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Revision 1.208 by root, Sun Apr 26 18:12:53 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.360 by root, Sat Aug 13 22:44:05 2011 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
		6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
		12	# if you prefer function calls, look at the AE manpage for
		13	# an alternative API.
		14
11	# file descriptor readable	15	# file handle or descriptor readable
12	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });	16	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
13		17
14	# one-shot or repeating timers	18	# one-shot or repeating timers
15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });	19	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
16	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...	20	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...);
17		21
18	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time	22	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
19	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.	23	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
20		24
21	# POSIX signal	25	# POSIX signal
…		…
39	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL	43	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
40		44
41	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested	45	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
42	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	46	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
43	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	47	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
		48
		49	=head1 SUPPORT
		50
		51	An FAQ document is available as L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		52
		53	There also is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		54	channel, too.
		55
		56	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		57	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
44		58
45	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	59	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
46		60
47	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	61	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
48	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	62	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
…		…
64	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	78	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
65	model you use.	79	model you use.
66		80
67	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	81	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
68	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	82	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
69	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	83	like joining a cult: After you join, you are dependent on them and you
70	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything	84	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
71	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your	85	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
72	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	86	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
73		87
74	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	88	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
75	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	89	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
76	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if	90	with the rest: POE + EV? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if your module
77	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	91	uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it, too. But if
78	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	92	your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all event models it
79	event models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those	93	supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those use one of the
80	use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops	94	supported event loops. It is easy to add new event loops to AnyEvent, too,
81	to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	95	so it is future-proof).
82		96
83	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	97	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
84	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	98	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
85	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	99	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
86	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	100	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and to the point, by only
87	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as	101	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
88	technically possible.	102	technically possible.
89		103
90	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox	104	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
91	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%	105	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
…		…
97	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	111	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
98	model, you should I<not> use this module.	112	model, you should I<not> use this module.
99		113
100	=head1 DESCRIPTION	114	=head1 DESCRIPTION
101		115
102	L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This	116	L<AnyEvent> provides a uniform interface to various event loops. This
103	allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module	117	allows module authors to use event loop functionality without forcing
104	users to use the same event loop (as only a single event loop can coexist	118	module users to use a specific event loop implementation (since more
105	peacefully at any one time).	119	than one event loop cannot coexist peacefully).
106		120
107	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>	121	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>
108	module.	122	module.
109		123
110	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries	124	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries
111	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the	125	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the
112	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>,	126	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>, L<AnyEvent::Loop>,
113	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>,	127	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>. The first one
114	L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries	128	found is used. If none are detected, the module tries to load the first
115	to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl	129	four modules in the order given; but note that if L<EV> is not
116	adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can	130	available, the pure-perl L<AnyEvent::Loop> should always work, so
117	be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be	131	the other two are not normally tried.
118	found, AnyEvent will fall back to a pure-perl event loop, which is not
119	very efficient, but should work everywhere.
120		132
121	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading	133	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading
122	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make	134	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make
123	that model the default. For example:	135	that model the default. For example:
124		136
…		…
126	use AnyEvent;	138	use AnyEvent;
127		139
128	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk	140	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk
129		141
130	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and	142	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and
131	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to	143	starts using it, all bets are off - this case should be very rare though,
132	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...	144	as very few modules hardcode event loops without announcing this very
		145	loudly.
133		146
134	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	147	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called C<AnyEvent::Loop>. Like
135	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	148	other event modules you can load it explicitly and enjoy the high
136	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)	149	availability of that event loop :)
137		150
138	=head1 WATCHERS	151	=head1 WATCHERS
139		152
140	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	153	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
141	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	154	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
…		…
146	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	159	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
147	is in control).	160	is in control).
148		161
149	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>	162	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
150	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<	163	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
151	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in	164	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practice in
152	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs	165	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
153	widely between event loops.	166	widely between event loops.
154		167
155	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	168	To disable a watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
156	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	169	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
157	to it).	170	to it).
158		171
159	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	172	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
160		173
161	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for	174	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
162	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.	175	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
163		176
164	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:	177	One way to achieve that is this pattern:
165		178
166	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {	179	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
167	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it	180	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
168	undef $w;	181	undef $w;
169	});	182	});
…		…
172	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	185	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
173	declared.	186	declared.
174		187
175	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	188	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
176		189
		190	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		191	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		192	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		193	cb => <callback>,
		194	);
		195
177	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	196	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
178	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	197	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
179		198
180	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	199	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
181	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file	200	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
182	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which	201	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
183	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,	202	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
184	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files	203	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
185	or block devices.	204	or block devices.
…		…
195		214
196	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.	215	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.
197	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the	216	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the
198	underlying file descriptor.	217	underlying file descriptor.
199		218
200	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	219	Some event loops issue spurious readiness notifications, so you should
201	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	220	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
202	handles.	221	handles.
203		222
204	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the	223	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
205	watcher.	224	watcher.
…		…
210	undef $w;	229	undef $w;
211	});	230	});
212		231
213	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	232	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
214		233
		234	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		235
		236	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		237	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		238	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		239	cb => <callback>,
		240	);
		241
215	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	242	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
216	method with the following mandatory arguments:	243	method with the following mandatory arguments:
217		244
218	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	245	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
219	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	246	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
221		248
222	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	249	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
223	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	250	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
224	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	251	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
225		252
226	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another	253	The callback will normally be invoked only once. If you specify another
227	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the	254	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
228	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional	255	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
229	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a	256	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
230	false value, then it is treated as if it were missing.	257	false value, then it is treated as if it were not specified at all.
231		258
232	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no	259	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
233	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is	260	attempt is made to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
234	only approximate.	261	only approximate.
235		262
236	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.	263	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
237		264
238	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	265	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
…		…
256		283
257	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they	284	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they
258	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock	285	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock
259	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from	286	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from
260	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to	287	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to
261	fire "after" a second might actually take six years to finally fire.	288	fire "after a second" might actually take six years to finally fire.
