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Revision 1.241 by root, Fri Jul 17 18:08:35 2009 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops
4		4
5	EV, Event, Coro::EV, Coro::Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt and POE are various supported
		6	event loops.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
		12	# file descriptor readable
11	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub {	13	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
		14
		15	# one-shot or repeating timers
		16	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
		17	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...
		18
		19	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
		20	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
		21
		22	# POSIX signal
		23	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });
		24
		25	# child process exit
		26	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
		27	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
12	...	28	...
13	});	29	});
14		30
15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub {	31	# called when event loop idle (if applicable)
16	...	32	my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... });
17	});
18		33
19	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged	34	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
		35	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
20	$w->wait; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send	36	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
21	$w->send; # wake up current and all future wait's	37	# use a condvar in callback mode:
		38	$w->cb (sub { $_[0]->recv });
		39
		40	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
		41
		42	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
		43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
		44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
22		45
23	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	46	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
24		47
25	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	48	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
26	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	49	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
27		50
28	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of	51	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of
29	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.	52	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.
30		53
31	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only	54	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only
32	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use in a	55	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use, in a
33	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,	56	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,
34	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,	57	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,
35	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent	58	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent
36	helps hiding the differences between those event loops.	59	cannot change this, but it can hide the differences between those event
		60	loops.
37		61
38	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event	62	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event
39	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a	63	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a
40	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your	64	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your
41	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	65	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
42	model you use.	66	model you use.
43		67
44	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	68	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
45	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	69	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
46	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	70	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you
47	cannot use anything else, as it is simply incompatible to everything that	71	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
48	isn't itself. What's worse, all the potential users of your module are	72	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
49	I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	73	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
50		74
51	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	75	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
52	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	76	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
53	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? no go. Tk + Event? no go. Again: if	77	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if
54	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	78	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,
55	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	79	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all
56	event models it supports (including stuff like POE and IO::Async, as long	80	event models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those
57	as those use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new	81	use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops
58	event loops to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	82	to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).
59		83
60	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	84	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
61	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	85	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
62	modules, you get an enourmous amount of code and strict rules you have to	86	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
63	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	87	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only
64	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as	88	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
65	technically possible.	89	technically possible.
66		90
		91	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
		92	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
		93	non-blocking connects (even with TLS/SSL, IPv6 and on broken platforms
		94	such as Windows) and lots of real-world knowledge and workarounds for
		95	platform bugs and differences.
		96
67	Of course, if you want lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat	97	Now, if you I<do want> lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat
68	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	98	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
69	model, you should I<not> use this module.	99	model, you should I<not> use this module.
70		100
71	=head1 DESCRIPTION	101	=head1 DESCRIPTION
72		102
…		…
78	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>	108	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>
79	module.	109	module.
80		110
81	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries	111	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries
82	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the	112	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the
83	following modules is already loaded: L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>, L<EV>,	113	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>,
84	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>,	114	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>,
85	L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries	115	L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries
86	to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl	116	to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl
87	adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can	117	adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can
88	be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be	118	be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be
…		…
102	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to	132	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to
103	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...	133	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...
104		134
105	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	135	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called
106	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	136	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it
107	explicitly.	137	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)
108		138
109	=head1 WATCHERS	139	=head1 WATCHERS
110		140
111	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	141	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
112	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	142	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
113	the callback to call, the filehandle to watch, etc.	143	the callback to call, the file handle to watch, etc.
114		144
115	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After	145	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
116	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the	146	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
117	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	147	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
118	is in control).	148	is in control).
119		149
		150	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
		151	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
		152	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in
		153	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
		154	widely between event loops.
		155
120	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	156	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
121	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	157	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
122	to it).	158	to it).
123		159
124	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	160	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
…		…
126	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for	162	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
127	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.	163	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
128		164
129	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:	165	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:
130		166
131	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {	167	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
132	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it	168	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
133	undef $w;	169	undef $w;
134	});	170	});
135		171
136	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,	172	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,
137	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	173	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
138	declared.	174	declared.
139		175
140	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	176	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
141		177
142	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	178	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
143	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	179	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
144		180
145	C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	181	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
		182	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
		183	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
		184	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
		185	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
		186	or block devices.
		187
146	for events. C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>,	188	C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a
147	which creates a watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events,	189	watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively.
		190
148	respectively. C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle	191	C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
149	becomes ready.
150		192
151	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	193	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
152	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	194	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
153	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.	195	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
154		196
…		…
158		200
159	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	201	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should
160	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	202	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
161	handles.	203	handles.
162		204
163	Example:
164
165	# wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the watcher	205	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
		206	watcher.
		207
166	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {	208	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
167	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);	209	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);
168	warn "read: $input\n";	210	warn "read: $input\n";
169	undef $w;	211	undef $w;
170	});	212	});
…		…
180		222
181	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	223	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
182	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	224	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
183	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	225	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
184		226
185	The timer callback will be invoked at most once: if you want a repeating	227	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another
186	timer you have to create a new watcher (this is a limitation by both Tk	228	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
187	and Glib).	229	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
		230	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
		231	false value, then it is treated as if it were missing.
188		232
189	Example:	233	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
		234	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
		235	only approximate.
190		236
191	# fire an event after 7.7 seconds	237	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
		238
192	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	239	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
193	warn "timeout\n";	240	warn "timeout\n";
194	});	241	});
195		242
196	# to cancel the timer:	243	# to cancel the timer:
197	undef $w;	244	undef $w;
198		245
199	Example 2:
200
201	# fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second	246	Example 2: fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second.
202	my $w;
203		247
204	my $cb = sub {
205	# cancel the old timer while creating a new one
206	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => $cb);	248	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, interval => 1, cb => sub {
		249	warn "timeout\n";
207	};	250	};
208
209	# start the "loop" by creating the first watcher
210	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, cb => $cb);
211		251
212	=head3 TIMING ISSUES	252	=head3 TIMING ISSUES
213		253
214	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire	254	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire
215	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12	255	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12
…		…
227	timers.	267	timers.
228		268
229	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the	269	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
230	AnyEvent API.	270	AnyEvent API.
231		271
		272	AnyEvent has two additional methods that return the "current time":
		273
		274	=over 4
		275
		276	=item AnyEvent->time
		277
		278	This returns the "current wallclock time" as a fractional number of
		279	seconds since the Epoch (the same thing as C<time> or C<Time::HiRes::time>
		280	return, and the result is guaranteed to be compatible with those).
