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Revision 1.297 by root, Thu Nov 19 01:55:57 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.381 by root, Thu Sep 1 22:09:25 2011 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt,
6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.	6	FLTK and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
7		7
8	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
9		9
10	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
11		11
		12	# if you prefer function calls, look at the AE manpage for
		13	# an alternative API.
		14
12	# file descriptor readable	15	# file handle or descriptor readable
13	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });	16	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
14		17
15	# one-shot or repeating timers	18	# one-shot or repeating timers
16	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });	19	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
17	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...	20	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...);
18		21
19	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time	22	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
20	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.	23	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
21		24
22	# POSIX signal	25	# POSIX signal
…		…
43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	46	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	47	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
45		48
46	=head1 SUPPORT	49	=head1 SUPPORT
47		50
		51	An FAQ document is available as L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		52
48	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC	53	There also is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
49	channel, too.	54	channel, too.
50		55
51	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software	56	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
52	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.	57	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
53		58
…		…
73	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	78	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
74	model you use.	79	model you use.
75		80
76	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	81	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
77	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	82	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
78	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	83	like joining a cult: After you join, you are dependent on them and you
79	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything	84	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
80	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your	85	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
81	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	86	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
82		87
83	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	88	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
84	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	89	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
85	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if	90	with the rest: POE + EV? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if your module
86	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	91	uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it, too. But if
87	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	92	your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all event models it
88	event models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those	93	supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those use one of the
89	use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops	94	supported event loops. It is easy to add new event loops to AnyEvent, too,
90	to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	95	so it is future-proof).
91		96
92	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	97	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
93	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	98	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
94	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	99	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
95	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	100	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and to the point, by only
96	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as	101	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
97	technically possible.	102	technically possible.
98		103
99	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox	104	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
100	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%	105	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
…		…
106	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	111	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
107	model, you should I<not> use this module.	112	model, you should I<not> use this module.
108		113
109	=head1 DESCRIPTION	114	=head1 DESCRIPTION
110		115
111	L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This	116	L<AnyEvent> provides a uniform interface to various event loops. This
112	allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module	117	allows module authors to use event loop functionality without forcing
113	users to use the same event loop (as only a single event loop can coexist	118	module users to use a specific event loop implementation (since more
114	peacefully at any one time).	119	than one event loop cannot coexist peacefully).
115		120
116	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>	121	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>
117	module.	122	module.
118		123
119	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries	124	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries
120	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the	125	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the
121	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>,	126	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>, L<AnyEvent::Loop>,
122	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>,	127	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>. The first one
123	L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries	128	found is used. If none are detected, the module tries to load the first
124	to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl	129	four modules in the order given; but note that if L<EV> is not
125	adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can	130	available, the pure-perl L<AnyEvent::Loop> should always work, so
126	be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be	131	the other two are not normally tried.
127	found, AnyEvent will fall back to a pure-perl event loop, which is not
128	very efficient, but should work everywhere.
129		132
130	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading	133	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading
131	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make	134	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make
132	that model the default. For example:	135	that model the default. For example:
133		136
…		…
135	use AnyEvent;	138	use AnyEvent;
136		139
137	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk	140	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk
138		141
139	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and	142	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and
140	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to	143	starts using it, all bets are off - this case should be very rare though,
141	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...	144	as very few modules hardcode event loops without announcing this very
		145	loudly.
142		146
143	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	147	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called C<AnyEvent::Loop>. Like
144	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	148	other event modules you can load it explicitly and enjoy the high
145	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)	149	availability of that event loop :)
146		150
147	=head1 WATCHERS	151	=head1 WATCHERS
148		152
149	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	153	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
150	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	154	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
…		…
155	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	159	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
156	is in control).	160	is in control).
157		161
158	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>	162	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
159	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<	163	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
160	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in	164	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practice in
161	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs	165	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
162	widely between event loops.	166	widely between event loops.
163		167
164	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	168	To disable a watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
165	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	169	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
166	to it).	170	to it).
167		171
168	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	172	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
169		173
170	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for	174	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
171	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.	175	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
172		176
173	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:	177	One way to achieve that is this pattern:
174		178
175	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {	179	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
176	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it	180	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
177	undef $w;	181	undef $w;
178	});	182	});
…		…
210		214
211	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.	215	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.
212	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the	216	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the
213	underlying file descriptor.	217	underlying file descriptor.
214		218
215	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	219	Some event loops issue spurious readiness notifications, so you should
216	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	220	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
217	handles.	221	handles.
218		222
219	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the	223	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
220	watcher.	224	watcher.
…		…
244		248
245	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	249	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
246	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	250	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
247	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	251	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
248		252
249	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another	253	The callback will normally be invoked only once. If you specify another
250	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the	254	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
251	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional	255	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
252	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a	256	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
253	false value, then it is treated as if it were missing.	257	false value, then it is treated as if it were not specified at all.
254		258
255	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no	259	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
256	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is	260	attempt is made to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
257	only approximate.	261	only approximate.
258		262
259	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.	263	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
260		264
261	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	265	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
…		…
279		283
280	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they	284	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they
281	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock	285	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock
282	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from	286	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from
283	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to	287	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to
284	fire "after" a second might actually take six years to finally fire.	288	fire "after a second" might actually take six years to finally fire.
285		289
286	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious	290	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious
287	about these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based	291	of these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based
288	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)	292	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)
289	timers.	293	timers.
290		294
291	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the	295	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
292	AnyEvent API.	296	AnyEvent API.
…		…
314	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the	318	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
315	function to call when you want to know the current time.>	319	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
316		320
317	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and	321	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
318	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,	322	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
319	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts).	323	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update its activity timeouts).
320		324
321	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact	325	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
322	with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.	326	with your timing; you can skip it without a bad conscience.
323		327
324	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>	328	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
325	and L<EV> and the following set-up:	329	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
326		330
327	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at	331	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callbacks at
328	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,	332	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
329	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a	333	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
330	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires	334	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
331	after three seconds.	335	after three seconds.
332		336
…		…
352	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into	356	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
353	account.	357	account.
354		358
355	=item AnyEvent->now_update	359	=item AnyEvent->now_update
356		360
357	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache	361	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Loop>) cache the current
358	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<	362	time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<< AnyEvent->now >>,
359	AnyEvent->now >>, above).	363	above).
360		364
361	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then	365	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
362	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which	366	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
363	might affect timers and time-outs.	367	might affect timers and time-outs.
364		368
…		…
403		407
404	Example: exit on SIGINT	408	Example: exit on SIGINT
405		409
406	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	410	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
407		411
		412	=head3 Restart Behaviour
		413
		414	While restart behaviour is up to the event loop implementation, most will
		415	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's
		416	pure perl implementation).
		417
		418	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals
		419
		420	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling) or
		421	"unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might get delayed indefinitely, the
		422	latter might corrupt your memory.
		423
		424	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,
		425	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be
		426	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.
		427	callbacks, too).
		428
408	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds	429	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
409		430
410	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching	431	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
411	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot	432	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
412	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for	433	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
413	this. AnyEvent will try to do it's best, which means in some cases,	434	this. AnyEvent will try to do its best, which means in some cases,
414	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is	435	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
415	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This	436	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
416	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,	437	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
417	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often	438	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
418	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values	439	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
…		…
420	saving.	441	saving.
421		442
422	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional	443	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
423	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not	444	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
424	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>	445	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
425	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does it's own workaround with	446	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does its own workaround with
426	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.	447	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
427		448
428	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	449	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
429		450
430	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);	451	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
431		452
432	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	453	You can also watch for a child process exit and catch its exit status.
433		454
434	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (one some backends,	455	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (on some backends,
435	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will	456	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
436	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has	457	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
437	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events	458	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
438	(stopped/continued).	459	(stopped/continued).
439		460
…		…
461	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one	482	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
462	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call	483	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
463	C<AnyEvent::detect>).	484	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
464		485
465	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be	486	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
466	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems	487	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which case the latency and race
467	mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.	488	problems mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
468		489
469	Example: fork a process and wait for it	490	Example: fork a process and wait for it
470		491
471	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	492	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
472		493
…		…
486		507
487	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS	508	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
488		509
489	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);	510	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
490		511
491	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important	512	This will repeatedly invoke the callback after the process becomes idle,
492	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This	513	until either the watcher is destroyed or new events have been detected.
