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
		802
		803	=item L<Net::FCP>
		804
		805	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
		806	of AnyEvent.
		807
		808	=item L<Event::ExecFlow>
		809
		810	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
		811
		812	=item L<Coro>
		813
		814	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
		815
		816	=item L<IO::Lambda>
		817
		818	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
		819
		820	=back
302		821
303	=cut	822	=cut
304		823
305	package AnyEvent;	824	package AnyEvent;
306		825
307	no warnings;	826	no warnings;
308	use strict;	827	use strict;
309		828
310	use Carp;	829	use Carp;
311		830
312	our $VERSION = '3.1';	831	our $VERSION = 4.2;
313	our $MODEL;	832	our $MODEL;
314		833
315	our $AUTOLOAD;	834	our $AUTOLOAD;
316	our @ISA;	835	our @ISA;
317		836
		837	our @REGISTRY;
		838
		839	our $WIN32;
		840
		841	BEGIN {
		842	my $win32 = ! ! ($^O =~ /mswin32/i);
		843	eval "sub WIN32(){ $win32 }";
		844	}
		845
318	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	846	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
319		847
320	our @REGISTRY;	848	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
		849
		850	{
		851	my $idx;
		852	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx
		853	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
		854	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
		855	}
321		856
322	my @models = (	857	my @models = (
323	[Coro::EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEV::],
324	[Coro::Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEvent::],
325	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	858	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],
326	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],	859	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],
327	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::],
328	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::],
329	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],	860	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],
		861	# everything below here will not be autoprobed
		862	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
		863	# and is usually faster
		864	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
		865	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		866	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		867	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
		868	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
		869	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		870	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
330	);	871	);
331		872
332	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer condvar broadcast wait signal one_event DESTROY);	873	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer time now signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);
		874
		875	our @post_detect;
		876
		877	sub post_detect(&) {
		878	my ($cb) = @_;
		879
		880	if ($MODEL) {
		881	$cb->();
		882
		883	1
		884	} else {
		885	push @post_detect, $cb;
		886
		887	defined wantarray
		888	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect"
		889	: ()
		890	}
		891	}
		892
		893	sub AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect::DESTROY {
		894	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
		895	}
333		896
334	sub detect() {	897	sub detect() {
335	unless ($MODEL) {	898	unless ($MODEL) {
336	no strict 'refs';	899	no strict 'refs';
		900	local $SIG{__DIE__};
		901
		902	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
		903	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
		904	if (eval "require $model") {
		905	$MODEL = $model;
		906	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
		907	} else {
		908	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;
		909	}
		910	}
337		911
338	# check for already loaded models	912	# check for already loaded models
		913	unless ($MODEL) {
339	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	914	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
340	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	915	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
341	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	916	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
342	if (eval "require $model") {	917	if (eval "require $model") {
343	$MODEL = $model;	918	$MODEL = $model;
344	warn "AnyEvent: found model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	919	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
345	last;	920	last;
		921	}
346	}	922	}
347	}	923	}
		924
		925	unless ($MODEL) {
		926	# try to load a model
		927
		928	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
		929	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
		930	if (eval "require $package"
		931	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
		932	and eval "require $model") {
		933	$MODEL = $model;
		934	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
		935	last;
		936	}
		937	}
		938
		939	$MODEL
		940	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.";
		941	}
348	}	942	}
349		943
350	unless ($MODEL) {	944	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
351	# try to load a model
352
353	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
354	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
355	if (eval "require $package"
356	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
357	and eval "require $model") {
358	$MODEL = $model;
359	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed and loaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
360	last;
361	}
362	}
363
364	$MODEL
365	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV (or Coro+EV), Event (or Coro+Event), Glib or Tk.";