262		289
263	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious	290	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious
264	about these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based	291	of these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based
265	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)	292	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)
266	timers.	293	timers.
267		294
268	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the	295	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
269	AnyEvent API.	296	AnyEvent API.
…		…
291	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the	318	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
292	function to call when you want to know the current time.>	319	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
293		320
294	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and	321	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
295	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,	322	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
296	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts).	323	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update its activity timeouts).
297		324
298	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact	325	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
299	with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.	326	with your timing; you can skip it without a bad conscience.
300		327
301	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>	328	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
302	and L<EV> and the following set-up:	329	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
303		330
304	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at	331	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callbacks at
305	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,	332	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
306	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a	333	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
307	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires	334	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
308	after three seconds.	335	after three seconds.
309		336
…		…
329	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into	356	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
330	account.	357	account.
331		358
332	=item AnyEvent->now_update	359	=item AnyEvent->now_update
333		360
334	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache	361	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Loop>) cache the current
335	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<	362	time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<< AnyEvent->now >>,
336	AnyEvent->now >>, above).	363	above).
337		364
338	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then	365	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
339	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which	366	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
340	might affect timers and time-outs.	367	might affect timers and time-outs.
341		368
342	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the	369	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
343	event loop's idea of "current time".	370	event loop's idea of "current time".
344		371
		372	A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) -
		373	when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong
		374	idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the
		375	script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<<
		376	AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again
		377	(e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler).
		378
345	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.	379	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
346		380
347	=back	381	=back
348		382
349	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	383	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
		384
		385	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
350		386
351	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	387	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
352	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl	388	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
353	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	389	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
354		390
…		…
360	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	396	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
361	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	397	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
362	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	398	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
363		399
364	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	400	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
365	between multiple watchers.	401	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		402	interrupt your program at bad times.
366		403
367	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	404	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
368	directly will likely not work correctly.	405	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		406	correctly.
369		407
370	Example: exit on SIGINT	408	Example: exit on SIGINT
371		409
372	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	410	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
373		411
		412	=head3 Restart Behaviour
		413
		414	While restart behaviour is up to the event loop implementation, most will
		415	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's
		416	pure perl implementation).
		417
		418	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals
		419
		420	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling) or
		421	"unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might get delayed indefinitely, the
		422	latter might corrupt your memory.
		423
		424	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,
		425	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be
		426	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.
		427	callbacks, too).
		428
		429	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		430
		431	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		432	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		433	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		434	this. AnyEvent will try to do its best, which means in some cases,
		435	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		436	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		437	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		438	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		439	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		440	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		441	saving.
		442
		443	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		444	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		445	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		446	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does its own workaround with
		447	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		448
374	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	449	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
375		450
		451	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		452
376	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	453	You can also watch for a child process exit and catch its exit status.
377		454
378	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	455	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (on some backends,
379	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will triggered only when	456	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
380	the child process has finished and an exit status is available, not on	457	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
381	any trace events (stopped/continued).	458	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
		459	(stopped/continued).
382		460
383	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by	461	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
384	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher	462	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
385	callback arguments.	463	callback arguments.
386		464
…		…
391		469
392	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	470	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
393	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	471	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
394	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	472	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
395		473
396	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	474	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		475	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
397	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	476	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
398	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	477	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		478	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		479	start the watcher.
399		480
400	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	481	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
401	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	482	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
402	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	483	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		484	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		485
		486	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		487	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which case the latency and race
		488	problems mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
403		489
404	Example: fork a process and wait for it	490	Example: fork a process and wait for it
405		491
406	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	492	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
407		493
…		…
419	# do something else, then wait for process exit	505	# do something else, then wait for process exit
420	$done->recv;	506	$done->recv;
421		507
422	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS	508	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
423		509
424	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important	510	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
425	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
426	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
427	attention by the event loop".
428		511
429	Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing	512	This will repeatedly invoke the callback after the process becomes idle,
430	better to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new	513	until either the watcher is destroyed or new events have been detected.
431	events. Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.
432		514
433	Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only	515	Idle watchers are useful when there is a need to do something, but it
		516	is not so important (or wise) to do it instantly. The callback will be
		517	invoked only when there is "nothing better to do", which is usually
		518	defined as "all outstanding events have been handled and no new events
		519	have been detected". That means that idle watchers ideally get invoked
		520	when the event loop has just polled for new events but none have been
		521	detected. Instead of blocking to wait for more events, the idle watchers
		522	will be invoked.
		523
		524	Unfortunately, most event loops do not really support idle watchers (only
434	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent	525	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
435	will simply call the callback "from time to time".	526	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
436		527
437	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the	528	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
438	program is otherwise idle:	529	program is otherwise idle:
…		…
454	});	545	});
455	});	546	});
456		547
457	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	548	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
458		549
		550	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		551
		552	$cv->send (<list>);
		553	my @res = $cv->recv;
		554
459	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	555	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
460	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	556	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
461	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	557	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
462		558
463	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	559	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
464	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	560	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
465		561
466	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	562	The tool to do that is called a "condition variable", so called because
467	because they represent a condition that must become true.	563	they represent a condition that must become true.
		564
		565	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
468		566
469	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	567	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
470	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	568	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
471
472	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	569	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
473	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not	570	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
474	the results).	571	the results).
475		572
476	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	573	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
477	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it	574	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
478	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<	575	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
479	->send >> method).	576	->send >> method).
480		577
481	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	578	Since condition variables are the most complex part of the AnyEvent API, here are
482	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	579	some different mental models of what they are - pick the ones you can connect to:
483	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	580
484	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	581	=over 4
485	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	582
486	a result.	583	=item * Condition variables are like callbacks - you can call them (and pass them instead
		584	of callbacks). Unlike callbacks however, you can also wait for them to be called.
		585
		586	=item * Condition variables are signals - one side can emit or send them,
		587	the other side can wait for them, or install a handler that is called when
		588	the signal fires.