493	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
494	attention by the event loop".
495		514
496	Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing	515	Idle watchers are useful when there is a need to do something, but it
497	better to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new	516	is not so important (or wise) to do it instantly. The callback will be
498	events. Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.	517	invoked only when there is "nothing better to do", which is usually
		518	defined as "all outstanding events have been handled and no new events
		519	have been detected". That means that idle watchers ideally get invoked
		520	when the event loop has just polled for new events but none have been
		521	detected. Instead of blocking to wait for more events, the idle watchers
		522	will be invoked.
499		523
500	Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only	524	Unfortunately, most event loops do not really support idle watchers (only
501	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent	525	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
502	will simply call the callback "from time to time".	526	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
503		527
504	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the	528	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
505	program is otherwise idle:	529	program is otherwise idle:
…		…
533	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	557	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
534		558
535	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event	559	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
536	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	560	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
537		561
538	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	562	The tool to do that is called a "condition variable", so called because
539	because they represent a condition that must become true.	563	they represent a condition that must become true.
540		564
541	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.	565	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
542		566
543	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	567	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
544	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	568	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
…		…
549	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	573	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
550	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it	574	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
551	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<	575	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
552	->send >> method).	576	->send >> method).
553		577
554	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	578	Since condition variables are the most complex part of the AnyEvent API, here are
555	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	579	some different mental models of what they are - pick the ones you can connect to:
556	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	580
557	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	581	=over 4
558	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	582
559	a result. And yet some people know them as "futures" - a promise to	583	=item * Condition variables are like callbacks - you can call them (and pass them instead
560	compute/deliver something that you can wait for.	584	of callbacks). Unlike callbacks however, you can also wait for them to be called.
		585
		586	=item * Condition variables are signals - one side can emit or send them,
		587	the other side can wait for them, or install a handler that is called when
		588	the signal fires.
		589
		590	=item * Condition variables are like "Merge Points" - points in your program
		591	where you merge multiple independent results/control flows into one.
		592
		593	=item * Condition variables represent a transaction - functions that start
		594	some kind of transaction can return them, leaving the caller the choice
		595	between waiting in a blocking fashion, or setting a callback.
		596
		597	=item * Condition variables represent future values, or promises to deliver
		598	some result, long before the result is available.
		599
		600	=back
561		601
562	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	602	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
563	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	603	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
564	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	604	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
565	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	605	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
578		618
579	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys	619	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys
580	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing	620	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing
581	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of	621	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of
582	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call	622	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call
583	it's C<new> method in your own C<new> method.	623	its C<new> method in your own C<new> method.
584		624
585	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which	625	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which
586	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits	626	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
587	for the send to occur.	627	for the send to occur.
588		628
589	Example: wait for a timer.	629	Example: wait for a timer.
590		630
591	# wait till the result is ready	631	# condition: "wait till the timer is fired"
592	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	632	my $timer_fired = AnyEvent->condvar;
593		633
594	# do something such as adding a timer	634	# create the timer - we could wait for, say
595	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->send	635	# a handle becomign ready, or even an
596	# when the "result" is ready.	636	# AnyEvent::HTTP request to finish, but
597	# in this case, we simply use a timer:	637	# in this case, we simply use a timer:
598	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (	638	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (
599	after => 1,	639	after => 1,
600	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	640	cb => sub { $timer_fired->send },
601	);	641	);
602		642
603	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	643	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
604	# calls ->send	644	# calls ->send
605	$result_ready->recv;	645	$timer_fired->recv;
606		646
607	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition	647	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
608	variables are also callable directly.	648	variables are also callable directly.
609		649
610	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	650	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
…		…
653	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	693	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
654	C<send>.	694	C<send>.
655		695
656	=item $cv->croak ($error)	696	=item $cv->croak ($error)
657		697
658	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	698	Similar to send, but causes all calls to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
659	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	699	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
660		700
661	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	701	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
662	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly	702	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
663	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it	703	delays the error detection, but has the overwhelming advantage that it
664	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not	704	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
665	deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing	705	deep in some event callback with no connection to the actual code causing
666	the problem.	706	the problem.
667		707
668	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	708	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
669		709
670	=item $cv->end	710	=item $cv->end
…		…
708	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before	748	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
709	sending.	749	sending.
710		750
711	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the	751	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
712	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are	752	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
713	begung can potentially be zero:	753	begun can potentially be zero:
714		754
715	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	755	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
716		756
717	my %result;	757	my %result;
718	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });	758	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
…		…
739	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	779	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
740	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	780	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
741	doesn't execute once).	781	doesn't execute once).
742		782
743	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but	783	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
744	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set	784	potentially zero) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
745	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each	785	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
746	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,	786	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
747	call C<end>.	787	call C<end>.
748		788
749	=back	789	=back
…		…
756	=over 4	796	=over 4
757		797
758	=item $cv->recv	798	=item $cv->recv
759		799
760	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak	800	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak
761	>> methods have been called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers	801	>> methods have been called on C<$cv>, while servicing other watchers
762	normally.	802	normally.
763		803
764	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but	804	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but
765	will return immediately.	805	will return immediately.
766		806
…		…
783	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	823	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
784	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	824	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
785	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	825	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
786	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	826	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
787		827
788	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	828	You can ensure that C<< ->recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
789	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	829	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
790	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	830	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
791	waits otherwise.	831	waits otherwise.
792		832
793	=item $bool = $cv->ready	833	=item $bool = $cv->ready
…		…
798	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))	838	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
799		839
800	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	840	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
801	replaces it before doing so.	841	replaces it before doing so.
802		842
803	The callback will be called when the condition becomes (or already was)	843	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when
804	"true", i.e. when C<send> or C<croak> are called (or were called), with	844	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the
805	the only argument being the condition variable itself. Calling C<recv>	845	condition variable itself. If the condition is already true, the
		846	callback is called immediately when it is set. Calling C<recv> inside
806	inside the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.	847	the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
807		848
808	=back	849	=back
809		850
810	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS	851	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
811		852
…		…
819	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own	860	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
820	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with	861	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
821	AnyEvent itself.	862	AnyEvent itself.
822		863
823	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).	864	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
824	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.	865	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl AnyEvent::Loop, fast and portable.
825		866
826	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.	867	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
827		868
828	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher	869	These will be used if they are already loaded when the first watcher
829	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using	870	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
830	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend	871	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
831	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to	872	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
832	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.	873	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
833		874
…		…
835	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.	876	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
836	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.	877	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
837	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.	878	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
838	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.	879	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
839	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.	880	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		881	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async.
		882	AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa based on Cocoa::EventLoop.
		883	AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK based on FLTK (fltk 2 binding).
840		884
841	=item Backends with special needs.	885	=item Backends with special needs.
842		886
843	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will	887	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
844	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program	888	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
845	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,	889	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
846	everything should just work.	890	everything should just work.
847		891
848	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.	892	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
849		893
850	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
851	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
852	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
853	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
854	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
855
856	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
857
858	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.	894	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
859		895
860	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:	896	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
861		897
862	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.	898	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
…		…
887	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the	923	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
888	backend has been autodetected.	924	backend has been autodetected.
889		925
890	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the	926	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
891	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one	927	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
892	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the	928	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl::xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
893	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it	929	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
894	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).	930	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
895		931
896	=item AnyEvent::detect	932	=item AnyEvent::detect
897		933
898	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	934	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
899	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	935	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
900	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	936	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
901	runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.	937	runtime, and not e.g. during initialisation of your module.
		938
		939	The effect of calling this function is as if a watcher had been created
		940	(specifically, actions that happen "when the first watcher is created"
		941	happen when calling detetc as well).
902		942
903	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are	943	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
904	created, use C<post_detect>.	944	created, use C<post_detect>.
905		945
906	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	946	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
907		947
908	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	948	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
909	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	949	autodetected (or immediately if that has already happened).
