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Revision 1.200 by root, Wed Apr 1 14:02:27 2009 UTC

137These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After 137These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
138creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the 138creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
139callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model 139callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
140is in control). 140is in control).
141 141
142Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
143potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
144callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in
145Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
146widely between event loops.
147
142To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the 148To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
143variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references 149variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
144to it). 150to it).
145 151
146All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class. 152All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
162=head2 I/O WATCHERS 168=head2 I/O WATCHERS
163 169
164You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method 170You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
165with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments: 171with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
166 172
167C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch for events 173C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch
168(AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file handle). C<poll> 174for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
175handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
176non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
177most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
178or block devices.
179
169must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a watcher 180C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a
170waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively. C<cb> is the 181watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively.
182
171callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready. 183C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
172 184
173Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and 185Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
174presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent 186presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
175callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks. 187callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
176 188
340=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS 352=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
341 353
342You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status. 354You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
343 355
344The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it 356The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it
345watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often 357watches for any child process exit). The watcher will triggered only when
346as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a 358the child process has finished and an exit status is available, not on
347signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>. The callback will be called with the pid 359any trace events (stopped/continued).
348and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, 360
349you I<can> rely on child watcher callback arguments. 361The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
362waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
363callback arguments.
364
365This watcher type works by installing a signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>,
366and since it cannot be shared, nothing else should use SIGCHLD or reap
367random child processes (waiting for specific child processes, e.g. inside
368C<system>, is just fine).
350 369
351There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them 370There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
352I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could 371I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
353have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore). 372have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
354 373
818=item L<AnyEvent::IGS> 837=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
819 838
820A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by 839A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
821L<App::IGS>). 840L<App::IGS>).
822 841
823=item L<Net::IRC3> 842=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
824 843
825AnyEvent based IRC client module family. 844AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
826 845
827=item L<Net::XMPP2> 846=item L<Net::XMPP2>
828 847
829AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family. 848AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
830 849
850=cut 869=cut
851 870
852package AnyEvent; 871package AnyEvent;
853 872
854no warnings; 873no warnings;
855use strict; 874use strict qw(vars subs);
856 875
857use Carp; 876use Carp;
858 877
859our $VERSION = 4.233; 878our $VERSION = 4.35;
860our $MODEL; 879our $MODEL;
861 880
862our $AUTOLOAD; 881our $AUTOLOAD;
863our @ISA; 882our @ISA;
864 883
997# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually 1016# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
998# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one). 1017# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
999sub _dupfh($$$$) { 1018sub _dupfh($$$$) {
1000 my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_; 1019 my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
1001 1020
1002 require Fcntl;
1003
1004 # cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't 1021 # cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
1005 my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<") 1022 my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<")
1006 : $poll eq "w" ? ($w, ">") 1023 : $poll eq "w" ? ($w, ">")
1007 : Carp::croak "AnyEvent->io requires poll set to either 'r' or 'w'"; 1024 : Carp::croak "AnyEvent->io requires poll set to either 'r' or 'w'";
1008 1025
1021BEGIN { 1038BEGIN {
1022 if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); time (); 1") { 1039 if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); time (); 1") {
1023 *_time = \&Time::HiRes::time; 1040 *_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
1024 # if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())... 1041 # if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
1025 } else { 1042 } else {
1026 *_time = \&CORE::time; # epic fail 1043 *_time = sub { time }; # epic fail
1027 } 1044 }
1028} 1045}
1029 1046
1030sub time { _time } 1047sub time { _time }
1031sub now { _time } 1048sub now { _time }
1036 bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar:: 1053 bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar::
1037} 1054}
1038 1055
1039# default implementation for ->signal 1056# default implementation for ->signal
1040 1057
1041our %SIG_CB; 1058our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
1059
1060sub _signal_exec {
1061 sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 4;
1062
1063 while (%SIG_EV) {
1064 for (keys %SIG_EV) {
1065 delete $SIG_EV{$_};
1066 $_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
1067 }
1068 }
1069}
1042 1070
1043sub signal { 1071sub signal {
1044 my (undef, %arg) = @_; 1072 my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1045 1073
1074 unless ($SIGPIPE_R) {
1075 require Fcntl;
1076
1077 if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
1078 require AnyEvent::Util;
1079
1080 ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
1081 AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R) if $SIGPIPE_R;
1082 AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1083 } else {
1084 pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
1085 fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
1086 fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1087 }
1088
1089 $SIGPIPE_R
1090 or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
1091
1092 fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
1093 fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
1094
1095 $SIG_IO = AnyEvent->io (fh => $SIGPIPE_R, poll => "r", cb => \&_signal_exec);
1096 }
1097
1046 my $signal = uc $arg{signal} 1098 my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
1047 or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing"; 1099 or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
1048 1100
1049 $SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb}; 1101 $SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1050 $SIG{$signal} ||= sub { 1102 $SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
1051 $_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} || {} }; 1103 syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
1104 undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
1052 }; 1105 };
1053 1106
1054 bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal" 1107 bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal"
1055} 1108}
1056 1109
1175 1228
1176# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4 1229# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
1177*broadcast = \&send; 1230*broadcast = \&send;
1178*wait = \&_wait; 1231*wait = \&_wait;
1179 1232
1233=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
1234
1235In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
1236caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
1237the C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT> environment variable, below) provides strict
1238checking of all AnyEvent methods, however, which is highly useful during
1239development.
