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Revision 1.147 by root, Fri May 30 21:43:26 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.359 by root, Sat Aug 13 16:11:33 2011 UTC

1	=head1 => NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
		6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
		12	# if you prefer function calls, look at the AE manpage for
		13	# an alternative API.
		14
		15	# file handle or descriptor readable
11	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub {	16	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
		17
		18	# one-shot or repeating timers
		19	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
		20	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...);
		21
		22	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
		23	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
		24
		25	# POSIX signal
		26	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });
		27
		28	# child process exit
		29	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
		30	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
12	...	31	...
13	});	32	});
14		33
15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub {	34	# called when event loop idle (if applicable)
16	...	35	my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... });
17	});
18		36
19	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged	37	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
20	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's	38	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
21	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send	39	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
		40	# use a condvar in callback mode:
		41	$w->cb (sub { $_[0]->recv });
		42
		43	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
		44
		45	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
		46	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
		47	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
		48
		49	=head1 SUPPORT
		50
		51	An FAQ document is available as L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		52
		53	There also is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		54	channel, too.
		55
		56	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		57	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
22		58
23	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	59	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
24		60
25	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	61	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
26	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	62	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
27		63
28	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of	64	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of
29	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.	65	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.
30		66
31	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only	67	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only
32	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use in a	68	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use, in a
33	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,	69	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,
34	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,	70	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,
35	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent	71	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent
36	helps hiding the differences between those event loops.	72	cannot change this, but it can hide the differences between those event
		73	loops.
37		74
38	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event	75	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event
39	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a	76	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a
40	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your	77	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your
41	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	78	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
42	model you use.	79	model you use.
43		80
44	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	81	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
45	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	82	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
46	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	83	like joining a cult: After you join, you are dependent on them and you
47	cannot use anything else, as it is simply incompatible to everything that	84	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
48	isn't itself. What's worse, all the potential users of your module are	85	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
49	I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	86	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
50		87
51	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	88	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
52	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	89	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
53	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if	90	with the rest: POE + EV? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if your module
54	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	91	uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it, too. But if
55	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	92	your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all event models it
56	event models it supports (including stuff like POE and IO::Async, as long	93	supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those use one of the
57	as those use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new	94	supported event loops. It is easy to add new event loops to AnyEvent, too,
58	event loops to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	95	so it is future-proof).
59		96
60	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	97	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
61	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	98	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
62	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	99	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
63	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	100	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and to the point, by only
64	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as	101	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
65	technically possible.	102	technically possible.
66		103
67	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox	104	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
68	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%	105	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
…		…
74	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	111	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
75	model, you should I<not> use this module.	112	model, you should I<not> use this module.
76		113
77	=head1 DESCRIPTION	114	=head1 DESCRIPTION
78		115
79	L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This	116	L<AnyEvent> provides a uniform interface to various event loops. This
80	allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module	117	allows module authors to use event loop functionality without forcing
81	users to use the same event loop (as only a single event loop can coexist	118	module users to use a specific event loop implementation (since more
82	peacefully at any one time).	119	than one event loop cannot coexist peacefully).
83		120
84	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>	121	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>
85	module.	122	module.
86		123
87	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries	124	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries
88	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the	125	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the
89	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>,	126	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>, L<AnyEvent::Loop>,
90	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>,	127	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>. The first one
91	L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries	128	found is used. If none are detected, the module tries to load the first
92	to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl	129	four modules in the order given; but note that if L<EV> is not
93	adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can	130	available, the pure-perl L<AnyEvent::Loop> should always work, so
94	be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be	131	the other two are not normally tried.
95	found, AnyEvent will fall back to a pure-perl event loop, which is not
96	very efficient, but should work everywhere.
97		132
98	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading	133	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading
99	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make	134	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make
100	that model the default. For example:	135	that model the default. For example:
101		136
…		…
103	use AnyEvent;	138	use AnyEvent;
104		139
105	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk	140	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk
106		141
107	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and	142	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and
108	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to	143	starts using it, all bets are off - this case should be very rare though,
109	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...	144	as very few modules hardcode event loops without announcing this very
		145	loudly.
110		146
111	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	147	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called C<AnyEvent::Loop>. Like
112	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	148	other event modules you can load it explicitly and enjoy the high
113	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)	149	availability of that event loop :)
114		150
115	=head1 WATCHERS	151	=head1 WATCHERS
116		152
117	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	153	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
118	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	154	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
…		…
121	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After	157	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
122	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the	158	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
123	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	159	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
124	is in control).	160	is in control).
125		161
		162	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
		163	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
		164	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practice in
		165	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
		166	widely between event loops.
		167
126	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	168	To disable a watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
127	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	169	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
128	to it).	170	to it).
129		171
130	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	172	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
131		173
132	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for	174	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
133	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.	175	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
134		176
135	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:	177	One way to achieve that is this pattern:
136		178
137	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {	179	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
138	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it	180	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
139	undef $w;	181	undef $w;
140	});	182	});
141		183
142	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,	184	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,
143	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	185	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
144	declared.	186	declared.
145		187
146	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	188	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
147		189
		190	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		191	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		192	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		193	cb => <callback>,
		194	);
		195
148	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	196	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
149	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	197	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
150		198
151	C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	199	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
		200	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
		201	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
		202	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
		203	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
		204	or block devices.
		205
152	for events. C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>,	206	C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a
153	which creates a watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events,	207	watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively.
		208
154	respectively. C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle	209	C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
155	becomes ready.
156		210
157	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	211	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
158	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	212	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
159	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.	213	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
160		214
161	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.	215	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.
162	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the	216	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the
163	underlying file descriptor.	217	underlying file descriptor.
164		218
165	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	219	Some event loops issue spurious readiness notifications, so you should
166	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	220	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
167	handles.	221	handles.
168		222
169	Example:
170
171	# wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the watcher	223	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
		224	watcher.
		225
172	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {	226	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
173	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);	227	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);
174	warn "read: $input\n";	228	warn "read: $input\n";
175	undef $w;	229	undef $w;
176	});	230	});
177		231
178	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	232	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
179		233
		234	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		235
		236	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		237	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		238	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		239	cb => <callback>,
		240	);
		241
180	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	242	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
181	method with the following mandatory arguments:	243	method with the following mandatory arguments:
182		244
183	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	245	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
184	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	246	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
186		248
187	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	249	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
188	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	250	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
189	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	251	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
190		252
191	The timer callback will be invoked at most once: if you want a repeating	253	The callback will normally be invoked only once. If you specify another
192	timer you have to create a new watcher (this is a limitation by both Tk	254	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
193	and Glib).	255	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
		256	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
		257	false value, then it is treated as if it were not specified at all.
194		258
195	Example:	259	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
		260	attempt is made to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
		261	only approximate.
196		262
197	# fire an event after 7.7 seconds	263	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
		264
198	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	265	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
199	warn "timeout\n";	266	warn "timeout\n";
200	});	267	});
201		268
202	# to cancel the timer:	269	# to cancel the timer:
203	undef $w;	270	undef $w;
204		271
205	Example 2:
206
207	# fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second	272	Example 2: fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second.
208	my $w;
209		273
210	my $cb = sub {
211	# cancel the old timer while creating a new one
212	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => $cb);	274	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, interval => 1, cb => sub {
		275	warn "timeout\n";
213	};	276	};
214
215	# start the "loop" by creating the first watcher
216	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, cb => $cb);
217		277
218	=head3 TIMING ISSUES	278	=head3 TIMING ISSUES
219		279
220	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire	280	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire
221	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12	281	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12
…		…
223		283
224	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they	284	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they
225	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock	285	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock
226	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from	286	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from
227	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to	287	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to
228	fire "after" a second might actually take six years to finally fire.	288	fire "after a second" might actually take six years to finally fire.