910		950
911	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected	951	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
912	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been	952	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
913	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do	953	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
914	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or	954	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
…		…
923	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or	963	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
924	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for	964	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
925	a case where this is useful.	965	a case where this is useful.
926		966
927	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in	967	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
928	C<$WATCHER>. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though.	968	C<$WATCHER>, but do so only do so after the event loop is initialised.
929		969
930	our WATCHER;	970	our WATCHER;
931		971
932	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {	972	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
933	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	973	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
…		…
941	$WATCHER ||= $guard;	981	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
942		982
943	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	983	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
944		984
945	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	985	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
946	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	986	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will be called directly
947	the event loop has been chosen.	987	after the event loop has been chosen.
948		988
949	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	989	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
950	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the	990	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
951	array will be ignored.	991	array will be ignored.
952		992
953	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows	993	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
954	it,as it takes care of these details.	994	it, as it takes care of these details.
955		995
956	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful	996	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
957	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do	997	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
958	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook	998	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
959	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.	999	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
960		1000
		1001	Example: To load Coro::AnyEvent whenever Coro and AnyEvent are used
		1002	together, you could put this into Coro (this is the actual code used by
		1003	Coro to accomplish this):
		1004
		1005	if (defined $AnyEvent::MODEL) {
		1006	# AnyEvent already initialised, so load Coro::AnyEvent
		1007	require Coro::AnyEvent;
		1008	} else {
		1009	# AnyEvent not yet initialised, so make sure to load Coro::AnyEvent
		1010	# as soon as it is
		1011	push @AnyEvent::post_detect, sub { require Coro::AnyEvent };
		1012	}
		1013
		1014	=item AnyEvent::postpone { BLOCK }
		1015
		1016	Arranges for the block to be executed as soon as possible, but not before
		1017	the call itself returns. In practise, the block will be executed just
		1018	before the event loop polls for new events, or shortly afterwards.
		1019
		1020	This function never returns anything (to make the C<return postpone { ...
		1021	}> idiom more useful.
		1022
		1023	To understand the usefulness of this function, consider a function that
		1024	asynchronously does something for you and returns some transaction
		1025	object or guard to let you cancel the operation. For example,
		1026	C<AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect>:
		1027
		1028	# start a conenction attempt unless one is active
		1029	$self->{connect_guard} ||= AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect "www.example.net", 80, sub {
		1030	delete $self->{connect_guard};
		1031	...
		1032	};
		1033
		1034	Imagine that this function could instantly call the callback, for
		1035	example, because it detects an obvious error such as a negative port
		1036	number. Invoking the callback before the function returns causes problems
		1037	however: the callback will be called and will try to delete the guard
		1038	object. But since the function hasn't returned yet, there is nothing to
		1039	delete. When the function eventually returns it will assign the guard
		1040	object to C<< $self->{connect_guard} >>, where it will likely never be
		1041	deleted, so the program thinks it is still trying to connect.
		1042
		1043	This is where C<AnyEvent::postpone> should be used. Instead of calling the
		1044	callback directly on error:
		1045
		1046	$cb->(undef), return # signal error to callback, BAD!
		1047	if $some_error_condition;
		1048
		1049	It should use C<postpone>:
		1050
		1051	AnyEvent::postpone { $cb->(undef) }, return # signal error to callback, later
		1052	if $some_error_condition;
		1053
		1054	=item AnyEvent::log $level, $msg[, @args]
		1055
		1056	Log the given C<$msg> at the given C<$level>.
		1057
		1058	If L<AnyEvent::Log> is not loaded then this function makes a simple test
		1059	to see whether the message will be logged. If the test succeeds it will
		1060	load AnyEvent::Log and call C<AnyEvent::Log::log> - consequently, look at
		1061	the L<AnyEvent::Log> documentation for details.
		1062
		1063	If the test fails it will simply return. Right now this happens when a
		1064	numerical loglevel is used and it is larger than the level specified via
		1065	C<$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}>.
		1066
		1067	If you want to sprinkle loads of logging calls around your code, consider
		1068	creating a logger callback with the C<AnyEvent::Log::logger> function,
		1069	which can reduce typing, codesize and can reduce the logging overhead
		1070	enourmously.
		1071
961	=back	1072	=back
962		1073
963	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	1074	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
964		1075
965	As a module author, you should C<use AnyEvent> and call AnyEvent methods	1076	As a module author, you should C<use AnyEvent> and call AnyEvent methods
…		…
975	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using	1086	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using
976	events is to stay interactive.	1087	events is to stay interactive.
977		1088
978	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module	1089	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module
979	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method	1090	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method
980	called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->recv >>	1091	called C<results> that returns the results, it may call C<< ->recv >>
981	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always).	1092	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. Always).
982		1093
983	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM	1094	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM
984		1095
985	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should	1096	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should
986	dictate which event model to use.	1097	dictate which event model to use.
987		1098
988	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not	1099	If the program is not event-based, it need not do anything special, even
989	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent	1100	when it depends on a module that uses an AnyEvent. If the program itself
990	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.	1101	uses AnyEvent, but does not care which event loop is used, all it needs
		1102	to do is C<use AnyEvent>. In either case, AnyEvent will choose the best
		1103	available loop implementation.
991		1104
992	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in	1105	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in
993	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the	1106	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the
994	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally	1107	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally
995	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that	1108	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that
996	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will	1109	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will
997	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it	1110	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it
998	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.	1111	might choose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.
999		1112
1000	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the	1113	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the
1001	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar behaviour	1114	C<AnyEvent::Loop> module, which gives you similar behaviour
1002	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.	1115	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.
1003		1116
1004	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION	1117	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION
1005		1118
1006	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who	1119	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who
…		…
1019		1132
1020		1133
1021	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1134	=head1 OTHER MODULES
1022		1135
1023	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1136	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
1024	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent	1137	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other
1025	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules	1138	AnyEvent modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the
1026	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.	1139	modules come as part of AnyEvent, the others are available via CPAN (see
		1140	L<http://search.cpan.org/search?m=module&q=anyevent%3A%3A*> for
		1141	a longer non-exhaustive list), and the list is heavily biased towards
		1142	modules of the AnyEvent author himself :)
1027		1143
1028	=over 4	1144	=over 4
1029		1145
1030	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1146	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
1031		1147
1032	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	1148	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used blocking
1033	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	1149	functions such as C<inet_aton> with event/callback-based versions.
1034		1150
1035	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	1151	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
1036		1152
1037	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	1153	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
1038	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp	1154	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
…		…
1040		1156
1041	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>	1157	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
1042		1158
1043	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,	1159	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
1044	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and	1160	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
1045	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.	1161	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>).
1046		1162
1047	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1163	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
1048		1164
1049	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1165	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
1050		1166
		1167	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>, L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IGS>, L<AnyEvent::FCP>
		1168
		1169	Implement event-based interfaces to the protocols of the same name (for
		1170	the curious, IGS is the International Go Server and FCP is the Freenet
		1171	Client Protocol).
		1172
1051	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>	1173	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
1052		1174
1053	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent	1175	Truly asynchronous (as opposed to non-blocking) I/O, should be in the
1054	HTTP requests.	1176	toolbox of every event programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
		1177	L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent together, giving AnyEvent access to event-based
		1178	file I/O, and much more.
		1179
		1180	=item L<AnyEvent::Filesys::Notify>
		1181
		1182	AnyEvent is good for non-blocking stuff, but it can't detect file or
		1183	path changes (e.g. "watch this directory for new files", "watch this
		1184	file for changes"). The L<AnyEvent::Filesys::Notify> module promises to
		1185	do just that in a portbale fashion, supporting inotify on GNU/Linux and
		1186	some weird, without doubt broken, stuff on OS X to monitor files. It can
		1187	fall back to blocking scans at regular intervals transparently on other
		1188	platforms, so it's about as portable as it gets.
		1189
		1190	(I haven't used it myself, but I haven't heard anybody complaining about
		1191	it yet).
		1192
		1193	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
		1194
		1195	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process for you,
		1196	notifying you in an event-based way when the operation is finished.
