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Revision 1.137 by root, Mon May 26 03:27:52 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.297 by root, Thu Nov 19 01:55:57 2009 UTC

1	=head1 => NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
		6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
		12	# file descriptor readable
11	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub {	13	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
		14
		15	# one-shot or repeating timers
		16	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
		17	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...
		18
		19	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
		20	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
		21
		22	# POSIX signal
		23	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });
		24
		25	# child process exit
		26	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
		27	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
12	...	28	...
13	});	29	});
14		30
15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub {	31	# called when event loop idle (if applicable)
16	...	32	my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... });
17	});
18		33
19	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged	34	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
20	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's	35	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
21	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send	36	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
		37	# use a condvar in callback mode:
		38	$w->cb (sub { $_[0]->recv });
		39
		40	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
		41
		42	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
		43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
		44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
		45
		46	=head1 SUPPORT
		47
		48	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		49	channel, too.
		50
		51	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		52	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
22		53
23	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	54	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
24		55
25	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	56	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
26	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	57	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
27		58
28	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of	59	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of
29	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.	60	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.
30		61
31	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only	62	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only
32	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use in a	63	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use, in a
33	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,	64	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,
34	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,	65	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,
35	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent	66	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent
36	helps hiding the differences between those event loops.	67	cannot change this, but it can hide the differences between those event
		68	loops.
37		69
38	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event	70	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event
39	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a	71	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a
40	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your	72	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your
41	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	73	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
42	model you use.	74	model you use.
43		75
44	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	76	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
45	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	77	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
46	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	78	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you
47	cannot use anything else, as it is simply incompatible to everything that	79	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
48	isn't itself. What's worse, all the potential users of your module are	80	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
49	I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	81	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
50		82
51	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	83	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
52	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	84	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
53	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? no go. Tk + Event? no go. Again: if	85	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if
54	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	86	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,
55	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	87	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all
56	event models it supports (including stuff like POE and IO::Async, as long	88	event models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those
57	as those use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new	89	use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops
58	event loops to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	90	to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).
59		91
60	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	92	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
61	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	93	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
62	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	94	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
63	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	95	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only
64	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as	96	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
65	technically possible.	97	technically possible.
66		98
		99	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
		100	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
		101	non-blocking connects (even with TLS/SSL, IPv6 and on broken platforms
		102	such as Windows) and lots of real-world knowledge and workarounds for
		103	platform bugs and differences.
		104
67	Of course, if you want lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat	105	Now, if you I<do want> lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat
68	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	106	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
69	model, you should I<not> use this module.	107	model, you should I<not> use this module.
70		108
71	=head1 DESCRIPTION	109	=head1 DESCRIPTION
72		110
…		…
102	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to	140	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to
103	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...	141	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...
104		142
105	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	143	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called
106	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	144	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it
107	explicitly.	145	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)
108		146
109	=head1 WATCHERS	147	=head1 WATCHERS
110		148
111	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	149	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
112	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	150	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
…		…
115	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After	153	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
116	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the	154	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
117	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	155	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
118	is in control).	156	is in control).
119		157
		158	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
		159	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
		160	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in
		161	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
		162	widely between event loops.
		163
120	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	164	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
121	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	165	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
122	to it).	166	to it).
123		167
124	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	168	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
…		…
126	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for	170	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
127	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.	171	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
128		172
129	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:	173	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:
130		174
131	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {	175	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
132	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it	176	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
133	undef $w;	177	undef $w;
134	});	178	});
135		179
136	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,	180	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,
137	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	181	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
138	declared.	182	declared.
139		183
140	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	184	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
141		185
		186	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		187	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		188	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		189	cb => <callback>,
		190	);
		191
142	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	192	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
143	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	193	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
144		194
145	C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	195	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
		196	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
		197	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
		198	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
		199	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
		200	or block devices.
		201
146	for events. C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>,	202	C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a
147	which creates a watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events,	203	watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively.
		204
148	respectively. C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle	205	C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
149	becomes ready.
150		206
151	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	207	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
152	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	208	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
153	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.	209	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
154		210
…		…
158		214
159	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	215	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should
160	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	216	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
161	handles.	217	handles.
162		218
163	Example:
164
165	# wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the watcher	219	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
		220	watcher.
		221
166	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {	222	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
167	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);	223	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);
168	warn "read: $input\n";	224	warn "read: $input\n";
169	undef $w;	225	undef $w;
170	});	226	});
171		227
172	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	228	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
173		229
		230	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		231
		232	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		233	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		234	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		235	cb => <callback>,
		236	);
		237
174	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	238	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
175	method with the following mandatory arguments:	239	method with the following mandatory arguments:
176		240
177	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	241	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
178	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	242	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
180		244
181	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	245	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
182	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	246	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
183	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	247	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
184		248
185	The timer callback will be invoked at most once: if you want a repeating	249	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another
186	timer you have to create a new watcher (this is a limitation by both Tk	250	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
187	and Glib).	251	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
		252	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
		253	false value, then it is treated as if it were missing.
188		254
189	Example:	255	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
		256	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
		257	only approximate.
190		258
191	# fire an event after 7.7 seconds	259	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
		260
192	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	261	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
193	warn "timeout\n";	262	warn "timeout\n";
194	});	263	});
195		264
196	# to cancel the timer:	265	# to cancel the timer:
197	undef $w;	266	undef $w;
198		267
199	Example 2:
200
201	# fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second	268	Example 2: fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second.
202	my $w;
203		269
204	my $cb = sub {
205	# cancel the old timer while creating a new one
206	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => $cb);	270	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, interval => 1, cb => sub {
		271	warn "timeout\n";
207	};	272	};
208
209	# start the "loop" by creating the first watcher
210	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, cb => $cb);
211		273
212	=head3 TIMING ISSUES	274	=head3 TIMING ISSUES
213		275
214	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire	276	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire
215	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12	277	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12
…		…
227	timers.	289	timers.