229		289
230	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious	290	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious
231	about these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based	291	of these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based
232	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)	292	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)
233	timers.	293	timers.
234		294
235	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the	295	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
236	AnyEvent API.	296	AnyEvent API.
…		…
258	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the	318	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
259	function to call when you want to know the current time.>	319	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
260		320
261	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and	321	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
262	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,	322	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
263	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts).	323	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update its activity timeouts).
264		324
265	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact	325	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
266	with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.	326	with your timing; you can skip it without a bad conscience.
267		327
268	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>	328	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
269	and L<EV> and the following set-up:	329	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
270		330
271	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at	331	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callbacks at
272	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,	332	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
273	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a	333	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
274	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires	334	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
275	after three seconds.	335	after three seconds.
276		336
…		…
294	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you	354	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
295	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the	355	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
296	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into	356	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
297	account.	357	account.
298		358
		359	=item AnyEvent->now_update
		360
		361	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Loop>) cache the current
		362	time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<< AnyEvent->now >>,
		363	above).
		364
		365	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
		366	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
		367	might affect timers and time-outs.
		368
		369	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
		370	event loop's idea of "current time".
		371
		372	A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) -
		373	when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong
		374	idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the
		375	script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<<
		376	AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again
		377	(e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler).
		378
		379	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
		380
299	=back	381	=back
300		382
301	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	383	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
302		384
		385	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
		386
303	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	387	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
304	I<name> without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl callback to	388	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
305	be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	389	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
306		390
307	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	391	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
308	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	392	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
309	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.	393	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.
310		394
…		…
312	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	396	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
313	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	397	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
314	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	398	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
315		399
316	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	400	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
317	between multiple watchers.	401	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		402	interrupt your program at bad times.
318		403
319	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	404	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
320	directly will likely not work correctly.	405	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		406	correctly.
321		407
322	Example: exit on SIGINT	408	Example: exit on SIGINT
323		409
324	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	410	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
325		411
		412	=head3 Restart Behaviour
		413
		414	While restart behaviour is up to the event loop implementation, most will
		415	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's
		416	pure perl implementation).
		417
		418	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals
		419
		420	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling) or
		421	"unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might get delayed indefinitely, the
		422	latter might corrupt your memory.
		423
		424	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,
		425	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be
		426	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.
		427	callbacks, too).
		428
		429	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		430
		431	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		432	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		433	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		434	this. AnyEvent will try to do its best, which means in some cases,
		435	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		436	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		437	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		438	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		439	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		440	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		441	saving.
		442
		443	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		444	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		445	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		446	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does its own workaround with
		447	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		448
326	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	449	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
327		450
		451	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		452
328	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	453	You can also watch for a child process exit and catch its exit status.
329		454
330	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	455	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (on some backends,
331	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often	456	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
332	as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a	457	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
333	signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>. The callback will be called with the pid	458	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
334	and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types,	459	(stopped/continued).
335	you I<can> rely on child watcher callback arguments.	460
		461	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
		462	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
		463	callback arguments.
		464
		465	This watcher type works by installing a signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>,
		466	and since it cannot be shared, nothing else should use SIGCHLD or reap
		467	random child processes (waiting for specific child processes, e.g. inside
		468	C<system>, is just fine).
336		469
337	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	470	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
338	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	471	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
339	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	472	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
340		473
341	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	474	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		475	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
342	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	476	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
343	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	477	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		478	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		479	start the watcher.
344		480
345	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	481	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
346	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	482	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
347	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	483	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		484	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		485
		486	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		487	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which case the latency and race
		488	problems mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
348		489
349	Example: fork a process and wait for it	490	Example: fork a process and wait for it
350		491
351	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	492	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
352		493
353	my $pid = fork or exit 5;	494	my $pid = fork or exit 5;
354		495
355	my $w = AnyEvent->child (	496	my $w = AnyEvent->child (
356	pid => $pid,	497	pid => $pid,
357	cb => sub {	498	cb => sub {
358	my ($pid, $status) = @_;	499	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
359	warn "pid $pid exited with status $status";	500	warn "pid $pid exited with status $status";
360	$done->send;	501	$done->send;
361	},	502	},
362	);	503	);
363		504
364	# do something else, then wait for process exit	505	# do something else, then wait for process exit
365	$done->recv;	506	$done->recv;
		507
		508	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
		509
		510	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
		511
		512	This will repeatedly invoke the callback after the process becomes idle,
		513	until either the watcher is destroyed or new events have been detected.
		514
		515	Idle watchers are useful when there is a need to do something, but it
		516	is not so important (or wise) to do it instantly. The callback will be
		517	invoked only when there is "nothing better to do", which is usually
		518	defined as "all outstanding events have been handled and no new events
		519	have been detected". That means that idle watchers ideally get invoked
		520	when the event loop has just polled for new events but none have been
		521	detected. Instead of blocking to wait for more events, the idle watchers
		522	will be invoked.
		523
		524	Unfortunately, most event loops do not really support idle watchers (only
		525	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
		526	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
		527
		528	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
		529	program is otherwise idle:
		530
		531	my @lines; # read data
		532	my $idle_w;
		533	my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
		534	push @lines, scalar <STDIN>;
		535
		536	# start an idle watcher, if not already done
		537	$idle_w ||= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub {
		538	# handle only one line, when there are lines left
		539	if (my $line = shift @lines) {
		540	print "handled when idle: $line";
		541	} else {
		542	# otherwise disable the idle watcher again
		543	undef $idle_w;
		544	}
		545	});
		546	});
366		547
367	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	548	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
		549
		550	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		551
		552	$cv->send (<list>);
		553	my @res = $cv->recv;
368		554
369	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	555	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
370	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	556	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
371	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	557	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
372		558
373	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	559	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
374	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	560	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
375		561
376	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	562	The tool to do that is called a "condition variable", so called because
377	because they represent a condition that must become true.	563	they represent a condition that must become true.
		564
		565	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
378		566
379	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	567	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
380	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	568	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
381	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	569	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
382	becomes true.	570	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
		571	the results).
383		572
384	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	573	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
385	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it	574	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
386	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<	575	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
387	->send >> method).	576	->send >> method).
388		577
389	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	578	Since condition variables are the most complex part of the AnyEvent API, here are
390	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	579	some different mental models of what they are - pick the ones you can connect to:
391	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	580
392	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	581	=over 4
393	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	582
394	a result.	583	=item * Condition variables are like callbacks - you can call them (and pass them instead
		584	of callbacks). Unlike callbacks however, you can also wait for them to be called.
		585
		586	=item * Condition variables are signals - one side can emit or send them,
		587	the other side can wait for them, or install a handler that is called when
		588	the signal fires.
		589
		590	=item * Condition variables are like "Merge Points" - points in your program
		591	where you merge multiple independent results/control flows into one.
		592
		593	=item * Condition variables represent a transaction - functions that start
		594	some kind of transaction can return them, leaving the caller the choice
		595	between waiting in a blocking fashion, or setting a callback.
		596
		597	=item * Condition variables represent future values, or promises to deliver
		598	some result, long before the result is available.
		599
		600	=back
395		601
396	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	602	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
397	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	603	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
398	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	604	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
399	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	605	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
412		618
413	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys	619	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys
414	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing	620	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing
415	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of	621	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of
416	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call	622	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call
417	it's C<new> method in your own C<new> method.	623	its C<new> method in your own C<new> method.
418		624
419	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which	625	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which
420	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits	626	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
421	for the send to occur.	627	for the send to occur.
