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1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt,
		6	FLTK and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
		12	# if you prefer function calls, look at the AE manpage for
		13	# an alternative API.
		14
		15	# file handle or descriptor readable
11	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub {	16	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
		17
		18	# one-shot or repeating timers
		19	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
		20	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...);
		21
		22	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
		23	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
		24
		25	# POSIX signal
		26	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });
		27
		28	# child process exit
		29	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
		30	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
12	...	31	...
13	});	32	});
14		33
15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub {	34	# called when event loop idle (if applicable)
16	...	35	my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... });
17	});
18		36
19	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged	37	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
20	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's	38	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
21	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send	39	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
		40	# use a condvar in callback mode:
		41	$w->cb (sub { $_[0]->recv });
22		42
23	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL	43	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
24		44
25	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested	45	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
26	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	46	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
27	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	47	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
28		48
		49	=head1 SUPPORT
		50
		51	An FAQ document is available as L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		52
		53	There also is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		54	channel, too.
		55
		56	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		57	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
		58
29	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	59	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
30		60
31	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	61	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
32	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	62	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
33		63
34	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of	64	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of
35	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.	65	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.
36		66
37	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only	67	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only
38	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use in a	68	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use, in a
39	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,	69	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,
40	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,	70	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,
41	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent	71	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent
42	helps hiding the differences between those event loops.	72	cannot change this, but it can hide the differences between those event
		73	loops.
43		74
44	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event	75	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event
45	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a	76	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a
46	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your	77	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your
47	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	78	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
48	model you use.	79	model you use.
49		80
50	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	81	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
51	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	82	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
52	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	83	like joining a cult: After you join, you are dependent on them and you
53	cannot use anything else, as it is simply incompatible to everything that	84	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
54	isn't itself. What's worse, all the potential users of your module are	85	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
55	I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	86	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
56		87
57	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	88	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
58	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	89	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
59	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if	90	with the rest: POE + EV? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if your module
60	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	91	uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it, too. But if
61	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	92	your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all event models it
62	event models it supports (including stuff like POE and IO::Async, as long	93	supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those use one of the
63	as those use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new	94	supported event loops. It is easy to add new event loops to AnyEvent, too,
64	event loops to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	95	so it is future-proof).
65		96
66	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	97	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
67	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	98	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
68	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	99	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
69	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	100	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and to the point, by only
70	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as	101	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
71	technically possible.	102	technically possible.
72		103
73	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox	104	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
74	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%	105	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
…		…
80	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	111	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
81	model, you should I<not> use this module.	112	model, you should I<not> use this module.
82		113
83	=head1 DESCRIPTION	114	=head1 DESCRIPTION
84		115
85	L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This	116	L<AnyEvent> provides a uniform interface to various event loops. This
86	allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module	117	allows module authors to use event loop functionality without forcing
87	users to use the same event loop (as only a single event loop can coexist	118	module users to use a specific event loop implementation (since more
88	peacefully at any one time).	119	than one event loop cannot coexist peacefully).
89		120
90	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>	121	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>
91	module.	122	module.
92		123
93	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries	124	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries
94	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the	125	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the
95	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>,	126	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>, L<AnyEvent::Loop>,
96	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>,	127	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>. The first one
97	L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries	128	found is used. If none are detected, the module tries to load the first
98	to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl	129	four modules in the order given; but note that if L<EV> is not
99	adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can	130	available, the pure-perl L<AnyEvent::Loop> should always work, so
100	be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be	131	the other two are not normally tried.
101	found, AnyEvent will fall back to a pure-perl event loop, which is not
102	very efficient, but should work everywhere.
103		132
104	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading	133	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading
105	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make	134	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make
106	that model the default. For example:	135	that model the default. For example:
107		136
…		…
109	use AnyEvent;	138	use AnyEvent;
110		139
111	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk	140	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk
112		141
113	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and	142	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and
114	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to	143	starts using it, all bets are off - this case should be very rare though,
115	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...	144	as very few modules hardcode event loops without announcing this very
		145	loudly.
116		146
117	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	147	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called C<AnyEvent::Loop>. Like
118	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	148	other event modules you can load it explicitly and enjoy the high
119	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)	149	availability of that event loop :)
120		150
121	=head1 WATCHERS	151	=head1 WATCHERS
122		152
123	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	153	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
124	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	154	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
…		…
127	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After	157	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
128	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the	158	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
129	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	159	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
130	is in control).	160	is in control).
131		161
		162	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
		163	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
		164	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practice in
		165	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
		166	widely between event loops.
		167
132	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	168	To disable a watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
133	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	169	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
134	to it).	170	to it).
135		171
136	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	172	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
137		173
138	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for	174	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
139	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.	175	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
140		176
141	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:	177	One way to achieve that is this pattern:
142		178
143	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {	179	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
144	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it	180	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
145	undef $w;	181	undef $w;
146	});	182	});
…		…
149	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	185	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
150	declared.	186	declared.
151		187
152	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	188	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
153		189
		190	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		191	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		192	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		193	cb => <callback>,
		194	);
		195
154	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	196	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
155	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	197	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
156		198
157	C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	199	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
		200	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
		201	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
		202	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
		203	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
		204	or block devices.
		205
158	for events. C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>,	206	C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a
159	which creates a watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events,	207	watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively.
		208
160	respectively. C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle	209	C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
161	becomes ready.
162		210
163	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	211	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
164	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	212	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
165	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.	213	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
166		214
167	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.	215	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.
168	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the	216	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the
169	underlying file descriptor.	217	underlying file descriptor.
170		218
171	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	219	Some event loops issue spurious readiness notifications, so you should
172	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	220	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
173	handles.	221	handles.
174		222
175	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the	223	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
176	watcher.	224	watcher.
…		…
181	undef $w;	229	undef $w;
182	});	230	});
183		231
184	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	232	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
185		233
		234	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		235
		236	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		237	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		238	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		239	cb => <callback>,
		240	);
		241
186	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	242	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
187	method with the following mandatory arguments:	243	method with the following mandatory arguments:
188		244
189	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	245	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
190	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	246	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
192		248
193	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	249	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
194	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	250	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
195	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	251	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
196		252
197	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another	253	The callback will normally be invoked only once. If you specify another
198	parameter, C<interval>, as a positive number, then the callback will be	254	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
199	invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional seconds) after the first	255	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
200	invocation.	256	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
		257	false value, then it is treated as if it were not specified at all.
201		258
202	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no	259	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
203	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is	260	attempt is made to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
204	only approximate.	261	only approximate.
205		262
206	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.	263	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
207		264
208	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	265	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
…		…
226		283
227	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they	284	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they
228	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock	285	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock
229	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from	286	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from
230	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to	287	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to
231	fire "after" a second might actually take six years to finally fire.	288	fire "after a second" might actually take six years to finally fire.
232		289
233	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious	290	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious
234	about these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based	291	of these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based
235	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)	292	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)
236	timers.	293	timers.
237		294
238	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the	295	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
239	AnyEvent API.	296	AnyEvent API.
…		…
261	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the	318	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
262	function to call when you want to know the current time.>	319	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
263		320
264	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and	321	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
265	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,	322	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
266	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts).	323	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update its activity timeouts).
267		324
268	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact	325	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
269	with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.	326	with your timing; you can skip it without a bad conscience.
270		327
271	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>	328	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
272	and L<EV> and the following set-up:	329	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
273		330
274	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at	331	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callbacks at
275	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,	332	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
276	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a	333	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
277	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires	334	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
278	after three seconds.	335	after three seconds.
279		336
…		…
297	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you	354	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
298	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the	355	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
299	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into	356	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
300	account.	357	account.
301		358
		359	=item AnyEvent->now_update
		360
		361	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Loop>) cache the current
		362	time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<< AnyEvent->now >>,
		363	above).
		364
		365	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
		366	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
		367	might affect timers and time-outs.
		368
		369	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
		370	event loop's idea of "current time".
		371
		372	A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) -
		373	when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong
		374	idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the
		375	script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<<
		376	AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again
		377	(e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler).
		378
		379	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
		380
302	=back	381	=back
303		382
304	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	383	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
305		384
		385	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
		386
306	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	387	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
307	I<name> without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl callback to	388	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
308	be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	389	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
309		390
310	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	391	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
311	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	392	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
312	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.	393	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.
313		394
…		…
315	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	396	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
316	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	397	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
317	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	398	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
318		399
319	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	400	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
320	between multiple watchers.	401	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		402	interrupt your program at bad times.
321		403
322	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	404	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
323	directly will likely not work correctly.	405	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		406	correctly.