		589
		590	=item * Condition variables are like "Merge Points" - points in your program
		591	where you merge multiple independent results/control flows into one.
		592
		593	=item * Condition variables represent a transaction - functions that start
		594	some kind of transaction can return them, leaving the caller the choice
		595	between waiting in a blocking fashion, or setting a callback.
		596
		597	=item * Condition variables represent future values, or promises to deliver
		598	some result, long before the result is available.
		599
		600	=back
487		601
488	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	602	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
489	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	603	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
490	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	604	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
491	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	605	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
504		618
505	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys	619	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys
506	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing	620	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing
507	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of	621	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of
508	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call	622	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call
509	it's C<new> method in your own C<new> method.	623	its C<new> method in your own C<new> method.
510		624
511	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which	625	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which
512	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits	626	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
513	for the send to occur.	627	for the send to occur.
514		628
515	Example: wait for a timer.	629	Example: wait for a timer.
516		630
517	# wait till the result is ready	631	# condition: "wait till the timer is fired"
518	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	632	my $timer_fired = AnyEvent->condvar;
519		633
520	# do something such as adding a timer	634	# create the timer - we could wait for, say
521	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->send	635	# a handle becomign ready, or even an
522	# when the "result" is ready.	636	# AnyEvent::HTTP request to finish, but
523	# in this case, we simply use a timer:	637	# in this case, we simply use a timer:
524	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (	638	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (
525	after => 1,	639	after => 1,
526	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	640	cb => sub { $timer_fired->send },
527	);	641	);
528		642
529	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	643	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
530	# calls send	644	# calls ->send
531	$result_ready->recv;	645	$timer_fired->recv;
532		646
533	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	647	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
534	condition variables are also code references.	648	variables are also callable directly.
535		649
536	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	650	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
537	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	651	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
538	$done->recv;	652	$done->recv;
539		653
…		…
545		659
546	...	660	...
547		661
548	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;	662	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
549		663
550	And this is how you would just ste a callback to be called whenever the	664	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
551	results are available:	665	results are available:
552		666
553	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {	667	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
554	my @info = $_[0]->recv;	668	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
555	});	669	});
…		…
573	immediately from within send.	687	immediately from within send.
574		688
575	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	689	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
576	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	690	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
577		691
578	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	692	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
579	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	693	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
580	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	694	C<send>.
581	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
582	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
583	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
584	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
585	example).
586		695
587	=item $cv->croak ($error)	696	=item $cv->croak ($error)
588		697
589	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	698	Similar to send, but causes all calls to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
590	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	699	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
591		700
592	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	701	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
593	user/consumer.	702	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		703	delays the error detection, but has the overwhelming advantage that it
		704	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		705	deep in some event callback with no connection to the actual code causing
		706	the problem.
594		707
595	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	708	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
596		709
597	=item $cv->end	710	=item $cv->end
598
599	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
600		711
601	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	712	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
602	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	713	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
603	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	714	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
604		715
605	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	716	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
606	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	717	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
607	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	718	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
608	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	719	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
609	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	720	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		721	be called without any arguments.
610		722
611	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	723	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		724	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		725	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		726
		727	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		728	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		729	close before activating a condvar:
612		730
613	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	731	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
614		732
		733	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		734	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		735	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		736	or $cv->end;
		737	});
		738
		739	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		740	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		741	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		742	or $cv->end;
		743	});
		744
		745	$cv->recv;
		746
		747	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		748	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		749	sending.
		750
		751	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		752	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		753	begun can potentially be zero:
		754
		755	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		756
615	my %result;	757	my %result;
616	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	758	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
617		759
618	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	760	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
619	$cv->begin;	761	$cv->begin;
620	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	762	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
621	$result{$host} = ...;	763	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
636	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	778	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
637	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	779	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
638	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	780	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
639	doesn't execute once).	781	doesn't execute once).
640		782
641	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	783	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
642	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	784	potentially zero) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
643	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	785	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
644	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	786	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		787	call C<end>.
645		788
646	=back	789	=back
647		790
648	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	791	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
649		792
…		…
653	=over 4	796	=over 4
654		797
655	=item $cv->recv	798	=item $cv->recv
656		799
657	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak	800	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak
658	>> methods have been called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers	801	>> methods have been called on C<$cv>, while servicing other watchers
659	normally.	802	normally.
660		803
661	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but	804	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but
662	will return immediately.	805	will return immediately.
663		806
…		…
665	function will call C<croak>.	808	function will call C<croak>.
666		809
667	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	810	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
668	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	811	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
669		812
		813	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		814	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		815	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		816	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		817	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		818	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		819
670	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	820	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
671	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	821	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
672	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	822	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
673	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	823	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
674	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	824	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
675	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	825	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
676	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	826	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
677		827
678	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
679	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
680	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
681	can supply.
682
683	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
684	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
685	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
686	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
687	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
688
689	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	828	You can ensure that C<< ->recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
690	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	829	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
691	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	830	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
692	waits otherwise.	831	waits otherwise.
693		832
694	=item $bool = $cv->ready	833	=item $bool = $cv->ready
…		…
700		839
701	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	840	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
702	replaces it before doing so.	841	replaces it before doing so.
703		842
704	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	843	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when
705	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	844	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the
706	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	845	condition variable itself. If the condition is already true, the
707	is guaranteed not to block.	846	callback is called immediately when it is set. Calling C<recv> inside
		847	the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
708		848
709	=back	849	=back
710		850
		851	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		852
		853	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		854
		855	=over 4
		856
		857	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		858
		859	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		860	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		861	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		862	AnyEvent itself.
		863
		864	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		865	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl AnyEvent::Loop, fast and portable.
		866
		867	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		868
		869	These will be used if they are already loaded when the first watcher
		870	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		871	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		872	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		873	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		874
		875	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		876	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		877	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		878	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		879	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		880	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		881	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async.
		882	AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa based on Cocoa::EventLoop.
		883	AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK2 based on FLTK (fltk 2 binding).
		884
		885	=item Backends with special needs.