422		628
423	Example: wait for a timer.	629	Example: wait for a timer.
424		630
425	# wait till the result is ready	631	# condition: "wait till the timer is fired"
426	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	632	my $timer_fired = AnyEvent->condvar;
427		633
428	# do something such as adding a timer	634	# create the timer - we could wait for, say
429	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->send	635	# a handle becomign ready, or even an
430	# when the "result" is ready.	636	# AnyEvent::HTTP request to finish, but
431	# in this case, we simply use a timer:	637	# in this case, we simply use a timer:
432	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (	638	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (
433	after => 1,	639	after => 1,
434	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	640	cb => sub { $timer_fired->send },
435	);	641	);
436		642
437	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	643	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
438	# calls send	644	# calls ->send
439	$result_ready->recv;	645	$timer_fired->recv;
440		646
441	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	647	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
442	condition variables are also code references.	648	variables are also callable directly.
443		649
444	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	650	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
445	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	651	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
446	$done->recv;	652	$done->recv;
		653
		654	Example: Imagine an API that returns a condvar and doesn't support
		655	callbacks. This is how you make a synchronous call, for example from
		656	the main program:
		657
		658	use AnyEvent::CouchDB;
		659
		660	...
		661
		662	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
		663
		664	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
		665	results are available:
		666
		667	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
		668	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
		669	});
447		670
448	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS	671	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS
449		672
450	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the	673	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the
451	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also	674	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also
…		…
464	immediately from within send.	687	immediately from within send.
465		688
466	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	689	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
467	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	690	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
468		691
469	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	692	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
470	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	693	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
471	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	694	C<send>.
472	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
473	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
474	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
475	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
476	example).
477		695
478	=item $cv->croak ($error)	696	=item $cv->croak ($error)
479		697
480	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	698	Similar to send, but causes all calls to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
481	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	699	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
482		700
483	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	701	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
484	user/consumer.	702	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		703	delays the error detection, but has the overwhelming advantage that it
		704	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		705	deep in some event callback with no connection to the actual code causing
		706	the problem.
485		707
486	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	708	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
487		709
488	=item $cv->end	710	=item $cv->end
489
490	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
491		711
492	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	712	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
493	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	713	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
494	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	714	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
495		715
496	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	716	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
497	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	717	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
498	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	718	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
499	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	719	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
500	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	720	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		721	be called without any arguments.
501		722
502	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	723	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		724	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		725	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		726
		727	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		728	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		729	close before activating a condvar:
503		730
504	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	731	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
505		732
		733	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		734	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		735	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		736	or $cv->end;
		737	});
		738
		739	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		740	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		741	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		742	or $cv->end;
		743	});
		744
		745	$cv->recv;
		746
		747	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		748	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		749	sending.
		750
		751	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		752	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		753	begun can potentially be zero:
		754
		755	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		756
506	my %result;	757	my %result;
507	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	758	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
508		759
509	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	760	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
510	$cv->begin;	761	$cv->begin;
511	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	762	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
512	$result{$host} = ...;	763	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
527	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	778	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
528	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	779	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
529	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	780	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
530	doesn't execute once).	781	doesn't execute once).
531		782
532	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	783	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
533	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	784	potentially zero) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
534	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	785	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
535	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	786	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		787	call C<end>.
536		788
537	=back	789	=back
538		790
539	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	791	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
540		792
…		…
544	=over 4	796	=over 4
545		797
546	=item $cv->recv	798	=item $cv->recv
547		799
548	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak	800	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak
549	>> methods have been called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers	801	>> methods have been called on C<$cv>, while servicing other watchers
550	normally.	802	normally.
551		803
552	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but	804	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but
553	will return immediately.	805	will return immediately.
554		806
…		…
556	function will call C<croak>.	808	function will call C<croak>.
557		809
558	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	810	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
559	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	811	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
560		812
		813	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		814	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		815	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		816	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		817	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		818	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		819
561	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	820	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
562	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	821	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
563	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	822	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
564	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	823	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
565	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	824	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
566	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	825	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
567	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	826	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
568		827
569	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
570	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
571	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
572	can supply.
573
574	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
575	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
576	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
577	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
578	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
579
580	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	828	You can ensure that C<< ->recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
581	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	829	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
582	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	830	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
583	waits otherwise.	831	waits otherwise.
584		832
585	=item $bool = $cv->ready	833	=item $bool = $cv->ready
586		834
587	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or	835	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or
588	C<croak> have been called.	836	C<croak> have been called.
589		837
590	=item $cb = $cv->cb ([new callback])	838	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
591		839
592	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	840	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
593	replaces it before doing so.	841	replaces it before doing so.
594		842
595	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	843	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when
596	C<send> or C<croak> are called. Calling C<recv> inside the callback	844	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the
		845	condition variable itself. If the condition is already true, the
		846	callback is called immediately when it is set. Calling C<recv> inside
597	or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.	847	the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
598		848
599	=back	849	=back
600		850
		851	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		852
		853	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		854
		855	=over 4
		856
		857	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		858
		859	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		860	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		861	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		862	AnyEvent itself.
		863
		864	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		865	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl AnyEvent::Loop, fast and portable.
		866
		867	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		868
		869	These will be used if they are already loaded when the first watcher
		870	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		871	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		872	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		873	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		874
		875	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		876	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		877	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		878	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		879	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		880	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		881	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async.
		882	AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa based on Cocoa::EventLoop.
		883	AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK2 based on FLTK (fltk 2 binding).
		884
		885	=item Backends with special needs.
		886
		887	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		888	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		889	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		890	everything should just work.
		891
		892	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		893
		894	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		895
		896	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		897
		898	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		899
		900	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		901	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		902	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		903	consider for AnyEvent.
		904
		905	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		906	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		907
		908	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		909	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		910	in which case everything will be automatic.
		911
		912	=back
		913
601	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	914	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
602		915
		916	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		917	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		918
603	=over 4	919	=over 4
604		920
605	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	921	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
606		922
607	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	923	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		924	backend has been autodetected.
		925
608	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	926	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
609	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	927	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
610	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	928	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl::xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
611	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	929	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
612		930	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
613	The known classes so far are:
614
615	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
616	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
617	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
618	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
619	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
620	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
621	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
622	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
623
624	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
625	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
626	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
627	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
628	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
629	it's adaptor.
630
631	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
632	autodetecting them.
633		931
634	=item AnyEvent::detect	932	=item AnyEvent::detect
635		933
636	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	934	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
637	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	935	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
638	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	936	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
639	runtime.	937	runtime, and not e.g. during initialisation of your module.
		938
		939	The effect of calling this function is as if a watcher had been created
		940	(specifically, actions that happen "when the first watcher is created"
		941	happen when calling detetc as well).
		942
		943	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		944	created, use C<post_detect>.
640		945
641	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	946	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
642		947
643	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	948	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
644	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	949	autodetected (or immediately if that has already happened).
		950
		951	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		952	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		953	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		954	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		955	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		956
		957	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		958	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		959	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		960	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
645		961
646	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	962	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
647	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	963	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		964	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
648	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	965	a case where this is useful.
		966
		967	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		968	C<$WATCHER>, but do so only do so after the event loop is initialised.
		969
		970	our WATCHER;
		971
		972	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		973	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		974	};
		975
		976	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		977	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		978	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		979	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		980
		981	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
649		982
650	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	983	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
651		984
652	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	985	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
653	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	986	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will be called directly
654	the event loop has been chosen.	987	after the event loop has been chosen.
655		988
656	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	989	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
657	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	990	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
658	and the array will be ignored.	991	array will be ignored.
659		992
660	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	993	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		994	it, as it takes care of these details.
		995
		996	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		997	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		998	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		999	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
		1000
		1001	Example: To load Coro::AnyEvent whenever Coro and AnyEvent are used
		1002	together, you could put this into Coro (this is the actual code used by
		1003	Coro to accomplish this):
		1004
		1005	if (defined $AnyEvent::MODEL) {
		1006	# AnyEvent already initialised, so load Coro::AnyEvent
		1007	require Coro::AnyEvent;
		1008	} else {
		1009	# AnyEvent not yet initialised, so make sure to load Coro::AnyEvent
		1010	# as soon as it is
		1011	push @AnyEvent::post_detect, sub { require Coro::AnyEvent };
		1012	}
		1013
		1014	=item AnyEvent::postpone { BLOCK }
		1015
		1016	Arranges for the block to be executed as soon as possible, but not before
		1017	the call itself returns. In practise, the block will be executed just
		1018	before the event loop polls for new events, or shortly afterwards.