324		407
325	Example: exit on SIGINT	408	Example: exit on SIGINT
326		409
327	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	410	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
328		411
		412	=head3 Restart Behaviour
		413
		414	While restart behaviour is up to the event loop implementation, most will
		415	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's
		416	pure perl implementation).
		417
		418	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals
		419
		420	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling) or
		421	"unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might get delayed indefinitely, the
		422	latter might corrupt your memory.
		423
		424	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,
		425	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be
		426	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.
		427	callbacks, too).
		428
		429	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		430
		431	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		432	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		433	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		434	this. AnyEvent will try to do its best, which means in some cases,
		435	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		436	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		437	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		438	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		439	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		440	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		441	saving.
		442
		443	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		444	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		445	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		446	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does its own workaround with
		447	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		448
329	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	449	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
330		450
		451	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		452
331	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	453	You can also watch for a child process exit and catch its exit status.
332		454
333	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	455	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (on some backends,
334	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often	456	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
335	as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a	457	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
336	signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>. The callback will be called with the pid	458	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
337	and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types,	459	(stopped/continued).
338	you I<can> rely on child watcher callback arguments.	460
		461	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
		462	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
		463	callback arguments.
		464
		465	This watcher type works by installing a signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>,
		466	and since it cannot be shared, nothing else should use SIGCHLD or reap
		467	random child processes (waiting for specific child processes, e.g. inside
		468	C<system>, is just fine).
339		469
340	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	470	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
341	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	471	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
342	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	472	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
343		473
344	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	474	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		475	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
345	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	476	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
346	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	477	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		478	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		479	start the watcher.
347		480
348	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	481	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
349	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	482	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
350	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	483	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		484	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		485
		486	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		487	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which case the latency and race
		488	problems mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
351		489
352	Example: fork a process and wait for it	490	Example: fork a process and wait for it
353		491
354	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	492	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
355		493
…		…
365	);	503	);
366		504
367	# do something else, then wait for process exit	505	# do something else, then wait for process exit
368	$done->recv;	506	$done->recv;
369		507
		508	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
		509
		510	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
		511
		512	This will repeatedly invoke the callback after the process becomes idle,
		513	until either the watcher is destroyed or new events have been detected.
		514
		515	Idle watchers are useful when there is a need to do something, but it
		516	is not so important (or wise) to do it instantly. The callback will be
		517	invoked only when there is "nothing better to do", which is usually
		518	defined as "all outstanding events have been handled and no new events
		519	have been detected". That means that idle watchers ideally get invoked
		520	when the event loop has just polled for new events but none have been
		521	detected. Instead of blocking to wait for more events, the idle watchers
		522	will be invoked.
		523
		524	Unfortunately, most event loops do not really support idle watchers (only
		525	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
		526	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
		527
		528	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
		529	program is otherwise idle:
		530
		531	my @lines; # read data
		532	my $idle_w;
		533	my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
		534	push @lines, scalar <STDIN>;
		535
		536	# start an idle watcher, if not already done
		537	$idle_w ||= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub {
		538	# handle only one line, when there are lines left
		539	if (my $line = shift @lines) {
		540	print "handled when idle: $line";
		541	} else {
		542	# otherwise disable the idle watcher again
		543	undef $idle_w;
		544	}
		545	});
		546	});
		547
370	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	548	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
		549
		550	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		551
		552	$cv->send (<list>);
		553	my @res = $cv->recv;
371		554
372	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	555	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
373	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	556	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
374	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	557	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
375		558
376	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	559	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
377	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	560	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
378		561
379	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	562	The tool to do that is called a "condition variable", so called because
380	because they represent a condition that must become true.	563	they represent a condition that must become true.
		564
		565	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
381		566
382	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	567	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
383	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	568	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
384	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	569	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
385	becomes true.	570	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
		571	the results).
386		572
387	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	573	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
388	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it	574	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
389	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<	575	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
390	->send >> method).	576	->send >> method).
391		577
392	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	578	Since condition variables are the most complex part of the AnyEvent API, here are
393	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	579	some different mental models of what they are - pick the ones you can connect to:
394	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	580
395	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	581	=over 4
396	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	582
397	a result.	583	=item * Condition variables are like callbacks - you can call them (and pass them instead
		584	of callbacks). Unlike callbacks however, you can also wait for them to be called.
		585
		586	=item * Condition variables are signals - one side can emit or send them,
		587	the other side can wait for them, or install a handler that is called when
		588	the signal fires.
		589
		590	=item * Condition variables are like "Merge Points" - points in your program
		591	where you merge multiple independent results/control flows into one.
		592
		593	=item * Condition variables represent a transaction - functions that start
		594	some kind of transaction can return them, leaving the caller the choice
		595	between waiting in a blocking fashion, or setting a callback.
		596
		597	=item * Condition variables represent future values, or promises to deliver
		598	some result, long before the result is available.
		599
		600	=back
398		601
399	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	602	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
400	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	603	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
401	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	604	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
402	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	605	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
415		618
416	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys	619	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys
417	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing	620	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing
418	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of	621	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of
419	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call	622	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call
420	it's C<new> method in your own C<new> method.	623	its C<new> method in your own C<new> method.
421		624
422	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which	625	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which
423	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits	626	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
424	for the send to occur.	627	for the send to occur.
425		628
426	Example: wait for a timer.	629	Example: wait for a timer.
427		630
428	# wait till the result is ready	631	# condition: "wait till the timer is fired"
429	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	632	my $timer_fired = AnyEvent->condvar;
430		633
431	# do something such as adding a timer	634	# create the timer - we could wait for, say
432	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->send	635	# a handle becomign ready, or even an
433	# when the "result" is ready.	636	# AnyEvent::HTTP request to finish, but
434	# in this case, we simply use a timer:	637	# in this case, we simply use a timer:
435	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (	638	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (
436	after => 1,	639	after => 1,
437	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	640	cb => sub { $timer_fired->send },
438	);	641	);
439		642
440	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	643	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
441	# calls send	644	# calls ->send
442	$result_ready->recv;	645	$timer_fired->recv;
443		646
444	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	647	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
445	condition variables are also code references.	648	variables are also callable directly.
446		649
447	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	650	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
448	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	651	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
449	$done->recv;	652	$done->recv;
		653
		654	Example: Imagine an API that returns a condvar and doesn't support
		655	callbacks. This is how you make a synchronous call, for example from
		656	the main program:
		657
		658	use AnyEvent::CouchDB;
		659
		660	...
		661
		662	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
		663
		664	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
		665	results are available:
		666
		667	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
		668	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
		669	});
450		670
451	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS	671	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS
452		672
453	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the	673	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the
454	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also	674	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also
…		…
467	immediately from within send.	687	immediately from within send.
468		688
469	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	689	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
470	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	690	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
471		691
472	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	692	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
473	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	693	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
474	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	694	C<send>.
475	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
476	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
477	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
478	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
479	example).
480		695
481	=item $cv->croak ($error)	696	=item $cv->croak ($error)
482		697
483	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	698	Similar to send, but causes all calls to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
484	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	699	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
485		700
486	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	701	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
487	user/consumer.	702	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		703	delays the error detection, but has the overwhelming advantage that it
		704	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		705	deep in some event callback with no connection to the actual code causing
		706	the problem.
488		707
489	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	708	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
490		709
491	=item $cv->end	710	=item $cv->end
492
493	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
494		711
495	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	712	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
496	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	713	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
497	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	714	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
498		715
499	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	716	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
500	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	717	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
501	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	718	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
502	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	719	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
503	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	720	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		721	be called without any arguments.
504		722
505	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	723	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		724	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		725	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		726
		727	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		728	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		729	close before activating a condvar:
506		730
507	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	731	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
508		732
		733	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		734	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		735	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		736	or $cv->end;
		737	});
		738
		739	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		740	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		741	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		742	or $cv->end;
		743	});
		744
		745	$cv->recv;
		746
		747	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		748	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		749	sending.
		750
		751	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		752	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		753	begun can potentially be zero:
		754
		755	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		756
509	my %result;	757	my %result;
510	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	758	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
511		759
512	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	760	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
513	$cv->begin;	761	$cv->begin;
514	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	762	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
515	$result{$host} = ...;	763	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
530	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	778	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
531	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	779	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
532	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	780	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
533	doesn't execute once).	781	doesn't execute once).
534		782
535	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	783	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
536	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	784	potentially zero) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
537	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	785	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
538	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	786	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		787	call C<end>.
539		788
540	=back	789	=back
541		790
542	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	791	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
543		792
…		…
547	=over 4	796	=over 4
548		797
549	=item $cv->recv	798	=item $cv->recv
550		799
551	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak	800	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak
552	>> methods have been called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers	801	>> methods have been called on C<$cv>, while servicing other watchers
553	normally.	802	normally.
