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Revision 1.134 by root, Sun May 25 04:44:04 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.230 by root, Wed Jul 8 05:55:17 2009 UTC

1	=head1 => NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt and POE are various supported
		6	event loops.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
		12	# file descriptor readable
11	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub {	13	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
		14
		15	# one-shot or repeating timers
		16	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
		17	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...
		18
		19	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
		20	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
		21
		22	# POSIX signal
		23	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });
		24
		25	# child process exit
		26	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
		27	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
12	...	28	...
13	});	29	});
14		30
15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub {	31	# called when event loop idle (if applicable)
16	...	32	my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... });
17	});
18		33
19	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged	34	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
20	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's	35	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
21	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send	36	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
		37	# use a condvar in callback mode:
		38	$w->cb (sub { $_[0]->recv });
		39
		40	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
		41
		42	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
		43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
		44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
22		45
23	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	46	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
24		47
25	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	48	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
26	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	49	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
27		50
28	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of	51	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of
29	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.	52	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.
30		53
31	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only	54	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only
32	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use in a	55	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use, in a
33	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,	56	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,
34	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,	57	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,
35	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent	58	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent
36	helps hiding the differences between those event loops.	59	cannot change this, but it can hide the differences between those event
		60	loops.
37		61
38	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event	62	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event
39	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a	63	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a
40	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your	64	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your
41	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	65	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
42	model you use.	66	model you use.
43		67
44	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	68	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
45	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	69	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
46	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	70	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you
47	cannot use anything else, as it is simply incompatible to everything that	71	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
48	isn't itself. What's worse, all the potential users of your module are	72	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
49	I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	73	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
50		74
51	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	75	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
52	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	76	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
53	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? no go. Tk + Event? no go. Again: if	77	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if
54	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	78	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,
55	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	79	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all
56	event models it supports (including stuff like POE and IO::Async, as long	80	event models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those
57	as those use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new	81	use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops
58	event loops to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	82	to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).
59		83
60	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	84	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
61	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	85	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
62	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	86	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
63	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	87	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only
64	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as	88	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
65	technically possible.	89	technically possible.
66		90
		91	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
		92	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
		93	non-blocking connects (even with TLS/SSL, IPv6 and on broken platforms
		94	such as Windows) and lots of real-world knowledge and workarounds for
		95	platform bugs and differences.
		96
67	Of course, if you want lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat	97	Now, if you I<do want> lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat
68	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	98	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
69	model, you should I<not> use this module.	99	model, you should I<not> use this module.
70		100
71	=head1 DESCRIPTION	101	=head1 DESCRIPTION
72		102
…		…
102	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to	132	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to
103	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...	133	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...
104		134
105	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	135	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called
106	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	136	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it
107	explicitly.	137	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)
108		138
109	=head1 WATCHERS	139	=head1 WATCHERS
110		140
111	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	141	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
112	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	142	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
…		…
115	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After	145	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
116	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the	146	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
117	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	147	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
118	is in control).	148	is in control).
119		149
		150	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
		151	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
		152	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in
		153	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
		154	widely between event loops.
		155
120	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	156	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
121	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	157	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
122	to it).	158	to it).
123		159
124	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	160	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
…		…
126	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for	162	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
127	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.	163	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
128		164
129	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:	165	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:
130		166
131	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {	167	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
132	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it	168	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
133	undef $w;	169	undef $w;
134	});	170	});
135		171
136	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,	172	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,
137	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	173	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
138	declared.	174	declared.
139		175
140	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	176	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
141		177
142	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	178	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
143	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	179	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
144		180
145	C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	181	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
		182	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
		183	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
		184	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
		185	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
		186	or block devices.
		187
146	for events. C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>,	188	C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a
147	which creates a watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events,	189	watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively.
		190
148	respectively. C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle	191	C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
149	becomes ready.
150		192
151	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	193	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
152	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	194	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
153	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.	195	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
154		196
…		…
158		200
159	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	201	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should
160	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	202	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
161	handles.	203	handles.
162		204
163	Example:
164
165	# wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the watcher	205	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
		206	watcher.