		1019
		1020	This function never returns anything (to make the C<return postpone { ...
		1021	}> idiom more useful.
		1022
		1023	To understand the usefulness of this function, consider a function that
		1024	asynchronously does something for you and returns some transaction
		1025	object or guard to let you cancel the operation. For example,
		1026	C<AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect>:
		1027
		1028	# start a conenction attempt unless one is active
		1029	$self->{connect_guard} ||= AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect "www.example.net", 80, sub {
		1030	delete $self->{connect_guard};
		1031	...
		1032	};
		1033
		1034	Imagine that this function could instantly call the callback, for
		1035	example, because it detects an obvious error such as a negative port
		1036	number. Invoking the callback before the function returns causes problems
		1037	however: the callback will be called and will try to delete the guard
		1038	object. But since the function hasn't returned yet, there is nothing to
		1039	delete. When the function eventually returns it will assign the guard
		1040	object to C<< $self->{connect_guard} >>, where it will likely never be
		1041	deleted, so the program thinks it is still trying to connect.
		1042
		1043	This is where C<AnyEvent::postpone> should be used. Instead of calling the
		1044	callback directly on error:
		1045
		1046	$cb->(undef), return # signal error to callback, BAD!
		1047	if $some_error_condition;
		1048
		1049	It should use C<postpone>:
		1050
		1051	AnyEvent::postpone { $cb->(undef) }, return # signal error to callback, later
		1052	if $some_error_condition;
661		1053
662	=back	1054	=back
663		1055
664	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	1056	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
665		1057
…		…
676	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using	1068	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using
677	events is to stay interactive.	1069	events is to stay interactive.
678		1070
679	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module	1071	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module
680	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method	1072	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method
681	called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->recv >>	1073	called C<results> that returns the results, it may call C<< ->recv >>
682	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always).	1074	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. Always).
683		1075
684	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM	1076	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM
685		1077
686	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should	1078	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should
687	dictate which event model to use.	1079	dictate which event model to use.
688		1080
689	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not	1081	If the program is not event-based, it need not do anything special, even
690	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent	1082	when it depends on a module that uses an AnyEvent. If the program itself
691	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.	1083	uses AnyEvent, but does not care which event loop is used, all it needs
		1084	to do is C<use AnyEvent>. In either case, AnyEvent will choose the best
		1085	available loop implementation.
692		1086
693	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in	1087	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in
694	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the	1088	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the
695	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally	1089	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally
696	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that	1090	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that
697	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will	1091	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will
698	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it	1092	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it
699	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.	1093	might choose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.
700		1094
701	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the	1095	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the
702	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar behaviour	1096	C<AnyEvent::Loop> module, which gives you similar behaviour
703	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.	1097	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.
704		1098
705	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION	1099	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION
706		1100
707	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who	1101	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who
…		…
720		1114
721		1115
722	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1116	=head1 OTHER MODULES
723		1117
724	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1118	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
725	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1119	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
726	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1120	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
727	available via CPAN.	1121	come as part of AnyEvent, the others are available via CPAN.
728		1122
729	=over 4	1123	=over 4
730		1124
731	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1125	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
732		1126
733	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	1127	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used blocking
734	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	1128	functions such as C<inet_aton> with event/callback-based versions.
735
736	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
737
738	Provide read and write buffers and manages watchers for reads and writes.
739		1129
740	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	1130	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
741		1131
742	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	1132	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
743	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp	1133	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
744	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.	1134	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.
745		1135
		1136	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
		1137
		1138	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
		1139	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
		1140	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>).
		1141
746	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1142	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
747		1143
748	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1144	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
749		1145
		1146	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>, L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IGS>, L<AnyEvent::FCP>
		1147
		1148	Implement event-based interfaces to the protocols of the same name (for
		1149	the curious, IGS is the International Go Server and FCP is the Freenet
		1150	Client Protocol).
		1151
		1152	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle::UDP>
		1153
		1154	Here be danger!
		1155
		1156	As Pauli would put it, "Not only is it not right, it's not even wrong!" -
		1157	there are so many things wrong with AnyEvent::Handle::UDP, most notably
		1158	its use of a stream-based API with a protocol that isn't streamable, that
		1159	the only way to improve it is to delete it.
		1160
		1161	It features data corruption (but typically only under load) and general
		1162	confusion. On top, the author is not only clueless about UDP but also
		1163	fact-resistant - some gems of his understanding: "connect doesn't work
		1164	with UDP", "UDP packets are not IP packets", "UDP only has datagrams, not
		1165	packets", "I don't need to implement proper error checking as UDP doesn't
		1166	support error checking" and so on - he doesn't even understand what's
		1167	wrong with his module when it is explained to him.
		1168
		1169	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
		1170
		1171	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process for you,
		1172	notifying you in an event-based way when the operation is finished.
		1173
		1174	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		1175
		1176	Truly asynchronous (as opposed to non-blocking) I/O, should be in the
		1177	toolbox of every event programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
		1178	L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent together, giving AnyEvent access to event-based
		1179	file I/O, and much more.
		1180
750	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	1181	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
751		1182
752	Provides a simple web application server framework.	1183	A simple embedded webserver.
753		1184
754	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	1185	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
755		1186
756	The fastest ping in the west.	1187	The fastest ping in the west.
757		1188
758	=item L<Net::IRC3>
759
760	AnyEvent based IRC client module family.
761
762	=item L<Net::XMPP2>
763
764	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
765
766	=item L<Net::FCP>
767
768	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
769	of AnyEvent.
770
771	=item L<Event::ExecFlow>
772
773	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
774
775	=item L<Coro>	1189	=item L<Coro>
776		1190
777	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1191	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
778		1192
779	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>, L<IO::AIO>
780
781	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
782	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses IO::AIO and AnyEvent
783	together.