554		803
555	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but	804	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but
556	will return immediately.	805	will return immediately.
557		806
…		…
559	function will call C<croak>.	808	function will call C<croak>.
560		809
561	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	810	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
562	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	811	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
563		812
		813	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		814	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		815	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		816	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		817	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		818	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		819
564	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	820	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
565	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	821	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
566	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	822	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
567	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	823	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
568	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	824	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
569	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	825	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
570	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	826	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
571		827
572	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
573	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
574	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
575	can supply.
576
577	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
578	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
579	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
580	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
581	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
582
583	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	828	You can ensure that C<< ->recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
584	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	829	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
585	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	830	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
586	waits otherwise.	831	waits otherwise.
587		832
588	=item $bool = $cv->ready	833	=item $bool = $cv->ready
589		834
590	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or	835	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or
591	C<croak> have been called.	836	C<croak> have been called.
592		837
593	=item $cb = $cv->cb ([new callback])	838	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
594		839
595	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	840	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
596	replaces it before doing so.	841	replaces it before doing so.
597		842
598	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	843	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when
599	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	844	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the
600	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	845	condition variable itself. If the condition is already true, the
601	is guaranteed not to block.	846	callback is called immediately when it is set. Calling C<recv> inside
		847	the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
602		848
603	=back	849	=back
604		850
		851	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		852
		853	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		854
		855	=over 4
		856
		857	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		858
		859	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		860	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		861	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		862	AnyEvent itself.
		863
		864	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		865	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl AnyEvent::Loop, fast and portable.
		866
		867	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		868
		869	These will be used if they are already loaded when the first watcher
		870	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		871	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		872	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		873	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		874
		875	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		876	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		877	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		878	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		879	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		880	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		881	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async.
		882	AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa based on Cocoa::EventLoop.
		883	AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK based on FLTK (fltk 2 binding).
		884
		885	=item Backends with special needs.
		886
		887	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		888	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		889	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		890	everything should just work.
		891
		892	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		893
		894	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		895
		896	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		897
		898	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		899
		900	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		901	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		902	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		903	consider for AnyEvent.
		904
		905	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		906	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		907
		908	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		909	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		910	in which case everything will be automatic.
		911
		912	=back
		913
605	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	914	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
606		915
		916	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		917	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		918
607	=over 4	919	=over 4
608		920
609	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	921	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
610		922
611	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	923	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		924	backend has been autodetected.
		925
612	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	926	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
613	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	927	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
614	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	928	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl::xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
615	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	929	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
616		930	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
617	The known classes so far are:
618
619	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
620	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
621	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
622	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
623	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
624	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
625	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
626	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
627
628	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
629	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
630	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
631	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
632	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
633	it's adaptor.
634
635	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
636	autodetecting them.
637		931
638	=item AnyEvent::detect	932	=item AnyEvent::detect
639		933
640	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	934	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
641	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	935	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
642	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	936	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
643	runtime.	937	runtime, and not e.g. during initialisation of your module.
		938
		939	The effect of calling this function is as if a watcher had been created
		940	(specifically, actions that happen "when the first watcher is created"
		941	happen when calling detetc as well).
		942
		943	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		944	created, use C<post_detect>.
644		945
645	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	946	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
646		947
647	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	948	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
648	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	949	autodetected (or immediately if that has already happened).
		950
		951	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		952	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		953	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		954	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		955	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		956
		957	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		958	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		959	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		960	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
649		961
650	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	962	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
651	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	963	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		964	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
652	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	965	a case where this is useful.
		966
		967	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		968	C<$WATCHER>, but do so only do so after the event loop is initialised.
		969
		970	our WATCHER;
		971
		972	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		973	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		974	};
		975
		976	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		977	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		978	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		979	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		980
		981	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
653		982
654	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	983	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
655		984
656	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	985	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
657	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	986	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will be called directly
658	the event loop has been chosen.	987	after the event loop has been chosen.
659		988
660	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	989	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
661	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	990	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
662	and the array will be ignored.	991	array will be ignored.
663		992
664	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	993	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		994	it, as it takes care of these details.
		995
		996	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		997	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		998	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		999	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
		1000
		1001	Example: To load Coro::AnyEvent whenever Coro and AnyEvent are used
		1002	together, you could put this into Coro (this is the actual code used by
		1003	Coro to accomplish this):
		1004
		1005	if (defined $AnyEvent::MODEL) {
		1006	# AnyEvent already initialised, so load Coro::AnyEvent
		1007	require Coro::AnyEvent;
		1008	} else {
		1009	# AnyEvent not yet initialised, so make sure to load Coro::AnyEvent
		1010	# as soon as it is
		1011	push @AnyEvent::post_detect, sub { require Coro::AnyEvent };
		1012	}
		1013
		1014	=item AnyEvent::postpone { BLOCK }
		1015
		1016	Arranges for the block to be executed as soon as possible, but not before
		1017	the call itself returns. In practise, the block will be executed just
		1018	before the event loop polls for new events, or shortly afterwards.
		1019
		1020	This function never returns anything (to make the C<return postpone { ...
		1021	}> idiom more useful.
		1022
		1023	To understand the usefulness of this function, consider a function that
		1024	asynchronously does something for you and returns some transaction
		1025	object or guard to let you cancel the operation. For example,
		1026	C<AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect>:
		1027
		1028	# start a conenction attempt unless one is active
		1029	$self->{connect_guard} ||= AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect "www.example.net", 80, sub {
		1030	delete $self->{connect_guard};
		1031	...
		1032	};
		1033
		1034	Imagine that this function could instantly call the callback, for
		1035	example, because it detects an obvious error such as a negative port
		1036	number. Invoking the callback before the function returns causes problems
		1037	however: the callback will be called and will try to delete the guard
		1038	object. But since the function hasn't returned yet, there is nothing to
		1039	delete. When the function eventually returns it will assign the guard
		1040	object to C<< $self->{connect_guard} >>, where it will likely never be
		1041	deleted, so the program thinks it is still trying to connect.
		1042
		1043	This is where C<AnyEvent::postpone> should be used. Instead of calling the
		1044	callback directly on error:
		1045
		1046	$cb->(undef), return # signal error to callback, BAD!
		1047	if $some_error_condition;
		1048
		1049	It should use C<postpone>:
		1050
		1051	AnyEvent::postpone { $cb->(undef) }, return # signal error to callback, later
		1052	if $some_error_condition;
		1053
		1054	=item AnyEvent::log $level, $msg[, @args]
		1055
		1056	Log the given C<$msg> at the given C<$level>.
		1057
		1058	If L<AnyEvent::Log> is not loaded then this function makes a simple test
		1059	to see whether the message will be logged. If the test succeeds it will
		1060	load AnyEvent::Log and call C<AnyEvent::Log::log> - consequently, look at
		1061	the L<AnyEvent::Log> documentation for details.
		1062
		1063	If the test fails it will simply return.
		1064
		1065	If you want to sprinkle loads of logging calls around your code, consider
		1066	creating a logger callback with the C<AnyEvent::Log::logger> function,
		1067	which can reduce typing, codesize and can reduce the logging overhead
		1068	enourmously.
665		1069
666	=back	1070	=back
667		1071
668	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	1072	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
669		1073
…		…
680	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using	1084	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using
681	events is to stay interactive.	1085	events is to stay interactive.
682		1086
683	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module	1087	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module
684	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method	1088	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method
685	called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->recv >>	1089	called C<results> that returns the results, it may call C<< ->recv >>
686	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always).	1090	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. Always).
687		1091
688	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM	1092	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM
689		1093
690	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should	1094	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should
691	dictate which event model to use.	1095	dictate which event model to use.
692		1096
693	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not	1097	If the program is not event-based, it need not do anything special, even
694	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent	1098	when it depends on a module that uses an AnyEvent. If the program itself
695	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.	1099	uses AnyEvent, but does not care which event loop is used, all it needs
		1100	to do is C<use AnyEvent>. In either case, AnyEvent will choose the best
		1101	available loop implementation.
696		1102
697	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in	1103	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in
698	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the	1104	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the
699	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally	1105	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally
700	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that	1106	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that
701	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will	1107	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will
702	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it	1108	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it
703	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.	1109	might choose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.
704		1110
705	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the	1111	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the
706	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar behaviour	1112	C<AnyEvent::Loop> module, which gives you similar behaviour
707	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.	1113	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.