		207
166	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {	208	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
167	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);	209	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);
168	warn "read: $input\n";	210	warn "read: $input\n";
169	undef $w;	211	undef $w;
170	});	212	});
…		…
180		222
181	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	223	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
182	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	224	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
183	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	225	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
184		226
185	The timer callback will be invoked at most once: if you want a repeating	227	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another
186	timer you have to create a new watcher (this is a limitation by both Tk	228	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
187	and Glib).	229	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
		230	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
		231	false value, then it is treated as if it were missing.
188		232
189	Example:	233	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
		234	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
		235	only approximate.
190		236
191	# fire an event after 7.7 seconds	237	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
		238
192	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	239	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
193	warn "timeout\n";	240	warn "timeout\n";
194	});	241	});
195		242
196	# to cancel the timer:	243	# to cancel the timer:
197	undef $w;	244	undef $w;
198		245
199	Example 2:
200
201	# fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second	246	Example 2: fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second.
202	my $w;
203		247
204	my $cb = sub {
205	# cancel the old timer while creating a new one
206	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => $cb);	248	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, interval => 1, cb => sub {
		249	warn "timeout\n";
207	};	250	};
208
209	# start the "loop" by creating the first watcher
210	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, cb => $cb);
211		251
212	=head3 TIMING ISSUES	252	=head3 TIMING ISSUES
213		253
214	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire	254	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire
215	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12	255	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12
…		…
227	timers.	267	timers.
228		268
229	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the	269	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
230	AnyEvent API.	270	AnyEvent API.
231		271
		272	AnyEvent has two additional methods that return the "current time":
		273
		274	=over 4
		275
		276	=item AnyEvent->time
		277
		278	This returns the "current wallclock time" as a fractional number of
		279	seconds since the Epoch (the same thing as C<time> or C<Time::HiRes::time>
		280	return, and the result is guaranteed to be compatible with those).
		281
		282	It progresses independently of any event loop processing, i.e. each call
		283	will check the system clock, which usually gets updated frequently.
		284
		285	=item AnyEvent->now
		286
		287	This also returns the "current wallclock time", but unlike C<time>, above,
		288	this value might change only once per event loop iteration, depending on
		289	the event loop (most return the same time as C<time>, above). This is the
		290	time that AnyEvent's timers get scheduled against.
		291
		292	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
		293	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
		294
		295	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
		296	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
		297	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts).
		298
		299	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
		300	with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.
		301
		302	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
		303	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
		304
		305	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at
		306	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
		307	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
		308	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
		309	after three seconds.
		310
		311	With L<Event::Lib>, C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> will
		312	both return C<501>, because that is the current time, and the timer will
		313	be scheduled to fire at time=504 (C<501> + C<3>).
		314
		315	With L<EV>, C<< AnyEvent->time >> returns C<501> (as that is the current
		316	time), but C<< AnyEvent->now >> returns C<500>, as that is the time the
		317	last event processing phase started. With L<EV>, your timer gets scheduled
		318	to run at time=503 (C<500> + C<3>).
		319
		320	In one sense, L<Event::Lib> is more exact, as it uses the current time
		321	regardless of any delays introduced by event processing. However, most
		322	callbacks do not expect large delays in processing, so this causes a
		323	higher drift (and a lot more system calls to get the current time).
		324
		325	In another sense, L<EV> is more exact, as your timer will be scheduled at
		326	the same time, regardless of how long event processing actually took.
		327
		328	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
		329	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
		330	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
		331	account.
		332
		333	=item AnyEvent->now_update
		334
		335	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache
		336	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<
		337	AnyEvent->now >>, above).
		338
		339	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
		340	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
		341	might affect timers and time-outs.
		342
		343	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
		344	event loop's idea of "current time".
		345
		346	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
		347
		348	=back
		349
232	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	350	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
233		351
234	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	352	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
235	I<name> without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl callback to	353	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
236	be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	354	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
237		355
238	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	356	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
239	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	357	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
240	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.	358	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.
241		359
…		…
257	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	375	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
258		376
259	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	377	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
260		378
261	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	379	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it
262	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often	380	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will triggered only when
263	as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a	381	the child process has finished and an exit status is available, not on
264	signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>. The callback will be called with the pid	382	any trace events (stopped/continued).
265	and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types,	383
266	you I<can> rely on child watcher callback arguments.	384	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
		385	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
		386	callback arguments.