228		290
229	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the	291	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
230	AnyEvent API.	292	AnyEvent API.
231		293
		294	AnyEvent has two additional methods that return the "current time":
		295
		296	=over 4
		297
		298	=item AnyEvent->time
		299
		300	This returns the "current wallclock time" as a fractional number of
		301	seconds since the Epoch (the same thing as C<time> or C<Time::HiRes::time>
		302	return, and the result is guaranteed to be compatible with those).
		303
		304	It progresses independently of any event loop processing, i.e. each call
		305	will check the system clock, which usually gets updated frequently.
		306
		307	=item AnyEvent->now
		308
		309	This also returns the "current wallclock time", but unlike C<time>, above,
		310	this value might change only once per event loop iteration, depending on
		311	the event loop (most return the same time as C<time>, above). This is the
		312	time that AnyEvent's timers get scheduled against.
		313
		314	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
		315	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
		316
		317	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
		318	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
		319	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts).
		320
		321	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
		322	with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.
		323
		324	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
		325	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
		326
		327	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at
		328	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
		329	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
		330	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
		331	after three seconds.
		332
		333	With L<Event::Lib>, C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> will
		334	both return C<501>, because that is the current time, and the timer will
		335	be scheduled to fire at time=504 (C<501> + C<3>).
		336
		337	With L<EV>, C<< AnyEvent->time >> returns C<501> (as that is the current
		338	time), but C<< AnyEvent->now >> returns C<500>, as that is the time the
		339	last event processing phase started. With L<EV>, your timer gets scheduled
		340	to run at time=503 (C<500> + C<3>).
		341
		342	In one sense, L<Event::Lib> is more exact, as it uses the current time
		343	regardless of any delays introduced by event processing. However, most
		344	callbacks do not expect large delays in processing, so this causes a
		345	higher drift (and a lot more system calls to get the current time).
		346
		347	In another sense, L<EV> is more exact, as your timer will be scheduled at
		348	the same time, regardless of how long event processing actually took.
		349
		350	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
		351	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
		352	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
		353	account.
		354
		355	=item AnyEvent->now_update
		356
		357	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache
		358	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<
		359	AnyEvent->now >>, above).
		360
		361	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
		362	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
		363	might affect timers and time-outs.
		364
		365	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
		366	event loop's idea of "current time".
		367
		368	A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) -
		369	when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong
		370	idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the
		371	script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<<
		372	AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again
		373	(e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler).
		374
		375	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
		376
		377	=back
		378
232	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	379	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
233		380
		381	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
		382
234	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	383	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
235	I<name> without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl callback to	384	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
236	be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	385	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
237		386
238	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	387	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
239	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	388	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
240	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.	389	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.
241		390
…		…
243	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	392	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
244	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	393	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
245	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	394	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
246		395
247	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	396	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
248	between multiple watchers.	397	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		398	interrupt your program at bad times.
249		399
250	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	400	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
251	directly will likely not work correctly.	401	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		402	correctly.
252		403
253	Example: exit on SIGINT	404	Example: exit on SIGINT
254		405
255	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	406	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
256		407
		408	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		409
		410	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		411	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		412	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		413	this. AnyEvent will try to do it's best, which means in some cases,
		414	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		415	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		416	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		417	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		418	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		419	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		420	saving.
		421
		422	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		423	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		424	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		425	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does it's own workaround with
		426	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		427
257	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	428	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
258		429
		430	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		431
259	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	432	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
260		433
261	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	434	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (one some backends,
262	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often	435	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
263	as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a	436	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
264	signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>. The callback will be called with the pid	437	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
265	and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types,	438	(stopped/continued).
266	you I<can> rely on child watcher callback arguments.	439
		440	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
		441	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
		442	callback arguments.
		443
		444	This watcher type works by installing a signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>,
		445	and since it cannot be shared, nothing else should use SIGCHLD or reap
		446	random child processes (waiting for specific child processes, e.g. inside
		447	C<system>, is just fine).
267		448
268	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	449	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
269	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	450	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
270	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	451	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
271		452
272	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	453	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		454	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
273	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	455	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
274	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	456	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		457	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		458	start the watcher.
275		459
276	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	460	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
277	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	461	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
278	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	462	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		463	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		464
		465	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		466	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems
		467	mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
279		468
280	Example: fork a process and wait for it	469	Example: fork a process and wait for it
281		470
282	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	471	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
283		472
284	my $pid = fork or exit 5;	473	my $pid = fork or exit 5;
285		474
286	my $w = AnyEvent->child (	475	my $w = AnyEvent->child (
287	pid => $pid,	476	pid => $pid,
288	cb => sub {	477	cb => sub {
289	my ($pid, $status) = @_;	478	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
290	warn "pid $pid exited with status $status";	479	warn "pid $pid exited with status $status";
291	$done->send;	480	$done->send;
292	},	481	},
293	);	482	);
294		483
295	# do something else, then wait for process exit	484	# do something else, then wait for process exit
296	$done->recv;	485	$done->recv;
		486
		487	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
		488
		489	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
		490
		491	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important
		492	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
		493	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
		494	attention by the event loop".
		495
		496	Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing
		497	better to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new
		498	events. Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.