		281
		282	It progresses independently of any event loop processing, i.e. each call
		283	will check the system clock, which usually gets updated frequently.
		284
		285	=item AnyEvent->now
		286
		287	This also returns the "current wallclock time", but unlike C<time>, above,
		288	this value might change only once per event loop iteration, depending on
		289	the event loop (most return the same time as C<time>, above). This is the
		290	time that AnyEvent's timers get scheduled against.
		291
		292	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
		293	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
		294
		295	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
		296	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
		297	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts).
		298
		299	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
		300	with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.
		301
		302	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
		303	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
		304
		305	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at
		306	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
		307	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
		308	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
		309	after three seconds.
		310
		311	With L<Event::Lib>, C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> will
		312	both return C<501>, because that is the current time, and the timer will
		313	be scheduled to fire at time=504 (C<501> + C<3>).
		314
		315	With L<EV>, C<< AnyEvent->time >> returns C<501> (as that is the current
		316	time), but C<< AnyEvent->now >> returns C<500>, as that is the time the
		317	last event processing phase started. With L<EV>, your timer gets scheduled
		318	to run at time=503 (C<500> + C<3>).
		319
		320	In one sense, L<Event::Lib> is more exact, as it uses the current time
		321	regardless of any delays introduced by event processing. However, most
		322	callbacks do not expect large delays in processing, so this causes a
		323	higher drift (and a lot more system calls to get the current time).
		324
		325	In another sense, L<EV> is more exact, as your timer will be scheduled at
		326	the same time, regardless of how long event processing actually took.
		327
		328	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
		329	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
		330	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
		331	account.
		332
		333	=item AnyEvent->now_update
		334
		335	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache
		336	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<
		337	AnyEvent->now >>, above).
		338
		339	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
		340	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
		341	might affect timers and time-outs.
		342
		343	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
		344	event loop's idea of "current time".
		345
		346	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
		347
		348	=back
		349
232	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	350	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
233		351
234	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	352	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
235	I<name> without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl callback to	353	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
236	be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	354	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
237		355
238	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	356	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
239	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	357	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
240	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.	358	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.
241		359
242	Multiple signal occurances can be clumped together into one callback	360	Multiple signal occurrences can be clumped together into one callback
243	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. synchronous means	361	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
244	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	362	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
245	but it is guarenteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	363	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
246		364
247	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	365	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
248	between multiple watchers.	366	between multiple watchers.
249		367
250	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	368	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals
…		…
257	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	375	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
258		376
259	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	377	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
260		378
261	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	379	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it
262	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often	380	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will triggered only when
263	as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a	381	the child process has finished and an exit status is available, not on
264	signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>. The callback will be called with the pid	382	any trace events (stopped/continued).
265	and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types,	383
266	you I<can> rely on child watcher callback arguments.	384	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
		385	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
		386	callback arguments.
		387
		388	This watcher type works by installing a signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>,
		389	and since it cannot be shared, nothing else should use SIGCHLD or reap
		390	random child processes (waiting for specific child processes, e.g. inside
		391	C<system>, is just fine).
267		392
268	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	393	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
269	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	394	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
270	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	395	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
271		396
272	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	397	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		398	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
273	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	399	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
274	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	400	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		401	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		402	start the watcher.
275		403
276	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	404	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
277	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	405	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
278	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	406	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		407	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
279		408
280	Example: fork a process and wait for it	409	Example: fork a process and wait for it
281		410
282	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	411	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
283		412
284	AnyEvent::detect; # force event module to be initialised
285
286	my $pid = fork or exit 5;	413	my $pid = fork or exit 5;
287		414
288	my $w = AnyEvent->child (	415	my $w = AnyEvent->child (
289	pid => $pid,	416	pid => $pid,
290	cb => sub {	417	cb => sub {
291	my ($pid, $status) = @_;	418	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
292	warn "pid $pid exited with status $status";	419	warn "pid $pid exited with status $status";
293	$done->send;	420	$done->send;
294	},	421	},
295	);	422	);
296		423
297	# do something else, then wait for process exit	424	# do something else, then wait for process exit
298	$done->wait;	425	$done->recv;
		426
		427	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
		428
		429	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important
		430	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
		431	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
		432	attention by the event loop".
		433
		434	Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing
		435	better to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new
		436	events. Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.
		437
		438	Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only
		439	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
		440	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
		441
		442	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
		443	program is otherwise idle:
		444
		445	my @lines; # read data
		446	my $idle_w;
		447	my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
		448	push @lines, scalar <STDIN>;
		449
		450	# start an idle watcher, if not already done
		451	$idle_w ||= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub {
		452	# handle only one line, when there are lines left
		453	if (my $line = shift @lines) {
		454	print "handled when idle: $line";
		455	} else {
		456	# otherwise disable the idle watcher again
		457	undef $idle_w;
		458	}
		459	});
		460	});
299		461
300	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	462	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
301		463
302	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	464	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
303	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	465	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
304	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	466	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
305		467
306	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	468	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
307	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	469	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
308		470
309	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	471	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called
310	because they represent a condition that must become true.	472	because they represent a condition that must become true.
		473
		474	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
311		475
312	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	476	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
313	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	477	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
314	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	478	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
315	becomes true.	479	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
		480	the results).
316		481
317	After creation, the conditon variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	482	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
318	by calling the C<send> method.	483	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
		484	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
		485	->send >> method).
319		486
320	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	487	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can
321	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	488	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points
322	in time where multiple outstandign events have been processed. And yet	489	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet
323	another way to call them is transations - each condition variable can be	490	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be
324	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	491	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers
325	a result.	492	a result.
326		493
327	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	494	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
328	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	495	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
329	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	496	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
330	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	497	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
331	called or can synchronously C<< ->wait >> for the results.	498	called or can synchronously C<< ->recv >> for the results.
332		499
333	You can also use them to simulate traditional event loops - for example,	500	You can also use them to simulate traditional event loops - for example,
334	you can block your main program until an event occurs - for example, you	501	you can block your main program until an event occurs - for example, you
335	could C<< ->wait >> in your main program until the user clicks the Quit	502	could C<< ->recv >> in your main program until the user clicks the Quit
336	button of your app, which would C<< ->send >> the "quit" event.	503	button of your app, which would C<< ->send >> the "quit" event.