366	}
367		945
368	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;	946	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
369	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";	947
		948	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
		949
		950	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
370	}	951	}
371		952
372	$MODEL	953	$MODEL
373	}	954	}
374		955
…		…
382		963
383	my $class = shift;	964	my $class = shift;
384	$class->$func (@_);	965	$class->$func (@_);
385	}	966	}
386		967
		968	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
		969	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
		970	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
		971	sub _dupfh($$$$) {
		972	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
		973
		974	require Fcntl;
		975
		976	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
		977	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<")
		978	: $poll eq "w" ? ($w, ">")
		979	: Carp::croak "AnyEvent->io requires poll set to either 'r' or 'w'";
		980
		981	open my $fh2, "$mode&" . fileno $fh
		982	or die "cannot dup() filehandle: $!";
		983
		984	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
		985
		986	($fh2, $rw)
		987	}
		988
387	package AnyEvent::Base;	989	package AnyEvent::Base;
388		990
		991	# default implementation for now and time
		992
		993	use Time::HiRes ();
		994
		995	sub time { Time::HiRes::time }
		996	sub now { Time::HiRes::time }
		997
389	# default implementation for ->condvar, ->wait, ->broadcast	998	# default implementation for ->condvar
390		999
391	sub condvar {	1000	sub condvar {
392	bless \my $flag, "AnyEvent::Base::CondVar"	1001	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar::
393	}
394
395	sub AnyEvent::Base::CondVar::broadcast {
396	${$_[0]}++;
397	}
398
399	sub AnyEvent::Base::CondVar::wait {
400	AnyEvent->one_event while !${$_[0]};
401	}	1002	}
402		1003
403	# default implementation for ->signal	1004	# default implementation for ->signal
404		1005
405	our %SIG_CB;	1006	our %SIG_CB;
…		…
421	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {	1022	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {
422	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1023	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
423		1024
424	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};	1025	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
425		1026
426	$SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT' unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };	1027	delete $SIG{$signal} unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
427	}	1028	}
428		1029
429	# default implementation for ->child	1030	# default implementation for ->child
430		1031
431	our %PID_CB;	1032	our %PID_CB;
…		…
458	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1059	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
459		1060
460	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1061	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
461		1062
462	unless ($WNOHANG) {	1063	unless ($WNOHANG) {
463	$WNOHANG = eval { require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;	1064	$WNOHANG = eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
464	}	1065	}
465		1066
466	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1067	unless ($CHLD_W) {
467	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1068	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);
468	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1069	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
…		…
479	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1080	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
480		1081
481	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1082	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
482	}	1083	}
483		1084
		1085	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
		1086
		1087	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
		1088
		1089	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
		1090
		1091	use overload
		1092	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
		1093	fallback => 1;
		1094
		1095	sub _send {
		1096	# nop
		1097	}
		1098
		1099	sub send {
		1100	my $cv = shift;
		1101	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];
		1102	(delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv) if $cv->{_ae_cb};
		1103	$cv->_send;
		1104	}
		1105
		1106	sub croak {
		1107	$_[0]{_ae_croak} = $_[1];
		1108	$_[0]->send;
		1109	}
		1110
		1111	sub ready {
		1112	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
		1113	}
		1114
		1115	sub _wait {
		1116	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
		1117	}
		1118
		1119	sub recv {
		1120	$_[0]->_wait;
		1121
		1122	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};
		1123	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
		1124	}
		1125
		1126	sub cb {
		1127	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
		1128	$_[0]{_ae_cb}
		1129	}
		1130
		1131	sub begin {
		1132	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
		1133	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
		1134	}
		1135
		1136	sub end {
		1137	return if --$_[0]{_ae_counter};
		1138	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };
		1139	}
		1140
		1141	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
		1142	*broadcast = \&send;
		1143	*wait = \&_wait;
		1144
484	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1145	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
		1146
		1147	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in
		1148	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to
		1149	provide AnyEvent compatibility.