708		1114
709	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION	1115	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION
710		1116
711	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who	1117	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who
…		…
724		1130
725		1131
726	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1132	=head1 OTHER MODULES
727		1133
728	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1134	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
729	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1135	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other
730	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1136	AnyEvent modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the
731	available via CPAN.	1137	modules come as part of AnyEvent, the others are available via CPAN (see
		1138	L<http://search.cpan.org/search?m=module&q=anyevent%3A%3A*> for
		1139	a longer non-exhaustive list), and the list is heavily biased towards
		1140	modules of the AnyEvent author himself :)
732		1141
733	=over 4	1142	=over 4
734		1143
735	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1144	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
736		1145
737	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	1146	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used blocking
738	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	1147	functions such as C<inet_aton> with event/callback-based versions.
739		1148
740	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	1149	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
741		1150
742	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	1151	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
743	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp	1152	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
…		…
745		1154
746	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>	1155	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
747		1156
748	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,	1157	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
749	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and	1158	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
750	non-blocking SSL/TLS.	1159	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>).
751		1160
752	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1161	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
753		1162
754	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1163	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
755		1164
		1165	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>, L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IGS>, L<AnyEvent::FCP>
		1166
		1167	Implement event-based interfaces to the protocols of the same name (for
		1168	the curious, IGS is the International Go Server and FCP is the Freenet
		1169	Client Protocol).
		1170
756	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>	1171	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
757		1172
758	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent	1173	Truly asynchronous (as opposed to non-blocking) I/O, should be in the
759	HTTP requests.	1174	toolbox of every event programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
		1175	L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent together, giving AnyEvent access to event-based
		1176	file I/O, and much more.
		1177
		1178	=item L<AnyEvent::Filesys::Notify>
		1179
		1180	AnyEvent is good for non-blocking stuff, but it can't detect file or
		1181	path changes (e.g. "watch this directory for new files", "watch this
		1182	file for changes"). The L<AnyEvent::Filesys::Notify> module promises to
		1183	do just that in a portbale fashion, supporting inotify on GNU/Linux and
		1184	some weird, without doubt broken, stuff on OS X to monitor files. It can
		1185	fall back to blocking scans at regular intervals transparently on other
		1186	platforms, so it's about as portable as it gets.
		1187
		1188	(I haven't used it myself, but I haven't heard anybody complaining about
		1189	it yet).
		1190
		1191	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
		1192
		1193	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process for you,
		1194	notifying you in an event-based way when the operation is finished.
760		1195
761	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	1196	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
762		1197
763	Provides a simple web application server framework.	1198	A simple embedded webserver.
764		1199
765	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	1200	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
766		1201
767	The fastest ping in the west.	1202	The fastest ping in the west.
768		1203
769	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
770
771	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
772
773	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
774
775	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
776	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent
777	together.
778
779	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>
780
781	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses
782	L<BDB> and AnyEvent together.
783
784	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
785
786	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
787
788	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
789
790	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
791	L<App::IGS>).
792
793	=item L<Net::IRC3>
794
795	AnyEvent based IRC client module family.
796
797	=item L<Net::XMPP2>
798
799	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
800
801	=item L<Net::FCP>
802
803	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
804	of AnyEvent.
805
806	=item L<Event::ExecFlow>
807
808	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
809
810	=item L<Coro>	1204	=item L<Coro>
811		1205
812	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1206	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you
		1207	to simply invert the flow control - don't call us, we will call you:
813		1208
814	=item L<IO::Lambda>	1209	async {
		1210	Coro::AnyEvent::sleep 5; # creates a 5s timer and waits for it
		1211	print "5 seconds later!\n";
815		1212
816	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.	1213	Coro::AnyEvent::readable *STDIN; # uses an I/O watcher
		1214	my $line = <STDIN>; # works for ttys
		1215
		1216	AnyEvent::HTTP::http_get "url", Coro::rouse_cb;
		1217	my ($body, $hdr) = Coro::rouse_wait;
		1218	};
817		1219
818	=back	1220	=back
819		1221
820	=cut	1222	=cut
821		1223
822	package AnyEvent;	1224	package AnyEvent;
823		1225
824	no warnings;	1226	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
825	use strict;	1227	sub common_sense {
		1228	# from common:.sense 3.4
		1229	${^WARNING_BITS} ^= ${^WARNING_BITS} ^ "\x3c\x3f\x33\x00\x0f\xf0\x0f\xc0\xf0\xfc\x33\x00";
		1230	# use strict vars subs - NO UTF-8, as Util.pm doesn't like this atm. (uts46data.pl)
		1231	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1232	}
826		1233
		1234	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1235
827	use Carp;	1236	use Carp ();
828		1237
829	our $VERSION = 4.2;	1238	our $VERSION = '6.02';
830	our $MODEL;	1239	our $MODEL;
831		1240
832	our $AUTOLOAD;
833	our @ISA;	1241	our @ISA;
834		1242
835	our @REGISTRY;	1243	our @REGISTRY;
836		1244
837	our $WIN32;	1245	our $VERBOSE;
838		1246
839	BEGIN {	1247	BEGIN {
840	my $win32 = ! ! ($^O =~ /mswin32/i);	1248	require "AnyEvent/constants.pl";
841	eval "sub WIN32(){ $win32 }";
842	}
843		1249
		1250	eval "sub TAINT (){" . (${^TAINT}*1) . "}";
		1251
		1252	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1253	if ${^TAINT};
		1254
		1255	$ENV{"PERL_ANYEVENT_$_"} = $ENV{"AE_$_"}
		1256	for grep s/^AE_// && !exists $ENV{"PERL_ANYEVENT_$_"}, keys %ENV;
		1257
		1258	@ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV} = ()
		1259	if ${^TAINT};
		1260
844	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1261	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1262	}
		1263
		1264	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
845		1265
846	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1266	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
847		1267
848	{	1268	{
849	my $idx;	1269	my $idx;
850	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx	1270	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx
851	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1271	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
852	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1272	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
853	}	1273	}
854		1274
		1275	our @post_detect;
		1276
		1277	sub post_detect(&) {
		1278	my ($cb) = @_;
		1279
		1280	push @post_detect, $cb;
		1281
		1282	defined wantarray
		1283	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
		1284	: ()
		1285	}
		1286
		1287	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
		1288	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
		1289	}
		1290
		1291	our $POSTPONE_W;
		1292	our @POSTPONE;
		1293
		1294	sub _postpone_exec {
		1295	undef $POSTPONE_W;
		1296
		1297	&{ shift @POSTPONE }
		1298	while @POSTPONE;
		1299	}
		1300
		1301	sub postpone(&) {
		1302	push @POSTPONE, shift;
		1303
		1304	$POSTPONE_W ||= AE::timer (0, 0, \&_postpone_exec);
		1305
		1306	()
		1307	}
		1308
		1309	sub log($$;@) {
		1310	# only load the big bloated module when we actually are about to log something
		1311	if ($_[0] <= $VERBOSE) { # also catches non-numeric levels(!)
		1312	require AnyEvent::Log;
		1313	# AnyEvent::Log overwrites this function
		1314	goto &log;
		1315	}
		1316
		1317	0 # not logged
		1318	}
		1319
		1320	if (length $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_LOG}) {
		1321	require AnyEvent::Log; # AnyEvent::Log does the thing for us
		1322	}
		1323
855	my @models = (	1324	our @models = (
856	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1325	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
857	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],	1326	[AnyEvent::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
858	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],
859	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1327	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
860	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1328	# as the pure perl backend should work everywhere
861	# and is usually faster	1329	# and is usually faster
		1330	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1331	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1332	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1333	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
862	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1334	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
863	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
864	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
865	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1335	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
866	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1336	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
867	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1337	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
868	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1338	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1339	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # a bitch to autodetect
		1340	[Cocoa::EventLoop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa::],
		1341	[FLTK:: => AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK::],
869	);	1342	);
870		1343
871	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer time now signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);	1344	our @isa_hook;
872		1345
873	our @post_detect;	1346	sub _isa_set {
		1347	my @pkg = ("AnyEvent", (map $_->[0], grep defined, @isa_hook), $MODEL);
874		1348
		1349	@{"$pkg[$_-1]::ISA"} = $pkg[$_]
		1350	for 1 .. $#pkg;
		1351
		1352	grep $_ && $_->[1], @isa_hook
		1353	and AE::_reset ();
		1354	}
		1355
		1356	# used for hooking AnyEvent::Strict and AnyEvent::Debug::Wrap into the class hierarchy
		1357	sub _isa_hook($$;$) {
		1358	my ($i, $pkg, $reset_ae) = @_;
		1359
		1360	$isa_hook[$i] = $pkg ? [$pkg, $reset_ae] : undef;
		1361
		1362	_isa_set;
		1363	}
		1364
		1365	# all autoloaded methods reserve the complete glob, not just the method slot.
		1366	# due to bugs in perls method cache implementation.