		886
		887	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		888	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		889	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		890	everything should just work.
		891
		892	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		893
		894	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		895
		896	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		897
		898	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		899
		900	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		901	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		902	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		903	consider for AnyEvent.
		904
		905	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		906	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		907
		908	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		909	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		910	in which case everything will be automatic.
		911
		912	=back
		913
711	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	914	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
712		915
		916	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		917	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		918
713	=over 4	919	=over 4
714		920
715	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	921	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
716		922
717	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	923	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		924	backend has been autodetected.
		925
718	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	926	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
719	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	927	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
720	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	928	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl::xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
721	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	929	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
722		930	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
723	The known classes so far are:
724
725	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
726	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
727	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
728	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
729	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
730	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
731	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
732	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
733
734	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
735	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
736	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
737	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
738	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
739	it's adaptor.
740
741	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
742	autodetecting them.
743		931
744	=item AnyEvent::detect	932	=item AnyEvent::detect
745		933
746	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	934	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
747	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	935	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
748	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	936	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
749	runtime.	937	runtime, and not e.g. during initialisation of your module.
		938
		939	The effect of calling this function is as if a watcher had been created
		940	(specifically, actions that happen "when the first watcher is created"
		941	happen when calling detetc as well).
		942
		943	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		944	created, use C<post_detect>.
750		945
751	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	946	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
752		947
753	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	948	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
754	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	949	autodetected (or immediately if that has already happened).
		950
		951	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		952	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		953	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		954	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		955	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		956
		957	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		958	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		959	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		960	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
755		961
756	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	962	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
757	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	963	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		964	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
758	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	965	a case where this is useful.
		966
		967	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		968	C<$WATCHER>, but do so only do so after the event loop is initialised.
		969
		970	our WATCHER;
		971
		972	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		973	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		974	};
		975
		976	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		977	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		978	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		979	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		980
		981	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
759		982
760	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	983	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
761		984
762	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	985	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
763	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	986	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will be called directly
764	the event loop has been chosen.	987	after the event loop has been chosen.
765		988
766	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	989	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
767	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	990	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
768	and the array will be ignored.	991	array will be ignored.
769		992
770	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	993	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		994	it, as it takes care of these details.
		995
		996	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		997	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		998	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		999	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
		1000
		1001	Example: To load Coro::AnyEvent whenever Coro and AnyEvent are used
		1002	together, you could put this into Coro (this is the actual code used by
		1003	Coro to accomplish this):
		1004
		1005	if (defined $AnyEvent::MODEL) {
		1006	# AnyEvent already initialised, so load Coro::AnyEvent
		1007	require Coro::AnyEvent;
		1008	} else {
		1009	# AnyEvent not yet initialised, so make sure to load Coro::AnyEvent
		1010	# as soon as it is
		1011	push @AnyEvent::post_detect, sub { require Coro::AnyEvent };
		1012	}
		1013
		1014	=item AnyEvent::postpone { BLOCK }
		1015
		1016	Arranges for the block to be executed as soon as possible, but not before
		1017	the call itself returns. In practise, the block will be executed just
		1018	before the event loop polls for new events, or shortly afterwards.
		1019
		1020	This function never returns anything (to make the C<return postpone { ...
		1021	}> idiom more useful.
		1022
		1023	To understand the usefulness of this function, consider a function that
		1024	asynchronously does something for you and returns some transaction
		1025	object or guard to let you cancel the operation. For example,
		1026	C<AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect>:
		1027
		1028	# start a conenction attempt unless one is active
		1029	$self->{connect_guard} ||= AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect "www.example.net", 80, sub {
		1030	delete $self->{connect_guard};
		1031	...
		1032	};
		1033
		1034	Imagine that this function could instantly call the callback, for
		1035	example, because it detects an obvious error such as a negative port
		1036	number. Invoking the callback before the function returns causes problems
		1037	however: the callback will be called and will try to delete the guard
		1038	object. But since the function hasn't returned yet, there is nothing to
		1039	delete. When the function eventually returns it will assign the guard
		1040	object to C<< $self->{connect_guard} >>, where it will likely never be
		1041	deleted, so the program thinks it is still trying to connect.
		1042
		1043	This is where C<AnyEvent::postpone> should be used. Instead of calling the
		1044	callback directly on error:
		1045
		1046	$cb->(undef), return # signal error to callback, BAD!
		1047	if $some_error_condition;
		1048
		1049	It should use C<postpone>:
		1050
		1051	AnyEvent::postpone { $cb->(undef) }, return # signal error to callback, later
		1052	if $some_error_condition;
771		1053
772	=back	1054	=back
773		1055
774	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	1056	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
775		1057
…		…
786	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using	1068	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using
787	events is to stay interactive.	1069	events is to stay interactive.
788		1070
789	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module	1071	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module
790	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method	1072	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method
791	called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->recv >>	1073	called C<results> that returns the results, it may call C<< ->recv >>
792	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always).	1074	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. Always).
793		1075
794	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM	1076	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM
795		1077
796	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should	1078	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should
797	dictate which event model to use.	1079	dictate which event model to use.
798		1080
799	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not	1081	If the program is not event-based, it need not do anything special, even
800	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent	1082	when it depends on a module that uses an AnyEvent. If the program itself
801	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.	1083	uses AnyEvent, but does not care which event loop is used, all it needs
		1084	to do is C<use AnyEvent>. In either case, AnyEvent will choose the best
		1085	available loop implementation.
802		1086
803	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in	1087	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in
804	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the	1088	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the
805	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally	1089	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally
806	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that	1090	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that
807	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will	1091	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will
808	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it	1092	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it
809	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.	1093	might choose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.
810		1094
811	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the	1095	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the
812	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar behaviour	1096	C<AnyEvent::Loop> module, which gives you similar behaviour
813	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.	1097	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.