784
785	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>, L<BDB>
786
787	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
788	IO::AIO and AnyEvent together.
789
790	=item L<IO::Lambda>
791
792	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
793
794	=back	1193	=back
795		1194
796	=cut	1195	=cut
797		1196
798	package AnyEvent;	1197	package AnyEvent;
799		1198
800	no warnings;	1199	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
801	use strict;	1200	sub common_sense {
		1201	# from common:.sense 3.4
		1202	${^WARNING_BITS} ^= ${^WARNING_BITS} ^ "\x3c\x3f\x33\x00\x0f\xf0\x0f\xc0\xf0\xfc\x33\x00";
		1203	# use strict vars subs - NO UTF-8, as Util.pm doesn't like this atm. (uts46data.pl)
		1204	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1205	}
802		1206
		1207	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1208
803	use Carp;	1209	use Carp ();
804		1210
805	our $VERSION = 4.11;	1211	our $VERSION = '5.34';
806	our $MODEL;	1212	our $MODEL;
807		1213
808	our $AUTOLOAD;
809	our @ISA;	1214	our @ISA;
810		1215
811	our @REGISTRY;	1216	our @REGISTRY;
812		1217
813	our $WIN32;	1218	our $VERBOSE;
814		1219
815	BEGIN {	1220	BEGIN {
816	my $win32 = ! ! ($^O =~ /mswin32/i);	1221	require "AnyEvent/constants.pl";
817	eval "sub WIN32(){ $win32 }";
818	}
819		1222
		1223	eval "sub TAINT (){" . (${^TAINT}*1) . "}";
		1224
		1225	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1226	if ${^TAINT};
		1227
820	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1228	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1229
		1230	}
		1231
		1232	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
821		1233
822	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1234	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
823		1235
824	{	1236	{
825	my $idx;	1237	my $idx;
826	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx	1238	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx
827	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1239	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
828	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1240	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
829	}	1241	}
830		1242
		1243	our @post_detect;
		1244
		1245	sub post_detect(&) {
		1246	my ($cb) = @_;
		1247
		1248	push @post_detect, $cb;
		1249
		1250	defined wantarray
		1251	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
		1252	: ()
		1253	}
		1254
		1255	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
		1256	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
		1257	}
		1258
		1259	our $POSTPONE_W;
		1260	our @POSTPONE;
		1261
		1262	sub _postpone_exec {
		1263	undef $POSTPONE_W;
		1264
		1265	&{ shift @POSTPONE }
		1266	while @POSTPONE;
		1267	}
		1268
		1269	sub postpone(&) {
		1270	push @POSTPONE, shift;
		1271
		1272	$POSTPONE_W ||= AE::timer (0, 0, \&_postpone_exec);
		1273
		1274	()
		1275	}
		1276
831	my @models = (	1277	our @models = (
832	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1278	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
833	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],	1279	[AnyEvent::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
834	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],
835	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1280	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
836	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1281	# as the pure perl backend should work everywhere
837	# and is usually faster	1282	# and is usually faster
		1283	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1284	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1285	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1286	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
838	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1287	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
839	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
840	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
841	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1288	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
842	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1289	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
843	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1290	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
844	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1291	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1292	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # a bitch to autodetect
		1293	[Cocoa::EventLoop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa::],
		1294	[FLTK:: => AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK2::],
845	);	1295	);
846		1296
847	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer time now signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);	1297	# all autoloaded methods reserve the complete glob, not just the method slot.
		1298	# due to bugs in perls method cache implementation.
		1299	our @methods = qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar);
848		1300
849	our @post_detect;
850
851	sub post_detect(&) {	1301	sub detect() {
852	my ($cb) = @_;	1302	local $!; # for good measure
		1303	local $SIG{__DIE__}; # we use eval
853		1304
854	if ($MODEL) {	1305	# free some memory
855	$cb->();	1306	*detect = sub () { $MODEL };
		1307	# undef &func doesn't correctly update the method cache. grmbl.
		1308	# so we delete the whole glob. grmbl.
		1309	# otoh, perl doesn't let me undef an active usb, but it lets me free
		1310	# a glob with an active sub. hrm. i hope it works, but perl is
		1311	# usually buggy in this department. sigh.
		1312	delete @{"AnyEvent::"}{@methods};
		1313	undef @methods;
856		1314
857	1	1315	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z0-9:]+)$/) {
		1316	my $model = $1;
		1317	$model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$model" unless $model =~ s/::$//;
		1318	if (eval "require $model") {
		1319	$MODEL = $model;
		1320	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
858	} else {	1321	} else {
859	push @post_detect, $cb;	1322	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
860		1323	}
861	defined wantarray
862	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect"
863	: ()
864	}	1324	}
865	}
866		1325
867	sub AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect::DESTROY {	1326	# check for already loaded models
868	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
869	}
870
871	sub detect() {
872	unless ($MODEL) {	1327	unless ($MODEL) {
873	no strict 'refs';	1328	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
874	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1329	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
875		1330	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
876	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
877	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
878	if (eval "require $model") {	1331	if (eval "require $model") {
879	$MODEL = $model;	1332	$MODEL = $model;
880	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1333	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
881	} else {	1334	last;
882	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1335	}
883	}	1336	}
884	}	1337	}
885		1338
886	# check for already loaded models
887	unless ($MODEL) {	1339	unless ($MODEL) {
		1340	# try to autoload a model
888	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1341	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
889	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1342	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1343	if (
		1344	$autoload
		1345	and eval "require $package"
890	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1346	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
891	if (eval "require $model") {	1347	and eval "require $model"
		1348	) {
892	$MODEL = $model;	1349	$MODEL = $model;
893	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1350	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
894	last;	1351	last;
895	}
896	}	1352	}
897	}	1353	}
898		1354
899	unless ($MODEL) {	1355	$MODEL
900	# try to load a model	1356	or die "AnyEvent: backend autodetection failed - did you properly install AnyEvent?\n";
		1357	}
		1358	}
901		1359
902	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1360	# free memory only needed for probing
903	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1361	undef @models;
904	if (eval "require $package"	1362	undef @REGISTRY;
905	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0	1363
906	and eval "require $model") {	1364	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
907	$MODEL = $model;	1365	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
908	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1366
		1367	# now nuke some methods that are overridden by the backend.
		1368	# SUPER usage is not allowed in these.
		1369	for (qw(time signal child idle)) {
		1370	undef &{"AnyEvent::Base::$_"}
		1371	if defined &{"$MODEL\::$_"};
		1372	}
		1373
		1374	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}) {
		1375	require AnyEvent::Strict;
		1376	}
		1377
		1378	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP}) {
		1379	require AnyEvent::Debug;
		1380	AnyEvent::Debug::wrap ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP});
		1381	}
		1382
		1383	if (exists $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL}) {
		1384	require AnyEvent::Socket;
		1385	require AnyEvent::Debug;
		1386
		1387	my $shell = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL};
		1388	$shell =~ s/\$\$/$$/g;
		1389
		1390	my ($host, $service) = AnyEvent::Socket::parse_hostport ($shell);
		1391	$AnyEvent::Debug::SHELL = AnyEvent::Debug::shell ($host, $service);
		1392	}
		1393
		1394	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
		1395	undef @post_detect;
		1396
		1397	*post_detect = sub(&) {
		1398	shift->();
		1399
		1400	undef
		1401	};
		1402
		1403	$MODEL
		1404	}
		1405
		1406	for my $name (@methods) {
		1407	*$name = sub {
		1408	detect;
		1409	# we use goto because
		1410	# a) it makes the thunk more transparent
		1411	# b) it allows us to delete the thunk later
		1412	goto &{ UNIVERSAL::can AnyEvent => "SUPER::$name" }
		1413	};
		1414	}
		1415
		1416	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
		1417	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
		1418	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
		1419	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
		1420	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
		1421
		1422	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
		1423	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
		1424
		1425	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
		1426	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
		1427
		1428	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
		1429
		1430	($fh2, $rw)
		1431	}
		1432
		1433	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1434
		1435	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1436	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1437	overhead by using function call syntax and a fixed number of parameters.
		1438
		1439	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1440
		1441	=cut
		1442
		1443	package AE;
		1444
		1445	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1446
		1447	sub _reset() {
		1448	eval q{
		1449	# fall back to the main API by default - backends and AnyEvent::Base
		1450	# implementations can overwrite these.