1055		1197
1056	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	1198	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
1057		1199
1058	Provides a simple web application server framework.	1200	A simple embedded webserver.
1059		1201
1060	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	1202	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
1061		1203
1062	The fastest ping in the west.	1204	The fastest ping in the west.
1063		1205
1064	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
1065
1066	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
1067
1068	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
1069
1070	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
1071	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent
1072	together.
1073
1074	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>
1075
1076	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses
1077	L<BDB> and AnyEvent together.
1078
1079	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
1080
1081	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
1082
1083	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
1084
1085	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
1086
1087	=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
1088
1089	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
1090	Net::XMPP2>.
1091
1092	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
1093
1094	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
1095	L<App::IGS>).
1096
1097	=item L<Net::FCP>
1098
1099	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
1100	of AnyEvent.
1101
1102	=item L<Event::ExecFlow>
1103
1104	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
1105
1106	=item L<Coro>	1206	=item L<Coro>
1107		1207
1108	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1208	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you
		1209	to simply invert the flow control - don't call us, we will call you:
		1210
		1211	async {
		1212	Coro::AnyEvent::sleep 5; # creates a 5s timer and waits for it
		1213	print "5 seconds later!\n";
		1214
		1215	Coro::AnyEvent::readable *STDIN; # uses an I/O watcher
		1216	my $line = <STDIN>; # works for ttys
		1217
		1218	AnyEvent::HTTP::http_get "url", Coro::rouse_cb;
		1219	my ($body, $hdr) = Coro::rouse_wait;
		1220	};
1109		1221
1110	=back	1222	=back
1111		1223
1112	=cut	1224	=cut
1113		1225
1114	package AnyEvent;	1226	package AnyEvent;
1115		1227
1116	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense	1228	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
1117	sub common_sense {	1229	sub common_sense {
1118	# from common:.sense 1.0	1230	# from common:.sense 3.4
1119	${^WARNING_BITS} = "\xfc\x3f\xf3\x00\x0f\xf3\xcf\xc0\xf3\xfc\x33\x03";	1231	${^WARNING_BITS} ^= ${^WARNING_BITS} ^ "\x3c\x3f\x33\x00\x0f\xf0\x0f\xc0\xf0\xfc\x33\x00";
1120	# use strict vars subs	1232	# use strict vars subs - NO UTF-8, as Util.pm doesn't like this atm. (uts46data.pl)
1121	$^H |= 0x00000600;	1233	$^H |= 0x00000600;
1122	}	1234	}
1123		1235
1124	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }	1236	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
1125		1237
1126	use Carp ();	1238	use Carp ();
1127		1239
1128	our $VERSION = '5.21';	1240	our $VERSION = '6.02';
1129	our $MODEL;	1241	our $MODEL;
1130		1242
1131	our $AUTOLOAD;
1132	our @ISA;	1243	our @ISA;
1133		1244
1134	our @REGISTRY;	1245	our @REGISTRY;
1135		1246
1136	our $VERBOSE;	1247	our $VERBOSE;
1137		1248
1138	BEGIN {	1249	BEGIN {
1139	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";	1250	require "AnyEvent/constants.pl";
		1251
1140	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";	1252	eval "sub TAINT (){" . (${^TAINT}*1) . "}";
1141		1253
1142	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}	1254	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
1143	if ${^TAINT};	1255	if ${^TAINT};
1144		1256
1145	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1257	$ENV{"PERL_ANYEVENT_$_"} = $ENV{"AE_$_"}
		1258	for grep s/^AE_// && !exists $ENV{"PERL_ANYEVENT_$_"}, keys %ENV;
1146		1259
		1260	@ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV} = ()
		1261	if ${^TAINT};
		1262
		1263	# $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_xxx} now valid
		1264
		1265	$VERBOSE = length $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE} ? $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1 : 3;
1147	}	1266	}
1148		1267
1149	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;	1268	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
1150		1269
1151	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1270	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
…		…
1155	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx	1274	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx
1156	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1275	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
1157	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1276	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
1158	}	1277	}
1159		1278
		1279	our @post_detect;
		1280
		1281	sub post_detect(&) {
		1282	my ($cb) = @_;
		1283
		1284	push @post_detect, $cb;
		1285
		1286	defined wantarray
		1287	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
		1288	: ()
		1289	}
		1290
		1291	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
		1292	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
		1293	}
		1294
		1295	our $POSTPONE_W;
		1296	our @POSTPONE;
		1297
		1298	sub _postpone_exec {
		1299	undef $POSTPONE_W;
		1300
		1301	&{ shift @POSTPONE }
		1302	while @POSTPONE;
		1303	}
		1304
		1305	sub postpone(&) {
		1306	push @POSTPONE, shift;
		1307
		1308	$POSTPONE_W ||= AE::timer (0, 0, \&_postpone_exec);
		1309
		1310	()
		1311	}
		1312
		1313	sub log($$;@) {
		1314	# only load the big bloated module when we actually are about to log something
		1315	if ($_[0] <= $VERBOSE) { # also catches non-numeric levels(!)
		1316	require AnyEvent::Log;
		1317	# AnyEvent::Log overwrites this function
		1318	goto &log;
		1319	}
		1320
		1321	0 # not logged
		1322	}
		1323
		1324	if (length $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_LOG}) {
		1325	require AnyEvent::Log; # AnyEvent::Log does the thing for us
		1326	}
		1327
1160	my @models = (	1328	our @models = (
1161	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],	1329	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
1162	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],	1330	[AnyEvent::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
1163	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed	1331	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
1164	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1332	# as the pure perl backend should work everywhere
1165	# and is usually faster	1333	# and is usually faster
1166	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],	1334	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
1167	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers	1335	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
1168	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy	1336	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
1169	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package	1337	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
1170	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1338	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
1171	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1339	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
1172	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1340	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
1173	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1341	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
1174	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1342	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
1175	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its	1343	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # a bitch to autodetect
1176	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.	1344	[Cocoa::EventLoop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa::],
1177	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any	1345	[FLTK:: => AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK::],
1178	# obvious default class.
1179	[IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1180	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1181	[IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1182	[AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1183	);	1346	);
1184		1347
1185	our %method = map +($_ => 1),	1348	our @isa_hook;
		1349
		1350	sub _isa_set {
		1351	my @pkg = ("AnyEvent", (map $_->[0], grep defined, @isa_hook), $MODEL);
		1352
		1353	@{"$pkg[$_-1]::ISA"} = $pkg[$_]
		1354	for 1 .. $#pkg;
		1355
		1356	grep $_ && $_->[1], @isa_hook
		1357	and AE::_reset ();
		1358	}
		1359
		1360	# used for hooking AnyEvent::Strict and AnyEvent::Debug::Wrap into the class hierarchy
		1361	sub _isa_hook($$;$) {
		1362	my ($i, $pkg, $reset_ae) = @_;
		1363
		1364	$isa_hook[$i] = $pkg ? [$pkg, $reset_ae] : undef;
		1365
		1366	_isa_set;
		1367	}
		1368
		1369	# all autoloaded methods reserve the complete glob, not just the method slot.
		1370	# due to bugs in perls method cache implementation.
1186	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);	1371	our @methods = qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar);
1187		1372
1188	our @post_detect;
1189
1190	sub post_detect(&) {	1373	sub detect() {
1191	my ($cb) = @_;	1374	return $MODEL if $MODEL; # some programs keep references to detect
1192		1375
1193	if ($MODEL) {	1376	local $!; # for good measure
1194	$cb->();	1377	local $SIG{__DIE__}; # we use eval
1195		1378
1196	undef	1379	# free some memory
		1380	*detect = sub () { $MODEL };
		1381	# undef &func doesn't correctly update the method cache. grmbl.
		1382	# so we delete the whole glob. grmbl.
		1383	# otoh, perl doesn't let me undef an active usb, but it lets me free
		1384	# a glob with an active sub. hrm. i hope it works, but perl is
		1385	# usually buggy in this department. sigh.