814		1098
815	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION	1099	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION
816		1100
817	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who	1101	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who
…		…
830		1114
831		1115
832	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1116	=head1 OTHER MODULES
833		1117
834	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1118	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
835	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1119	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
836	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1120	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
837	available via CPAN.	1121	come as part of AnyEvent, the others are available via CPAN.
838		1122
839	=over 4	1123	=over 4
840		1124
841	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1125	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
842		1126
843	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	1127	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used blocking
844	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	1128	functions such as C<inet_aton> with event/callback-based versions.
845		1129
846	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	1130	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
847		1131
848	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	1132	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
849	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp	1133	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
…		…
851		1135
852	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>	1136	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
853		1137
854	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,	1138	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
855	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and	1139	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
856	non-blocking SSL/TLS.	1140	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>).
857		1141
858	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1142	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
859		1143
860	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1144	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
861		1145
		1146	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>, L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IGS>, L<AnyEvent::FCP>
		1147
		1148	Implement event-based interfaces to the protocols of the same name (for
		1149	the curious, IGS is the International Go Server and FCP is the Freenet
		1150	Client Protocol).
		1151
		1152	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle::UDP>
		1153
		1154	Here be danger!
		1155
		1156	As Pauli would put it, "Not only is it not right, it's not even wrong!" -
		1157	there are so many things wrong with AnyEvent::Handle::UDP, most notably
		1158	its use of a stream-based API with a protocol that isn't streamable, that
		1159	the only way to improve it is to delete it.
		1160
		1161	It features data corruption (but typically only under load) and general
		1162	confusion. On top, the author is not only clueless about UDP but also
		1163	fact-resistant - some gems of his understanding: "connect doesn't work
		1164	with UDP", "UDP packets are not IP packets", "UDP only has datagrams, not
		1165	packets", "I don't need to implement proper error checking as UDP doesn't
		1166	support error checking" and so on - he doesn't even understand what's
		1167	wrong with his module when it is explained to him.
		1168
862	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>	1169	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
863		1170
864	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent	1171	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process for you,
865	HTTP requests.	1172	notifying you in an event-based way when the operation is finished.
		1173
		1174	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		1175
		1176	Truly asynchronous (as opposed to non-blocking) I/O, should be in the
		1177	toolbox of every event programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
		1178	L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent together, giving AnyEvent access to event-based
		1179	file I/O, and much more.
866		1180
867	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	1181	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
868		1182
869	Provides a simple web application server framework.	1183	A simple embedded webserver.
870		1184
871	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	1185	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
872		1186
873	The fastest ping in the west.	1187	The fastest ping in the west.
874		1188
875	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
876
877	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
878
879	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
880
881	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
882	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent
883	together.
884
885	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>
886
887	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses
888	L<BDB> and AnyEvent together.
889
890	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
891
892	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
893
894	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
895
896	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
897	L<App::IGS>).
898
899	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
900
901	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
902
903	=item L<Net::XMPP2>
904
905	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
906
907	=item L<Net::FCP>
908
909	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
910	of AnyEvent.
911
912	=item L<Event::ExecFlow>
913
914	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
915
916	=item L<Coro>	1189	=item L<Coro>
917		1190
918	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1191	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
919		1192
920	=item L<IO::Lambda>
921
922	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
923
924	=back	1193	=back
925		1194
926	=cut	1195	=cut
927		1196
928	package AnyEvent;	1197	package AnyEvent;
929		1198
930	no warnings;	1199	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
931	use strict qw(vars subs);	1200	sub common_sense {
		1201	# from common:.sense 3.4
		1202	${^WARNING_BITS} ^= ${^WARNING_BITS} ^ "\x3c\x3f\x33\x00\x0f\xf0\x0f\xc0\xf0\xfc\x33\x00";
		1203	# use strict vars subs - NO UTF-8, as Util.pm doesn't like this atm. (uts46data.pl)
		1204	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1205	}
932		1206
		1207	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1208
933	use Carp;	1209	use Carp ();
934		1210
935	our $VERSION = 4.4;	1211	our $VERSION = '6.0';
936	our $MODEL;	1212	our $MODEL;
937		1213
938	our $AUTOLOAD;
939	our @ISA;	1214	our @ISA;
940		1215
941	our @REGISTRY;	1216	our @REGISTRY;
942		1217
943	our $WIN32;	1218	our $VERBOSE;
944		1219
945	BEGIN {	1220	BEGIN {
946	my $win32 = ! ! ($^O =~ /mswin32/i);	1221	require "AnyEvent/constants.pl";
947	eval "sub WIN32(){ $win32 }";
948	}
949		1222
		1223	eval "sub TAINT (){" . (${^TAINT}*1) . "}";
		1224
		1225	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1226	if ${^TAINT};
		1227
950	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1228	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1229
		1230	}
		1231
		1232	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
951		1233
952	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1234	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
953		1235
954	{	1236	{
955	my $idx;	1237	my $idx;
956	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx	1238	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx
957	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1239	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
958	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1240	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
959	}	1241	}
960		1242
		1243	our @post_detect;
		1244
		1245	sub post_detect(&) {
		1246	my ($cb) = @_;
		1247
		1248	push @post_detect, $cb;
		1249
		1250	defined wantarray
		1251	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
		1252	: ()
		1253	}
		1254
		1255	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
		1256	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
		1257	}
		1258
		1259	our $POSTPONE_W;
		1260	our @POSTPONE;
		1261
		1262	sub _postpone_exec {
		1263	undef $POSTPONE_W;
		1264
		1265	&{ shift @POSTPONE }
		1266	while @POSTPONE;
		1267	}
		1268
		1269	sub postpone(&) {
		1270	push @POSTPONE, shift;
		1271
		1272	$POSTPONE_W ||= AE::timer (0, 0, \&_postpone_exec);
		1273
		1274	()
		1275	}
		1276
961	my @models = (	1277	our @models = (
962	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1278	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
963	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],	1279	[AnyEvent::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
964	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],
965	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1280	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
966	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1281	# as the pure perl backend should work everywhere
967	# and is usually faster	1282	# and is usually faster
		1283	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1284	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1285	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1286	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
968	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1287	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
969	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
970	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
971	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1288	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
972	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1289	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
973	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1290	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
974	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1291	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1292	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # a bitch to autodetect
		1293	[Cocoa::EventLoop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa::],
		1294	[FLTK:: => AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK2::],
975	);	1295	);
976		1296
977	our %method = map +($_ => 1),	1297	# all autoloaded methods reserve the complete glob, not just the method slot.