		1367	our @methods = qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar);
		1368
875	sub post_detect(&) {	1369	sub detect() {
876	my ($cb) = @_;	1370	return $MODEL if $MODEL; # some programs keep references to detect
877		1371
878	if ($MODEL) {	1372	local $!; # for good measure
879	$cb->();	1373	local $SIG{__DIE__}; # we use eval
880		1374
881	1	1375	# free some memory
		1376	*detect = sub () { $MODEL };
		1377	# undef &func doesn't correctly update the method cache. grmbl.
		1378	# so we delete the whole glob. grmbl.
		1379	# otoh, perl doesn't let me undef an active usb, but it lets me free
		1380	# a glob with an active sub. hrm. i hope it works, but perl is
		1381	# usually buggy in this department. sigh.
		1382	delete @{"AnyEvent::"}{@methods};
		1383	undef @methods;
		1384
		1385	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z0-9:]+)$/) {
		1386	my $model = $1;
		1387	$model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$model" unless $model =~ s/::$//;
		1388	if (eval "require $model") {
		1389	AnyEvent::log 7 => "loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.";
		1390	$MODEL = $model;
882	} else {	1391	} else {
883	push @post_detect, $cb;	1392	AnyEvent::log 5 => "unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@";
884		1393	}
885	defined wantarray
886	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect"
887	: ()
888	}	1394	}
889	}
890		1395
891	sub AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect::DESTROY {	1396	# check for already loaded models
892	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
893	}
894
895	sub detect() {
896	unless ($MODEL) {	1397	unless ($MODEL) {
897	no strict 'refs';	1398	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
898	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1399	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
899		1400	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
900	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
901	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
902	if (eval "require $model") {	1401	if (eval "require $model") {
		1402	AnyEvent::log 7 => "autodetected model '$model', using it.";
903	$MODEL = $model;	1403	$MODEL = $model;
904	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1404	last;
905	} else {	1405	}
906	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;
907	}	1406	}
908	}	1407	}
909		1408
910	# check for already loaded models
911	unless ($MODEL) {	1409	unless ($MODEL) {
		1410	# try to autoload a model
912	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1411	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
913	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1412	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1413	if (
		1414	$autoload
		1415	and eval "require $package"
914	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1416	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
915	if (eval "require $model") {	1417	and eval "require $model"
		1418	) {
		1419	AnyEvent::log 7 => "autoloaded model '$model', using it.";
916	$MODEL = $model;	1420	$MODEL = $model;
917	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
918	last;	1421	last;
919	}
920	}	1422	}
921	}	1423	}
922		1424
923	unless ($MODEL) {	1425	$MODEL
924	# try to load a model	1426	or die "AnyEvent: backend autodetection failed - did you properly install AnyEvent?";
		1427	}
		1428	}
925		1429
926	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1430	# free memory only needed for probing
927	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1431	undef @models;
928	if (eval "require $package"	1432	undef @REGISTRY;
929	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0	1433
930	and eval "require $model") {	1434	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
931	$MODEL = $model;	1435
932	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1436	# now nuke some methods that are overridden by the backend.
		1437	# SUPER usage is not allowed in these.
		1438	for (qw(time signal child idle)) {
		1439	undef &{"AnyEvent::Base::$_"}
		1440	if defined &{"$MODEL\::$_"};
		1441	}
		1442
		1443	_isa_set;
		1444
		1445	# we're officially open!
		1446
		1447	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}) {
		1448	require AnyEvent::Strict;
		1449	}
		1450
		1451	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP}) {
		1452	require AnyEvent::Debug;
		1453	AnyEvent::Debug::wrap ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP});
		1454	}
		1455
		1456	if (length $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL}) {
		1457	require AnyEvent::Socket;
		1458	require AnyEvent::Debug;
		1459
		1460	my $shell = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL};
		1461	$shell =~ s/\$\$/$$/g;
		1462
		1463	my ($host, $service) = AnyEvent::Socket::parse_hostport ($shell);
		1464	$AnyEvent::Debug::SHELL = AnyEvent::Debug::shell ($host, $service);
		1465	}
		1466
		1467	# now the anyevent environment is set up as the user told us to, so
		1468	# call the actual user code - post detects
		1469
		1470	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
		1471	undef @post_detect;
		1472
		1473	*post_detect = sub(&) {
		1474	shift->();
		1475
		1476	undef
		1477	};
		1478
		1479	$MODEL
		1480	}
		1481
		1482	for my $name (@methods) {
		1483	*$name = sub {
		1484	detect;
		1485	# we use goto because
		1486	# a) it makes the thunk more transparent
		1487	# b) it allows us to delete the thunk later
		1488	goto &{ UNIVERSAL::can AnyEvent => "SUPER::$name" }
		1489	};
		1490	}
		1491
		1492	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
		1493	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
		1494	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
		1495	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
		1496	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
		1497
		1498	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
		1499	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
		1500
		1501	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
		1502	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
		1503
		1504	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
		1505
		1506	($fh2, $rw)
		1507	}
		1508
		1509	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1510
		1511	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1512	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1513	overhead by using function call syntax and a fixed number of parameters.
		1514
		1515	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1516
		1517	=cut
		1518
		1519	package AE;
		1520
		1521	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1522
		1523	sub _reset() {
		1524	eval q{
		1525	# fall back to the main API by default - backends and AnyEvent::Base
		1526	# implementations can overwrite these.
		1527
		1528	sub io($$$) {
		1529	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1530	}
		1531
		1532	sub timer($$$) {
		1533	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1534	}
		1535
		1536	sub signal($$) {
		1537	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1538	}
		1539
		1540	sub child($$) {
		1541	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1542	}
		1543
		1544	sub idle($) {
		1545	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0]);
		1546	}
		1547
		1548	sub cv(;&) {
		1549	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1550	}
		1551
		1552	sub now() {
		1553	AnyEvent->now
		1554	}
		1555
		1556	sub now_update() {
		1557	AnyEvent->now_update
		1558	}
		1559
		1560	sub time() {
		1561	AnyEvent->time
		1562	}
		1563
		1564	*postpone = \&AnyEvent::postpone;
		1565	*log = \&AnyEvent::log;
		1566	};
		1567	die if $@;
		1568	}
		1569
		1570	BEGIN { _reset }
		1571
		1572	package AnyEvent::Base;
		1573
		1574	# default implementations for many methods
		1575
		1576	sub time {
		1577	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1578	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
		1579	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1580	*time = sub { Time::HiRes::time () };
		1581	*AE::time = \& Time::HiRes::time ;
		1582	*now = \&time;
		1583	AnyEvent::log 8 => "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.";
		1584	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
		1585	} else {
		1586	*time = sub { CORE::time };
		1587	*AE::time = sub (){ CORE::time };
		1588	*now = \&time;
		1589	AnyEvent::log 3 => "using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!";
		1590	}
		1591	};
		1592	die if $@;
		1593
		1594	&time
		1595	}
		1596
		1597	*now = \&time;
		1598	sub now_update { }
		1599
		1600	sub _poll {
		1601	Carp::croak "$AnyEvent::MODEL does not support blocking waits. Caught";
		1602	}
		1603
		1604	# default implementation for ->condvar
		1605	# in fact, the default should not be overwritten
		1606
		1607	sub condvar {
		1608	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1609	*condvar = sub {
		1610	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1611	};
		1612
		1613	*AE::cv = sub (;&) {
		1614	bless { @_ ? (_ae_cb => shift) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1615	};
		1616	};
		1617	die if $@;
		1618
		1619	&condvar
		1620	}
		1621
		1622	# default implementation for ->signal
		1623
		1624	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1625
		1626	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1627	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1628	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
		1629	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1630
		1631	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1632	}
		1633
		1634	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1635	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1636	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
		1637
		1638	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1639	# used by Impls
		1640	sub _sig_add() {
		1641	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1642	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1643	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1644
		1645	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1646	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1647	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1648	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1649	;
		1650	}
		1651	}
		1652
		1653	sub _sig_del {
		1654	undef $SIG_TW
		1655	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
		1656	}
		1657
		1658	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1659	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1660	undef $_sig_name_init;
		1661
		1662	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1663	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1664	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1665	} else {
		1666	require Config;
		1667
		1668	my %signame2num;
		1669	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1670	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
		1671
		1672	my @signum2name;
		1673	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
		1674
		1675	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1676	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1677	};
		1678	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1679	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1680	};
		1681	}
		1682	};
		1683	die if $@;
		1684	};
		1685
		1686	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1687	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
		1688
		1689	sub signal {
		1690	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1691	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1692	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1693	AnyEvent::log 8 => "using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.";
		1694
		1695	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
		1696	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1697
		1698	} else {
		1699	AnyEvent::log 8 => "using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.";
		1700
		1701	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1702	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1703
		1704	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1705	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1706	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1707	} else {
		1708	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
		1709	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1710	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1711
		1712	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1713	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1714	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1715	}
		1716
		1717	$SIGPIPE_R
		1718	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1719
		1720	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1721	}
		1722
		1723	*signal = $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1724	? sub {
		1725	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1726
		1727	# async::interrupt
		1728	my $signal = sig2num $arg{signal};
		1729	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1730
		1731	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1732	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1733	signal => $signal,
		1734	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1735	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1736	;
		1737
		1738	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1739	}
		1740	: sub {
		1741	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1742
		1743	# pure perl
		1744	my $signal = sig2name $arg{signal};
		1745	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1746
		1747	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
933	last;	1748	local $!;
		1749	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
		1750	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
934	}	1751	};
		1752
		1753	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1754	# so limit the signal latency.