		1386	delete @{"AnyEvent::"}{@methods};
		1387	undef @methods;
		1388
		1389	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z0-9:]+)$/) {
		1390	my $model = $1;
		1391	$model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$model" unless $model =~ s/::$//;
		1392	if (eval "require $model") {
		1393	AnyEvent::log 7 => "loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.";
		1394	$MODEL = $model;
1197	} else {	1395	} else {
1198	push @post_detect, $cb;	1396	AnyEvent::log 5 => "unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@";
1199		1397	}
1200	defined wantarray
1201	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
1202	: ()
1203	}	1398	}
1204	}
1205		1399
1206	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {	1400	# check for already loaded models
1207	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
1208	}
1209
1210	sub detect() {
1211	unless ($MODEL) {	1401	unless ($MODEL) {
1212	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1402	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1213		1403	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
1214	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {	1404	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
1215	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
1216	if (eval "require $model") {	1405	if (eval "require $model") {
		1406	AnyEvent::log 7 => "autodetected model '$model', using it.";
1217	$MODEL = $model;	1407	$MODEL = $model;
1218	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;	1408	last;
1219	} else {	1409	}
1220	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
1221	}	1410	}
1222	}	1411	}
1223		1412
1224	# check for already loaded models
1225	unless ($MODEL) {	1413	unless ($MODEL) {
		1414	# try to autoload a model
1226	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1415	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1227	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1416	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1417	if (
		1418	$autoload
		1419	and eval "require $package"
1228	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1420	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1229	if (eval "require $model") {	1421	and eval "require $model"
		1422	) {
		1423	AnyEvent::log 7 => "autoloaded model '$model', using it.";
1230	$MODEL = $model;	1424	$MODEL = $model;
1231	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1232	last;	1425	last;
1233	}
1234	}	1426	}
1235	}	1427	}
1236		1428
1237	unless ($MODEL) {
1238	# try to autoload a model
1239	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1240	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
1241	if (
1242	$autoload
1243	and eval "require $package"
1244	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1245	and eval "require $model"
1246	) {
1247	$MODEL = $model;
1248	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1249	last;
1250	}
1251	}
1252
1253	$MODEL	1429	$MODEL
1254	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";	1430	or die "AnyEvent: backend autodetection failed - did you properly install AnyEvent?";
1255	}
1256	}	1431	}
1257
1258	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
1259
1260	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
1261
1262	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
1263
1264	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
1265	}	1432	}
1266		1433
		1434	# free memory only needed for probing
		1435	undef @models;
		1436	undef @REGISTRY;
		1437
		1438	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
		1439
		1440	# now nuke some methods that are overridden by the backend.
		1441	# SUPER usage is not allowed in these.
		1442	for (qw(time signal child idle)) {
		1443	undef &{"AnyEvent::Base::$_"}
		1444	if defined &{"$MODEL\::$_"};
		1445	}
		1446
		1447	_isa_set;
		1448
		1449	# we're officially open!
		1450
		1451	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}) {
		1452	require AnyEvent::Strict;
		1453	}
		1454
		1455	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP}) {
		1456	require AnyEvent::Debug;
		1457	AnyEvent::Debug::wrap ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP});
		1458	}
		1459
		1460	if (length $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL}) {
		1461	require AnyEvent::Socket;
		1462	require AnyEvent::Debug;
		1463
		1464	my $shell = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL};
		1465	$shell =~ s/\$\$/$$/g;
		1466
		1467	my ($host, $service) = AnyEvent::Socket::parse_hostport ($shell);
		1468	$AnyEvent::Debug::SHELL = AnyEvent::Debug::shell ($host, $service);
		1469	}
		1470
		1471	# now the anyevent environment is set up as the user told us to, so
		1472	# call the actual user code - post detects
		1473
		1474	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
		1475	undef @post_detect;
		1476
		1477	*post_detect = sub(&) {
		1478	shift->();
		1479
		1480	undef
		1481	};
		1482
1267	$MODEL	1483	$MODEL
1268	}	1484	}
1269		1485
1270	sub AUTOLOAD {	1486	for my $name (@methods) {
1271	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1487	*$name = sub {
1272		1488	detect;
1273	$method{$func}	1489	# we use goto because
1274	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1490	# a) it makes the thunk more transparent
1275		1491	# b) it allows us to delete the thunk later
1276	detect unless $MODEL;	1492	goto &{ UNIVERSAL::can AnyEvent => "SUPER::$name" }
1277		1493	};
1278	my $class = shift;
1279	$class->$func (@_);
1280	}	1494	}
1281		1495
1282	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends	1496	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
1283	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually	1497	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
1284	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).	1498	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
…		…
1298		1512
1299	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API	1513	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
1300		1514
1301	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much	1515	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
1302	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory	1516	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
1303	overhead.	1517	overhead by using function call syntax and a fixed number of parameters.
1304		1518
1305	See the L<AE> manpage for details.	1519	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
1306		1520
1307	=cut	1521	=cut
1308		1522
1309	package AE;	1523	package AE;
1310		1524
1311	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;	1525	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
1312		1526
		1527	sub _reset() {
		1528	eval q{
		1529	# fall back to the main API by default - backends and AnyEvent::Base
		1530	# implementations can overwrite these.
		1531
1313	sub io($$$) {	1532	sub io($$$) {
1314	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])	1533	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
1315	}	1534	}
1316		1535
1317	sub timer($$$) {	1536	sub timer($$$) {
1318	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])	1537	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
1319	}	1538	}
1320		1539
1321	sub signal($$) {	1540	sub signal($$) {
1322	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])	1541	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
1323	}	1542	}
1324		1543
1325	sub child($$) {	1544	sub child($$) {
1326	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])	1545	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
1327	}	1546	}
1328		1547
1329	sub idle($) {	1548	sub idle($) {
1330	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])	1549	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0]);
1331	}	1550	}
1332		1551
1333	sub cv(;&) {	1552	sub cv(;&) {
1334	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())	1553	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
1335	}	1554	}
1336		1555
1337	sub now() {	1556	sub now() {
1338	AnyEvent->now	1557	AnyEvent->now
1339	}	1558	}
1340		1559
1341	sub now_update() {	1560	sub now_update() {
1342	AnyEvent->now_update	1561	AnyEvent->now_update
1343	}	1562	}
1344		1563
1345	sub time() {	1564	sub time() {
1346	AnyEvent->time	1565	AnyEvent->time
		1566	}
		1567
		1568	*postpone = \&AnyEvent::postpone;
		1569	*log = \&AnyEvent::log;
		1570	};
		1571	die if $@;
1347	}	1572	}
		1573
		1574	BEGIN { _reset }
1348		1575
1349	package AnyEvent::Base;	1576	package AnyEvent::Base;
1350		1577
1351	# default implementations for many methods	1578	# default implementations for many methods
1352		1579
1353	sub _time() {	1580	sub time {
		1581	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
1354	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes	1582	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
1355	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {	1583	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
1356	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;	1584	*time = sub { Time::HiRes::time () };
1357	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;	1585	*AE::time = \& Time::HiRes::time ;
		1586	*now = \&time;
		1587	AnyEvent::log 8 => "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.";
1358	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...	1588	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
1359	} else {	1589	} else {
		1590	*time = sub { CORE::time };
		1591	*AE::time = sub (){ CORE::time };
		1592	*now = \&time;
1360	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;	1593	AnyEvent::log 3 => "using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!";
1361	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail	1594	}
1362	}	1595	};
		1596	die if $@;
1363		1597
1364	&_time	1598	&time
1365	}	1599	}
1366		1600
1367	sub time { _time }	1601	*now = \&time;
1368	sub now { _time }
1369	sub now_update { }	1602	sub now_update { }
1370		1603
		1604	sub _poll {
		1605	Carp::croak "$AnyEvent::MODEL does not support blocking waits. Caught";
		1606	}
		1607
1371	# default implementation for ->condvar	1608	# default implementation for ->condvar
		1609	# in fact, the default should not be overwritten
1372		1610
1373	sub condvar {	1611	sub condvar {
		1612	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1613	*condvar = sub {
1374	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"	1614	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1615	};
		1616
		1617	*AE::cv = sub (;&) {
		1618	bless { @_ ? (_ae_cb => shift) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1619	};
		1620	};
		1621	die if $@;
		1622
		1623	&condvar
1375	}	1624	}
1376		1625
1377	# default implementation for ->signal	1626	# default implementation for ->signal
1378		1627
1379	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;	1628	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
…		…
1388		1637
1389	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);	1638	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
1390	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);	1639	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
1391	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);	1640	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
1392		1641
1393	sub _signal_exec {
1394	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
1395	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
1396	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
1397
1398	while (%SIG_EV) {
1399	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
1400	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
1401	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
1402	}
1403	}
1404	}
1405
1406	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency	1642	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1643	# used by Impls
1407	sub _sig_add() {	1644	sub _sig_add() {
1408	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {	1645	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