		1298	# due to bugs in perls method cache implementation.
978	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);	1299	our @methods = qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar);
979		1300
980	our @post_detect;
981
982	sub post_detect(&) {	1301	sub detect() {
983	my ($cb) = @_;	1302	local $!; # for good measure
		1303	local $SIG{__DIE__}; # we use eval
984		1304
985	if ($MODEL) {	1305	# free some memory
986	$cb->();	1306	*detect = sub () { $MODEL };
		1307	# undef &func doesn't correctly update the method cache. grmbl.
		1308	# so we delete the whole glob. grmbl.
		1309	# otoh, perl doesn't let me undef an active usb, but it lets me free
		1310	# a glob with an active sub. hrm. i hope it works, but perl is
		1311	# usually buggy in this department. sigh.
		1312	delete @{"AnyEvent::"}{@methods};
		1313	undef @methods;
987		1314
988	1	1315	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z0-9:]+)$/) {
		1316	my $model = $1;
		1317	$model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$model" unless $model =~ s/::$//;
		1318	if (eval "require $model") {
		1319	$MODEL = $model;
		1320	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
989	} else {	1321	} else {
990	push @post_detect, $cb;	1322	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
991		1323	}
992	defined wantarray
993	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
994	: ()
995	}	1324	}
996	}
997		1325
998	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {	1326	# check for already loaded models
999	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
1000	}
1001
1002	sub detect() {
1003	unless ($MODEL) {	1327	unless ($MODEL) {
1004	no strict 'refs';	1328	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1005	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1329	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
1006		1330	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
1007	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
1008	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
1009	if (eval "require $model") {	1331	if (eval "require $model") {
1010	$MODEL = $model;	1332	$MODEL = $model;
1011	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1333	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1012	} else {	1334	last;
1013	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1335	}
1014	}	1336	}
1015	}	1337	}
1016		1338
1017	# check for already loaded models
1018	unless ($MODEL) {	1339	unless ($MODEL) {
		1340	# try to autoload a model
1019	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1341	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1020	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1342	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1343	if (
		1344	$autoload
		1345	and eval "require $package"
1021	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1346	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1022	if (eval "require $model") {	1347	and eval "require $model"
		1348	) {
1023	$MODEL = $model;	1349	$MODEL = $model;
1024	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1350	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1025	last;	1351	last;
1026	}
1027	}	1352	}
1028	}	1353	}
1029		1354
1030	unless ($MODEL) {
1031	# try to load a model
1032
1033	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1034	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
1035	if (eval "require $package"
1036	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1037	and eval "require $model") {
1038	$MODEL = $model;
1039	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
1040	last;
1041	}
1042	}
1043
1044	$MODEL	1355	$MODEL
1045	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";	1356	or die "AnyEvent: backend autodetection failed - did you properly install AnyEvent?\n";
1046	}
1047	}	1357	}
1048
1049	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
1050
1051	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
1052
1053	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
1054
1055	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
1056	}	1358	}
1057		1359
		1360	# free memory only needed for probing
		1361	undef @models;
		1362	undef @REGISTRY;
		1363
		1364	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
		1365	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
		1366
		1367	# now nuke some methods that are overridden by the backend.
		1368	# SUPER usage is not allowed in these.
		1369	for (qw(time signal child idle)) {
		1370	undef &{"AnyEvent::Base::$_"}
		1371	if defined &{"$MODEL\::$_"};
		1372	}
		1373
		1374	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}) {
		1375	require AnyEvent::Strict;
		1376	}
		1377
		1378	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP}) {
		1379	require AnyEvent::Debug;
		1380	AnyEvent::Debug::wrap ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP});
		1381	}
		1382
		1383	if (exists $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL}) {
		1384	require AnyEvent::Socket;
		1385	require AnyEvent::Debug;
		1386
		1387	my $shell = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL};
		1388	$shell =~ s/\$\$/$$/g;
		1389
		1390	my ($host, $service) = AnyEvent::Socket::parse_hostport ($shell);
		1391	$AnyEvent::Debug::SHELL = AnyEvent::Debug::shell ($host, $service);
		1392	}
		1393
		1394	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
		1395	undef @post_detect;
		1396
		1397	*post_detect = sub(&) {
		1398	shift->();
		1399
		1400	undef
		1401	};
		1402
1058	$MODEL	1403	$MODEL
1059	}	1404	}
1060		1405
1061	sub AUTOLOAD {	1406	for my $name (@methods) {
1062	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1407	*$name = sub {
1063		1408	detect;
1064	$method{$func}	1409	# we use goto because
1065	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1410	# a) it makes the thunk more transparent
1066		1411	# b) it allows us to delete the thunk later
1067	detect unless $MODEL;	1412	goto &{ UNIVERSAL::can AnyEvent => "SUPER::$name" }
1068		1413	};
1069	my $class = shift;
1070	$class->$func (@_);
1071	}	1414	}
1072		1415
1073	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends	1416	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
1074	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually	1417	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
1075	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).	1418	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
1076	sub _dupfh($$$$) {	1419	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
1077	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;	1420	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
1078		1421
1079	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't	1422	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
1080	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<")	1423	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
1081	: $poll eq "w" ? ($w, ">")
1082	: Carp::croak "AnyEvent->io requires poll set to either 'r' or 'w'";
1083		1424
1084	open my $fh2, "$mode&" . fileno $fh	1425	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
1085	or die "cannot dup() filehandle: $!,";	1426	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
1086		1427
1087	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases	1428	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
1088		1429
1089	($fh2, $rw)	1430	($fh2, $rw)
1090	}	1431	}
1091		1432
		1433	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1434
		1435	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1436	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1437	overhead by using function call syntax and a fixed number of parameters.