		499
		500	Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only
		501	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
		502	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
		503
		504	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
		505	program is otherwise idle:
		506
		507	my @lines; # read data
		508	my $idle_w;
		509	my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
		510	push @lines, scalar <STDIN>;
		511
		512	# start an idle watcher, if not already done
		513	$idle_w ||= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub {
		514	# handle only one line, when there are lines left
		515	if (my $line = shift @lines) {
		516	print "handled when idle: $line";
		517	} else {
		518	# otherwise disable the idle watcher again
		519	undef $idle_w;
		520	}
		521	});
		522	});
297		523
298	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	524	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
		525
		526	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		527
		528	$cv->send (<list>);
		529	my @res = $cv->recv;
299		530
300	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	531	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
301	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	532	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
302	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	533	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
303		534
304	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	535	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
305	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	536	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
306		537
307	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	538	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called
308	because they represent a condition that must become true.	539	because they represent a condition that must become true.
		540
		541	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
309		542
310	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	543	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
311	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	544	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
312	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	545	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
313	becomes true.	546	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
		547	the results).
314		548
315	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	549	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
316	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it	550	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
317	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<	551	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
318	->send >> method).	552	->send >> method).
…		…
320	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	554	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can
321	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	555	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points
322	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	556	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet
323	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	557	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be
324	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	558	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers
325	a result.	559	a result. And yet some people know them as "futures" - a promise to
		560	compute/deliver something that you can wait for.
326		561
327	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	562	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
328	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	563	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
329	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	564	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
330	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	565	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
364	after => 1,	599	after => 1,
365	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	600	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },
366	);	601	);
367		602
368	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	603	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
369	# calls send	604	# calls ->send
370	$result_ready->recv;	605	$result_ready->recv;
371		606
372	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	607	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
373	condition variables are also code references.	608	variables are also callable directly.
374		609
375	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	610	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
376	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	611	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
377	$done->recv;	612	$done->recv;
		613
		614	Example: Imagine an API that returns a condvar and doesn't support
		615	callbacks. This is how you make a synchronous call, for example from
		616	the main program:
		617
		618	use AnyEvent::CouchDB;
		619
		620	...
		621
		622	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
		623
		624	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
		625	results are available:
		626
		627	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
		628	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
		629	});
378		630
379	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS	631	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS
380		632
381	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the	633	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the
382	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also	634	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also
…		…
395	immediately from within send.	647	immediately from within send.
396		648
397	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	649	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
398	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	650	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
399		651
400	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	652	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
401	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	653	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
402	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	654	C<send>.
403	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
404	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
405	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
406	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
407	example).
408		655
409	=item $cv->croak ($error)	656	=item $cv->croak ($error)
410		657
411	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	658	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
412	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	659	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
413		660
414	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	661	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
415	user/consumer.	662	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		663	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it
		664	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		665	deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing
		666	the problem.
416		667
417	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	668	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
418		669
419	=item $cv->end	670	=item $cv->end
420
421	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
422		671
423	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	672	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
424	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	673	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
425	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	674	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
426		675
427	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	676	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
428	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	677	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
429	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	678	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
430	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	679	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
431	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	680	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		681	be called without any arguments.
432		682
433	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	683	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		684	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		685	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		686
		687	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		688	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		689	close before activating a condvar:
434		690
435	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	691	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
436		692
		693	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		694	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		695	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		696	or $cv->end;
		697	});
		698
		699	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		700	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		701	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		702	or $cv->end;
		703	});
		704
		705	$cv->recv;
		706
		707	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		708	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		709	sending.
		710
		711	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		712	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		713	begung can potentially be zero:
		714
		715	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		716
437	my %result;	717	my %result;
438	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	718	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
439		719
440	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	720	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
441	$cv->begin;	721	$cv->begin;
442	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	722	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
443	$result{$host} = ...;	723	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
458	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	738	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
459	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	739	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
460	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	740	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
461	doesn't execute once).	741	doesn't execute once).
462		742
463	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	743	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
464	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	744	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
465	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	745	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
466	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	746	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		747	call C<end>.
467		748
468	=back	749	=back
469		750
470	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	751	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
471		752
…		…
487	function will call C<croak>.	768	function will call C<croak>.
488		769
489	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	770	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
490	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	771	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
491		772
		773	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		774	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		775	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		776	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		777	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		778	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		779
492	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	780	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
493	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	781	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
494	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	782	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
495	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	783	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
496	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	784	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
497	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	785	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
498	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	786	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
499		787
500	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
501	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
502	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
503	can supply.
504
505	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
506	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
507	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
508	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
509	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
510
511	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	788	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
512	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	789	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
513	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	790	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
514	waits otherwise.	791	waits otherwise.
515		792
516	=item $bool = $cv->ready	793	=item $bool = $cv->ready
517		794
518	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or	795	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or
519	C<croak> have been called.	796	C<croak> have been called.
520		797
521	=item $cb = $cv->cb ([new callback])	798	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
522		799
523	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	800	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
524	replaces it before doing so.	801	replaces it before doing so.
525		802
526	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	803	The callback will be called when the condition becomes (or already was)
527	C<send> or C<croak> are called. Calling C<recv> inside the callback	804	"true", i.e. when C<send> or C<croak> are called (or were called), with
		805	the only argument being the condition variable itself. Calling C<recv>
528	or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.	806	inside the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
529		807
530	=back	808	=back
531		809
		810	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		811
		812	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		813
		814	=over 4
		815
		816	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		817
		818	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		819	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		820	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		821	AnyEvent itself.
		822
		823	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		824	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
		825
		826	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		827
		828	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher
		829	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		830	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		831	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		832	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		833
		834	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		835	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		836	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		837	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		838	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		839	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		840
		841	=item Backends with special needs.
		842
		843	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		844	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		845	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		846	everything should just work.
		847
		848	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		849
		850	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
		851	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
		852	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
		853	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
		854	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
		855
		856	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
		857
		858	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		859
		860	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		861
		862	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		863
		864	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		865	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		866	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		867	consider for AnyEvent.