337		504
338	Note that condition variables recurse into the event loop - if you have	505	Note that condition variables recurse into the event loop - if you have
339	two pieces of code that call C<< ->wait >> in a round-robbin fashion, you	506	two pieces of code that call C<< ->recv >> in a round-robin fashion, you
340	lose. Therefore, condition variables are good to export to your caller, but	507	lose. Therefore, condition variables are good to export to your caller, but
341	you should avoid making a blocking wait yourself, at least in callbacks,	508	you should avoid making a blocking wait yourself, at least in callbacks,
342	as this asks for trouble.	509	as this asks for trouble.
343		510
344	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys	511	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys
…		…
349		516
350	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which	517	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which
351	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits	518	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
352	for the send to occur.	519	for the send to occur.
353		520
354	Example:	521	Example: wait for a timer.
355		522
356	# wait till the result is ready	523	# wait till the result is ready
357	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	524	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;
358		525
359	# do something such as adding a timer	526	# do something such as adding a timer
…		…
364	after => 1,	531	after => 1,
365	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	532	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },
366	);	533	);
367		534
368	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	535	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
369	# calls send	536	# calls -<send
370	$result_ready->wait;	537	$result_ready->recv;
		538
		539	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
		540	variables are also callable directly.
		541
		542	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
		543	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
		544	$done->recv;
		545
		546	Example: Imagine an API that returns a condvar and doesn't support
		547	callbacks. This is how you make a synchronous call, for example from
		548	the main program:
		549
		550	use AnyEvent::CouchDB;
		551
		552	...
		553
		554	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
		555
		556	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
		557	results are available:
		558
		559	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
		560	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
		561	});
371		562
372	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS	563	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS
373		564
374	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the	565	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the
375	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also	566	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also
…		…
378		569
379	=over 4	570	=over 4
380		571
381	=item $cv->send (...)	572	=item $cv->send (...)
382		573
383	Flag the condition as ready - a running C<< ->wait >> and all further	574	Flag the condition as ready - a running C<< ->recv >> and all further
384	calls to C<wait> will (eventually) return after this method has been	575	calls to C<recv> will (eventually) return after this method has been
385	called. If nobody is waiting the send will be remembered.	576	called. If nobody is waiting the send will be remembered.
386		577
387	If a callback has been set on the condition variable, it is called	578	If a callback has been set on the condition variable, it is called
388	immediately from within send.	579	immediately from within send.
389		580
390	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	581	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
391	future C<< ->wait >> calls.	582	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
		583
		584	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
		585	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
		586	C<send>.
392		587
393	=item $cv->croak ($error)	588	=item $cv->croak ($error)
394		589
395	Similar to send, but causes all call's wait C<< ->wait >> to invoke	590	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
396	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	591	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
397		592
398	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	593	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
399	user/consumer.	594	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		595	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it
		596	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		597	deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing
		598	the problem.
400		599
401	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	600	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
402		601
403	=item $cv->end	602	=item $cv->end
404		603
…		…
410	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	609	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
411	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	610	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback
412	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	611	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no
413	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	612	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.
414		613
415	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	614	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		615	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		616	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		617
		618	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		619	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		620	close before activating a condvar:
		621
		622	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		623
		624	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		625	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		626	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		627	or $cv->end;
		628	});
		629
		630	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		631	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		632	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		633	or $cv->end;
		634	});
		635
		636	$cv->recv;
		637
		638	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		639	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		640	sending.
		641
		642	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		643	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		644	begung can potentially be zero:
416		645
417	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	646	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
418		647
419	my %result;	648	my %result;
420	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	649	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });
…		…
440	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	669	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
441	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	670	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
442	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	671	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
443	doesn't execute once).	672	doesn't execute once).
444		673
445	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	674	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
446	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	675	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
447	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	676	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
448	C<begin> and for eahc subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	677	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		678	call C<end>.
449		679
450	=back	680	=back
451		681
452	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	682	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
453		683
454	These methods should only be used by the consuming side, i.e. the	684	These methods should only be used by the consuming side, i.e. the
455	code awaits the condition.	685	code awaits the condition.
456		686
457	=over 4	687	=over 4
458		688
459	=item $cv->wait	689	=item $cv->recv
460		690
461	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak	691	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak
462	>> methods have been called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers	692	>> methods have been called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers
463	normally.	693	normally.
464		694
…		…
469	function will call C<croak>.	699	function will call C<croak>.
470		700
471	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	701	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
472	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	702	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
473		703
		704	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		705	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		706	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		707	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		708	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		709	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		710
474	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	711	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
475	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	712	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
476	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	713	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
477	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	714	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
478	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	715	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
479	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	716	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
480	while still suppporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	717	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
481		718
482	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->wait >> in a module is that you cannot
483	sensibly have two C<< ->wait >>'s in parallel, as that would require
484	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
485	can supply (the coroutine-aware backends L<AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEV> and
486	L<AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEvent> explicitly support concurrent C<< ->wait >>'s
487	from different coroutines, however).
488
489	You can ensure that C<< -wait >> never blocks by setting a callback and	719	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
490	only calling C<< ->wait >> from within that callback (or at a later	720	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
491	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	721	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
492	waits otherwise.	722	waits otherwise.
493		723
494	=item $bool = $cv->ready	724	=item $bool = $cv->ready
495		725
496	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or	726	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or
497	C<croak> have been called.	727	C<croak> have been called.
498		728
499	=item $cb = $cv->cb ([new callback])	729	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
500		730
501	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	731	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
502	replaces it before doing so.	732	replaces it before doing so.
503		733
504	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	734	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when
505	C<send> or C<croak> are called. Calling C<wait> inside the callback	735	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition
506	or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.	736	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time
		737	is guaranteed not to block.
507		738
508	=back	739	=back
509		740
		741	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		742
		743	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		744
		745	=over 4
		746
		747	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		748
		749	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		750	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will try Event, and, failing
		751	that, will fall back to its own pure-perl implementation, which is
		752	available everywhere as it comes with AnyEvent itself.
		753
		754	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		755	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		756	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
		757
		758	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		759
		760	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher
		761	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		762	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		763	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		764	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		765
		766	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		767	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		768	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		769	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		770
		771	=item Backends with special needs.
		772
		773	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		774	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		775	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		776	everything should just work.
		777
		778	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		779
		780	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
		781	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
		782	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
		783	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
		784	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
		785
		786	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
		787
		788	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		789
		790	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		791
		792	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		793
		794	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		795	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		796	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		797	consider for AnyEvent.
		798
		799	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		800	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		801
		802	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		803	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		804	in which case everything will be automatic.
		805
		806	=back
		807
510	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	808	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
511		809
		810	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		811	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		812
512	=over 4	813	=over 4
513		814
514	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	815	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
515		816
516	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	817	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		818	backend has been autodetected.