485		1150
486	If you need to support another event library which isn't directly	1151	If you need to support another event library which isn't directly
487	supported by AnyEvent, you can supply your own interface to it by	1152	supported by AnyEvent, you can supply your own interface to it by
488	pushing, before the first watcher gets created, the package name of	1153	pushing, before the first watcher gets created, the package name of
489	the event module and the package name of the interface to use onto	1154	the event module and the package name of the interface to use onto
490	C<@AnyEvent::REGISTRY>. You can do that before and even without loading	1155	C<@AnyEvent::REGISTRY>. You can do that before and even without loading
491	AnyEvent.	1156	AnyEvent, so it is reasonably cheap.
492		1157
493	Example:	1158	Example:
494		1159
495	push @AnyEvent::REGISTRY, [urxvt => urxvt::anyevent::];	1160	push @AnyEvent::REGISTRY, [urxvt => urxvt::anyevent::];
496		1161
497	This tells AnyEvent to (literally) use the C<urxvt::anyevent::>	1162	This tells AnyEvent to (literally) use the C<urxvt::anyevent::>
498	package/class when it finds the C<urxvt> package/module is loaded. When	1163	package/class when it finds the C<urxvt> package/module is already loaded.
		1164
499	AnyEvent is loaded and asked to find a suitable event model, it will	1165	When AnyEvent is loaded and asked to find a suitable event model, it
500	first check for the presence of urxvt.	1166	will first check for the presence of urxvt by trying to C<use> the
		1167	C<urxvt::anyevent> module.
501		1168
502	The class should provide implementations for all watcher types (see	1169	The class should provide implementations for all watcher types. See
503	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event> (source code), L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>	1170	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV> (source code), L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib> (Source code)
504	(Source code) and so on for actual examples, use C<perldoc -m	1171	and so on for actual examples. Use C<perldoc -m AnyEvent::Impl::Glib> to
505	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib> to see the sources).	1172	see the sources.
506		1173
		1174	If you don't provide C<signal> and C<child> watchers than AnyEvent will
		1175	provide suitable (hopefully) replacements.
		1176
507	The above isn't fictitious, the I<rxvt-unicode> (a.k.a. urxvt)	1177	The above example isn't fictitious, the I<rxvt-unicode> (a.k.a. urxvt)
508	uses the above line as-is. An interface isn't included in AnyEvent	1178	terminal emulator uses the above line as-is. An interface isn't included
509	because it doesn't make sense outside the embedded interpreter inside	1179	in AnyEvent because it doesn't make sense outside the embedded interpreter
510	I<rxvt-unicode>, and it is updated and maintained as part of the	1180	inside I<rxvt-unicode>, and it is updated and maintained as part of the
511	I<rxvt-unicode> distribution.	1181	I<rxvt-unicode> distribution.
512		1182
513	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to	1183	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to
514	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will	1184	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will
515	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must	1185	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must
516	not be in an interactive application, so it makes sense.	1186	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.
517		1187
518	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES	1188	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
519		1189
520	The following environment variables are used by this module:	1190	The following environment variables are used by this module:
521		1191
522	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE> when set to C<2> or higher, reports which event	1192	=over 4
523	model gets used.
524		1193
		1194	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
		1195
		1196	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
		1197	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
		1198	talkative.
		1199
		1200	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
		1201	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
		1202	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
		1203
		1204	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
		1205	model it chooses.
		1206
		1207	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
		1208
		1209	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
		1210	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
		1211	will cause AnyEvent to thoroughly check the arguments passed to most
		1212	method calls and croaks if it finds any problems. In other words, enables
		1213	"strict" mode. Unlike C<use strict> it is definitely recommended ot keep
		1214	it off in production.
		1215
		1216	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
		1217
		1218	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
		1219	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
		1220	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
		1221	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
		1222	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
		1223	auto detection and -probing.
		1224
		1225	This functionality might change in future versions.
		1226
		1227	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
		1228	could start your program like this:
		1229
		1230	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
		1231
		1232	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
		1233
		1234	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
		1235	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
		1236	of auto probing).