		387
		388	This watcher type works by installing a signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>,
		389	and since it cannot be shared, nothing else should use SIGCHLD or reap
		390	random child processes (waiting for specific child processes, e.g. inside
		391	C<system>, is just fine).
267		392
268	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	393	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
269	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	394	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
270	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	395	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
271		396
272	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	397	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		398	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
273	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	399	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
274	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	400	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		401	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		402	start the watcher.
275		403
276	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	404	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
277	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	405	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
278	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	406	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		407	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
279		408
280	Example: fork a process and wait for it	409	Example: fork a process and wait for it
281		410
282	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	411	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
283		412
284	my $pid = fork or exit 5;	413	my $pid = fork or exit 5;
285		414
286	my $w = AnyEvent->child (	415	my $w = AnyEvent->child (
287	pid => $pid,	416	pid => $pid,
288	cb => sub {	417	cb => sub {
289	my ($pid, $status) = @_;	418	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
290	warn "pid $pid exited with status $status";	419	warn "pid $pid exited with status $status";
291	$done->send;	420	$done->send;
292	},	421	},
293	);	422	);
294		423
295	# do something else, then wait for process exit	424	# do something else, then wait for process exit
296	$done->recv;	425	$done->recv;
		426
		427	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
		428
		429	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important
		430	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
		431	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
		432	attention by the event loop".
		433
		434	Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing
		435	better to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new
		436	events. Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.
		437
		438	Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only
		439	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
		440	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
		441
		442	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
		443	program is otherwise idle:
		444
		445	my @lines; # read data
		446	my $idle_w;
		447	my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
		448	push @lines, scalar <STDIN>;
		449
		450	# start an idle watcher, if not already done
		451	$idle_w ||= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub {
		452	# handle only one line, when there are lines left
		453	if (my $line = shift @lines) {
		454	print "handled when idle: $line";
		455	} else {
		456	# otherwise disable the idle watcher again
		457	undef $idle_w;
		458	}
		459	});
		460	});
297		461
298	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	462	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
299		463
300	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	464	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
301	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	465	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
…		…
307	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	471	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called
308	because they represent a condition that must become true.	472	because they represent a condition that must become true.
309		473
310	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	474	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
311	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	475	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
		476
312	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	477	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
313	becomes true.	478	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
		479	the results).
314		480
315	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	481	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
316	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it	482	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
317	were a callback).	483	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
		484	->send >> method).
318		485
319	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	486	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can
320	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	487	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points
321	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	488	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet
322	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	489	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be
…		…
373		540
374	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	541	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
375	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	542	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
376	$done->recv;	543	$done->recv;
377		544
		545	Example: Imagine an API that returns a condvar and doesn't support
		546	callbacks. This is how you make a synchronous call, for example from
		547	the main program:
		548
		549	use AnyEvent::CouchDB;
		550
		551	...
		552
		553	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
		554
		555	And this is how you would just ste a callback to be called whenever the
		556	results are available:
		557
		558	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
		559	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
		560	});
		561
378	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS	562	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS
379		563
380	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the	564	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the
381	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also	565	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also
382	the producer side which creates the condvar in most cases, but it isn't	566	the producer side which creates the condvar in most cases, but it isn't
…		…
394	immediately from within send.	578	immediately from within send.
395		579
396	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	580	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
397	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	581	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
398		582
399	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as a	583	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly
400	code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling C<send>.	584	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
		585	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle
		586	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
		587	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
		588	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
		589	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
		590	example).
401		591
402	=item $cv->croak ($error)	592	=item $cv->croak ($error)
403		593
404	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	594	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
405	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	595	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
…		…
408	user/consumer.	598	user/consumer.
409		599
410	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	600	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
411		601
412	=item $cv->end	602	=item $cv->end
413
414	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
415		603
416	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	604	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
417	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	605	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
418	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	606	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
419		607
…		…
421	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	609	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
422	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	610	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback
423	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	611	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no
424	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	612	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.
425		613
426	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	614	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		615	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		616	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		617
		618	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		619	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		620	close before activating a condvar:
		621
		622	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		623
		624	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		625	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		626	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		627	or $cv->end;
		628	});
		629
		630	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		631	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		632	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		633	or $cv->end;
		634	});
		635
		636	$cv->recv;
		637
		638	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		639	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		640	sending.