		868
		869	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		870	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		871
		872	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		873	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		874	in which case everything will be automatic.
		875
		876	=back
		877
532	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	878	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
533		879
		880	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		881	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		882
534	=over 4	883	=over 4
535		884
536	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	885	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
537		886
538	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	887	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		888	backend has been autodetected.
		889
539	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	890	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
540	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	891	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
541	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	892	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
542	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	893	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
543		894	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
544	The known classes so far are:
545
546	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
547	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
548	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
549	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
550	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
551	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
552	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
553	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
554
555	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
556	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
557	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
558	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
559	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
560	it's adaptor.
561
562	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
563	autodetecting them.
564		895
565	=item AnyEvent::detect	896	=item AnyEvent::detect
566		897
567	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	898	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
568	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	899	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
569	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	900	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
570	runtime.	901	runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.
		902
		903	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		904	created, use C<post_detect>.
571		905
572	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	906	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
573		907
574	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	908	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
575	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	909	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).
576		910
		911	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		912	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		913	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		914	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		915	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		916
		917	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		918	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		919	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		920	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
		921
577	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	922	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
578	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	923	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		924	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
579	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	925	a case where this is useful.
		926
		927	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		928	C<$WATCHER>. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though.
		929
		930	our WATCHER;
		931
		932	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		933	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		934	};
		935
		936	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		937	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		938	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		939	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		940
		941	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
580		942
581	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	943	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
582		944
583	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	945	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
584	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	946	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after
585	the event loop has been chosen.	947	the event loop has been chosen.
586		948
587	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	949	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
588	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	950	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
589	and the array will be ignored.	951	array will be ignored.
590		952
591	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	953	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		954	it,as it takes care of these details.
		955
		956	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		957	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		958	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		959	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
592		960
593	=back	961	=back
594		962
595	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	963	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
596		964
…		…
651		1019
652		1020
653	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1021	=head1 OTHER MODULES
654		1022
655	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1023	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
656	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1024	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
657	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1025	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
658	available via CPAN.	1026	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.
659		1027
660	=over 4	1028	=over 4
661		1029
662	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1030	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
663		1031
664	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	1032	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking
665	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	1033	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.
666
667	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
668
669	Provide read and write buffers and manages watchers for reads and writes.
670		1034
671	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	1035	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
672		1036
673	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	1037	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
674	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp	1038	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
675	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.	1039	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.
676		1040
		1041	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
		1042
		1043	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
		1044	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
		1045	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
		1046
677	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1047	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
678		1048
679	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1049	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
680		1050
		1051	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>
		1052
		1053	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent
		1054	HTTP requests.
		1055
681	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	1056	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
682		1057
683	Provides a simple web application server framework.	1058	Provides a simple web application server framework.
684		1059
685	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	1060	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
686		1061
687	The fastest ping in the west.	1062	The fastest ping in the west.
688		1063
		1064	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
		1065
		1066	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
		1067
		1068	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		1069
		1070	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
		1071	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent
		1072	together.
		1073
		1074	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>
		1075
		1076	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses
		1077	L<BDB> and AnyEvent together.
		1078
		1079	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
		1080
		1081	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
		1082
689	=item L<Net::IRC3>	1083	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
690		1084
691	AnyEvent based IRC client module family.	1085	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
692		1086
693	=item L<Net::XMPP2>	1087	=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
694		1088
695	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.	1089	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
		1090	Net::XMPP2>.
		1091
		1092	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
		1093
		1094	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
		1095	L<App::IGS>).
696		1096
697	=item L<Net::FCP>	1097	=item L<Net::FCP>
698		1098
699	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace	1099	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
700	of AnyEvent.	1100	of AnyEvent.
…		…
705		1105
706	=item L<Coro>	1106	=item L<Coro>
707		1107
708	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1108	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
709		1109
710	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>, L<IO::AIO>
711
712	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
713	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses IO::AIO and AnyEvent
714	together.
715
716	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>, L<BDB>
717
718	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
719	IO::AIO and AnyEvent together.
720
721	=item L<IO::Lambda>
722
723	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
724
725	=back	1110	=back
726		1111
727	=cut	1112	=cut
728		1113
729	package AnyEvent;	1114	package AnyEvent;
730		1115
731	no warnings;	1116	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
732	use strict;	1117	sub common_sense {
		1118	# from common:.sense 1.0
		1119	${^WARNING_BITS} = "\xfc\x3f\xf3\x00\x0f\xf3\xcf\xc0\xf3\xfc\x33\x03";
		1120	# use strict vars subs
		1121	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1122	}
733		1123
		1124	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1125
734	use Carp;	1126	use Carp ();
735		1127
736	our $VERSION = '4.03';	1128	our $VERSION = '5.21';
737	our $MODEL;	1129	our $MODEL;
738		1130
739	our $AUTOLOAD;	1131	our $AUTOLOAD;
740	our @ISA;	1132	our @ISA;
741		1133
742	our @REGISTRY;	1134	our @REGISTRY;
743		1135
		1136	our $VERBOSE;
		1137
		1138	BEGIN {
		1139	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";
		1140	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";
		1141
		1142	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1143	if ${^TAINT};
		1144
744	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1145	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1146
		1147	}
		1148
		1149	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
745		1150
746	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1151	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
747		1152
748	{	1153	{
749	my $idx;	1154	my $idx;
…		…
751	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1156	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
752	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1157	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
753	}	1158	}
754		1159
755	my @models = (	1160	my @models = (
756	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1161	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
757	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],
758	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],	1162	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
759	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1163	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
760	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1164	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
761	# and is usually faster	1165	# and is usually faster
		1166	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1167	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1168	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1169	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
762	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1170	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
763	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
764	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
765	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1171	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
766	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1172	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
767	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1173	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
768	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1174	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1175	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its
		1176	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.