1240
1241As for exception handling (i.e. runtime errors and exceptions thrown while
1242executing a callback), this is not only highly event-loop specific, but
1243also not in any way wrapped by this module, as this is the job of the main
1244program.
1245
1246The pure perl event loop simply re-throws the exception (usually
1247within C<< condvar->recv >>), the L<Event> and L<EV> modules call C<<
1248$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and
1249so on.
1250
1251=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1252
1253The following environment variables are used by this module or its
1254submodules:
1255
1256=over 4
1257
1258=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1259
1260By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
1261conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
1262talkative.
1263
1264When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
1265conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
1266C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1267
1268When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1269model it chooses.
1270
1271=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
1272
1273AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
1274argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
1275will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
1276check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems
1277it will croak.
1278
1279In other words, enables "strict" mode.
1280
1281Unlike C<use strict>, it is definitely recommended ot keep it off in
1282production. Keeping C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while
1283developing programs can be very useful, however.
1284
1285=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1286
1287This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1288auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
1289entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
1290and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
1291used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
1292auto detection and -probing.
1293
1294This functionality might change in future versions.
1295
1296For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
1297could start your program like this:
1298
1299 PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1300
1301=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
1302
1303Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
1304for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
1305of auto probing).
1306
1307Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
1308current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
1309used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
1310list.
1311
1312This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
1313against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
1314small, as the program has to handle conenction and other failures anyways.
1315
1316Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
1317but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
1318- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
1319addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
1320IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
1321
1322=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
1323
1324Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
1325for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
1326some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
1327default.
1328
1329Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
1330EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
1331
1332=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
1333
1334The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
1335will create in parallel.
1336
1337=back
1338
1180=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE 1339=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1181 1340
1182This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in 1341This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in
1183a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to 1342a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to
1184provide AnyEvent compatibility. 1343provide AnyEvent compatibility.
1217 1376
1218I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to 1377I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to
1219condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will 1378condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will
1220C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must 1379C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must
1221not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense. 1380not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.
1222
1223=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1224
1225The following environment variables are used by this module:
1226
1227=over 4
1228
1229=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1230
1231By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
1232conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
1233talkative.
1234
1235When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
1236conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
1237C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1238
1239When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1240model it chooses.
1241
1242=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
1243
1244AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
1245argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
1246will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
1247check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems
1248it will croak.
1249
1250In other words, enables "strict" mode.
1251
1252Unlike C<use strict> it is definitely recommended ot keep it off in
1253production.
1254
1255=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1256
1257This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1258auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
1259entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
1260and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
1261used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
1262auto detection and -probing.
1263
1264This functionality might change in future versions.
1265
1266For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
1267could start your program like this:
1268
1269 PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1270
1271=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
1272
1273Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
1274for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
1275of auto probing).
1276
1277Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
1278current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
1279used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
1280list.
1281
1282This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
1283against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
1284small, as the program has to handle connection errors already-
1285
1286Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
1287but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
1288- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
1289addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
1290IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
1291
1292=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
1293
1294Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
1295for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
1296some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
1297default.
1298
1299Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
1300EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
1301
1302=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
1303
1304The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
1305will create in parallel.
1306
1307=back
1308 1381
1309=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM 1382=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
1310 1383
1311The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer 1384The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer
1312to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the 1385to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the
1506watcher. 1579watcher.
1507 1580
1508=head3 Results 1581=head3 Results
1509 1582
1510 name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment 1583 name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1511 EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface 1584 EV/EV 400000 224 0.47 0.35 0.27 EV native interface
1512 EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers 1585 EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1513 CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal 1586 CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1514 Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation 1587 Perl/Any 100000 452 4.13 0.73 0.95 pure perl implementation
1515 Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface 1588 Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface
1516 Event/Any 16000 590 35.75 31.42 1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers 1589 Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers
1517 Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour 1590 Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour
1518 Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers 1591 Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1519 POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event 1592 POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event
1520 POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select 1593 POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select
1521 1594
1522=head3 Discussion 1595=head3 Discussion
1523 1596
1524The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very 1597The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1525well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one) 1598well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
1727watchers, as the management overhead dominates. 1800watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1728 1801
1729=back 1802=back
1730 1803
1731 1804
1805=head1 SIGNALS
1806
1807AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
1808
1809=over 4
1810
1811=item SIGCHLD
1812
1813A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
1814emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
1815event loops install a similar handler.
1816
1817=item SIGPIPE
1818
1819A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
1820when AnyEvent gets loaded.
1821
1822The rationale for this is that AnyEvent users usually do not really depend
1823on SIGPIPE delivery (which is purely an optimisation for shell use, or
1824badly-written programs), but C<SIGPIPE> can cause spurious and rare
1825program exits as a lot of people do not expect C<SIGPIPE> when writing to
1826some random socket.
1827
1828The rationale for installing a no-op handler as opposed to ignoring it is
1829that this way, the handler will be restored to defaults on exec.
1830
1831Feel free to install your own handler, or reset it to defaults.
1832
1833=back
1834
1835=cut
1836
1837$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
1838 unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
1839
1840
1732=head1 FORK 1841=head1 FORK
1733 1842
1734Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are 1843Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1735because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> 1844because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>
1736calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware. 1845calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.
1764=head1 BUGS 1873=head1 BUGS
1765 1874
1766Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard 1875Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
1767to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10 1876to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
1768and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying 1877and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
1769mamleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as 1878memleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
1770pronounced). 1879pronounced).
1771 1880
1772 1881
1773=head1 SEE ALSO 1882=head1 SEE ALSO
1774 1883

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