		819
517	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	820	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
518	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	821	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
519	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	822	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
520	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	823	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
521		824	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
522	The known classes so far are:
523
524	AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEV based on Coro::EV, best choice.
525	AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEvent based on Coro::Event, second best choice.
526	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
527	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
528	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
529	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
530	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
531	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
532	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
533	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
534
535	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
536	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
537	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
538	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
539	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
540	it's adaptor.
541
542	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
543	autodetecting them.
544		825
545	=item AnyEvent::detect	826	=item AnyEvent::detect
546		827
547	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	828	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
548	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	829	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
549	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	830	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
550	runtime.	831	runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.
		832
		833	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		834	created, use C<post_detect>.
		835
		836	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
		837
		838	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
		839	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).
		840
		841	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		842	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		843	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		844	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		845	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		846
		847	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		848	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		849	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		850	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
		851
		852	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
		853	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See
		854	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.
		855
		856	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
		857
		858	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
		859	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after
		860	the event loop has been chosen.
		861
		862	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
		863	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
		864	array will be ignored.
		865
		866	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		867	it,as it takes care of these details.
		868
		869	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		870	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		871	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		872	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
551		873
552	=back	874	=back
553		875
554	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	876	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
555		877
…		…
559	Be careful when you create watchers in the module body - AnyEvent will	881	Be careful when you create watchers in the module body - AnyEvent will
560	decide which event module to use as soon as the first method is called, so	882	decide which event module to use as soon as the first method is called, so
561	by calling AnyEvent in your module body you force the user of your module	883	by calling AnyEvent in your module body you force the user of your module
562	to load the event module first.	884	to load the event module first.
563		885
564	Never call C<< ->wait >> on a condition variable unless you I<know> that	886	Never call C<< ->recv >> on a condition variable unless you I<know> that
565	the C<< ->send >> method has been called on it already. This is	887	the C<< ->send >> method has been called on it already. This is
566	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using	888	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using
567	events is to stay interactive.	889	events is to stay interactive.
568		890
569	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->wait >> when the user of your module	891	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module
570	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method	892	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method
571	called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->wait >>	893	called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->recv >>
572	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always).	894	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always).
573		895
574	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM	896	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM
575		897
576	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should	898	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should
…		…
578		900
579	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not	901	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not
580	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent	902	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent
581	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.	903	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.
582		904
583	If the main program relies on a specific event model. For example, in	905	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in
584	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module. You should load the	906	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the
585	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally	907	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally
586	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that	908	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that
587	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will	909	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will
588	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it	910	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it
589	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.	911	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.
590		912
591	You can chose to use a rather inefficient pure-perl implementation by	913	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the
592	loading the C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar	914	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar behaviour
593	behaviour everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose is generally better.	915	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.
		916
		917	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION
		918
		919	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who
		920	only want to use AnyEvent), you do not want to run a specific event loop.
		921
		922	In that case, you can use a condition variable like this:
		923
		924	AnyEvent->condvar->recv;
		925
		926	This has the effect of entering the event loop and looping forever.
		927
		928	Note that usually your program has some exit condition, in which case
		929	it is better to use the "traditional" approach of storing a condition
		930	variable somewhere, waiting for it, and sending it when the program should
		931	exit cleanly.
		932
594		933
595	=head1 OTHER MODULES	934	=head1 OTHER MODULES
596		935
597	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	936	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
598	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	937	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
599	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	938	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
600	available via CPAN.	939	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.
601		940
602	=over 4	941	=over 4
603		942
604	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	943	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
605		944
606	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	945	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking
607	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	946	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.
608		947
		948	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
		949
		950	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
		951	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
		952	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.
		953
609	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>	954	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
610		955
611	Provide read and write buffers and manages watchers for reads and writes.	956	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
		957	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
		958	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
612		959
613	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	960	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
614		961
615	Provides a means to do non-blocking connects, accepts etc.	962	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
		963
		964	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>
		965
		966	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent
		967	HTTP requests.
616		968
617	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	969	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
618		970
619	Provides a simple web application server framework.	971	Provides a simple web application server framework.
620		972
621	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
622
623	Provides asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities, beyond what
624	L<AnyEvent::Util> offers.
625
626	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	973	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
627		974
628	The fastest ping in the west.	975	The fastest ping in the west.
629		976
		977	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
		978
		979	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
		980
		981	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		982
		983	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
		984	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent
		985	together.
		986
		987	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>
		988
		989	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses
		990	L<BDB> and AnyEvent together.
		991
		992	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
		993
		994	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
		995
630	=item L<Net::IRC3>	996	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
631		997
632	AnyEvent based IRC client module family.	998	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
633		999
634	=item L<Net::XMPP2>	1000	=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
635		1001
636	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.	1002	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
		1003	Net::XMPP2>.
		1004
		1005	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
		1006
		1007	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
		1008	L<App::IGS>).
637		1009
638	=item L<Net::FCP>	1010	=item L<Net::FCP>
639		1011
640	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace	1012	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
641	of AnyEvent.	1013	of AnyEvent.
…		…
644		1016
645	High level API for event-based execution flow control.	1017	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
646		1018
647	=item L<Coro>	1019	=item L<Coro>
648		1020
649	Has special support for AnyEvent.	1021	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
650
651	=item L<IO::Lambda>
652
653	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
654
655	=item L<IO::AIO>
656
657	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
658	programmer. Can be trivially made to use AnyEvent.
659
660	=item L<BDB>
661
662	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. Can be trivially made to use
663	AnyEvent.
664		1022
665	=back	1023	=back
666		1024
667	=cut	1025	=cut
668		1026
669	package AnyEvent;	1027	package AnyEvent;
670		1028
671	no warnings;	1029	no warnings;
672	use strict;	1030	use strict qw(vars subs);
673		1031
674	use Carp;	1032	use Carp ();
675		1033
676	our $VERSION = '3.3';	1034	our $VERSION = 4.83;
677	our $MODEL;	1035	our $MODEL;
678		1036
679	our $AUTOLOAD;	1037	our $AUTOLOAD;
680	our @ISA;	1038	our @ISA;
681		1039
		1040	our @REGISTRY;
		1041
		1042	our $WIN32;
		1043
		1044	BEGIN {
		1045	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";
		1046	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";
		1047
		1048	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1049	if ${^TAINT};
		1050	}
		1051
682	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1052	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
683		1053
684	our @REGISTRY;	1054	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
		1055
		1056	{
		1057	my $idx;
		1058	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx
		1059	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
		1060	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
		1061	}
685		1062
686	my @models = (	1063	my @models = (
687	[Coro::EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEV::],
688	[Coro::Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEvent::],
689	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1064	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],
690	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],	1065	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],
		1066	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],
		1067	# everything below here will not be autoprobed
		1068	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
		1069	# and is usually faster
		1070	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1071	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
691	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::],	1072	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
		1073	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
		1074	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
692	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1075	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
693	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1076	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
694	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],	1077	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its
695	# everything below here will not be autoprobed as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1078	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.