		1177	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any
		1178	# obvious default class.
		1179	[IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1180	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1181	[IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1182	[AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
769	);	1183	);
770		1184
771	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);	1185	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
		1186	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);
772		1187
773	our @post_detect;	1188	our @post_detect;
774		1189
775	sub post_detect(&) {	1190	sub post_detect(&) {
776	my ($cb) = @_;	1191	my ($cb) = @_;
777		1192
778	if ($MODEL) {	1193	if ($MODEL) {
779	$cb->();	1194	$cb->();
780		1195
781	1	1196	undef
782	} else {	1197	} else {
783	push @post_detect, $cb;	1198	push @post_detect, $cb;
784		1199
785	defined wantarray	1200	defined wantarray
786	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect"	1201	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
787	: ()	1202	: ()
788	}	1203	}
789	}	1204	}
790		1205
791	sub AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect::DESTROY {	1206	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
792	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;	1207	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
793	}	1208	}
794		1209
795	sub detect() {	1210	sub detect() {
796	unless ($MODEL) {	1211	unless ($MODEL) {
797	no strict 'refs';
798	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1212	local $SIG{__DIE__};
799		1213
800	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {	1214	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
801	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";	1215	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
802	if (eval "require $model") {	1216	if (eval "require $model") {
803	$MODEL = $model;	1217	$MODEL = $model;
804	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1218	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
805	} else {	1219	} else {
806	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1220	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
807	}	1221	}
808	}	1222	}
809		1223
810	# check for already loaded models	1224	# check for already loaded models
811	unless ($MODEL) {	1225	unless ($MODEL) {
812	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1226	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
813	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1227	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
814	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1228	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
815	if (eval "require $model") {	1229	if (eval "require $model") {
816	$MODEL = $model;	1230	$MODEL = $model;
817	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1231	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
818	last;	1232	last;
819	}	1233	}
820	}	1234	}
821	}	1235	}
822		1236
823	unless ($MODEL) {	1237	unless ($MODEL) {
824	# try to load a model	1238	# try to autoload a model
825
826	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1239	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
827	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1240	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1241	if (
		1242	$autoload
828	if (eval "require $package"	1243	and eval "require $package"
829	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0	1244	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
830	and eval "require $model") {	1245	and eval "require $model"
		1246	) {
831	$MODEL = $model;	1247	$MODEL = $model;
832	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1248	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
833	last;	1249	last;
834	}	1250	}
835	}	1251	}
836		1252
837	$MODEL	1253	$MODEL
838	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.";	1254	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";
839	}	1255	}
840	}	1256	}
841		1257
		1258	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
		1259
842	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;	1260	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
843	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";	1261
		1262	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
844		1263
845	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;	1264	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
846	}	1265	}
847		1266
848	$MODEL	1267	$MODEL
…		…
850		1269
851	sub AUTOLOAD {	1270	sub AUTOLOAD {
852	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1271	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
853		1272
854	$method{$func}	1273	$method{$func}
855	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1274	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";
856		1275
857	detect unless $MODEL;	1276	detect unless $MODEL;
858		1277
859	my $class = shift;	1278	my $class = shift;
860	$class->$func (@_);	1279	$class->$func (@_);
861	}	1280	}
862		1281
		1282	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
		1283	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
		1284	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
		1285	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
		1286	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
		1287
		1288	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
		1289	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
		1290
		1291	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
		1292	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
		1293
		1294	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
		1295
		1296	($fh2, $rw)
		1297	}
		1298
		1299	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1300
		1301	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1302	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1303	overhead.
		1304
		1305	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1306
		1307	=cut
		1308
		1309	package AE;
		1310
		1311	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1312
		1313	sub io($$$) {
		1314	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1315	}
		1316
		1317	sub timer($$$) {
		1318	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1319	}
		1320
		1321	sub signal($$) {
		1322	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1323	}
		1324
		1325	sub child($$) {
		1326	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1327	}
		1328
		1329	sub idle($) {
		1330	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])
		1331	}
		1332
		1333	sub cv(;&) {
		1334	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1335	}
		1336
		1337	sub now() {
		1338	AnyEvent->now
		1339	}
		1340
		1341	sub now_update() {
		1342	AnyEvent->now_update
		1343	}
		1344
		1345	sub time() {
		1346	AnyEvent->time
		1347	}
		1348
863	package AnyEvent::Base;	1349	package AnyEvent::Base;
864		1350
		1351	# default implementations for many methods
		1352
		1353	sub _time() {
		1354	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
		1355	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1356	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1357	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
		1358	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
		1359	} else {
		1360	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
		1361	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail
		1362	}
		1363
		1364	&_time
		1365	}
		1366
		1367	sub time { _time }
		1368	sub now { _time }
		1369	sub now_update { }
		1370
865	# default implementation for ->condvar	1371	# default implementation for ->condvar
866		1372
867	sub condvar {	1373	sub condvar {
868	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar::	1374	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
869	}	1375	}
870		1376
871	# default implementation for ->signal	1377	# default implementation for ->signal
872		1378
873	our %SIG_CB;	1379	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1380
		1381	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1382	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1383	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
		1384	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1385
		1386	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1387	}
		1388
		1389	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1390	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1391	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
		1392
		1393	sub _signal_exec {
		1394	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1395	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1396	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
		1397
		1398	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1399	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1400	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
		1401	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
		1402	}
		1403	}
		1404	}
		1405
		1406	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1407	sub _sig_add() {
		1408	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1409	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1410	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1411
		1412	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1413	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1414	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1415	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1416	;
		1417	}
		1418	}
		1419
		1420	sub _sig_del {
		1421	undef $SIG_TW
		1422	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
		1423	}
		1424
		1425	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1426	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading
		1427	undef $_sig_name_init;
		1428
		1429	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1430	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1431	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1432	} else {
		1433	require Config;
		1434
		1435	my %signame2num;
		1436	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1437	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
		1438
		1439	my @signum2name;
		1440	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
		1441
		1442	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1443	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1444	};
		1445	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1446	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1447	};
		1448	}
		1449	};
		1450	die if $@;
		1451	};
		1452
		1453	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1454	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
874		1455
875	sub signal {	1456	sub signal {
		1457	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1458	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1459	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1460	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1461
		1462	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
		1463	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1464
		1465	} else {