		641
		642	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		643	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		644	begung can potentially be zero:
427		645
428	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	646	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
429		647
430	my %result;	648	my %result;
431	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	649	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });
…		…
451	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	669	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
452	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	670	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
453	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	671	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
454	doesn't execute once).	672	doesn't execute once).
455		673
456	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	674	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
457	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	675	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
458	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	676	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
459	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	677	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		678	call C<end>.
460		679
461	=back	680	=back
462		681
463	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	682	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
464		683
…		…
509	=item $bool = $cv->ready	728	=item $bool = $cv->ready
510		729
511	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or	730	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or
512	C<croak> have been called.	731	C<croak> have been called.
513		732
514	=item $cb = $cv->cb ([new callback])	733	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
515		734
516	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	735	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
517	replaces it before doing so.	736	replaces it before doing so.
518		737
519	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	738	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when
520	C<send> or C<croak> are called. Calling C<recv> inside the callback	739	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition
521	or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.	740	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time
		741	is guaranteed not to block.
522		742
523	=back	743	=back
524		744
525	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	745	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
526		746
…		…
543	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.	763	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
544	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).	764	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
545	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.	765	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
546	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.	766	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
547		767
		768	# warning, support for IO::Async is only partial, as it is too broken
		769	# and limited toe ven support the AnyEvent API. See AnyEvent::Impl::Async.
		770	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
		771
548	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for	772	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
549	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the	773	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
550	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per	774	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
551	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for	775	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
552	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using	776	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
…		…
644		868
645		869
646	=head1 OTHER MODULES	870	=head1 OTHER MODULES
647		871
648	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	872	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
649	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	873	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
650	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	874	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
651	available via CPAN.	875	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.
652		876
653	=over 4	877	=over 4
654		878
655	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	879	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
656		880
657	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	881	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking
658	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	882	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.
659
660	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
661
662	Provide read and write buffers and manages watchers for reads and writes.
663		883
664	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	884	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
665		885
666	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	886	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
667	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp	887	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
668	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.	888	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.
669		889
		890	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
		891
		892	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
		893	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
		894	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
		895
670	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	896	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
671		897
672	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	898	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
673		899
		900	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>
		901
		902	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent
		903	HTTP requests.
		904
674	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	905	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
675		906
676	Provides a simple web application server framework.	907	Provides a simple web application server framework.
677		908
678	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	909	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
679		910
680	The fastest ping in the west.	911	The fastest ping in the west.
681		912
		913	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
		914
		915	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
		916
		917	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		918
		919	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
		920	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent
		921	together.
		922
		923	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>
		924
		925	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses
		926	L<BDB> and AnyEvent together.
		927
		928	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
		929
		930	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
		931
682	=item L<Net::IRC3>	932	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
683		933
684	AnyEvent based IRC client module family.	934	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
685		935
686	=item L<Net::XMPP2>	936	=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
687		937
688	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.	938	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
		939	Net::XMPP2>.
		940
		941	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
		942
		943	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
		944	L<App::IGS>).
689		945
690	=item L<Net::FCP>	946	=item L<Net::FCP>
691		947
692	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace	948	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
693	of AnyEvent.	949	of AnyEvent.
…		…
698		954
699	=item L<Coro>	955	=item L<Coro>
700		956
701	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	957	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
702		958
703	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>, L<IO::AIO>
704
705	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
706	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses IO::AIO and AnyEvent
707	together.