		1451
		1452	sub io($$$) {
		1453	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1454	}
		1455
		1456	sub timer($$$) {
		1457	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1458	}
		1459
		1460	sub signal($$) {
		1461	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1462	}
		1463
		1464	sub child($$) {
		1465	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1466	}
		1467
		1468	sub idle($) {
		1469	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0]);
		1470	}
		1471
		1472	sub cv(;&) {
		1473	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1474	}
		1475
		1476	sub now() {
		1477	AnyEvent->now
		1478	}
		1479
		1480	sub now_update() {
		1481	AnyEvent->now_update
		1482	}
		1483
		1484	sub time() {
		1485	AnyEvent->time
		1486	}
		1487
		1488	*postpone = \&AnyEvent::postpone;
		1489	};
		1490	die if $@;
		1491	}
		1492
		1493	BEGIN { _reset }
		1494
		1495	package AnyEvent::Base;
		1496
		1497	# default implementations for many methods
		1498
		1499	sub time {
		1500	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1501	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
		1502	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1503	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1504	*AE::time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
		1505	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
		1506	} else {
		1507	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
		1508	*AE::time = sub (){ time }; # epic fail
		1509	}
		1510
		1511	*time = sub { AE::time }; # different prototypes
		1512	};
		1513	die if $@;
		1514
		1515	&time
		1516	}
		1517
		1518	*now = \&time;
		1519
		1520	sub now_update { }
		1521
		1522	sub _poll {
		1523	Carp::croak "$AnyEvent::MODEL does not support blocking waits. Caught";
		1524	}
		1525
		1526	# default implementation for ->condvar
		1527	# in fact, the default should not be overwritten
		1528
		1529	sub condvar {
		1530	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1531	*condvar = sub {
		1532	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1533	};
		1534
		1535	*AE::cv = sub (;&) {
		1536	bless { @_ ? (_ae_cb => shift) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1537	};
		1538	};
		1539	die if $@;
		1540
		1541	&condvar
		1542	}
		1543
		1544	# default implementation for ->signal
		1545
		1546	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1547
		1548	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1549	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1550	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
		1551	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1552
		1553	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1554	}
		1555
		1556	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1557	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1558	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
		1559
		1560	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1561	# used by Impls
		1562	sub _sig_add() {
		1563	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1564	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1565	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1566
		1567	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1568	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1569	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1570	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1571	;
		1572	}
		1573	}
		1574
		1575	sub _sig_del {
		1576	undef $SIG_TW
		1577	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
		1578	}
		1579
		1580	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1581	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1582	undef $_sig_name_init;
		1583
		1584	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1585	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1586	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1587	} else {
		1588	require Config;
		1589
		1590	my %signame2num;
		1591	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1592	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
		1593
		1594	my @signum2name;
		1595	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
		1596
		1597	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1598	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1599	};
		1600	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1601	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1602	};
		1603	}
		1604	};
		1605	die if $@;
		1606	};
		1607
		1608	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1609	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
		1610
		1611	sub signal {
		1612	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1613	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1614	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1615	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1616
		1617	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
		1618	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1619
		1620	} else {
		1621	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1622
		1623	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1624	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1625
		1626	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1627	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1628	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1629	} else {
		1630	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
		1631	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1632	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1633
		1634	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1635	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1636	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1637	}
		1638
		1639	$SIGPIPE_R
		1640	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1641
		1642	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1643	}
		1644
		1645	*signal = $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1646	? sub {
		1647	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1648
		1649	# async::interrupt
		1650	my $signal = sig2num $arg{signal};
		1651	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1652
		1653	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1654	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1655	signal => $signal,
		1656	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1657	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1658	;
		1659
		1660	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1661	}
		1662	: sub {
		1663	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1664
		1665	# pure perl
		1666	my $signal = sig2name $arg{signal};
		1667	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1668
		1669	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
909	last;	1670	local $!;
		1671	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
		1672	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
910	}	1673	};
		1674
		1675	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1676	# so limit the signal latency.
		1677	_sig_add;
		1678
		1679	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1680	}
		1681	;
		1682
		1683	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1684	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1685
		1686	_sig_del;
		1687
		1688	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1689
		1690	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1691	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1692	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1693	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1694	# instead of getting the default action.
		1695	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1696	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1697	};
		1698
		1699	*_signal_exec = sub {
		1700	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1701	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1702	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
		1703
		1704	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1705	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1706	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
		1707	&$_ for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
911	}	1708	}
912
913	$MODEL
914	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.";
915	}	1709	}
916	}	1710	};
917
918	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
919	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
920
921	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
922	}
923
924	$MODEL
925	}
926
927	sub AUTOLOAD {
928	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
929
930	$method{$func}
931	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";
932
933	detect unless $MODEL;
934
935	my $class = shift;
936	$class->$func (@_);
937	}
938
939	package AnyEvent::Base;
940
941	# default implementation for now and time
942
943	use Time::HiRes ();
944
945	sub time { Time::HiRes::time }
946	sub now { Time::HiRes::time }
947
948	# default implementation for ->condvar
949
950	sub condvar {
951	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar::
952	}
953
954	# default implementation for ->signal
955
956	our %SIG_CB;
957
958	sub signal {
959	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
960
961	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
962	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
963
964	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
965	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
966	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} || {} };
967	};	1711	};
		1712	die if $@;
968		1713
969	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal"	1714	&signal
970	}
971
972	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {
973	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
974
975	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
976
977	$SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT' unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
978	}	1715	}
979		1716
980	# default implementation for ->child	1717	# default implementation for ->child
981		1718
982	our %PID_CB;	1719	our %PID_CB;
983	our $CHLD_W;	1720	our $CHLD_W;
984	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1721	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
985	our $PID_IDLE;
986	our $WNOHANG;
987		1722
988	sub _child_wait {	1723	# used by many Impl's
989	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1724	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
		1725	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1726
		1727	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
990	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1728	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
991	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1729	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
992	}
993
994	undef $PID_IDLE;
995	}
996
997	sub _sigchld {
998	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.
999	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {
1000	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1001	&_child_wait;
1002	});
1003	}	1730	}
1004		1731
1005	sub child {	1732	sub child {
		1733	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1734	*_sigchld = sub {
		1735	my $pid;
		1736
		1737	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
		1738	while ($pid = waitpid -1, WNOHANG) > 0;
		1739	};
		1740
		1741	*child = sub {
1006	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1742	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1007		1743
1008	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1744	my $pid = $arg{pid};
1009	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1745	my $cb = $arg{cb};
1010		1746
1011	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1747	$PID_CB{$pid}{$cb+0} = $cb;
1012		1748
1013	unless ($WNOHANG) {
1014	$WNOHANG = eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1015	}
1016
1017	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1749	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1018	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1750	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1019	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1751	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1020	&_sigchld;	1752	&_sigchld;
1021	}	1753	}
1022		1754
1023	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"	1755	bless [$pid, $cb+0], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1024	}	1756	};
1025		1757
1026	sub AnyEvent::Base::Child::DESTROY {	1758	*AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY = sub {
1027	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1759	my ($pid, $icb) = @{$_[0]};
1028		1760
1029	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1761	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$icb};
1030	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1762	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1031		1763
1032	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1764	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
		1765	};
		1766	};
		1767	die if $@;
		1768
		1769	&child
		1770	}
		1771
		1772	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
		1773	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
		1774	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
		1775	sub idle {
		1776	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1777	*idle = sub {
		1778	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1779
		1780	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
		1781
		1782	$rcb = sub {
		1783	if ($cb) {
		1784	$w = AE::time;
		1785	&$cb;
		1786	$w = AE::time - $w;
		1787
		1788	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
		1789	# within some limits
		1790	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
		1791	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
		1792
		1793	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
		1794	} else {
		1795	# clean up...