		1466	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1467
		1468	require Fcntl;
		1469
		1470	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1471	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1472
		1473	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1474	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1475	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1476	} else {
		1477	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
		1478	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1479	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1480
		1481	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1482	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1483	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1484	}
		1485
		1486	$SIGPIPE_R
		1487	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1488
		1489	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1490	}
		1491
		1492	*signal = sub {
876	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1493	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
877		1494
878	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1495	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
879	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";	1496	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
880		1497
		1498	if ($HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT) {
		1499	# async::interrupt
		1500
		1501	$signal = sig2num $signal;
881	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1502	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1503
		1504	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1505	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1506	signal => $signal,
		1507	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1508	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1509	;
		1510
		1511	} else {
		1512	# pure perl
		1513
		1514	# AE::Util has been loaded in signal
		1515	$signal = sig2name $signal;
		1516	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1517
882	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1518	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
883	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} || {} };	1519	local $!;
		1520	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
		1521	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1522	};
		1523
		1524	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1525	# so limit the signal latency.
		1526	_sig_add;
		1527	}
		1528
		1529	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1530	};
		1531
		1532	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1533	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1534
		1535	_sig_del;
		1536
		1537	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1538
		1539	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1540	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1541	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1542	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1543	# instead of getting the default action.
		1544	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1545	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1546	};
884	};	1547	};
885		1548	die if $@;
886	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal"	1549	&signal
887	}
888
889	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {
890	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
891
892	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
893
894	$SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT' unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
895	}	1550	}
896		1551
897	# default implementation for ->child	1552	# default implementation for ->child
898		1553
899	our %PID_CB;	1554	our %PID_CB;
900	our $CHLD_W;	1555	our $CHLD_W;
901	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1556	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
902	our $PID_IDLE;
903	our $WNOHANG;	1557	our $WNOHANG;
904		1558
905	sub _child_wait {	1559	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
906	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1560	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1561
		1562	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
907	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1563	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
908	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1564	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
909	}
910
911	undef $PID_IDLE;
912	}	1565	}
913		1566
914	sub _sigchld {	1567	sub _sigchld {
915	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.	1568	my $pid;
916	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {	1569
917	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1570	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
918	&_child_wait;	1571	while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0;
919	});
920	}	1572	}
921		1573
922	sub child {	1574	sub child {
923	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1575	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
924		1576
925	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1577	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)
926	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1578	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
927		1579
928	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1580	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
929		1581
930	unless ($WNOHANG) {	1582	# WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere
		1583	$WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/
		1584	? 1
931	$WNOHANG = eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;	1585	: eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
932	}
933		1586
934	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1587	unless ($CHLD_W) {
935	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1588	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
936	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1589	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
937	&_sigchld;	1590	&_sigchld;
938	}	1591	}
939		1592
940	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"	1593	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
941	}	1594	}
942		1595
943	sub AnyEvent::Base::Child::DESTROY {	1596	sub AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY {
944	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1597	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
945		1598
946	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1599	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};
947	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1600	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
948		1601
949	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1602	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
950	}	1603	}
951		1604
		1605	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
		1606	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
		1607	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
		1608	sub idle {
		1609	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1610
		1611	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
		1612
		1613	$rcb = sub {
		1614	if ($cb) {
		1615	$w = _time;
		1616	&$cb;
		1617	$w = _time - $w;
		1618
		1619	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
		1620	# within some limits
		1621	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
		1622	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
		1623
		1624	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
		1625	} else {
		1626	# clean up...
		1627	undef $w;
		1628	undef $rcb;
		1629	}
		1630	};
		1631
		1632	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1633
		1634	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
		1635	}
		1636
		1637	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
		1638	undef $${$_[0]};
		1639	}
		1640
952	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1641	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
953		1642
954	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1643	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
955		1644
956	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1645	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
957		1646
958	use overload	1647	#use overload
959	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1648	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
960	fallback => 1;	1649	# fallback => 1;
		1650
		1651	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1652	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1653	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1654	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1655	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1656
		1657	our $WAITING;
961		1658
962	sub _send {	1659	sub _send {
963	# nop	1660	# nop
964	}	1661	}
965		1662
…		…
978	sub ready {	1675	sub ready {
979	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1676	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
980	}	1677	}
981		1678
982	sub _wait {	1679	sub _wait {
		1680	$WAITING
		1681	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
		1682	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
		1683
		1684	local $WAITING = 1;
983	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};	1685	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
984	}	1686	}
985		1687
986	sub recv {	1688	sub recv {
987	$_[0]->_wait;	1689	$_[0]->_wait;
…		…
989	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1691	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};
990	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1692	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
991	}	1693	}
992		1694
993	sub cb {	1695	sub cb {
994	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1696	my $cv = shift;
		1697
		1698	@_
		1699	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1700	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1701	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1702
995	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1703	$cv->{_ae_cb}
996	}	1704	}
997		1705
998	sub begin {	1706	sub begin {
999	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1707	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1000	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1708	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1006	}	1714	}
1007		1715
1008	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	1716	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
1009	*broadcast = \&send;	1717	*broadcast = \&send;
1010	*wait = \&_wait;	1718	*wait = \&_wait;
		1719
		1720	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
		1721
		1722	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
		1723	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
		1724	the C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT> environment variable, below) provides strict
		1725	checking of all AnyEvent methods, however, which is highly useful during
		1726	development.