		1237
		1238	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
		1239	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
		1240	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
		1241	list.
		1242
		1243	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
		1244	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
		1245	small, as the program has to handle connection errors already-
		1246
		1247	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
		1248	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
		1249	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
		1250	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
		1251	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
		1252
		1253	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
		1254
		1255	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
		1256	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
		1257	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
		1258	default.
		1259
		1260	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
		1261	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
		1262
		1263	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
		1264
		1265	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
		1266	will create in parallel.
		1267
		1268	=back
		1269
525	=head1 EXAMPLE	1270	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
526		1271
527	The following program uses an io watcher to read data from stdin, a timer	1272	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer
528	to display a message once per second, and a condvar to exit the program	1273	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the
529	when the user enters quit:	1274	program when the user enters quit:
530		1275
531	use AnyEvent;	1276	use AnyEvent;
532		1277
533	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	1278	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
534		1279
535	my $io_watcher = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {	1280	my $io_watcher = AnyEvent->io (
		1281	fh => \*STDIN,
		1282	poll => 'r',
		1283	cb => sub {
536	warn "io event <$_[0]>\n"; # will always output <r>	1284	warn "io event <$_[0]>\n"; # will always output <r>
537	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>); # read a line	1285	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>); # read a line
538	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	1286	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
539	$cv->broadcast if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	1287	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
		1288	},
540	});	1289	);
541		1290
542	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once	1291	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
543		1292
544	sub new_timer {	1293	sub new_timer {
545	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	1294	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {
…		…
548	});	1297	});
549	}	1298	}
550		1299
551	new_timer; # create first timer	1300	new_timer; # create first timer
552		1301
553	$cv->wait; # wait until user enters /^q/i	1302	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
554		1303
555	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	1304	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
556		1305
557	Consider the L<Net::FCP> module. It features (among others) the following	1306	Consider the L<Net::FCP> module. It features (among others) the following
558	API calls, which are to freenet what HTTP GET requests are to http:	1307	API calls, which are to freenet what HTTP GET requests are to http:
…		…
608	syswrite $txn->{fh}, $txn->{request}	1357	syswrite $txn->{fh}, $txn->{request}
609	or die "connection or write error";	1358	or die "connection or write error";
610	$txn->{w} = AnyEvent->io (fh => $txn->{fh}, poll => 'r', cb => sub { $txn->fh_ready_r });	1359	$txn->{w} = AnyEvent->io (fh => $txn->{fh}, poll => 'r', cb => sub { $txn->fh_ready_r });
611		1360
612	Again, C<fh_ready_r> waits till all data has arrived, and then stores the	1361	Again, C<fh_ready_r> waits till all data has arrived, and then stores the
613	result and signals any possible waiters that the request ahs finished:	1362	result and signals any possible waiters that the request has finished:
614		1363
615	sysread $txn->{fh}, $txn->{buf}, length $txn->{$buf};	1364	sysread $txn->{fh}, $txn->{buf}, length $txn->{$buf};
616		1365
617	if (end-of-file or data complete) {	1366	if (end-of-file or data complete) {
618	$txn->{result} = $txn->{buf};	1367	$txn->{result} = $txn->{buf};
619	$txn->{finished}->broadcast;	1368	$txn->{finished}->send;
620	$txb->{cb}->($txn) of $txn->{cb}; # also call callback	1369	$txb->{cb}->($txn) of $txn->{cb}; # also call callback
621	}	1370	}
622		1371
623	The C<result> method, finally, just waits for the finished signal (if the	1372	The C<result> method, finally, just waits for the finished signal (if the
624	request was already finished, it doesn't wait, of course, and returns the	1373	request was already finished, it doesn't wait, of course, and returns the
625	data:	1374	data:
626		1375
627	$txn->{finished}->wait;	1376	$txn->{finished}->recv;
628	return $txn->{result};	1377	return $txn->{result};
629		1378
630	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	1379	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
631	that occured during request processing. The C<result> method detects	1380	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
632	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	1381	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
633	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	1382	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
634	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	1383	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a
635	random callback.	1384	random callback.