		1755	_sig_add;
		1756
		1757	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1758	}
		1759	;
		1760
		1761	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1762	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1763
		1764	_sig_del;
		1765
		1766	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1767
		1768	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1769	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1770	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1771	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1772	# instead of getting the default action.
		1773	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1774	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1775	};
		1776
		1777	*_signal_exec = sub {
		1778	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1779	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1780	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
		1781
		1782	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1783	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1784	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
		1785	&$_ for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
935	}	1786	}
936
937	$MODEL
938	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.";
939	}	1787	}
940	}	1788	};
941
942	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
943	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
944
945	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
946	}
947
948	$MODEL
949	}
950
951	sub AUTOLOAD {
952	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
953
954	$method{$func}
955	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";
956
957	detect unless $MODEL;
958
959	my $class = shift;
960	$class->$func (@_);
961	}
962
963	package AnyEvent::Base;
964
965	# default implementation for now and time
966
967	use Time::HiRes ();
968
969	sub time { Time::HiRes::time }
970	sub now { Time::HiRes::time }
971
972	# default implementation for ->condvar
973
974	sub condvar {
975	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar::
976	}
977
978	# default implementation for ->signal
979
980	our %SIG_CB;
981
982	sub signal {
983	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
984
985	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
986	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
987
988	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
989	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
990	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} || {} };
991	};	1789	};
		1790	die if $@;
992		1791
993	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal"	1792	&signal
994	}
995
996	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {
997	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
998
999	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
1000
1001	delete $SIG{$signal} unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
1002	}	1793	}
1003		1794
1004	# default implementation for ->child	1795	# default implementation for ->child
1005		1796
1006	our %PID_CB;	1797	our %PID_CB;
1007	our $CHLD_W;	1798	our $CHLD_W;
1008	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1799	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1009	our $PID_IDLE;
1010	our $WNOHANG;
1011		1800
1012	sub _child_wait {	1801	# used by many Impl's
1013	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1802	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
		1803	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1804
		1805	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
1014	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1806	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
1015	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1807	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
1016	}
1017
1018	undef $PID_IDLE;
1019	}
1020
1021	sub _sigchld {
1022	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.
1023	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {
1024	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1025	&_child_wait;
1026	});
1027	}	1808	}
1028		1809
1029	sub child {	1810	sub child {
		1811	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1812	*_sigchld = sub {
		1813	my $pid;
		1814
		1815	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
		1816	while ($pid = waitpid -1, WNOHANG) > 0;
		1817	};
		1818
		1819	*child = sub {
1030	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1820	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1031		1821
1032	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1822	my $pid = $arg{pid};
1033	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1823	my $cb = $arg{cb};
1034		1824
1035	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1825	$PID_CB{$pid}{$cb+0} = $cb;
1036		1826
1037	unless ($WNOHANG) {
1038	$WNOHANG = eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1039	}
1040
1041	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1827	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1042	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1828	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1043	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1829	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1044	&_sigchld;	1830	&_sigchld;
1045	}	1831	}
1046		1832
1047	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"	1833	bless [$pid, $cb+0], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1048	}	1834	};
1049		1835
1050	sub AnyEvent::Base::Child::DESTROY {	1836	*AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY = sub {
1051	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1837	my ($pid, $icb) = @{$_[0]};
1052		1838
1053	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1839	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$icb};
1054	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1840	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1055		1841
1056	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1842	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
		1843	};
		1844	};
		1845	die if $@;
		1846
		1847	&child
		1848	}
		1849
		1850	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
		1851	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
		1852	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
		1853	sub idle {
		1854	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1855	*idle = sub {
		1856	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1857
		1858	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
		1859
		1860	$rcb = sub {
		1861	if ($cb) {
		1862	$w = AE::time;
		1863	&$cb;
		1864	$w = AE::time - $w;
		1865
		1866	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
		1867	# within some limits
		1868	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
		1869	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
		1870
		1871	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
		1872	} else {
		1873	# clean up...
		1874	undef $w;
		1875	undef $rcb;
		1876	}
		1877	};
		1878
		1879	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1880
		1881	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
		1882	};
		1883
		1884	*AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY = sub {
		1885	undef $${$_[0]};
		1886	};
		1887	};
		1888	die if $@;
		1889
		1890	&idle
1057	}	1891	}
1058		1892
1059	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1893	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1060		1894
1061	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1895	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
1062		1896
		1897	# only to be used for subclassing
		1898	sub new {
		1899	my $class = shift;
		1900	bless AnyEvent->condvar (@_), $class
		1901	}
		1902
1063	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1903	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1064		1904
1065	use overload	1905	#use overload
1066	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1906	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
1067	fallback => 1;	1907	# fallback => 1;
		1908
		1909	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1910	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1911	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1912	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1913	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1914
		1915	our $WAITING;
1068		1916
1069	sub _send {	1917	sub _send {
1070	# nop	1918	# nop
		1919	}
		1920
		1921	sub _wait {
		1922	AnyEvent->_poll until $_[0]{_ae_sent};
1071	}	1923	}
1072		1924
1073	sub send {	1925	sub send {
1074	my $cv = shift;	1926	my $cv = shift;
1075	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];	1927	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];
…		…
1084		1936
1085	sub ready {	1937	sub ready {
1086	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1938	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1087	}	1939	}
1088		1940
1089	sub _wait {
1090	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1091	}
1092
1093	sub recv {	1941	sub recv {
		1942	unless ($_[0]{_ae_sent}) {
		1943	$WAITING
		1944	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait attempted";
		1945
		1946	local $WAITING = 1;
1094	$_[0]->_wait;	1947	$_[0]->_wait;
		1948	}
1095		1949
1096	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1950	$_[0]{_ae_croak}
1097	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1951	and Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak};
		1952
		1953	wantarray
		1954	? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} }
		1955	: $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1098	}	1956	}
1099		1957
1100	sub cb {	1958	sub cb {
1101	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1959	my $cv = shift;
		1960
		1961	@_
		1962	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1963	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1964	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1965
1102	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1966	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1103	}	1967	}
1104		1968
1105	sub begin {	1969	sub begin {
1106	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1970	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1107	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1971	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1112	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };	1976	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };
1113	}	1977	}
1114		1978
1115	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	1979	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
1116	*broadcast = \&send;	1980	*broadcast = \&send;
1117	*wait = \&_wait;	1981	*wait = \&recv;
		1982
		1983	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
		1984
		1985	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
		1986	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
		1987	the C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT> environment variable, below) provides strict
		1988	checking of all AnyEvent methods, however, which is highly useful during
		1989	development.
		1990
		1991	As for exception handling (i.e. runtime errors and exceptions thrown while
		1992	executing a callback), this is not only highly event-loop specific, but
		1993	also not in any way wrapped by this module, as this is the job of the main
		1994	program.
		1995
		1996	The pure perl event loop simply re-throws the exception (usually
		1997	within C<< condvar->recv >>), the L<Event> and L<EV> modules call C<<
		1998	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and
		1999	so on.
		2000
		2001	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
		2002
		2003	AnyEvent supports a number of environment variables that tune the
		2004	runtime behaviour. They are usually evaluated when AnyEvent is
		2005	loaded, initialised, or a submodule that uses them is loaded. Many of
		2006	them also cause AnyEvent to load additional modules - for example,
		2007	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP> causes the L<AnyEvent::Debug> module to be
		2008	loaded.
		2009
		2010	All the environment variables documented here start with
		2011	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_>, which is what AnyEvent considers its own
		2012	namespace. Other modules are encouraged (but by no means required) to use
		2013	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_SUBMODULE> if they have registered the AnyEvent::Submodule
		2014	namespace on CPAN, for any submodule. For example, L<AnyEvent::HTTP> could
		2015	be expected to use C<PERL_ANYEVENT_HTTP_PROXY> (it should not access env
		2016	variables starting with C<AE_>, see below).