696	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::],	1079	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any
697	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy	1080	# obvious default class.
698	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1081	# [IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
699	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1082	# [IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1083	# [IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
700	);	1084	);
701		1085
702	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);	1086	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
		1087	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);
		1088
		1089	our @post_detect;
		1090
		1091	sub post_detect(&) {
		1092	my ($cb) = @_;
		1093
		1094	if ($MODEL) {
		1095	$cb->();
		1096
		1097	1
		1098	} else {
		1099	push @post_detect, $cb;
		1100
		1101	defined wantarray
		1102	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
		1103	: ()
		1104	}
		1105	}
		1106
		1107	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
		1108	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
		1109	}
703		1110
704	sub detect() {	1111	sub detect() {
705	unless ($MODEL) {	1112	unless ($MODEL) {
706	no strict 'refs';	1113	no strict 'refs';
		1114	local $SIG{__DIE__};
707		1115
708	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {	1116	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
709	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";	1117	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
710	if (eval "require $model") {	1118	if (eval "require $model") {
711	$MODEL = $model;	1119	$MODEL = $model;
712	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1120	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
713	} else {	1121	} else {
714	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1122	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $verbose;
715	}	1123	}
716	}	1124	}
717		1125
718	# check for already loaded models	1126	# check for already loaded models
719	unless ($MODEL) {	1127	unless ($MODEL) {
…		…
741	last;	1149	last;
742	}	1150	}
743	}	1151	}
744		1152
745	$MODEL	1153	$MODEL
746	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV (or Coro+EV), Event (or Coro+Event) or Glib.";	1154	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";
747	}	1155	}
748	}	1156	}
749		1157
		1158	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
		1159
750	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;	1160	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
751	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";	1161
		1162	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
		1163
		1164	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
752	}	1165	}
753		1166
754	$MODEL	1167	$MODEL
755	}	1168	}
756		1169
757	sub AUTOLOAD {	1170	sub AUTOLOAD {
758	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1171	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
759		1172
760	$method{$func}	1173	$method{$func}
761	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1174	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";
762		1175
763	detect unless $MODEL;	1176	detect unless $MODEL;
764		1177
765	my $class = shift;	1178	my $class = shift;
766	$class->$func (@_);	1179	$class->$func (@_);
767	}	1180	}
768		1181
		1182	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
		1183	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
		1184	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
		1185	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
		1186	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
		1187
		1188	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
		1189	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
		1190
		1191	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
		1192	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
		1193
		1194	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
		1195
		1196	($fh2, $rw)
		1197	}
		1198
769	package AnyEvent::Base;	1199	package AnyEvent::Base;
770		1200
		1201	# default implementations for many methods
		1202
		1203	BEGIN {
		1204	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1205	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
		1206	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
		1207	} else {
		1208	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail
		1209	}
		1210	}
		1211
		1212	sub time { _time }
		1213	sub now { _time }
		1214	sub now_update { }
		1215
771	# default implementation for ->condvar, ->wait, ->broadcast	1216	# default implementation for ->condvar
772		1217
773	sub condvar {	1218	sub condvar {
774	bless \my $flag, "AnyEvent::Base::CondVar"	1219	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
775	}
776
777	sub AnyEvent::Base::CondVar::broadcast {
778	${$_[0]}++;
779	}
780
781	sub AnyEvent::Base::CondVar::wait {
782	AnyEvent->one_event while !${$_[0]};
783	}	1220	}
784		1221
785	# default implementation for ->signal	1222	# default implementation for ->signal
786		1223
787	our %SIG_CB;	1224	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1225
		1226	sub _signal_exec {
		1227	sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 4;
		1228
		1229	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1230	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1231	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
		1232	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
		1233	}
		1234	}
		1235	}
788		1236
789	sub signal {	1237	sub signal {
790	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1238	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
791		1239
		1240	unless ($SIGPIPE_R) {
		1241	require Fcntl;
		1242
		1243	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1244	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1245
		1246	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1247	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1248	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1249	} else {
		1250	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
		1251	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1252	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1253
		1254	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1255	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1256	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1257	}
		1258
		1259	$SIGPIPE_R
		1260	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1261
		1262	$SIG_IO = AnyEvent->io (fh => $SIGPIPE_R, poll => "r", cb => \&_signal_exec);
		1263	}
		1264
792	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1265	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
793	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";	1266	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
794		1267
795	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1268	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
796	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1269	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
797	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} || {} };	1270	local $!;
		1271	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
		1272	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
798	};	1273	};
799		1274
800	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal"	1275	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
801	}	1276	}
802		1277
803	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {	1278	sub AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY {
804	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1279	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
805		1280
806	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};	1281	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
807		1282
		1283	# delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1284	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1285	# instead of getting the default action.
808	$SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT' unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };	1286	undef $SIG{$signal} unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
809	}	1287	}
810		1288
811	# default implementation for ->child	1289	# default implementation for ->child
812		1290
813	our %PID_CB;	1291	our %PID_CB;
814	our $CHLD_W;	1292	our $CHLD_W;
815	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1293	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
816	our $PID_IDLE;
817	our $WNOHANG;	1294	our $WNOHANG;
818		1295
819	sub _child_wait {	1296	sub _sigchld {
820	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1297	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {
821	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1298	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),
822	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1299	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });
823	}	1300	}
824
825	undef $PID_IDLE;
826	}
827
828	sub _sigchld {
829	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.