636		1385
…		…
667		1416
668	my $quit = AnyEvent->condvar;	1417	my $quit = AnyEvent->condvar;
669		1418
670	$fcp->txn_client_get ($url)->cb (sub {	1419	$fcp->txn_client_get ($url)->cb (sub {
671	...	1420	...
672	$quit->broadcast;	1421	$quit->send;
673	});	1422	});
674		1423
675	$quit->wait;	1424	$quit->recv;
		1425
		1426
		1427	=head1 BENCHMARKS
		1428
		1429	To give you an idea of the performance and overheads that AnyEvent adds
		1430	over the event loops themselves and to give you an impression of the speed
		1431	of various event loops I prepared some benchmarks.
		1432
		1433	=head2 BENCHMARKING ANYEVENT OVERHEAD
		1434
		1435	Here is a benchmark of various supported event models used natively and
		1436	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
		1437	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
		1438	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
		1439
		1440	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
		1441	distribution.
		1442
		1443	=head3 Explanation of the columns
		1444
		1445	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
		1446	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
		1447	loop was given a number of watchers so that overall runtime is acceptable
		1448	and similar between tested event loop (and keep them from crashing): Glib
		1449	would probably take thousands of years if asked to process the same number
		1450	of watchers as EV in this benchmark.
		1451
		1452	I<bytes> is the number of bytes (as measured by the resident set size,
		1453	RSS) consumed by each watcher. This method of measuring captures both C
		1454	and Perl-based overheads.
		1455
		1456	I<create> is the time, in microseconds (millionths of seconds), that it
		1457	takes to create a single watcher. The callback is a closure shared between
		1458	all watchers, to avoid adding memory overhead. That means closure creation
		1459	and memory usage is not included in the figures.
		1460
		1461	I<invoke> is the time, in microseconds, used to invoke a simple
		1462	callback. The callback simply counts down a Perl variable and after it was
		1463	invoked "watcher" times, it would C<< ->send >> a condvar once to
		1464	signal the end of this phase.
		1465
		1466	I<destroy> is the time, in microseconds, that it takes to destroy a single
		1467	watcher.
		1468
		1469	=head3 Results
		1470
		1471	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
		1472	EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface
		1473	EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers
		1474	CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal
		1475	Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation
		1476	Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface
		1477	Event/Any 16000 590 35.75 31.42 1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		1478	Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour
		1479	Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
		1480	POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event
		1481	POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select
		1482
		1483	=head3 Discussion
		1484
		1485	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
		1486	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
		1487	can never compete with an event loop that uses epoll when the number of
		1488	file descriptors grows high. In this benchmark, all events become ready at
		1489	the same time, so select/poll-based implementations get an unnatural speed
		1490	boost.
		1491
		1492	Also, note that the number of watchers usually has a nonlinear effect on
		1493	overall speed, that is, creating twice as many watchers doesn't take twice
		1494	the time - usually it takes longer. This puts event loops tested with a
		1495	higher number of watchers at a disadvantage.
		1496
		1497	To put the range of results into perspective, consider that on the
		1498	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
		1499	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
		1500	cycles with POE.
		1501
		1502	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
		1503	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses
		1504	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event
		1505	natively.
		1506
		1507	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
		1508	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
		1509	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
		1510	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
		1511	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
		1512	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
		1513
		1514	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
		1515	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		1516
		1517	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
		1518	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
		1519	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
		1520	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
		1521	making it completely unusable when using larger numbers of watchers
		1522	(note that only a single file descriptor was used in the benchmark, so
		1523	inefficiencies of C<poll> do not account for this).