		1438
		1439	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1440
		1441	=cut
		1442
		1443	package AE;
		1444
		1445	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1446
		1447	sub _reset() {
		1448	eval q{
		1449	# fall back to the main API by default - backends and AnyEvent::Base
		1450	# implementations can overwrite these.
		1451
		1452	sub io($$$) {
		1453	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1454	}
		1455
		1456	sub timer($$$) {
		1457	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1458	}
		1459
		1460	sub signal($$) {
		1461	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1462	}
		1463
		1464	sub child($$) {
		1465	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1466	}
		1467
		1468	sub idle($) {
		1469	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0]);
		1470	}
		1471
		1472	sub cv(;&) {
		1473	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1474	}
		1475
		1476	sub now() {
		1477	AnyEvent->now
		1478	}
		1479
		1480	sub now_update() {
		1481	AnyEvent->now_update
		1482	}
		1483
		1484	sub time() {
		1485	AnyEvent->time
		1486	}
		1487
		1488	*postpone = \&AnyEvent::postpone;
		1489	};
		1490	die if $@;
		1491	}
		1492
		1493	BEGIN { _reset }
		1494
1092	package AnyEvent::Base;	1495	package AnyEvent::Base;
1093		1496
1094	# default implementations for many methods	1497	# default implementations for many methods
1095		1498
1096	BEGIN {	1499	sub time {
		1500	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1501	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
1097	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {	1502	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1503	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1098	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;	1504	*AE::time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
1099	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...	1505	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
1100	} else {	1506	} else {
		1507	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
1101	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail	1508	*AE::time = sub (){ time }; # epic fail
		1509	}
		1510
		1511	*time = sub { AE::time }; # different prototypes
		1512	};
		1513	die if $@;
		1514
		1515	&time
		1516	}
		1517
		1518	*now = \&time;
		1519
		1520	sub now_update { }
		1521
		1522	sub _poll {
		1523	Carp::croak "$AnyEvent::MODEL does not support blocking waits. Caught";
		1524	}
		1525
		1526	# default implementation for ->condvar
		1527	# in fact, the default should not be overwritten
		1528
		1529	sub condvar {
		1530	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1531	*condvar = sub {
		1532	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1533	};
		1534
		1535	*AE::cv = sub (;&) {
		1536	bless { @_ ? (_ae_cb => shift) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1537	};
		1538	};
		1539	die if $@;
		1540
		1541	&condvar
		1542	}
		1543
		1544	# default implementation for ->signal
		1545
		1546	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1547
		1548	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1549	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1550	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
		1551	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1552
		1553	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1554	}
		1555
		1556	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1557	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1558	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
		1559
		1560	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1561	# used by Impls
		1562	sub _sig_add() {
		1563	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1564	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1565	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1566
		1567	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1568	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1569	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1570	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1571	;
1102	}	1572	}
1103	}	1573	}
1104		1574
1105	sub time { _time }	1575	sub _sig_del {
1106	sub now { _time }	1576	undef $SIG_TW
1107	sub now_update { }	1577	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
1108
1109	# default implementation for ->condvar
1110
1111	sub condvar {
1112	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
1113	}	1578	}
1114		1579
1115	# default implementation for ->signal	1580	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1581	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1582	undef $_sig_name_init;
1116		1583
1117	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);	1584	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1585	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1586	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1587	} else {
		1588	require Config;
1118		1589
1119	sub _signal_exec {	1590	my %signame2num;
1120	sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 4;	1591	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1592	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
1121		1593
1122	while (%SIG_EV) {	1594	my @signum2name;
1123	for (keys %SIG_EV) {	1595	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
1124	delete $SIG_EV{$_};	1596
1125	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };	1597	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1598	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1599	};
		1600	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1601	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1602	};
1126	}	1603	}
1127	}	1604	};
1128	}	1605	die if $@;
		1606	};
		1607
		1608	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1609	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
1129		1610
1130	sub signal {	1611	sub signal {
1131	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1612	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1613	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1614	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1615	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1132		1616
1133	unless ($SIGPIPE_R) {	1617	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
1134	require Fcntl;	1618	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1135		1619
1136	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
1137	require AnyEvent::Util;
1138
1139	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
1140	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R) if $SIGPIPE_R;
1141	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1142	} else {	1620	} else {
		1621	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1622
		1623	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1624	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1625
		1626	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1627	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1628	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1629	} else {
1143	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;	1630	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
1144	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;	1631	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
1145	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case	1632	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1633
		1634	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1635	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1636	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1637	}
		1638
		1639	$SIGPIPE_R
		1640	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1641
		1642	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1146	}	1643	}
1147		1644
1148	$SIGPIPE_R	1645	*signal = $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
1149	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";	1646	? sub {
		1647	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1150		1648
1151	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...	1649	# async::interrupt
1152	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
1153	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
1154
1155	$SIG_IO = AnyEvent->io (fh => $SIGPIPE_R, poll => "r", cb => \&_signal_exec);
1156	}
1157
1158	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1650	my $signal = sig2num $arg{signal};
1159	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
1160
1161	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1651	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1652
		1653	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1654	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1655	signal => $signal,
		1656	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1657	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1658	;
		1659
		1660	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1661	}
		1662	: sub {
		1663	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1664
		1665	# pure perl
		1666	my $signal = sig2name $arg{signal};
		1667	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1668
1162	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1669	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
1163	local $!;	1670	local $!;
1164	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;	1671	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
1165	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};	1672	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1673	};
		1674
		1675	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1676	# so limit the signal latency.
		1677	_sig_add;
		1678
		1679	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1680	}
		1681	;
		1682
		1683	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1684	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1685
		1686	_sig_del;
		1687
		1688	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1689
		1690	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1691	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1692	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1693	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1694	# instead of getting the default action.