830	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {
831	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;
832	&_child_wait;
833	});
834	}	1301	}
835		1302
836	sub child {	1303	sub child {
837	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1304	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
838		1305
839	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1306	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)
840	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1307	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
841		1308
842	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1309	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
843		1310
844	unless ($WNOHANG) {
845	$WNOHANG = eval { require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;	1311	$WNOHANG ||= eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
846	}
847		1312
848	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1313	unless ($CHLD_W) {
849	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1314	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);
850	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1315	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
851	&_sigchld;	1316	&_sigchld;
852	}	1317	}
853		1318
854	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"	1319	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
855	}	1320	}
856		1321
857	sub AnyEvent::Base::Child::DESTROY {	1322	sub AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY {
858	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1323	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
859		1324
860	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1325	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};
861	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1326	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
862		1327
863	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1328	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
864	}	1329	}
		1330
		1331	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
		1332	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
		1333	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
		1334	sub idle {
		1335	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1336
		1337	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
		1338
		1339	$rcb = sub {
		1340	if ($cb) {
		1341	$w = _time;
		1342	&$cb;
		1343	$w = _time - $w;
		1344
		1345	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
		1346	# within some limits
		1347	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
		1348	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
		1349
		1350	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $w, cb => $rcb);
		1351	} else {
		1352	# clean up...
		1353	undef $w;
		1354	undef $rcb;
		1355	}
		1356	};
		1357
		1358	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.05, cb => $rcb);
		1359
		1360	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
		1361	}
		1362
		1363	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
		1364	undef $${$_[0]};
		1365	}
		1366
		1367	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
		1368
		1369	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
		1370
		1371	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
		1372
		1373	use overload
		1374	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
		1375	fallback => 1;
		1376
		1377	our $WAITING;
		1378
		1379	sub _send {
		1380	# nop
		1381	}
		1382
		1383	sub send {
		1384	my $cv = shift;
		1385	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];
		1386	(delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv) if $cv->{_ae_cb};
		1387	$cv->_send;
		1388	}
		1389
		1390	sub croak {
		1391	$_[0]{_ae_croak} = $_[1];
		1392	$_[0]->send;
		1393	}
		1394
		1395	sub ready {
		1396	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
		1397	}
		1398
		1399	sub _wait {
		1400	$WAITING
		1401	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
		1402	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
		1403
		1404	local $WAITING = 1;
		1405	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
		1406	}
		1407
		1408	sub recv {
		1409	$_[0]->_wait;
		1410
		1411	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};
		1412	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
		1413	}
		1414
		1415	sub cb {
		1416	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
		1417	$_[0]{_ae_cb}
		1418	}
		1419
		1420	sub begin {
		1421	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
		1422	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
		1423	}
		1424
		1425	sub end {
		1426	return if --$_[0]{_ae_counter};
		1427	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };
		1428	}
		1429
		1430	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
		1431	*broadcast = \&send;
		1432	*wait = \&_wait;
		1433
		1434	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
		1435
		1436	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
		1437	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
		1438	the C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT> environment variable, below) provides strict
		1439	checking of all AnyEvent methods, however, which is highly useful during
		1440	development.
		1441
		1442	As for exception handling (i.e. runtime errors and exceptions thrown while
		1443	executing a callback), this is not only highly event-loop specific, but
		1444	also not in any way wrapped by this module, as this is the job of the main
		1445	program.
		1446
		1447	The pure perl event loop simply re-throws the exception (usually
		1448	within C<< condvar->recv >>), the L<Event> and L<EV> modules call C<<
		1449	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and
		1450	so on.
		1451
		1452	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
		1453
		1454	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
		1455	submodules.
		1456
		1457	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1458	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1459	enabled.
		1460
		1461	=over 4
		1462
		1463	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
		1464
		1465	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
		1466	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
		1467	talkative.
		1468
		1469	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
		1470	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
		1471	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
		1472
		1473	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
		1474	model it chooses.
		1475
		1476	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
		1477
		1478	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
		1479	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
		1480	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
		1481	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
		1482	it will croak.
		1483
		1484	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
		1485
		1486	Unlike C<use strict>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in
		1487	production. Keeping C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while
		1488	developing programs can be very useful, however.
		1489
		1490	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
		1491
		1492	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
		1493	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
		1494	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
		1495	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
		1496	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
		1497	auto detection and -probing.
		1498
		1499	This functionality might change in future versions.
		1500
		1501	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
		1502	could start your program like this:
		1503
		1504	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
		1505
		1506	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
		1507
		1508	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
		1509	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
		1510	of auto probing).
		1511
		1512	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
		1513	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
		1514	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
		1515	list.
		1516
		1517	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
		1518	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
		1519	small, as the program has to handle conenction and other failures anyways.
		1520
		1521	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
		1522	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
		1523	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
		1524	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
		1525	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
		1526
		1527	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
		1528
		1529	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
		1530	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
		1531	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
		1532	default.
		1533
		1534	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
		1535	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
		1536
		1537	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
		1538
		1539	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
		1540	will create in parallel.
		1541
		1542	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		1543
		1544	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		1545	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		1546	sent to the DNS server.
		1547
		1548	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		1549
		1550	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		1551	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		1552	default config will be used.
		1553
		1554	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		1555
		1556	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		1557	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		1558	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		1559	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1560
		1561	=back
865		1562
866	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1563	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
867		1564
868	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in	1565	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in
869	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to	1566	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to
…		…
903		1600
904	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to	1601	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to
905	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will	1602	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will
906	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must	1603	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must
907	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.	1604	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.
908
909	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
910
911	The following environment variables are used by this module:
912
913	=over 4
914
915	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
916
917	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
918	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
919	talkative.
920
921	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
922	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
923	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
924
925	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
926	model it chooses.
927
928	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
929
930	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
931	autodetection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
932	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
933	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
934	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
935	autodetection and -probing.