		1524
		1525	The C<Tk> adaptor works relatively well. The fact that it crashes with
		1526	more than 2000 watchers is a big setback, however, as correctness takes
		1527	precedence over speed. Nevertheless, its performance is surprising, as the
		1528	file descriptor is dup()ed for each watcher. This shows that the dup()
		1529	employed by some adaptors is not a big performance issue (it does incur a
		1530	hidden memory cost inside the kernel which is not reflected in the figures
		1531	above).
		1532
		1533	C<POE>, regardless of underlying event loop (whether using its pure perl
		1534	select-based backend or the Event module, the POE-EV backend couldn't
		1535	be tested because it wasn't working) shows abysmal performance and
		1536	memory usage with AnyEvent: Watchers use almost 30 times as much memory
		1537	as EV watchers, and 10 times as much memory as Event (the high memory
		1538	requirements are caused by requiring a session for each watcher). Watcher
		1539	invocation speed is almost 900 times slower than with AnyEvent's pure perl
		1540	implementation.
		1541
		1542	The design of the POE adaptor class in AnyEvent can not really account
		1543	for the performance issues, though, as session creation overhead is
		1544	small compared to execution of the state machine, which is coded pretty
		1545	optimally within L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE> (and while everybody agrees that
		1546	using multiple sessions is not a good approach, especially regarding
		1547	memory usage, even the author of POE could not come up with a faster
		1548	design).
		1549
		1550	=head3 Summary
		1551
		1552	=over 4
		1553
		1554	=item * Using EV through AnyEvent is faster than any other event loop
		1555	(even when used without AnyEvent), but most event loops have acceptable
		1556	performance with or without AnyEvent.
		1557
		1558	=item * The overhead AnyEvent adds is usually much smaller than the overhead of
		1559	the actual event loop, only with extremely fast event loops such as EV
		1560	adds AnyEvent significant overhead.
		1561
		1562	=item * You should avoid POE like the plague if you want performance or
		1563	reasonable memory usage.
		1564
		1565	=back
		1566
		1567	=head2 BENCHMARKING THE LARGE SERVER CASE
		1568
		1569	This benchmark actually benchmarks the event loop itself. It works by
		1570	creating a number of "servers": each server consists of a socket pair, a
		1571	timeout watcher that gets reset on activity (but never fires), and an I/O
		1572	watcher waiting for input on one side of the socket. Each time the socket
		1573	watcher reads a byte it will write that byte to a random other "server".
		1574
		1575	The effect is that there will be a lot of I/O watchers, only part of which
		1576	are active at any one point (so there is a constant number of active
		1577	fds for each loop iteration, but which fds these are is random). The
		1578	timeout is reset each time something is read because that reflects how
		1579	most timeouts work (and puts extra pressure on the event loops).
		1580
		1581	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
		1582	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
		1583	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
		1584
		1585	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
		1586	distribution.
		1587
		1588	=head3 Explanation of the columns
		1589
		1590	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
		1591	each server has a read and write socket end).
		1592
		1593	I<create> is the time it takes to create a socket pair (which is
		1594	nontrivial) and two watchers: an I/O watcher and a timeout watcher.
		1595
		1596	I<request>, the most important value, is the time it takes to handle a
		1597	single "request", that is, reading the token from the pipe and forwarding
		1598	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
		1599	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
		1600
		1601	=head3 Results
		1602
		1603	name sockets create request
		1604	EV 20000 69.01 11.16
		1605	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87
		1606	Event 20000 212.62 257.32
		1607	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30
		1608	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event
		1609
		1610	=head3 Discussion
		1611
		1612	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
		1613	particular event loop.
		1614
		1615	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
		1616	is relatively high, though.
		1617
		1618	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
		1619	loops Event and Glib.
		1620
		1621	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
		1622	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
		1623	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
		1624	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
		1625
		1626	Glib is hit hard by its quadratic behaviour w.r.t. many watchers. It
		1627	clearly fails to perform with many filehandles or in busy servers.