		2017
		2018	All variables can also be set via the C<AE_> prefix, that is, instead
		2019	of setting C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE> you can also set C<AE_VERBOSE>. In
		2020	case there is a clash btween anyevent and another program that uses
		2021	C<AE_something> you can set the corresponding C<PERL_ANYEVENT_something>
		2022	variable to the empty string, as those variables take precedence.
		2023
		2024	When AnyEvent is first loaded, it copies all C<AE_xxx> env variables
		2025	to their C<PERL_ANYEVENT_xxx> counterpart unless that variable already
		2026	exists. If taint mode is on, then AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment
		2027	variables starting with C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> (or replace them
		2028	with C<undef> or the empty string, if the corresaponding C<AE_> variable
		2029	is set).
		2030
		2031	The exact algorithm is currently:
		2032
		2033	1. if taint mode enabled, delete all PERL_ANYEVENT_xyz variables from %ENV
		2034	2. copy over AE_xyz to PERL_ANYEVENT_xyz unless the latter alraedy exists
		2035	3. if taint mode enabled, set all PERL_ANYEVENT_xyz variables to undef.
		2036
		2037	This ensures that child processes will not see the C<AE_> variables.
		2038
		2039	The following environment variables are currently known to AnyEvent:
		2040
		2041	=over 4
		2042
		2043	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
		2044
		2045	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
		2046	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
		2047	talkative. If you want to do more than just set the global logging level
		2048	you should have a look at C<PERL_ANYEVENT_LOG>, which allows much more
		2049	complex specifications.
		2050
		2051	When set to C<5> or higher (warn), causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
		2052	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
		2053	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>, or a guard callback throwing an exception - this
		2054	is the minimum recommended level.
		2055
		2056	When set to C<7> or higher (info), cause AnyEvent to report which event model it
		2057	chooses.
		2058
		2059	When set to C<8> or higher (debug), then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		2060	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		2061
		2062	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_LOG>
		2063
		2064	Accepts rather complex logging specifications. For example, you could log
		2065	all C<debug> messages of some module to stderr, warnings and above to
		2066	stderr, and errors and above to syslog, with:
		2067
		2068	PERL_ANYEVENT_LOG=Some::Module=debug,+log:filter=warn,+%syslog:%syslog=error,syslog
		2069
		2070	For the rather extensive details, see L<AnyEvent::Log>.
		2071
		2072	This variable is evaluated when AnyEvent (or L<AnyEvent::Log>) is loaded,
		2073	so will take effect even before AnyEvent has initialised itself.
		2074
		2075	Note that specifying this environment variable causes the L<AnyEvent::Log>
		2076	module to be loaded, while C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE> does not, so only
		2077	using the latter saves a few hundred kB of memory until the first message
		2078	is being logged.
		2079
		2080	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
		2081
		2082	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
		2083	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
		2084	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
		2085	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
		2086	it will croak.
		2087
		2088	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
		2089
		2090	Unlike C<use strict> (or its modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
		2091	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
		2092	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		2093	can be very useful, however.
		2094
		2095	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL>
		2096
		2097	If this env variable is set, then its contents will be interpreted by
		2098	C<AnyEvent::Socket::parse_hostport> (after replacing every occurance of
		2099	C<$$> by the process pid) and an C<AnyEvent::Debug::shell> is bound on
		2100	that port. The shell object is saved in C<$AnyEvent::Debug::SHELL>.
		2101
		2102	This happens when the first watcher is created.
		2103
		2104	For example, to bind a debug shell on a unix domain socket in
		2105	F<< /tmp/debug<pid>.sock >>, you could use this:
		2106
		2107	PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL=/tmp/debug\$\$.sock perlprog
		2108
		2109	Note that creating sockets in F</tmp> is very unsafe on multiuser
		2110	systems.
		2111
		2112	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP>
		2113
		2114	Can be set to C<0>, C<1> or C<2> and enables wrapping of all watchers for
		2115	debugging purposes. See C<AnyEvent::Debug::wrap> for details.
		2116
		2117	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
		2118
		2119	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
		2120	auto detection and -probing kicks in.
		2121
		2122	It normally is a string consisting entirely of ASCII letters (e.g. C<EV>
		2123	or C<IOAsync>). The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended and the
		2124	resulting module name is loaded and - if the load was successful - used as
		2125	event model backend. If it fails to load then AnyEvent will proceed with
		2126	auto detection and -probing.
		2127
		2128	If the string ends with C<::> instead (e.g. C<AnyEvent::Impl::EV::>) then
		2129	nothing gets prepended and the module name is used as-is (hint: C<::> at
		2130	the end of a string designates a module name and quotes it appropriately).
		2131
		2132	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Loop::Perl>) you
		2133	could start your program like this:
		2134
		2135	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
		2136
		2137	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
		2138
		2139	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
		2140	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
		2141	of auto probing).
		2142
		2143	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
		2144	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
		2145	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
		2146	list.
		2147
		2148	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
		2149	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
		2150	small, as the program has to handle conenction and other failures anyways.
		2151
		2152	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
		2153	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
		2154	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
		2155	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
		2156	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
		2157
		2158	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_HOSTS>
		2159
		2160	This variable, if specified, overrides the F</etc/hosts> file used by
		2161	L<AnyEvent::Socket>C<::resolve_sockaddr>, i.e. hosts aliases will be read
		2162	from that file instead.
		2163
		2164	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
		2165
		2166	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension for
		2167	DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, especially
		2168	when DNSSEC is involved, but some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS
		2169	packets, which is why it is off by default.
		2170
		2171	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
		2172	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
		2173
		2174	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
		2175
		2176	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
		2177	will create in parallel.
		2178
		2179	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		2180
		2181	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		2182	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		2183	sent to the DNS server.
		2184
		2185	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		2186
		2187	The absolute path to a F<resolv.conf>-style file to use instead of
		2188	F</etc/resolv.conf> (or the OS-specific configuration) in the default
		2189	resolver, or the empty string to select the default configuration.
		2190
		2191	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		2192
		2193	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		2194	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		2195	variables are nonempty, they will be used to specify CA certificate
		2196	locations instead of a system-dependent default.
		2197
		2198	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		2199
		2200	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		2201	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
		2202
		2203	=back
1118		2204
1119	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	2205	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1120		2206
1121	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in	2207	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in
1122	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to	2208	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to
…		…
1156		2242
1157	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to	2243	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to
1158	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will	2244	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will
1159	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must	2245	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must
1160	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.	2246	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.
1161
1162	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1163
1164	The following environment variables are used by this module:
1165
1166	=over 4
1167
1168	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1169
1170	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
1171	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
1172	talkative.
1173
1174	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
1175	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
1176	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1177
1178	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1179	model it chooses.
1180
1181	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1182
1183	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1184	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
1185	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
1186	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
1187	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
1188	auto detection and -probing.
1189
1190	This functionality might change in future versions.
1191
1192	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
1193	could start your program like this:
1194
1195	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1196
1197	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
1198
1199	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
1200	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
1201	of auto probing).
1202
1203	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
1204	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
1205	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
1206	list.
1207
1208	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
1209	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
1210	small, as the program has to handle connection errors already-
1211
1212	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
1213	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
1214	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
1215	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
1216	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
1217
1218	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
1219
1220	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
1221	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
1222	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
1223	default.
1224
1225	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
1226	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
1227
1228	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
1229
1230	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
1231	will create in parallel.
1232
1233	=back
1234		2247
1235	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	2248	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
1236		2249
1237	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer	2250	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer
1238	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the	2251	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the
…		…
1251	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	2264	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1252	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	2265	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1253	},	2266	},
1254	);	2267	);
1255		2268
1256	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1257
1258	sub new_timer {
1259	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	2269	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1260	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	2270	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1261	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1262	});	2271	});
1263	}
1264
1265	new_timer; # create first timer
1266		2272
1267	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i	2273	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1268		2274
1269	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	2275	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1270		2276
…		…
1343		2349
1344	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	2350	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
1345	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects	2351	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
1346	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	2352	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
1347	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	2353	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
1348	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	2354	problems get reported to the code that tries to use the result, not in a
1349	random callback.	2355	random callback.
1350		2356
1351	All of this enables the following usage styles:	2357	All of this enables the following usage styles:
1352		2358
1353	1. Blocking:	2359	1. Blocking:
…		…
1401	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2407	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1402	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2408	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1403	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2409	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1404		2410
1405	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2411	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1406	distribution.	2412	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2413	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1407		2414
1408	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2415	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1409		2416
1410	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2417	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1411	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2418	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1432	watcher.	2439	watcher.