		1796	undef $w;
		1797	undef $rcb;
		1798	}
		1799	};
		1800
		1801	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1802
		1803	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
		1804	};
		1805
		1806	*AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY = sub {
		1807	undef $${$_[0]};
		1808	};
		1809	};
		1810	die if $@;
		1811
		1812	&idle
1033	}	1813	}
1034		1814
1035	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1815	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1036		1816
1037	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1817	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
1038		1818
		1819	# only to be used for subclassing
		1820	sub new {
		1821	my $class = shift;
		1822	bless AnyEvent->condvar (@_), $class
		1823	}
		1824
1039	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1825	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1040		1826
1041	use overload	1827	#use overload
1042	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1828	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
1043	fallback => 1;	1829	# fallback => 1;
		1830
		1831	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1832	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1833	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1834	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1835	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1836
		1837	our $WAITING;
1044		1838
1045	sub _send {	1839	sub _send {
1046	# nop	1840	# nop
		1841	}
		1842
		1843	sub _wait {
		1844	AnyEvent->_poll until $_[0]{_ae_sent};
1047	}	1845	}
1048		1846
1049	sub send {	1847	sub send {
1050	my $cv = shift;	1848	my $cv = shift;
1051	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];	1849	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];
…		…
1060		1858
1061	sub ready {	1859	sub ready {
1062	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1860	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1063	}	1861	}
1064		1862
1065	sub _wait {
1066	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1067	}
1068
1069	sub recv {	1863	sub recv {
		1864	unless ($_[0]{_ae_sent}) {
		1865	$WAITING
		1866	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait attempted";
		1867
		1868	local $WAITING = 1;
1070	$_[0]->_wait;	1869	$_[0]->_wait;
		1870	}
1071		1871
1072	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1872	$_[0]{_ae_croak}
1073	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1873	and Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak};
		1874
		1875	wantarray
		1876	? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} }
		1877	: $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1074	}	1878	}
1075		1879
1076	sub cb {	1880	sub cb {
1077	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1881	my $cv = shift;
		1882
		1883	@_
		1884	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1885	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1886	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1887
1078	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1888	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1079	}	1889	}
1080		1890
1081	sub begin {	1891	sub begin {
1082	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1892	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1083	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1893	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1088	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };	1898	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };
1089	}	1899	}
1090		1900
1091	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	1901	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
1092	*broadcast = \&send;	1902	*broadcast = \&send;
1093	*wait = \&_wait;	1903	*wait = \&recv;
		1904
		1905	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
		1906
		1907	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
		1908	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
		1909	the C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT> environment variable, below) provides strict
		1910	checking of all AnyEvent methods, however, which is highly useful during
		1911	development.
		1912
		1913	As for exception handling (i.e. runtime errors and exceptions thrown while
		1914	executing a callback), this is not only highly event-loop specific, but
		1915	also not in any way wrapped by this module, as this is the job of the main
		1916	program.
		1917
		1918	The pure perl event loop simply re-throws the exception (usually
		1919	within C<< condvar->recv >>), the L<Event> and L<EV> modules call C<<
		1920	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and
		1921	so on.
		1922
		1923	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
		1924
		1925	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
		1926	submodules.
		1927
		1928	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1929	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1930	enabled.
		1931
		1932	=over 4
		1933
		1934	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
		1935
		1936	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
		1937	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
		1938	talkative.
		1939
		1940	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
		1941	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
		1942	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
		1943
		1944	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
		1945	model it chooses.
		1946
		1947	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1948	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1949
		1950	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
		1951
		1952	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
		1953	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
		1954	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
		1955	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
		1956	it will croak.
		1957
		1958	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
		1959
		1960	Unlike C<use strict> (or its modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
		1961	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
		1962	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1963	can be very useful, however.
		1964
		1965	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL>
		1966
		1967	If this env variable is set, then its contents will be interpreted by
		1968	C<AnyEvent::Socket::parse_hostport> (after replacing every occurance of
		1969	C<$$> by the process pid) and an C<AnyEvent::Debug::shell> is bound on
		1970	that port. The shell object is saved in C<$AnyEvent::Debug::SHELL>.
		1971
		1972	This takes place when the first watcher is created.
		1973
		1974	For example, to bind a debug shell on a unix domain socket in
		1975	F<< /tmp/debug<pid>.sock >>, you could use this:
		1976
		1977	PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL=unix/:/tmp/debug\$\$.sock perlprog
		1978
		1979	Note that creating sockets in F</tmp> is very unsafe on multiuser
		1980	systems.
		1981
		1982	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP>
		1983
		1984	Can be set to C<0>, C<1> or C<2> and enables wrapping of all watchers for
		1985	debugging purposes. See C<AnyEvent::Debug::wrap> for details.
		1986
		1987	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
		1988
		1989	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
		1990	auto detection and -probing kicks in.
		1991
		1992	It normally is a string consisting entirely of ASCII letters (e.g. C<EV>
		1993	or C<IOAsync>). The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended and the
		1994	resulting module name is loaded and - if the load was successful - used as
		1995	event model backend. If it fails to load then AnyEvent will proceed with
		1996	auto detection and -probing.
		1997
		1998	If the string ends with C<::> instead (e.g. C<AnyEvent::Impl::EV::>) then
		1999	nothing gets prepended and the module name is used as-is (hint: C<::> at
		2000	the end of a string designates a module name and quotes it appropriately).
		2001
		2002	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Loop::Perl>) you
		2003	could start your program like this:
		2004
		2005	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
		2006
		2007	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
		2008
		2009	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
		2010	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
		2011	of auto probing).
		2012
		2013	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
		2014	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
		2015	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
		2016	list.
		2017
		2018	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
		2019	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
		2020	small, as the program has to handle conenction and other failures anyways.
		2021
		2022	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
		2023	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
		2024	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
		2025	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
		2026	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
		2027
		2028	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
		2029
		2030	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
		2031	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
		2032	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
		2033	default.
		2034
		2035	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
		2036	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
		2037
		2038	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
		2039
		2040	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
		2041	will create in parallel.
		2042
		2043	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		2044
		2045	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		2046	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		2047	sent to the DNS server.
		2048
		2049	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		2050
		2051	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		2052	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		2053	default config will be used.
		2054
		2055	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		2056
		2057	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		2058	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		2059	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		2060	instead of a system-dependent default.
		2061
		2062	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		2063
		2064	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		2065	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
		2066
		2067	=back
1094		2068
1095	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	2069	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1096		2070
1097	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in	2071	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in
1098	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to	2072	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to
…		…
1132		2106
1133	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to	2107	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to
1134	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will	2108	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will
1135	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must	2109	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must
1136	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.	2110	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.
1137
1138	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1139
1140	The following environment variables are used by this module:
1141
1142	=over 4
1143
1144	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1145
1146	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
1147	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
1148	talkative.
1149
1150	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
1151	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
1152	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1153
1154	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1155	model it chooses.
1156
1157	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1158
1159	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1160	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
1161	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
1162	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
1163	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
1164	auto detection and -probing.
1165
1166	This functionality might change in future versions.
1167
1168	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
1169	could start your program like this:
1170
1171	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1172
1173	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
1174
1175	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
1176	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
1177	of auto probing).
1178
1179	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
1180	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
1181	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
1182	list.
1183
1184	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
1185	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
1186	small, as the program has to handle connection errors already-
1187
1188	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
1189	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
1190	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
1191	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
1192	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
1193
1194	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
1195
1196	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
1197	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
1198	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
1199	default.
1200
1201	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
1202	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
1203
1204	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
1205
1206	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
1207	will create in parallel.
1208
1209	=back
1210		2111
1211	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	2112	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
1212		2113
1213	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer	2114	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer
1214	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the	2115	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the
…		…
1227	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	2128	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1228	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	2129	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1229	},	2130	},
1230	);	2131	);
1231		2132
1232	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1233
1234	sub new_timer {
1235	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	2133	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1236	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	2134	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1237	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1238	});	2135	});
1239	}
1240
1241	new_timer; # create first timer
1242		2136
1243	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i	2137	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1244		2138
1245	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	2139	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1246		2140
…		…
1319		2213
1320	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	2214	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
1321	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects	2215	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
1322	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	2216	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
1323	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	2217	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
1324	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	2218	problems get reported to the code that tries to use the result, not in a
1325	random callback.	2219	random callback.
1326		2220
1327	All of this enables the following usage styles:	2221	All of this enables the following usage styles:
1328		2222
1329	1. Blocking:	2223	1. Blocking:
…		…
1377	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2271	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1378	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2272	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1379	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2273	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1380		2274
1381	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2275	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1382	distribution.	2276	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2277	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1383		2278
1384	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2279	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1385		2280
1386	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2281	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1387	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2282	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1408	watcher.	2303	watcher.