708
709	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>, L<BDB>
710
711	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
712	IO::AIO and AnyEvent together.
713
714	=item L<IO::Lambda>
715
716	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
717
718	=back	959	=back
719		960
720	=cut	961	=cut
721		962
722	package AnyEvent;	963	package AnyEvent;
723		964
724	no warnings;	965	no warnings;
725	use strict;	966	use strict qw(vars subs);
726		967
727	use Carp;	968	use Carp;
728		969
729	our $VERSION = '4.03';	970	our $VERSION = 4.8;
730	our $MODEL;	971	our $MODEL;
731		972
732	our $AUTOLOAD;	973	our $AUTOLOAD;
733	our @ISA;	974	our @ISA;
734		975
		976	our @REGISTRY;
		977
		978	our $WIN32;
		979
		980	BEGIN {
		981	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";
		982	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";
		983
		984	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		985	if ${^TAINT};
		986	}
		987
735	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	988	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
736		989
737	our @REGISTRY;	990	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
738
739	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2)
740		991
741	{	992	{
742	my $idx;	993	my $idx;
743	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx	994	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx
		995	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
744	for split /\s*,\s*/, $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	996	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
745	}	997	}
746		998
747	my @models = (	999	my @models = (
748	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1000	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],
749	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],	1001	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],
750	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::],
751	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
752	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
753	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],	1002	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],
754	# everything below here will not be autoprobed as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1003	# everything below here will not be autoprobed
755	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::],	1004	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
		1005	# and is usually faster
		1006	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
		1007	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
756	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy	1008	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
757	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1009	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
758	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1010	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
		1011	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1012	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1013	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workaorunds for its
		1014	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.
		1015	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any
		1016	# obvious default class.
		1017	# [IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1018	# [IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1019	# [IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
759	);	1020	);
760		1021
761	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);	1022	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
		1023	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);
762		1024
763	our @post_detect;	1025	our @post_detect;
764		1026
765	sub post_detect(&) {	1027	sub post_detect(&) {
766	my ($cb) = @_;	1028	my ($cb) = @_;
…		…
771	1	1033	1
772	} else {	1034	} else {
773	push @post_detect, $cb;	1035	push @post_detect, $cb;
774		1036
775	defined wantarray	1037	defined wantarray
776	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect"	1038	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
777	: ()	1039	: ()
778	}	1040	}
779	}	1041	}
780		1042
781	sub AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect::DESTROY {	1043	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
782	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;	1044	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
783	}	1045	}
784		1046
785	sub detect() {	1047	sub detect() {
786	unless ($MODEL) {	1048	unless ($MODEL) {
787	no strict 'refs';	1049	no strict 'refs';
		1050	local $SIG{__DIE__};
788		1051
789	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {	1052	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
790	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";	1053	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
791	if (eval "require $model") {	1054	if (eval "require $model") {
792	$MODEL = $model;	1055	$MODEL = $model;
…		…
822	last;	1085	last;
823	}	1086	}
824	}	1087	}
825		1088
826	$MODEL	1089	$MODEL
827	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.";	1090	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";
828	}	1091	}
829	}	1092	}
830		1093
		1094	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
		1095
831	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;	1096	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
832	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";	1097
		1098	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
833		1099
834	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;	1100	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
835	}	1101	}
836		1102
837	$MODEL	1103	$MODEL
…		…
847		1113
848	my $class = shift;	1114	my $class = shift;
849	$class->$func (@_);	1115	$class->$func (@_);
850	}	1116	}
851		1117
		1118	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
		1119	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
		1120	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
		1121	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
		1122	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
		1123
		1124	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
		1125	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<") : ($w, ">");
		1126
		1127	open my $fh2, "$mode&", $fh
		1128	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
		1129
		1130	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
		1131
		1132	($fh2, $rw)
		1133	}
		1134
852	package AnyEvent::Base;	1135	package AnyEvent::Base;
853		1136
		1137	# default implementations for many methods
		1138
		1139	BEGIN {
		1140	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1141	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
		1142	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
		1143	} else {
		1144	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail
		1145	}
		1146	}
		1147
		1148	sub time { _time }
		1149	sub now { _time }
		1150	sub now_update { }
		1151
854	# default implementation for ->condvar	1152	# default implementation for ->condvar
855		1153
856	sub condvar {	1154	sub condvar {
857	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar::	1155	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
858	}	1156	}
859		1157
860	# default implementation for ->signal	1158	# default implementation for ->signal
861		1159
862	our %SIG_CB;	1160	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1161
		1162	sub _signal_exec {
		1163	sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 4;
		1164
		1165	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1166	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1167	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
		1168	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
		1169	}
		1170	}
		1171	}
863		1172
864	sub signal {	1173	sub signal {
865	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1174	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
866		1175
		1176	unless ($SIGPIPE_R) {
		1177	require Fcntl;
		1178
		1179	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1180	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1181
		1182	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1183	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1184	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1185	} else {
		1186	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
		1187	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1188	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1189
		1190	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1191	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1192	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1193	}
		1194
		1195	$SIGPIPE_R
		1196	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1197
		1198	$SIG_IO = AnyEvent->io (fh => $SIGPIPE_R, poll => "r", cb => \&_signal_exec);
		1199	}
		1200
867	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1201	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
868	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";	1202	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
869		1203
870	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1204	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
871	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1205	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
872	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} || {} };	1206	local $!;
		1207	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
		1208	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
873	};	1209	};
874		1210
875	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal"	1211	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
876	}	1212	}
877		1213
878	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {	1214	sub AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY {
879	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1215	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
880		1216
881	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};	1217	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
882		1218
		1219	# delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1220	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1221	# instead of getting the default action.