1433		2440
1434	=head3 Results	2441	=head3 Results
1435		2442
1436	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2443	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1437	EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface	2444	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1438	EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2445	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1439	CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2446	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1440	Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation	2447	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1441	Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface	2448	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1442	Event/Any 16000 590 35.75 31.42 1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2449	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2450	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2451	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1443	Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour	2452	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1444	Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2453	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1445	POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event	2454	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1446	POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select	2455	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1447		2456
1448	=head3 Discussion	2457	=head3 Discussion
1449		2458
1450	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2459	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1451	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2460	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1463	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2472	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1464	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2473	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1465	cycles with POE.	2474	cycles with POE.
1466		2475
1467	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2476	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1468	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2477	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2478	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2479	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1469	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2480	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1470	natively.
1471		2481
1472	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2482	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1473	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2483	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1474	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2484	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1475	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2485	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
1476	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2486	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1477	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2487	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1478		2488
1479	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2489	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1480	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2490	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2491
		2492	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2493	when using its pure perl backend.
1481		2494
1482	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2495	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1483	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2496	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1484	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2497	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1485	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2498	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1520	(even when used without AnyEvent), but most event loops have acceptable	2533	(even when used without AnyEvent), but most event loops have acceptable
1521	performance with or without AnyEvent.	2534	performance with or without AnyEvent.
1522		2535
1523	=item * The overhead AnyEvent adds is usually much smaller than the overhead of	2536	=item * The overhead AnyEvent adds is usually much smaller than the overhead of
1524	the actual event loop, only with extremely fast event loops such as EV	2537	the actual event loop, only with extremely fast event loops such as EV
1525	adds AnyEvent significant overhead.	2538	does AnyEvent add significant overhead.
1526		2539
1527	=item * You should avoid POE like the plague if you want performance or	2540	=item * You should avoid POE like the plague if you want performance or
1528	reasonable memory usage.	2541	reasonable memory usage.
1529		2542
1530	=back	2543	=back
…		…
1546	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2559	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1547	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2560	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1548	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2561	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1549		2562
1550	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2563	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1551	distribution.	2564	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2565	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1552		2566
1553	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2567	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1554		2568
1555	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2569	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1556	each server has a read and write socket end).	2570	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1563	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2577	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1564	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2578	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1565		2579
1566	=head3 Results	2580	=head3 Results
1567		2581
1568	name sockets create request	2582	name sockets create request
1569	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2583	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1570	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2584	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1571	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2585	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1572	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2586	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
		2587	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
		2588	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1573	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2589	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1574		2590
1575	=head3 Discussion	2591	=head3 Discussion
1576		2592
1577	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2593	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1578	particular event loop.	2594	particular event loop.
…		…
1580	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2596	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1581	is relatively high, though.	2597	is relatively high, though.
1582		2598
1583	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2599	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1584	loops Event and Glib.	2600	loops Event and Glib.
		2601
		2602	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2603	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1585		2604
1586	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2605	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1587	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2606	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1588	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2607	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1589	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2608	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1652	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2671	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1653	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2672	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1654		2673
1655	=back	2674	=back
1656		2675
		2676	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2677
		2678	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2679	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2680	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2681	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2682	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2683	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2684	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2685
		2686	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2687	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2688	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2689	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2690	benchmark nevertheless.
		2691
		2692	name runtime
		2693	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2694	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2695	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2696	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2697	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2698	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2699	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2700	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2701
		2702	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2703	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2704	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2705
		2706	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2707	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2708	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2709	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2710	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2711	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2712	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2713	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2714
		2715	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2716	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2717	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2718	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2719
		2720	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2721	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2722	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2723
		2724	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2725	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
		2726	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
		2727	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
		2728
		2729	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2730	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2731	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2732
		2733
		2734	=head1 SIGNALS
		2735
		2736	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
		2737
		2738	=over 4
		2739
		2740	=item SIGCHLD
		2741
		2742	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
		2743	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
		2744	event loops install a similar handler.
		2745
		2746	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2747	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
		2748
		2749	=item SIGPIPE
		2750
		2751	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
		2752	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
		2753
		2754	The rationale for this is that AnyEvent users usually do not really depend
		2755	on SIGPIPE delivery (which is purely an optimisation for shell use, or
		2756	badly-written programs), but C<SIGPIPE> can cause spurious and rare
		2757	program exits as a lot of people do not expect C<SIGPIPE> when writing to
		2758	some random socket.
		2759
		2760	The rationale for installing a no-op handler as opposed to ignoring it is
		2761	that this way, the handler will be restored to defaults on exec.
		2762
		2763	Feel free to install your own handler, or reset it to defaults.
		2764
		2765	=back
		2766
		2767	=cut
		2768
		2769	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2770	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2771
		2772	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
		2773	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
		2774
		2775	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2776
		2777	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2778	its built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2779
		2780	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2781	modules if they are installed.
		2782
		2783	This section explains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2784	affect AnyEvent's operation.
		2785
		2786	=over 4
		2787
		2788	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2789
		2790	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2791	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2792	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2793	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2794	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2795	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2796
		2797	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2798	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2799	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for
		2800	battery life on laptops).
		2801
		2802	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2803	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2804
		2805	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2806	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2807	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2808	does nothing for those backends.
		2809
		2810	=item L<EV>
		2811
		2812	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2813	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2814	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2815	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2816	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2817	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2818	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2819	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2820
		2821	If you only use backends that rely on another event loop (e.g. C<Tk>),
		2822	then this module will do nothing for you.
		2823
		2824	=item L<Guard>
		2825
		2826	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2827	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2828	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2829	purely used for performance.
		2830
		2831	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2832
		2833	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
		2834	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. L<JSON> is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2835	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2836
		2837	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2838
		2839	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2840	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2841	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2842
		2843	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2844
		2845	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2846	chosen event library does not come with a timing source of its own. The
		2847	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Loop>) will additionally load it to
		2848	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2849
		2850	=back
		2851
1657		2852
1658	=head1 FORK	2853	=head1 FORK
1659		2854
1660	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2855	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1661	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2856	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> calls
1662	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2857	- higher performance APIs such as BSD's kqueue or the dreaded Linux epoll
		2858	are usually badly thought-out hacks that are incompatible with fork in
		2859	one way or another. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware and ensures that you
		2860	continue event-processing in both parent and child (or both, if you know
		2861	what you are doing).
		2862
		2863	This means that, in general, you cannot fork and do event processing in
		2864	the child if the event library was initialised before the fork (which
		2865	usually happens when the first AnyEvent watcher is created, or the library
		2866	is loaded).
1663		2867
1664	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2868	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1665	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2869	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2870	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
		2871
		2872	The problem of doing event processing in the parent I<and> the child
		2873	is much more complicated: even for backends that I<are> fork-aware or
		2874	fork-safe, their behaviour is not usually what you want: fork clones all
		2875	watchers, that means all timers, I/O watchers etc. are active in both
		2876	parent and child, which is almost never what you want. USing C<exec>
		2877	to start worker children from some kind of manage rprocess is usually
		2878	preferred, because it is much easier and cleaner, at the expense of having
		2879	to have another binary.
1666		2880
1667		2881
1668	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2882	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1669		2883
1670	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2884	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
1681		2895
1682	use AnyEvent;	2896	use AnyEvent;
1683		2897
1684	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2898	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1685	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2899	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1686	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL).	2900	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
		2901	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2902
		2903	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2904	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2905	enabled.
1687		2906
1688		2907
1689	=head1 BUGS	2908	=head1 BUGS
1690		2909
1691	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard	2910	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
1692	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10	2911	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
1693	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying	2912	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
1694	mamleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as	2913	memleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
1695	pronounced).	2914	pronounced).
1696		2915
1697		2916
1698	=head1 SEE ALSO	2917	=head1 SEE ALSO
1699		2918
1700	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.	2919	Tutorial/Introduction: L<AnyEvent::Intro>.
1701		2920
1702	Event modules: L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>,	2921	FAQ: L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
1703	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2922
		2923	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util> (misc. grab-bag), L<AnyEvent::Log>
		2924	(simply logging).
		2925
		2926	Development/Debugging: L<AnyEvent::Strict> (stricter checking),
		2927	L<AnyEvent::Debug> (interactive shell, watcher tracing).
		2928
		2929	Supported event modules: L<AnyEvent::Loop>, L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>,
		2930	L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>,
		2931	L<Qt>, L<POE>, L<FLTK>.
1704		2932
1705	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2933	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1706	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2934	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1707	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2935	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
		2936	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>,
1708	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2937	L<AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK>.
1709		2938
1710	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2939	Non-blocking handles, pipes, stream sockets, TCP clients and
1711	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2940	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
1712		2941
1713	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2942	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
1714		2943
1715	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2944	Thread support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>.
1716		2945
1717	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2946	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>,
		2947	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1718		2948
1719		2949
1720	=head1 AUTHOR	2950	=head1 AUTHOR
1721		2951
1722	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2952	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>

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