1409	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible	1646	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
1410	my $NOW = AE::now;	1647	my $NOW = AE::now;
1411		1648
…		…
1421	undef $SIG_TW	1658	undef $SIG_TW
1422	unless --$SIG_COUNT;	1659	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
1423	}	1660	}
1424		1661
1425	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {	1662	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
1426	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading	1663	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
1427	undef $_sig_name_init;	1664	undef $_sig_name_init;
1428		1665
1429	if (_have_async_interrupt) {	1666	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
1430	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;	1667	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
1431	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;	1668	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
…		…
1455		1692
1456	sub signal {	1693	sub signal {
1457	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}	1694	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
1458	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt	1695	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
1459	if (_have_async_interrupt) {	1696	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
1460	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;	1697	AnyEvent::log 8 => "using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.";
1461		1698
1462	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;	1699	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
1463	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;	1700	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1464		1701
1465	} else {	1702	} else {
1466	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;	1703	AnyEvent::log 8 => "using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.";
1467
1468	require Fcntl;
1469		1704
1470	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {	1705	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
1471	require AnyEvent::Util;	1706	require AnyEvent::Util;
1472		1707
1473	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();	1708	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
1474	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;	1709	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
1475	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case	1710	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1476	} else {	1711	} else {
1477	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;	1712	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
1478	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;	1713	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
1479	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case	1714	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1480		1715
1481	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...	1716	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
1482	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;	1717	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
1483	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;	1718	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
1484	}	1719	}
1485		1720
1486	$SIGPIPE_R	1721	$SIGPIPE_R
1487	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";	1722	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
1488		1723
1489	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;	1724	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1490	}	1725	}
1491		1726
1492	*signal = sub {	1727	*signal = $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1728	? sub {
1493	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1729	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1494		1730
1495	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
1496	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
1497
1498	if ($HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT) {
1499	# async::interrupt	1731	# async::interrupt
1500
1501	$signal = sig2num $signal;	1732	my $signal = sig2num $arg{signal};
1502	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1733	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1503		1734
1504	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt	1735	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
1505	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },	1736	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
1506	signal => $signal,	1737	signal => $signal,
1507	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],	1738	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
1508	pipe_autodrain => 0,	1739	pipe_autodrain => 0,
1509	;	1740	;
1510		1741
1511	} else {	1742	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1743	}
		1744	: sub {
		1745	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1746
1512	# pure perl	1747	# pure perl
1513
1514	# AE::Util has been loaded in signal
1515	$signal = sig2name $signal;	1748	my $signal = sig2name $arg{signal};
1516	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1749	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1517		1750
1518	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1751	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
1519	local $!;	1752	local $!;
1520	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;	1753	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
1521	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};	1754	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
1522	};	1755	};
1523		1756
1524	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,	1757	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
1525	# so limit the signal latency.	1758	# so limit the signal latency.
1526	_sig_add;	1759	_sig_add;
1527	}
1528		1760
1529	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"	1761	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1762	}
1530	};	1763	;
1531		1764
1532	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {	1765	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
1533	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1766	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1534		1767
1535	_sig_del;	1768	_sig_del;
…		…
1542	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit	1775	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
1543	# instead of getting the default action.	1776	# instead of getting the default action.
1544	undef $SIG{$signal}	1777	undef $SIG{$signal}
1545	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };	1778	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
1546	};	1779	};
		1780
		1781	*_signal_exec = sub {
		1782	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1783	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1784	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
		1785
		1786	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1787	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1788	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
		1789	&$_ for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
		1790	}
		1791	}
		1792	};
1547	};	1793	};
1548	die if $@;	1794	die if $@;
		1795
1549	&signal	1796	&signal
1550	}	1797	}
1551		1798
1552	# default implementation for ->child	1799	# default implementation for ->child
1553		1800
1554	our %PID_CB;	1801	our %PID_CB;
1555	our $CHLD_W;	1802	our $CHLD_W;
1556	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1803	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1557	our $WNOHANG;
1558		1804
		1805	# used by many Impl's
1559	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {	1806	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
1560	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;	1807	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
1561		1808
1562	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)	1809	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
1563	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },	1810	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
1564	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };	1811	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
1565	}	1812	}
1566		1813
1567	sub _sigchld {
1568	my $pid;
1569
1570	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
1571	while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0;
1572	}
1573
1574	sub child {	1814	sub child {
		1815	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1816	*_sigchld = sub {
		1817	my $pid;
		1818
		1819	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
		1820	while ($pid = waitpid -1, WNOHANG) > 0;
		1821	};
		1822
		1823	*child = sub {
1575	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1824	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1576		1825
1577	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1826	my $pid = $arg{pid};
1578	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1827	my $cb = $arg{cb};
1579		1828
1580	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1829	$PID_CB{$pid}{$cb+0} = $cb;
1581		1830
1582	# WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere
1583	$WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/
1584	? 1
1585	: eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1586
1587	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1831	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1588	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;	1832	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1589	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1833	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1590	&_sigchld;	1834	&_sigchld;
1591	}	1835	}
1592		1836
1593	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"	1837	bless [$pid, $cb+0], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1594	}	1838	};
1595		1839
1596	sub AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY {	1840	*AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY = sub {
1597	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1841	my ($pid, $icb) = @{$_[0]};
1598		1842
1599	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1843	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$icb};
1600	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1844	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1601		1845
1602	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1846	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
		1847	};
		1848	};
		1849	die if $@;
		1850
		1851	&child
1603	}	1852	}
1604		1853
1605	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless	1854	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
1606	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting	1855	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
1607	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.	1856	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
1608	sub idle {	1857	sub idle {
		1858	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1859	*idle = sub {
1609	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1860	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1610		1861
1611	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};	1862	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
1612		1863
1613	$rcb = sub {	1864	$rcb = sub {
1614	if ($cb) {	1865	if ($cb) {
1615	$w = _time;	1866	$w = AE::time;
1616	&$cb;	1867	&$cb;
1617	$w = _time - $w;	1868	$w = AE::time - $w;
1618		1869
1619	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,	1870	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
1620	# within some limits	1871	# within some limits
1621	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;	1872	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
1622	$w = 5 if $w > 5;	1873	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
1623		1874
1624	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;	1875	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
1625	} else {	1876	} else {
1626	# clean up...	1877	# clean up...