883	$SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT' unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };	1222	undef $SIG{$signal} unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
884	}	1223	}
885		1224
886	# default implementation for ->child	1225	# default implementation for ->child
887		1226
888	our %PID_CB;	1227	our %PID_CB;
889	our $CHLD_W;	1228	our $CHLD_W;
890	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1229	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
891	our $PID_IDLE;
892	our $WNOHANG;	1230	our $WNOHANG;
893		1231
894	sub _child_wait {	1232	sub _sigchld {
895	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1233	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {
896	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1234	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),
897	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1235	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });
898	}	1236	}
899
900	undef $PID_IDLE;
901	}
902
903	sub _sigchld {
904	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.
905	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {
906	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;
907	&_child_wait;
908	});
909	}	1237	}
910		1238
911	sub child {	1239	sub child {
912	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1240	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
913		1241
914	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1242	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)
915	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1243	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
916		1244
917	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1245	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
918		1246
919	unless ($WNOHANG) {
920	$WNOHANG = eval { require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;	1247	$WNOHANG ||= eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
921	}
922		1248
923	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1249	unless ($CHLD_W) {
924	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1250	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);
925	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1251	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
926	&_sigchld;	1252	&_sigchld;
927	}	1253	}
928		1254
929	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"	1255	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
930	}	1256	}
931		1257
932	sub AnyEvent::Base::Child::DESTROY {	1258	sub AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY {
933	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1259	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
934		1260
935	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1261	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};
936	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1262	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
937		1263
938	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1264	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
		1265	}
		1266
		1267	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
		1268	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
		1269	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
		1270	sub idle {
		1271	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1272
		1273	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
		1274
		1275	$rcb = sub {
		1276	if ($cb) {
		1277	$w = _time;
		1278	&$cb;
		1279	$w = _time - $w;
		1280
		1281	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
		1282	# within some limits
		1283	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
		1284	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
		1285
		1286	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $w, cb => $rcb);
		1287	} else {
		1288	# clean up...
		1289	undef $w;
		1290	undef $rcb;
		1291	}
		1292	};
		1293
		1294	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.05, cb => $rcb);
		1295
		1296	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
		1297	}
		1298
		1299	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
		1300	undef $${$_[0]};
939	}	1301	}
940		1302
941	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1303	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
942		1304
943	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1305	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
…		…
995	}	1357	}
996		1358
997	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	1359	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
998	*broadcast = \&send;	1360	*broadcast = \&send;
999	*wait = \&_wait;	1361	*wait = \&_wait;
		1362
		1363	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
		1364
		1365	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
		1366	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
		1367	the C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT> environment variable, below) provides strict
		1368	checking of all AnyEvent methods, however, which is highly useful during
		1369	development.
		1370
		1371	As for exception handling (i.e. runtime errors and exceptions thrown while
		1372	executing a callback), this is not only highly event-loop specific, but
		1373	also not in any way wrapped by this module, as this is the job of the main
		1374	program.
		1375
		1376	The pure perl event loop simply re-throws the exception (usually
		1377	within C<< condvar->recv >>), the L<Event> and L<EV> modules call C<<
		1378	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and
		1379	so on.
		1380
		1381	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
		1382
		1383	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
		1384	submodules.
		1385
		1386	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1387	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1388	enabled.
		1389
		1390	=over 4
		1391
		1392	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
		1393
		1394	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
		1395	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
		1396	talkative.
		1397
		1398	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
		1399	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
		1400	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
		1401
		1402	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
		1403	model it chooses.