1409		2304
1410	=head3 Results	2305	=head3 Results
1411		2306
1412	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2307	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1413	EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface	2308	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1414	EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2309	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1415	CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2310	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1416	Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation	2311	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1417	Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface	2312	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1418	Event/Any 16000 590 35.75 31.42 1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2313	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2314	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2315	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1419	Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour	2316	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1420	Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2317	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1421	POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event	2318	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1422	POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select	2319	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1423		2320
1424	=head3 Discussion	2321	=head3 Discussion
1425		2322
1426	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2323	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1427	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2324	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1439	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2336	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1440	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2337	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1441	cycles with POE.	2338	cycles with POE.
1442		2339
1443	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2340	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1444	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2341	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2342	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2343	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1445	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2344	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1446	natively.
1447		2345
1448	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2346	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1449	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2347	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1450	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2348	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1451	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2349	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
1452	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2350	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1453	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2351	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1454		2352
1455	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2353	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1456	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2354	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2355
		2356	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2357	when using its pure perl backend.
1457		2358
1458	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2359	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1459	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2360	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1460	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2361	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1461	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2362	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1522	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2423	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1523	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2424	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1524	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2425	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1525		2426
1526	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2427	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1527	distribution.	2428	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2429	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1528		2430
1529	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2431	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1530		2432
1531	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2433	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1532	each server has a read and write socket end).	2434	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1539	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2441	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1540	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2442	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1541		2443
1542	=head3 Results	2444	=head3 Results
1543		2445
1544	name sockets create request	2446	name sockets create request
1545	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2447	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1546	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2448	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1547	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2449	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1548	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2450	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
		2451	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
		2452	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1549	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2453	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1550		2454
1551	=head3 Discussion	2455	=head3 Discussion
1552		2456
1553	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2457	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1554	particular event loop.	2458	particular event loop.
…		…
1556	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2460	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1557	is relatively high, though.	2461	is relatively high, though.
1558		2462
1559	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2463	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1560	loops Event and Glib.	2464	loops Event and Glib.
		2465
		2466	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2467	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1561		2468
1562	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2469	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1563	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2470	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1564	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2471	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1565	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2472	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1628	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2535	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1629	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2536	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1630		2537
1631	=back	2538	=back
1632		2539
		2540	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2541
		2542	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2543	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2544	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2545	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2546	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2547	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2548	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2549
		2550	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2551	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2552	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2553	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2554	benchmark nevertheless.
		2555
		2556	name runtime
		2557	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2558	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2559	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2560	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2561	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2562	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2563	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2564	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2565
		2566	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2567	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2568	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2569
		2570	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2571	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2572	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2573	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2574	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2575	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2576	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2577	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2578
		2579	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2580	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2581	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2582	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2583
		2584	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2585	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2586	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2587
		2588	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2589	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
		2590	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
		2591	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
		2592
		2593	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2594	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2595	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2596
		2597
		2598	=head1 SIGNALS
		2599
		2600	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
		2601
		2602	=over 4
		2603
		2604	=item SIGCHLD
		2605
		2606	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
		2607	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
		2608	event loops install a similar handler.
		2609
		2610	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2611	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
		2612
		2613	=item SIGPIPE
		2614
		2615	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
		2616	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
		2617
		2618	The rationale for this is that AnyEvent users usually do not really depend
		2619	on SIGPIPE delivery (which is purely an optimisation for shell use, or
		2620	badly-written programs), but C<SIGPIPE> can cause spurious and rare
		2621	program exits as a lot of people do not expect C<SIGPIPE> when writing to
		2622	some random socket.
		2623
		2624	The rationale for installing a no-op handler as opposed to ignoring it is
		2625	that this way, the handler will be restored to defaults on exec.
		2626
		2627	Feel free to install your own handler, or reset it to defaults.
		2628
		2629	=back
		2630
		2631	=cut
		2632
		2633	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2634	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2635
		2636	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
		2637	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
		2638
		2639	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2640
		2641	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2642	its built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2643
		2644	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2645	modules if they are installed.
		2646
		2647	This section explains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2648	affect AnyEvent's operation.
		2649
		2650	=over 4
		2651
		2652	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2653
		2654	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2655	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2656	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2657	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2658	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2659	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2660
		2661	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2662	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2663	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for
		2664	battery life on laptops).
		2665
		2666	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2667	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2668
		2669	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2670	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2671	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2672	does nothing for those backends.
		2673
		2674	=item L<EV>
		2675
		2676	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2677	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2678	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2679	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2680	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2681	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2682	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2683	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2684
		2685	If you only use backends that rely on another event loop (e.g. C<Tk>),
		2686	then this module will do nothing for you.
		2687
		2688	=item L<Guard>
		2689
		2690	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2691	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2692	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2693	purely used for performance.
		2694
		2695	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2696
		2697	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
		2698	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. L<JSON> is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2699	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2700
		2701	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2702
		2703	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2704	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2705	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2706
		2707	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2708
		2709	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2710	chosen event library does not come with a timing source of its own. The
		2711	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Loop>) will additionally load it to
		2712	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2713
		2714	=back
		2715
1633		2716
1634	=head1 FORK	2717	=head1 FORK
1635		2718
1636	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2719	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1637	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2720	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> calls
1638	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2721	- higher performance APIs such as BSD's kqueue or the dreaded Linux epoll
		2722	are usually badly thought-out hacks that are incompatible with fork in
		2723	one way or another. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware and ensures that you
		2724	continue event-processing in both parent and child (or both, if you know
		2725	what you are doing).
		2726
		2727	This means that, in general, you cannot fork and do event processing in
		2728	the child if the event library was initialised before the fork (which
		2729	usually happens when the first AnyEvent watcher is created, or the library
		2730	is loaded).
1639		2731
1640	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2732	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1641	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2733	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2734	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
		2735
		2736	The problem of doing event processing in the parent I<and> the child
		2737	is much more complicated: even for backends that I<are> fork-aware or
		2738	fork-safe, their behaviour is not usually what you want: fork clones all
		2739	watchers, that means all timers, I/O watchers etc. are active in both
		2740	parent and child, which is almost never what you want. USing C<exec>
		2741	to start worker children from some kind of manage rprocess is usually
		2742	preferred, because it is much easier and cleaner, at the expense of having
		2743	to have another binary.
1642		2744
1643		2745
1644	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2746	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1645		2747
1646	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2748	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
1651	specified in the variable.	2753	specified in the variable.
1652		2754
1653	You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it	2755	You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it
1654	before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a C<BEGIN> block:	2756	before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a C<BEGIN> block:
1655		2757
1656	BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} }	2758	BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} }
1657		2759
1658	use AnyEvent;	2760	use AnyEvent;
1659		2761
1660	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2762	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1661	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2763	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1662	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL).	2764	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
		2765	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2766
		2767	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2768	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2769	enabled.
		2770
		2771
		2772	=head1 BUGS
		2773
		2774	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
		2775	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
		2776	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
		2777	memleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
		2778	pronounced).
1663		2779
1664		2780
1665	=head1 SEE ALSO	2781	=head1 SEE ALSO
1666		2782
		2783	Tutorial/Introduction: L<AnyEvent::Intro>.
		2784
		2785	FAQ: L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		2786
1667	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.	2787	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.
1668		2788
1669	Event modules: L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>,	2789	Event modules: L<AnyEvent::Loop>, L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>,
1670	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2790	L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1671		2791
1672	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2792	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1673	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2793	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1674	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2794	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1675	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2795	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
1676		2796
1677	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2797	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
1678	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2798	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
1679		2799
1680	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2800	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
1681		2801
1682	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2802	Thread support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>.
1683		2803
1684	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2804	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>,
		2805	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1685		2806
1686		2807
1687	=head1 AUTHOR	2808	=head1 AUTHOR
1688		2809
1689	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2810	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1690	http://home.schmorp.de/	2811	http://home.schmorp.de/
1691		2812
1692	=cut	2813	=cut
1693		2814
1694	1	2815	1
1695		2816

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