		1727
		1728	As for exception handling (i.e. runtime errors and exceptions thrown while
		1729	executing a callback), this is not only highly event-loop specific, but
		1730	also not in any way wrapped by this module, as this is the job of the main
		1731	program.
		1732
		1733	The pure perl event loop simply re-throws the exception (usually
		1734	within C<< condvar->recv >>), the L<Event> and L<EV> modules call C<<
		1735	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and
		1736	so on.
		1737
		1738	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
		1739
		1740	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
		1741	submodules.
		1742
		1743	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1744	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1745	enabled.
		1746
		1747	=over 4
		1748
		1749	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
		1750
		1751	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
		1752	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
		1753	talkative.
		1754
		1755	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
		1756	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
		1757	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
		1758
		1759	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
		1760	model it chooses.
		1761
		1762	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1763	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1764
		1765	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
		1766
		1767	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
		1768	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
		1769	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
		1770	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
		1771	it will croak.
		1772
		1773	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
		1774
		1775	Unlike C<use strict> (or it's modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
		1776	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
		1777	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1778	can be very useful, however.
		1779
		1780	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
		1781
		1782	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
		1783	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
		1784	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
		1785	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
		1786	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
		1787	auto detection and -probing.
		1788
		1789	This functionality might change in future versions.
		1790
		1791	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
		1792	could start your program like this:
		1793
		1794	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
		1795
		1796	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
		1797
		1798	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
		1799	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
		1800	of auto probing).
		1801
		1802	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
		1803	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
		1804	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
		1805	list.
		1806
		1807	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
		1808	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
		1809	small, as the program has to handle conenction and other failures anyways.
		1810
		1811	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
		1812	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
		1813	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
		1814	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
		1815	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
		1816
		1817	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
		1818
		1819	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
		1820	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
		1821	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
		1822	default.
		1823
		1824	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
		1825	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
		1826
		1827	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
		1828
		1829	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
		1830	will create in parallel.
		1831
		1832	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		1833
		1834	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		1835	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		1836	sent to the DNS server.
		1837
		1838	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		1839
		1840	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		1841	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		1842	default config will be used.
		1843
		1844	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		1845
		1846	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		1847	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		1848	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		1849	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1850
		1851	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		1852
		1853	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		1854	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
		1855
		1856	=back
1011		1857
1012	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1858	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1013		1859
1014	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in	1860	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in
1015	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to	1861	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to
…		…
1049		1895
1050	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to	1896	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to
1051	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will	1897	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will
1052	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must	1898	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must
1053	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.	1899	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.
1054
1055	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1056
1057	The following environment variables are used by this module:
1058
1059	=over 4
1060
1061	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1062
1063	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
1064	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
1065	talkative.
1066
1067	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
1068	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
1069	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1070
1071	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1072	model it chooses.
1073
1074	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1075
1076	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1077	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
1078	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
1079	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
1080	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
1081	auto detection and -probing.
1082
1083	This functionality might change in future versions.
1084
1085	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
1086	could start your program like this:
1087
1088	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1089
1090	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
1091
1092	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
1093	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
1094	of auto probing).
1095
1096	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
1097	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
1098	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
1099	list.
1100
1101	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
1102	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
1103	small, as the program has to handle connection errors already-
1104
1105	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
1106	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
1107	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
1108	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
1109	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
1110
1111	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
1112
1113	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
1114	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
1115	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
1116	default.
1117
1118	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
1119	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
1120
1121	=back
1122		1900
1123	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	1901	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
1124		1902
1125	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer	1903	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer
1126	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the	1904	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the
…		…
1139	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	1917	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1140	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	1918	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1141	},	1919	},
1142	);	1920	);
1143		1921
1144	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1145
1146	sub new_timer {
1147	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	1922	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1148	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	1923	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1149	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1150	});	1924	});
1151	}
1152
1153	new_timer; # create first timer
1154		1925
1155	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i	1926	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1156		1927
1157	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	1928	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1158		1929
…		…
1289	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2060	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1290	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2061	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1291	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2062	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1292		2063
1293	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2064	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1294	distribution.	2065	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2066	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1295		2067
1296	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2068	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1297		2069
1298	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2070	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1299	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2071	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1320	watcher.	2092	watcher.
1321		2093
1322	=head3 Results	2094	=head3 Results
1323		2095
1324	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2096	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1325	EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface	2097	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1326	EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2098	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1327	CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2099	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1328	Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation	2100	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1329	Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface	2101	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1330	Event/Any 16000 590 35.75 31.42 1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2102	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2103	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2104	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1331	Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour	2105	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1332	Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2106	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1333	POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event	2107	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1334	POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select	2108	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1335		2109
1336	=head3 Discussion	2110	=head3 Discussion
1337		2111
1338	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2112	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1339	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2113	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1351	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2125	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1352	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2126	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1353	cycles with POE.	2127	cycles with POE.
1354		2128
1355	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2129	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1356	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2130	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2131	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2132	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1357	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2133	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1358	natively.
1359		2134
1360	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2135	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1361	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2136	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1362	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2137	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1363	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2138	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
1364	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2139	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1365	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2140	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1366		2141
1367	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2142	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1368	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2143	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2144
		2145	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2146	when using its pure perl backend.