936
937	This functionality might change in future versions.
938
939	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
940	could start your program like this:
941
942	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
943
944	=back
945		1605
946	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	1606	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
947		1607
948	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer	1608	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer
949	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the	1609	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the
…		…
958	poll => 'r',	1618	poll => 'r',
959	cb => sub {	1619	cb => sub {
960	warn "io event <$_[0]>\n"; # will always output <r>	1620	warn "io event <$_[0]>\n"; # will always output <r>
961	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>); # read a line	1621	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>); # read a line
962	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	1622	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
963	$cv->broadcast if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	1623	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
964	},	1624	},
965	);	1625	);
966		1626
967	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once	1627	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
968		1628
…		…
973	});	1633	});
974	}	1634	}
975		1635
976	new_timer; # create first timer	1636	new_timer; # create first timer
977		1637
978	$cv->wait; # wait until user enters /^q/i	1638	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
979		1639
980	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	1640	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
981		1641
982	Consider the L<Net::FCP> module. It features (among others) the following	1642	Consider the L<Net::FCP> module. It features (among others) the following
983	API calls, which are to freenet what HTTP GET requests are to http:	1643	API calls, which are to freenet what HTTP GET requests are to http:
…		…
1033	syswrite $txn->{fh}, $txn->{request}	1693	syswrite $txn->{fh}, $txn->{request}
1034	or die "connection or write error";	1694	or die "connection or write error";
1035	$txn->{w} = AnyEvent->io (fh => $txn->{fh}, poll => 'r', cb => sub { $txn->fh_ready_r });	1695	$txn->{w} = AnyEvent->io (fh => $txn->{fh}, poll => 'r', cb => sub { $txn->fh_ready_r });
1036		1696
1037	Again, C<fh_ready_r> waits till all data has arrived, and then stores the	1697	Again, C<fh_ready_r> waits till all data has arrived, and then stores the
1038	result and signals any possible waiters that the request ahs finished:	1698	result and signals any possible waiters that the request has finished:
1039		1699
1040	sysread $txn->{fh}, $txn->{buf}, length $txn->{$buf};	1700	sysread $txn->{fh}, $txn->{buf}, length $txn->{$buf};
1041		1701
1042	if (end-of-file or data complete) {	1702	if (end-of-file or data complete) {
1043	$txn->{result} = $txn->{buf};	1703	$txn->{result} = $txn->{buf};
1044	$txn->{finished}->broadcast;	1704	$txn->{finished}->send;
1045	$txb->{cb}->($txn) of $txn->{cb}; # also call callback	1705	$txb->{cb}->($txn) of $txn->{cb}; # also call callback
1046	}	1706	}
1047		1707
1048	The C<result> method, finally, just waits for the finished signal (if the	1708	The C<result> method, finally, just waits for the finished signal (if the
1049	request was already finished, it doesn't wait, of course, and returns the	1709	request was already finished, it doesn't wait, of course, and returns the
1050	data:	1710	data:
1051		1711
1052	$txn->{finished}->wait;	1712	$txn->{finished}->recv;
1053	return $txn->{result};	1713	return $txn->{result};
1054		1714
1055	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	1715	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
1056	that occured during request processing. The C<result> method detects	1716	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
1057	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	1717	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
1058	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	1718	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
1059	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	1719	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a
1060	random callback.	1720	random callback.
1061		1721
…		…
1092		1752
1093	my $quit = AnyEvent->condvar;	1753	my $quit = AnyEvent->condvar;
1094		1754
1095	$fcp->txn_client_get ($url)->cb (sub {	1755	$fcp->txn_client_get ($url)->cb (sub {
1096	...	1756	...
1097	$quit->broadcast;	1757	$quit->send;
1098	});	1758	});
1099		1759
1100	$quit->wait;	1760	$quit->recv;
1101		1761
1102		1762
1103	=head1 BENCHMARKS	1763	=head1 BENCHMARKS
1104		1764
1105	To give you an idea of the performance and overheads that AnyEvent adds	1765	To give you an idea of the performance and overheads that AnyEvent adds
…		…
1107	of various event loops I prepared some benchmarks.	1767	of various event loops I prepared some benchmarks.
1108		1768
1109	=head2 BENCHMARKING ANYEVENT OVERHEAD	1769	=head2 BENCHMARKING ANYEVENT OVERHEAD
1110		1770
1111	Here is a benchmark of various supported event models used natively and	1771	Here is a benchmark of various supported event models used natively and
1112	through anyevent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	1772	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1113	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	1773	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1114	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	1774	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1115		1775
1116	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	1776	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1117	distribution.	1777	distribution.
…		…
1134	all watchers, to avoid adding memory overhead. That means closure creation	1794	all watchers, to avoid adding memory overhead. That means closure creation
1135	and memory usage is not included in the figures.	1795	and memory usage is not included in the figures.
1136		1796
1137	I<invoke> is the time, in microseconds, used to invoke a simple	1797	I<invoke> is the time, in microseconds, used to invoke a simple
1138	callback. The callback simply counts down a Perl variable and after it was	1798	callback. The callback simply counts down a Perl variable and after it was
1139	invoked "watcher" times, it would C<< ->broadcast >> a condvar once to	1799	invoked "watcher" times, it would C<< ->send >> a condvar once to
1140	signal the end of this phase.	1800	signal the end of this phase.
1141		1801
1142	I<destroy> is the time, in microseconds, that it takes to destroy a single	1802	I<destroy> is the time, in microseconds, that it takes to destroy a single
1143	watcher.	1803	watcher.
1144		1804
1145	=head3 Results	1805	=head3 Results
1146		1806
1147	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	1807	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1148	EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface	1808	EV/EV 400000 224 0.47 0.35 0.27 EV native interface
1149	EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers	1809	EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1150	CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal	1810	CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1151	Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation	1811	Perl/Any 100000 452 4.13 0.73 0.95 pure perl implementation
1152	Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface	1812	Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface
1153	Event/Any 16000 590 35.75 31.42 1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers	1813	Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		1814	IOAsync/Any 16000 989 38.10 32.77 11.13 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		1815	IOAsync/Any 16000 990 37.59 29.50 10.61 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1154	Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour	1816	Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour
1155	Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	1817	Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1156	POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event	1818	POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event
1157	POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select	1819	POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select
1158		1820
1159	=head3 Discussion	1821	=head3 Discussion
1160		1822
1161	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	1823	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1162	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	1824	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1187	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	1849	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1188	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	1850	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1189		1851
1190	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	1852	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1191	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	1853	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		1854
		1855	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		1856	when using its pure perl backend.
1192		1857
1193	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	1858	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1194	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	1859	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1195	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	1860	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1196	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	1861	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1240		1905
1241	=back	1906	=back
1242		1907
1243	=head2 BENCHMARKING THE LARGE SERVER CASE	1908	=head2 BENCHMARKING THE LARGE SERVER CASE
1244		1909
1245	This benchmark atcually benchmarks the event loop itself. It works by	1910	This benchmark actually benchmarks the event loop itself. It works by
1246	creating a number of "servers": each server consists of a socketpair, a	1911	creating a number of "servers": each server consists of a socket pair, a
1247	timeout watcher that gets reset on activity (but never fires), and an I/O	1912	timeout watcher that gets reset on activity (but never fires), and an I/O
1248	watcher waiting for input on one side of the socket. Each time the socket	1913	watcher waiting for input on one side of the socket. Each time the socket
1249	watcher reads a byte it will write that byte to a random other "server".	1914	watcher reads a byte it will write that byte to a random other "server".