		1404
		1405	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
		1406
		1407	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
		1408	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
		1409	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
		1410	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
		1411	it will croak.
		1412
		1413	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
		1414
		1415	Unlike C<use strict>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in
		1416	production. Keeping C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while
		1417	developing programs can be very useful, however.
		1418
		1419	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
		1420
		1421	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
		1422	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
		1423	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
		1424	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
		1425	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
		1426	auto detection and -probing.
		1427
		1428	This functionality might change in future versions.
		1429
		1430	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
		1431	could start your program like this:
		1432
		1433	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
		1434
		1435	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
		1436
		1437	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
		1438	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
		1439	of auto probing).
		1440
		1441	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
		1442	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
		1443	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
		1444	list.
		1445
		1446	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
		1447	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
		1448	small, as the program has to handle conenction and other failures anyways.
		1449
		1450	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
		1451	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
		1452	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
		1453	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
		1454	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
		1455
		1456	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
		1457
		1458	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
		1459	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
		1460	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
		1461	default.
		1462
		1463	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
		1464	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
		1465
		1466	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
		1467
		1468	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
		1469	will create in parallel.
		1470
		1471	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		1472
		1473	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		1474	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		1475	sent to the DNS server.
		1476
		1477	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		1478
		1479	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		1480	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		1481	default config will be used.
		1482
		1483	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		1484
		1485	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		1486	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		1487	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		1488	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1489
		1490	=back
1000		1491
1001	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1492	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1002		1493
1003	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in	1494	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in
1004	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to	1495	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to
…		…
1038		1529
1039	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to	1530	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to
1040	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will	1531	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will
1041	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must	1532	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must
1042	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.	1533	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.
1043
1044	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1045
1046	The following environment variables are used by this module:
1047
1048	=over 4
1049
1050	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1051
1052	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
1053	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
1054	talkative.
1055
1056	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
1057	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
1058	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1059
1060	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1061	model it chooses.
1062
1063	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1064
1065	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1066	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
1067	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
1068	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
1069	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
1070	auto detection and -probing.
1071
1072	This functionality might change in future versions.
1073
1074	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
1075	could start your program like this:
1076
1077	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1078
1079	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
1080
1081	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
1082	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
1083	of auto probing).
1084
1085	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
1086	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
1087	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
1088	list.
1089
1090	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
1091	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
1092	small, as the program has to handle connection errors already-
1093
1094	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
1095	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
1096	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
1097	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
1098	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
1099
1100	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
1101
1102	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
1103	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
1104	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
1105	default.
1106
1107	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
1108	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
1109
1110	=back
1111		1534
1112	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	1535	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
1113		1536
1114	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer	1537	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer
1115	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the	1538	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the
…		…
1309	watcher.	1732	watcher.
1310		1733
1311	=head3 Results	1734	=head3 Results
1312		1735
1313	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	1736	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1314	EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface	1737	EV/EV 400000 224 0.47 0.35 0.27 EV native interface
1315	EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers	1738	EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1316	CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal	1739	CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1317	Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation	1740	Perl/Any 100000 452 4.13 0.73 0.95 pure perl implementation
1318	Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface	1741	Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface
1319	Event/Any 16000 590 35.75 31.42 1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers	1742	Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		1743	IOAsync/Any 16000 989 38.10 32.77 11.13 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		1744	IOAsync/Any 16000 990 37.59 29.50 10.61 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1320	Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour	1745	Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour
1321	Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	1746	Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1322	POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event	1747	POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event
1323	POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select	1748	POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select
1324		1749
1325	=head3 Discussion	1750	=head3 Discussion
1326		1751
1327	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	1752	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1328	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	1753	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1353	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	1778	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1354	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	1779	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1355		1780
1356	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	1781	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1357	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	1782	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		1783
		1784	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		1785	when using its pure perl backend.
1358		1786
1359	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	1787	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1360	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	1788	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1361	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	1789	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1362	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	1790	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1440	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	1868	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1441	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	1869	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1442		1870
1443	=head3 Results	1871	=head3 Results
1444		1872
1445	name sockets create request	1873	name sockets create request
1446	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	1874	EV 20000 69.01 11.16
1447	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	1875	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87
		1876	IOAsync 20000 157.00 98.14 epoll
		1877	IOAsync 20000 159.31 616.06 poll
1448	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	1878	Event 20000 212.62 257.32
1449	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	1879	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30
1450	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	1880	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event
1451		1881
1452	=head3 Discussion	1882	=head3 Discussion
1453		1883
1454	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	1884	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1455	particular event loop.	1885	particular event loop.