1369		2147
1370	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2148	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1371	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2149	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1372	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2150	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1373	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2151	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1434	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2212	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1435	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2213	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1436	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2214	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1437		2215
1438	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2216	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1439	distribution.	2217	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2218	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1440		2219
1441	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2220	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1442		2221
1443	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2222	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1444	each server has a read and write socket end).	2223	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1451	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2230	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1452	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2231	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1453		2232
1454	=head3 Results	2233	=head3 Results
1455		2234
1456	name sockets create request	2235	name sockets create request
1457	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2236	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1458	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2237	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1459	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2238	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1460	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2239	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
		2240	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
		2241	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1461	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2242	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1462		2243
1463	=head3 Discussion	2244	=head3 Discussion
1464		2245
1465	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2246	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1466	particular event loop.	2247	particular event loop.
…		…
1468	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2249	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1469	is relatively high, though.	2250	is relatively high, though.
1470		2251
1471	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2252	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1472	loops Event and Glib.	2253	loops Event and Glib.
		2254
		2255	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2256	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1473		2257
1474	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2258	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1475	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2259	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1476	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2260	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1477	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2261	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1540	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2324	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1541	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2325	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1542		2326
1543	=back	2327	=back
1544		2328
		2329	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2330
		2331	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2332	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2333	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2334	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2335	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2336	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2337	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2338
		2339	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2340	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2341	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2342	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2343	benchmark nevertheless.
		2344
		2345	name runtime
		2346	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2347	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2348	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2349	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2350	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2351	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2352	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2353	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2354
		2355	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2356	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2357	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2358
		2359	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2360	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2361	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2362	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2363	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2364	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2365	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2366	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2367
		2368	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2369	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2370	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2371	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2372
		2373	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2374	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2375	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2376
		2377	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2378	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
		2379	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
		2380	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
		2381
		2382	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2383	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2384	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2385
		2386
		2387	=head1 SIGNALS
		2388
		2389	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
		2390
		2391	=over 4
		2392
		2393	=item SIGCHLD
		2394
		2395	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
		2396	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
		2397	event loops install a similar handler.
		2398
		2399	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2400	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
		2401
		2402	=item SIGPIPE
		2403
		2404	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
		2405	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
		2406
		2407	The rationale for this is that AnyEvent users usually do not really depend
		2408	on SIGPIPE delivery (which is purely an optimisation for shell use, or
		2409	badly-written programs), but C<SIGPIPE> can cause spurious and rare
		2410	program exits as a lot of people do not expect C<SIGPIPE> when writing to
		2411	some random socket.
		2412
		2413	The rationale for installing a no-op handler as opposed to ignoring it is
		2414	that this way, the handler will be restored to defaults on exec.
		2415
		2416	Feel free to install your own handler, or reset it to defaults.
		2417
		2418	=back
		2419
		2420	=cut
		2421
		2422	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2423	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2424
		2425	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
		2426	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
		2427
		2428	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2429
		2430	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2431	it's built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2432
		2433	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2434	modules if they are installed.
		2435
		2436	This section epxlains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2437	affect AnyEvent's operetion.
		2438
		2439	=over 4
		2440
		2441	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2442
		2443	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2444	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2445	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2446	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2447	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2448	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2449
		2450	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2451	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2452	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (And good for
		2453	battery life on laptops).
		2454
		2455	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2456	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2457
		2458	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2459	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2460	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2461	does nothing for those backends.
		2462
		2463	=item L<EV>
		2464
		2465	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2466	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2467	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2468	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2469	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2470	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2471	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2472	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2473
		2474	=item L<Guard>
		2475
		2476	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2477	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2478	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2479	purely used for performance.
		2480
		2481	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2482
		2483	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
		2484	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. It is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2485	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2486
		2487	In fact, L<AnyEvent::Handle> will use L<JSON::XS> by default if it is
		2488	installed.
		2489
		2490	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2491
		2492	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2493	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2494	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2495
		2496	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2497
		2498	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2499	chosen event library does not come with a timing source on it's own. The
		2500	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to
		2501	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2502
		2503	=back
		2504
1545		2505
1546	=head1 FORK	2506	=head1 FORK
1547		2507
1548	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2508	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1549	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2509	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>
1550	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2510	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.
1551		2511
1552	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2512	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1553	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2513	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2514	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
1554		2515
1555		2516
1556	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2517	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1557		2518
1558	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2519	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
1563	specified in the variable.	2524	specified in the variable.
1564		2525
1565	You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it	2526	You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it
1566	before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a C<BEGIN> block:	2527	before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a C<BEGIN> block:
1567		2528
1568	BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} }	2529	BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} }
1569		2530
1570	use AnyEvent;	2531	use AnyEvent;
1571		2532
1572	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2533	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1573	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2534	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1574	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL).	2535	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
		2536	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2537
		2538	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2539	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2540	enabled.
		2541
		2542
		2543	=head1 BUGS
		2544
		2545	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
		2546	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
		2547	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
		2548	memleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
		2549	pronounced).
1575		2550
1576		2551
1577	=head1 SEE ALSO	2552	=head1 SEE ALSO
1578		2553
1579	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.	2554	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.
…		…
1582	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2557	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1583		2558
1584	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2559	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1585	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2560	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1586	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2561	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1587	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2562	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
1588		2563
1589	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2564	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
1590	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2565	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
1591		2566
1592	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2567	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
1593		2568
1594	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2569	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,
		2570	L<Coro::Event>,
1595		2571
1596	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2572	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,
		2573	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1597		2574
1598		2575
1599	=head1 AUTHOR	2576	=head1 AUTHOR
1600		2577
1601	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2578	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1602	http://home.schmorp.de/	2579	http://home.schmorp.de/
1603		2580
1604	=cut	2581	=cut
1605		2582
1606	1	2583	1
1607		2584

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