1250		1915
1251	The effect is that there will be a lot of I/O watchers, only part of which	1916	The effect is that there will be a lot of I/O watchers, only part of which
1252	are active at any one point (so there is a constant number of active	1917	are active at any one point (so there is a constant number of active
1253	fds for each loop iterstaion, but which fds these are is random). The	1918	fds for each loop iteration, but which fds these are is random). The
1254	timeout is reset each time something is read because that reflects how	1919	timeout is reset each time something is read because that reflects how
1255	most timeouts work (and puts extra pressure on the event loops).	1920	most timeouts work (and puts extra pressure on the event loops).
1256		1921
1257	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socketpairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	1922	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1258	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	1923	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1259	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	1924	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1260		1925
1261	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	1926	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1262	distribution.	1927	distribution.
…		…
1264	=head3 Explanation of the columns	1929	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1265		1930
1266	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	1931	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1267	each server has a read and write socket end).	1932	each server has a read and write socket end).
1268		1933
1269	I<create> is the time it takes to create a socketpair (which is	1934	I<create> is the time it takes to create a socket pair (which is
1270	nontrivial) and two watchers: an I/O watcher and a timeout watcher.	1935	nontrivial) and two watchers: an I/O watcher and a timeout watcher.
1271		1936
1272	I<request>, the most important value, is the time it takes to handle a	1937	I<request>, the most important value, is the time it takes to handle a
1273	single "request", that is, reading the token from the pipe and forwarding	1938	single "request", that is, reading the token from the pipe and forwarding
1274	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	1939	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1275	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	1940	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1276		1941
1277	=head3 Results	1942	=head3 Results
1278		1943
1279	name sockets create request	1944	name sockets create request
1280	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	1945	EV 20000 69.01 11.16
1281	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	1946	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87
		1947	IOAsync 20000 157.00 98.14 epoll
		1948	IOAsync 20000 159.31 616.06 poll
1282	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	1949	Event 20000 212.62 257.32
1283	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	1950	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30
1284	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	1951	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event
1285		1952
1286	=head3 Discussion	1953	=head3 Discussion
1287		1954
1288	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	1955	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1289	particular event loop.	1956	particular event loop.
…		…
1291	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	1958	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1292	is relatively high, though.	1959	is relatively high, though.
1293		1960
1294	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	1961	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1295	loops Event and Glib.	1962	loops Event and Glib.
		1963
		1964	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		1965	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1296		1966
1297	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	1967	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1298	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	1968	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1299	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	1969	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1300	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	1970	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1347	speed most when you have lots of watchers, not when you only have a few of	2017	speed most when you have lots of watchers, not when you only have a few of
1348	them).	2018	them).
1349		2019
1350	EV is again fastest.	2020	EV is again fastest.
1351		2021
1352	Perl again comes second. It is noticably faster than the C-based event	2022	Perl again comes second. It is noticeably faster than the C-based event
1353	loops Event and Glib, although the difference is too small to really	2023	loops Event and Glib, although the difference is too small to really
1354	matter.	2024	matter.
1355		2025
1356	POE also performs much better in this case, but is is still far behind the	2026	POE also performs much better in this case, but is is still far behind the
1357	others.	2027	others.
…		…
1363	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2033	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1364	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2034	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1365		2035
1366	=back	2036	=back
1367		2037
		2038	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2039
		2040	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2041	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2042	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2043	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2044	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2045	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2046	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2047
		2048	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2049	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2050	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2051	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2052	benchmark nevertheless.
		2053
		2054	name runtime
		2055	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2056	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2057	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2058	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2059	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2060	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2061	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2062	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2063
		2064	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2065	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2066	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2067
		2068	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2069	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2070	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2071	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2072	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2073	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2074	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2075	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2076
		2077	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2078	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2079	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2080	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2081
		2082	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2083	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2084	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2085
		2086	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2087	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda by a
		2088	large margin, even though it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O
		2089	in a non-blocking way.
		2090
		2091	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2092	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2093	part of the IO::lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2094
		2095
		2096	=head1 SIGNALS
		2097
		2098	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
		2099
		2100	=over 4
		2101
		2102	=item SIGCHLD
		2103
		2104	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
		2105	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
		2106	event loops install a similar handler.
		2107
		2108	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2109	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
		2110
		2111	=item SIGPIPE
		2112
		2113	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
		2114	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
		2115
		2116	The rationale for this is that AnyEvent users usually do not really depend
		2117	on SIGPIPE delivery (which is purely an optimisation for shell use, or
		2118	badly-written programs), but C<SIGPIPE> can cause spurious and rare
		2119	program exits as a lot of people do not expect C<SIGPIPE> when writing to
		2120	some random socket.
		2121
		2122	The rationale for installing a no-op handler as opposed to ignoring it is
		2123	that this way, the handler will be restored to defaults on exec.
		2124
		2125	Feel free to install your own handler, or reset it to defaults.
		2126
		2127	=back
		2128
		2129	=cut
		2130
		2131	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2132	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2133
		2134	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
		2135	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
1368		2136
1369	=head1 FORK	2137	=head1 FORK
1370		2138
1371	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2139	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1372	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2140	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>
…		…
1386	specified in the variable.	2154	specified in the variable.
1387		2155
1388	You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it	2156	You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it
1389	before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a C<BEGIN> block:	2157	before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a C<BEGIN> block:
1390		2158
1391	BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} }	2159	BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} }
1392		2160
1393	use AnyEvent;	2161	use AnyEvent;
1394		2162
1395	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2163	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1396	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2164	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1397	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL).	2165	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
		2166	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2167
		2168	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2169	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2170	enabled.
		2171
		2172
		2173	=head1 BUGS
		2174
		2175	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
		2176	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
		2177	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
		2178	memleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
		2179	pronounced).
1398		2180
1399		2181
1400	=head1 SEE ALSO	2182	=head1 SEE ALSO
1401		2183
1402	Event modules: L<Coro::EV>, L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>,	2184	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.
1403	L<Coro::Event>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>, L<Glib>, L<Coro>, L<Tk>,	2185
		2186	Event modules: L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>,
1404	L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2187	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1405		2188
1406	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>,	2189	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1407	L<AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEvent>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>,	2190	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1408	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>,	2191	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1409	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2192	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>.
1410		2193
		2194	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
		2195	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
		2196
		2197	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
		2198
		2199	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,
		2200	L<Coro::Event>,
		2201
1411	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>.	2202	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,
		2203	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1412		2204
1413		2205
1414	=head1 AUTHOR	2206	=head1 AUTHOR
1415		2207
1416	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2208	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1417	http://home.schmorp.de/	2209	http://home.schmorp.de/
1418		2210
1419	=cut	2211	=cut
1420		2212
1421	1	2213	1
1422		2214

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