		1628
		1629	POE is still completely out of the picture, taking over 1000 times as long
		1630	as EV, and over 100 times as long as the Perl implementation, even though
		1631	it uses a C-based event loop in this case.
		1632
		1633	=head3 Summary
		1634
		1635	=over 4
		1636
		1637	=item * The pure perl implementation performs extremely well.
		1638
		1639	=item * Avoid Glib or POE in large projects where performance matters.
		1640
		1641	=back
		1642
		1643	=head2 BENCHMARKING SMALL SERVERS
		1644
		1645	While event loops should scale (and select-based ones do not...) even to
		1646	large servers, most programs we (or I :) actually write have only a few
		1647	I/O watchers.
		1648
		1649	In this benchmark, I use the same benchmark program as in the large server
		1650	case, but it uses only eight "servers", of which three are active at any
		1651	one time. This should reflect performance for a small server relatively
		1652	well.
		1653
		1654	The columns are identical to the previous table.
		1655
		1656	=head3 Results
		1657
		1658	name sockets create request
		1659	EV 16 20.00 6.54
		1660	Perl 16 25.75 12.62
		1661	Event 16 81.27 35.86
		1662	Glib 16 32.63 15.48
		1663	POE 16 261.87 276.28 uses POE::Loop::Event
		1664
		1665	=head3 Discussion
		1666
		1667	The benchmark tries to test the performance of a typical small
		1668	server. While knowing how various event loops perform is interesting, keep
		1669	in mind that their overhead in this case is usually not as important, due
		1670	to the small absolute number of watchers (that is, you need efficiency and
		1671	speed most when you have lots of watchers, not when you only have a few of
		1672	them).
		1673
		1674	EV is again fastest.
		1675
		1676	Perl again comes second. It is noticeably faster than the C-based event
		1677	loops Event and Glib, although the difference is too small to really
		1678	matter.
		1679
		1680	POE also performs much better in this case, but is is still far behind the
		1681	others.
		1682
		1683	=head3 Summary
		1684
		1685	=over 4
		1686
		1687	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
		1688	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
		1689
		1690	=back
		1691
		1692
		1693	=head1 FORK
		1694
		1695	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
		1696	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>
		1697	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.
		1698
		1699	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
		1700	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.
		1701
		1702
		1703	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
		1704
		1705	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
		1706	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}. While this cannot (to my knowledge) be used to
		1707	execute arbitrary code or directly gain access, it can easily be used to
		1708	make the program hang or malfunction in subtle ways, as AnyEvent watchers
		1709	will not be active when the program uses a different event model than
		1710	specified in the variable.
		1711
		1712	You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it
		1713	before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a C<BEGIN> block:
		1714
		1715	BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} }
		1716
		1717	use AnyEvent;
		1718
		1719	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
		1720	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
		1721	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
		1722	$ENV{PERL_ANYEGENT_STRICT}.
		1723
		1724
		1725	=head1 BUGS
		1726
		1727	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
		1728	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
		1729	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
		1730	mamleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
		1731	pronounced).
		1732
676		1733
677	=head1 SEE ALSO	1734	=head1 SEE ALSO
678		1735
679	Event modules: L<Coro::EV>, L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>,	1736	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.
680	L<Coro::Event>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>, L<Glib>, L<Coro>, L<Tk>.
681		1737
682	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>,	1738	Event modules: L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>,
		1739	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
		1740
683	L<AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEvent>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	1741	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
684	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>.	1742	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
		1743	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
		1744	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.
685		1745
		1746	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
		1747	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.
		1748
		1749	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
		1750
		1751	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,
		1752
686	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>.	1753	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
687		1754
688	=head1	1755
		1756	=head1 AUTHOR
		1757
		1758	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
		1759	http://home.schmorp.de/
689		1760
690	=cut	1761	=cut
691		1762
692	1	1763	1
693		1764

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