1627	undef $w;	1878	undef $w;
1628	undef $rcb;	1879	undef $rcb;
		1880	}
		1881	};
		1882
		1883	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1884
		1885	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1629	}	1886	};
		1887
		1888	*AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY = sub {
		1889	undef $${$_[0]};
		1890	};
1630	};	1891	};
		1892	die if $@;
1631		1893
1632	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;	1894	&idle
1633
1634	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1635	}
1636
1637	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
1638	undef $${$_[0]};
1639	}	1895	}
1640		1896
1641	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1897	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1642		1898
1643	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1899	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
		1900
		1901	# only to be used for subclassing
		1902	sub new {
		1903	my $class = shift;
		1904	bless AnyEvent->condvar (@_), $class
		1905	}
1644		1906
1645	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1907	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1646		1908
1647	#use overload	1909	#use overload
1648	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1910	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
…		…
1658		1920
1659	sub _send {	1921	sub _send {
1660	# nop	1922	# nop
1661	}	1923	}
1662		1924
		1925	sub _wait {
		1926	AnyEvent->_poll until $_[0]{_ae_sent};
		1927	}
		1928
1663	sub send {	1929	sub send {
1664	my $cv = shift;	1930	my $cv = shift;
1665	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];	1931	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];
1666	(delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv) if $cv->{_ae_cb};	1932	(delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv) if $cv->{_ae_cb};
1667	$cv->_send;	1933	$cv->_send;
…		…
1674		1940
1675	sub ready {	1941	sub ready {
1676	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1942	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1677	}	1943	}
1678		1944
1679	sub _wait {
1680	$WAITING
1681	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1682	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
1683
1684	local $WAITING = 1;
1685	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1686	}
1687
1688	sub recv {	1945	sub recv {
		1946	unless ($_[0]{_ae_sent}) {
		1947	$WAITING
		1948	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait attempted";
		1949
		1950	local $WAITING = 1;
1689	$_[0]->_wait;	1951	$_[0]->_wait;
		1952	}
1690		1953
1691	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1954	$_[0]{_ae_croak}
1692	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1955	and Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak};
		1956
		1957	wantarray
		1958	? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} }
		1959	: $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1693	}	1960	}
1694		1961
1695	sub cb {	1962	sub cb {
1696	my $cv = shift;	1963	my $cv = shift;
1697		1964
…		…
1713	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };	1980	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };
1714	}	1981	}
1715		1982
1716	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	1983	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
1717	*broadcast = \&send;	1984	*broadcast = \&send;
1718	*wait = \&_wait;	1985	*wait = \&recv;
1719		1986
1720	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING	1987	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
1721		1988
1722	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the	1989	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
1723	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also	1990	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
…		…
1735	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and	2002	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and
1736	so on.	2003	so on.
1737		2004
1738	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES	2005	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1739		2006
1740	The following environment variables are used by this module or its	2007	AnyEvent supports a number of environment variables that tune the
1741	submodules.	2008	runtime behaviour. They are usually evaluated when AnyEvent is
		2009	loaded, initialised, or a submodule that uses them is loaded. Many of
		2010	them also cause AnyEvent to load additional modules - for example,
		2011	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP> causes the L<AnyEvent::Debug> module to be
		2012	loaded.
1742		2013
1743	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with	2014	All the environment variables documented here start with
1744	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is	2015	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_>, which is what AnyEvent considers its own
1745	enabled.	2016	namespace. Other modules are encouraged (but by no means required) to use
		2017	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_SUBMODULE> if they have registered the AnyEvent::Submodule
		2018	namespace on CPAN, for any submodule. For example, L<AnyEvent::HTTP> could
		2019	be expected to use C<PERL_ANYEVENT_HTTP_PROXY> (it should not access env
		2020	variables starting with C<AE_>, see below).
		2021
		2022	All variables can also be set via the C<AE_> prefix, that is, instead
		2023	of setting C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE> you can also set C<AE_VERBOSE>. In
		2024	case there is a clash btween anyevent and another program that uses
		2025	C<AE_something> you can set the corresponding C<PERL_ANYEVENT_something>
		2026	variable to the empty string, as those variables take precedence.
		2027
		2028	When AnyEvent is first loaded, it copies all C<AE_xxx> env variables
		2029	to their C<PERL_ANYEVENT_xxx> counterpart unless that variable already
		2030	exists. If taint mode is on, then AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment
		2031	variables starting with C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> (or replace them
		2032	with C<undef> or the empty string, if the corresaponding C<AE_> variable
		2033	is set).
		2034
		2035	The exact algorithm is currently:
		2036
		2037	1. if taint mode enabled, delete all PERL_ANYEVENT_xyz variables from %ENV
		2038	2. copy over AE_xyz to PERL_ANYEVENT_xyz unless the latter alraedy exists
		2039	3. if taint mode enabled, set all PERL_ANYEVENT_xyz variables to undef.
		2040
		2041	This ensures that child processes will not see the C<AE_> variables.
		2042
		2043	The following environment variables are currently known to AnyEvent:
1746		2044
1747	=over 4	2045	=over 4
1748		2046
1749	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>	2047	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1750		2048
1751	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal	2049	By default, AnyEvent will only log messages with loglevel C<3>
1752	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more	2050	(C<critical>) or higher (see L<AnyEvent::Log>). You can set this
		2051	environment variable to a numerical loglevel to make AnyEvent more (or
1753	talkative.	2052	less) talkative.
1754		2053
		2054	If you want to do more than just set the global logging level
		2055	you should have a look at C<PERL_ANYEVENT_LOG>, which allows much more
		2056	complex specifications.
		2057
		2058	When set to C<0> (C<off>), then no messages whatsoever will be logged with
		2059	the default logging settings.
		2060
1755	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected	2061	When set to C<5> or higher (C<warn>), causes AnyEvent to warn about
1756	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by	2062	unexpected conditions, such as not being able to load the event model
1757	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.	2063	specified by C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>, or a guard callback throwing an
		2064	exception - this is the minimum recommended level.
1758		2065
1759	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event	2066	When set to C<7> or higher (info), cause AnyEvent to report which event model it
1760	model it chooses.	2067	chooses.
1761		2068
1762	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on	2069	When set to C<8> or higher (debug), then AnyEvent will report extra information on
1763	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.	2070	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		2071
		2072	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_LOG>
		2073
		2074	Accepts rather complex logging specifications. For example, you could log
		2075	all C<debug> messages of some module to stderr, warnings and above to
		2076	stderr, and errors and above to syslog, with:
		2077
		2078	PERL_ANYEVENT_LOG=Some::Module=debug,+log:filter=warn,+%syslog:%syslog=error,syslog
		2079
		2080	For the rather extensive details, see L<AnyEvent::Log>.
		2081
		2082	This variable is evaluated when AnyEvent (or L<AnyEvent::Log>) is loaded,
		2083	so will take effect even before AnyEvent has initialised itself.
		2084
		2085	Note that specifying this environment variable causes the L<AnyEvent::Log>
		2086	module to be loaded, while C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE> does not, so only
		2087	using the latter saves a few hundred kB of memory until the first message
		2088	is being logged.
1764		2089
1765	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>	2090	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
1766		2091
1767	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough	2092	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
1768	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value	2093	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
…		…
1770	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,	2095	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
1771	it will croak.	2096	it will croak.
1772		2097
1773	In other words, enables "strict" mode.	2098	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
1774		2099
1775	Unlike C<use strict> (or it's modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>	2100	Unlike C<use strict> (or its modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
1776	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping	2101	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
1777	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs	2102	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
1778	can be very useful, however.	2103	can be very useful, however.
1779		2104
		2105	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL>
		2106
		2107	If this env variable is set, then its contents will be interpreted by
		2108	C<AnyEvent::Socket::parse_hostport> (after replacing every occurance of
		2109	C<$$> by the process pid) and an C<AnyEvent::Debug::shell> is bound on
		2110	that port. The shell object is saved in C<$AnyEvent::Debug::SHELL>.
		2111
		2112	This happens when the first watcher is created.
		2113
		2114	For example, to bind a debug shell on a unix domain socket in
		2115	F<< /tmp/debug<pid>.sock >>, you could use this:
		2116
		2117	PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL=/tmp/debug\$\$.sock perlprog
		2118
		2119	Note that creating sockets in F</tmp> is very unsafe on multiuser
		2120	systems.
		2121
		2122	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP>
		2123
		2124	Can be set to C<0>, C<1> or C<2> and enables wrapping of all watchers for
		2125	debugging purposes. See C<AnyEvent::Debug::wrap> for details.
		2126
1780	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>	2127	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1781		2128
1782	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before	2129	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1783	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting	2130	auto detection and -probing kicks in.
1784	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended	2131
		2132	It normally is a string consisting entirely of ASCII letters (e.g. C<EV>
		2133	or C<IOAsync>). The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended and the
1785	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,	2134	resulting module name is loaded and - if the load was successful - used as
1786	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with	2135	event model backend. If it fails to load then AnyEvent will proceed with
1787	auto detection and -probing.	2136	auto detection and -probing.
1788		2137
1789	This functionality might change in future versions.	2138	If the string ends with C<::> instead (e.g. C<AnyEvent::Impl::EV::>) then
		2139	nothing gets prepended and the module name is used as-is (hint: C<::> at
		2140	the end of a string designates a module name and quotes it appropriately).