…		…
1457	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	1887	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1458	is relatively high, though.	1888	is relatively high, though.
1459		1889
1460	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	1890	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1461	loops Event and Glib.	1891	loops Event and Glib.
		1892
		1893	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		1894	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1462		1895
1463	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	1896	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1464	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	1897	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1465	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	1898	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1466	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	1899	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1529	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	1962	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1530	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	1963	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1531		1964
1532	=back	1965	=back
1533		1966
		1967	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		1968
		1969	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		1970	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		1971	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		1972	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		1973	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		1974	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		1975	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		1976
		1977	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		1978	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		1979	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		1980	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		1981	benchmark nevertheless.
		1982
		1983	name runtime
		1984	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		1985	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		1986	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		1987	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		1988	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		1989	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		1990	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		1991	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		1992
		1993	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		1994	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		1995	+state machine 0.134 sec
		1996
		1997	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		1998	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		1999	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2000	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2001	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2002	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2003	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2004	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2005
		2006	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2007	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2008	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2009	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2010
		2011	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2012	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2013	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2014
		2015	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2016	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda by a
		2017	large margin, even though it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O
		2018	in a non-blocking way.
		2019
		2020	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2021	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2022	part of the IO::lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2023
		2024
		2025	=head1 SIGNALS
		2026
		2027	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
		2028
		2029	=over 4
		2030
		2031	=item SIGCHLD
		2032
		2033	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
		2034	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
		2035	event loops install a similar handler.
		2036
		2037	If, when AnyEvent is loaded, SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then AnyEvent will
		2038	reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
		2039
		2040	=item SIGPIPE
		2041
		2042	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
		2043	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
		2044
		2045	The rationale for this is that AnyEvent users usually do not really depend
		2046	on SIGPIPE delivery (which is purely an optimisation for shell use, or
		2047	badly-written programs), but C<SIGPIPE> can cause spurious and rare
		2048	program exits as a lot of people do not expect C<SIGPIPE> when writing to
		2049	some random socket.
		2050
		2051	The rationale for installing a no-op handler as opposed to ignoring it is
		2052	that this way, the handler will be restored to defaults on exec.
		2053
		2054	Feel free to install your own handler, or reset it to defaults.
		2055
		2056	=back
		2057
		2058	=cut
		2059
		2060	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2061	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2062
		2063	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
		2064	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
1534		2065
1535	=head1 FORK	2066	=head1 FORK
1536		2067
1537	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2068	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1538	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2069	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>
…		…
1552	specified in the variable.	2083	specified in the variable.
1553		2084
1554	You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it	2085	You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it
1555	before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a C<BEGIN> block:	2086	before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a C<BEGIN> block:
1556		2087
1557	BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} }	2088	BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} }
1558		2089
1559	use AnyEvent;	2090	use AnyEvent;
1560		2091
1561	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2092	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1562	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2093	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1563	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL).	2094	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
		2095	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2096
		2097	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2098	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2099	enabled.
		2100
		2101
		2102	=head1 BUGS
		2103
		2104	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
		2105	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
		2106	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
		2107	memleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
		2108	pronounced).
1564		2109
1565		2110
1566	=head1 SEE ALSO	2111	=head1 SEE ALSO
1567		2112
1568	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.	2113	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.
…		…
1571	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2116	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1572		2117
1573	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2118	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1574	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2119	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1575	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2120	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1576	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2121	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>.
1577		2122
1578	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2123	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
1579	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2124	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
1580		2125
1581	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2126	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
1582		2127
1583	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2128	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,
		2129	L<Coro::Event>,
1584		2130
1585	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2131	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,
		2132	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1586		2133
1587		2134
1588	=head1 AUTHOR	2135	=head1 AUTHOR
1589		2136
1590	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2137	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1591	http://home.schmorp.de/	2138	http://home.schmorp.de/
1592		2139
1593	=cut	2140	=cut
1594		2141
1595	1	2142	1
1596		2143

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