1790		2141
1791	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you	2142	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Loop::Perl>) you
1792	could start your program like this:	2143	could start your program like this:
1793		2144
1794	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...	2145	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1795		2146
1796	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>	2147	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
…		…
1812	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>	2163	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
1813	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6	2164	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
1814	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or	2165	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
1815	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.	2166	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
1816		2167
		2168	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_HOSTS>
		2169
		2170	This variable, if specified, overrides the F</etc/hosts> file used by
		2171	L<AnyEvent::Socket>C<::resolve_sockaddr>, i.e. hosts aliases will be read
		2172	from that file instead.
		2173
1817	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>	2174	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
1818		2175
1819	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension	2176	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension for
1820	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but	2177	DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, especially
1821	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by	2178	when DNSSEC is involved, but some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS
1822	default.	2179	packets, which is why it is off by default.
1823		2180
1824	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce	2181	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
1825	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.	2182	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
1826		2183
1827	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>	2184	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
…		…
1835	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are	2192	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
1836	sent to the DNS server.	2193	sent to the DNS server.
1837		2194
1838	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>	2195	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
1839		2196
1840	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific	2197	The absolute path to a F<resolv.conf>-style file to use instead of
1841	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no	2198	F</etc/resolv.conf> (or the OS-specific configuration) in the default
1842	default config will be used.	2199	resolver, or the empty string to select the default configuration.
1843		2200
1844	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.	2201	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
1845		2202
1846	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during	2203	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
1847	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment	2204	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
1848	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations	2205	variables are nonempty, they will be used to specify CA certificate
1849	instead of a system-dependent default.	2206	locations instead of a system-dependent default.
1850		2207
1851	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>	2208	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
1852		2209
1853	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not	2210	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
1854	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.	2211	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
…		…
2002		2359
2003	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	2360	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
2004	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects	2361	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
2005	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	2362	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
2006	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	2363	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
2007	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	2364	problems get reported to the code that tries to use the result, not in a
2008	random callback.	2365	random callback.
2009		2366
2010	All of this enables the following usage styles:	2367	All of this enables the following usage styles:
2011		2368
2012	1. Blocking:	2369	1. Blocking:
…		…
2186	(even when used without AnyEvent), but most event loops have acceptable	2543	(even when used without AnyEvent), but most event loops have acceptable
2187	performance with or without AnyEvent.	2544	performance with or without AnyEvent.
2188		2545
2189	=item * The overhead AnyEvent adds is usually much smaller than the overhead of	2546	=item * The overhead AnyEvent adds is usually much smaller than the overhead of
2190	the actual event loop, only with extremely fast event loops such as EV	2547	the actual event loop, only with extremely fast event loops such as EV
2191	adds AnyEvent significant overhead.	2548	does AnyEvent add significant overhead.
2192		2549
2193	=item * You should avoid POE like the plague if you want performance or	2550	=item * You should avoid POE like the plague if you want performance or
2194	reasonable memory usage.	2551	reasonable memory usage.
2195		2552
2196	=back	2553	=back
…		…
2426	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};	2783	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
2427		2784
2428	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES	2785	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
2429		2786
2430	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and	2787	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
2431	it's built-in modules) are required to use it.	2788	its built-in modules) are required to use it.
2432		2789
2433	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional	2790	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
2434	modules if they are installed.	2791	modules if they are installed.
2435		2792
2436	This section epxlains which additional modules will be used, and how they	2793	This section explains which additional modules will be used, and how they
2437	affect AnyEvent's operetion.	2794	affect AnyEvent's operation.
2438		2795
2439	=over 4	2796	=over 4
2440		2797
2441	=item L<Async::Interrupt>	2798	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
2442		2799
…		…
2447	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for	2804	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
2448	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).	2805	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
2449		2806
2450	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal	2807	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
2451	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop	2808	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
2452	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (And good for	2809	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for
2453	battery life on laptops).	2810	battery life on laptops).
2454		2811
2455	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops	2812	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
2456	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).	2813	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
2457		2814
…		…
2469	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,	2826	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
2470	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and	2827	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
2471	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed	2828	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
2472	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).	2829	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
2473		2830
		2831	If you only use backends that rely on another event loop (e.g. C<Tk>),
		2832	then this module will do nothing for you.
		2833
2474	=item L<Guard>	2834	=item L<Guard>
2475		2835
2476	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement	2836	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
2477	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a	2837	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
2478	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is	2838	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
2479	purely used for performance.	2839	purely used for performance.
2480		2840
2481	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>	2841	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
2482		2842
2483	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data	2843	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
2484	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. It is also written in pure-perl, but can take	2844	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. L<JSON> is also written in pure-perl, but can take
2485	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.	2845	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
2486
2487	In fact, L<AnyEvent::Handle> will use L<JSON::XS> by default if it is
2488	installed.
2489		2846
2490	=item L<Net::SSLeay>	2847	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
2491		2848
2492	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very	2849	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
2493	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with	2850	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
2494	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.	2851	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
2495		2852
2496	=item L<Time::HiRes>	2853	=item L<Time::HiRes>
2497		2854
2498	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the	2855	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
2499	chosen event library does not come with a timing source on it's own. The	2856	chosen event library does not come with a timing source of its own. The
2500	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to	2857	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Loop>) will additionally load it to
2501	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.	2858	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
2502		2859
2503	=back	2860	=back
2504		2861
2505		2862
2506	=head1 FORK	2863	=head1 FORK
2507		2864
2508	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2865	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
2509	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2866	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> calls
2510	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2867	- higher performance APIs such as BSD's kqueue or the dreaded Linux epoll
		2868	are usually badly thought-out hacks that are incompatible with fork in
		2869	one way or another. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware and ensures that you
		2870	continue event-processing in both parent and child (or both, if you know
		2871	what you are doing).
		2872
		2873	This means that, in general, you cannot fork and do event processing in
		2874	the child if the event library was initialised before the fork (which
		2875	usually happens when the first AnyEvent watcher is created, or the library
		2876	is loaded).
2511		2877
2512	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2878	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
2513	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do	2879	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
2514	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.	2880	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
		2881
		2882	The problem of doing event processing in the parent I<and> the child
		2883	is much more complicated: even for backends that I<are> fork-aware or
		2884	fork-safe, their behaviour is not usually what you want: fork clones all
		2885	watchers, that means all timers, I/O watchers etc. are active in both
		2886	parent and child, which is almost never what you want. USing C<exec>
		2887	to start worker children from some kind of manage rprocess is usually
		2888	preferred, because it is much easier and cleaner, at the expense of having
		2889	to have another binary.
2515		2890
2516		2891
2517	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2892	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
2518		2893
2519	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2894	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
2549	pronounced).	2924	pronounced).
2550		2925
2551		2926
2552	=head1 SEE ALSO	2927	=head1 SEE ALSO
2553		2928
2554	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.	2929	Tutorial/Introduction: L<AnyEvent::Intro>.
2555		2930
2556	Event modules: L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>,	2931	FAQ: L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
2557	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2932
		2933	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util> (misc. grab-bag), L<AnyEvent::Log>
		2934	(simply logging).
		2935
		2936	Development/Debugging: L<AnyEvent::Strict> (stricter checking),
		2937	L<AnyEvent::Debug> (interactive shell, watcher tracing).
		2938
		2939	Supported event modules: L<AnyEvent::Loop>, L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>,
		2940	L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>,
		2941	L<Qt>, L<POE>, L<FLTK>.
2558		2942
2559	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2943	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
2560	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2944	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
2561	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2945	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
2562	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.	2946	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>,
		2947	L<AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK>.
2563		2948
2564	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2949	Non-blocking handles, pipes, stream sockets, TCP clients and
2565	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.	2950	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
2566		2951
2567	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2952	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
2568		2953
2569	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,	2954	Thread support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>.
2570	L<Coro::Event>,
2571		2955
2572	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,	2956	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>,
2573	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.	2957	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
2574		2958
2575		2959
2576	=head1 AUTHOR	2960	=head1 AUTHOR
2577		2961

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