		1695	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1696	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1697	};
		1698
		1699	*_signal_exec = sub {
		1700	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1701	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1702	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
		1703
		1704	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1705	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1706	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
		1707	&$_ for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
		1708	}
		1709	}
		1710	};
1166	};	1711	};
		1712	die if $@;
1167		1713
1168	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"	1714	&signal
1169	}
1170
1171	sub AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY {
1172	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1173
1174	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
1175
1176	delete $SIG{$signal} unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
1177	}	1715	}
1178		1716
1179	# default implementation for ->child	1717	# default implementation for ->child
1180		1718
1181	our %PID_CB;	1719	our %PID_CB;
1182	our $CHLD_W;	1720	our $CHLD_W;
1183	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1721	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1184	our $PID_IDLE;
1185	our $WNOHANG;
1186		1722
1187	sub _child_wait {	1723	# used by many Impl's
1188	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1724	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
		1725	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1726
		1727	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
1189	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1728	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
1190	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1729	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
1191	}
1192
1193	undef $PID_IDLE;
1194	}
1195
1196	sub _sigchld {
1197	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.
1198	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {
1199	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1200	&_child_wait;
1201	});
1202	}	1730	}
1203		1731
1204	sub child {	1732	sub child {
		1733	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1734	*_sigchld = sub {
		1735	my $pid;
		1736
		1737	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
		1738	while ($pid = waitpid -1, WNOHANG) > 0;
		1739	};
		1740
		1741	*child = sub {
1205	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1742	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1206		1743
1207	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1744	my $pid = $arg{pid};
1208	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1745	my $cb = $arg{cb};
1209		1746
1210	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1747	$PID_CB{$pid}{$cb+0} = $cb;
1211		1748
1212	unless ($WNOHANG) {
1213	$WNOHANG = eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1214	}
1215
1216	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1749	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1217	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1750	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1218	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1751	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1219	&_sigchld;	1752	&_sigchld;
1220	}	1753	}
1221		1754
1222	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"	1755	bless [$pid, $cb+0], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1223	}	1756	};
1224		1757
1225	sub AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY {	1758	*AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY = sub {
1226	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1759	my ($pid, $icb) = @{$_[0]};
1227		1760
1228	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1761	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$icb};
1229	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1762	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1230		1763
1231	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1764	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
		1765	};
		1766	};
		1767	die if $@;
		1768
		1769	&child
1232	}	1770	}
1233		1771
1234	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless	1772	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
1235	# of whether the proces sis idle or not, and not letting	1773	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
1236	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.	1774	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
1237	sub idle {	1775	sub idle {
		1776	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1777	*idle = sub {
1238	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1778	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1239		1779
1240	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};	1780	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
1241		1781
1242	$rcb = sub {	1782	$rcb = sub {
1243	if ($cb) {	1783	if ($cb) {
1244	$w = _time;	1784	$w = AE::time;
1245	&$cb;	1785	&$cb;
1246	$w = _time - $w;	1786	$w = AE::time - $w;
1247		1787
1248	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,	1788	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
1249	# within some limits	1789	# within some limits
1250	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;	1790	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
1251	$w = 5 if $w > 5;	1791	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
1252		1792
1253	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $w, cb => $rcb);	1793	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
1254	} else {	1794	} else {
1255	# clean up...	1795	# clean up...
1256	undef $w;	1796	undef $w;
1257	undef $rcb;	1797	undef $rcb;
		1798	}
		1799	};
		1800
		1801	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1802
		1803	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1258	}	1804	};
		1805
		1806	*AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY = sub {
		1807	undef $${$_[0]};
		1808	};
1259	};	1809	};
		1810	die if $@;
1260		1811
1261	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.05, cb => $rcb);	1812	&idle
1262
1263	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1264	}
1265
1266	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
1267	undef $${$_[0]};
1268	}	1813	}
1269		1814
1270	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1815	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1271		1816
1272	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1817	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
1273		1818
		1819	# only to be used for subclassing
		1820	sub new {
		1821	my $class = shift;
		1822	bless AnyEvent->condvar (@_), $class
		1823	}
		1824
1274	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1825	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1275		1826
1276	use overload	1827	#use overload
1277	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1828	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
1278	fallback => 1;	1829	# fallback => 1;
		1830
		1831	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1832	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1833	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1834	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1835	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1836
		1837	our $WAITING;
1279		1838
1280	sub _send {	1839	sub _send {
1281	# nop	1840	# nop
		1841	}
		1842
		1843	sub _wait {
		1844	AnyEvent->_poll until $_[0]{_ae_sent};
1282	}	1845	}
1283		1846
1284	sub send {	1847	sub send {
1285	my $cv = shift;	1848	my $cv = shift;
1286	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];	1849	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];
…		…
1295		1858
1296	sub ready {	1859	sub ready {
1297	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1860	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1298	}	1861	}
1299		1862
1300	sub _wait {
1301	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1302	}
1303
1304	sub recv {	1863	sub recv {
		1864	unless ($_[0]{_ae_sent}) {
		1865	$WAITING
		1866	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait attempted";
		1867
		1868	local $WAITING = 1;
1305	$_[0]->_wait;	1869	$_[0]->_wait;
		1870	}
1306		1871
1307	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1872	$_[0]{_ae_croak}
1308	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1873	and Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak};
		1874
		1875	wantarray
		1876	? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} }
		1877	: $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1309	}	1878	}
1310		1879
1311	sub cb {	1880	sub cb {
1312	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1881	my $cv = shift;
		1882
		1883	@_
		1884	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1885	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1886	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1887
1313	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1888	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1314	}	1889	}
1315		1890
1316	sub begin {	1891	sub begin {
1317	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1892	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1318	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1893	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1323	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };	1898	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };
1324	}	1899	}
1325		1900
1326	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	1901	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
1327	*broadcast = \&send;	1902	*broadcast = \&send;
1328	*wait = \&_wait;	1903	*wait = \&recv;
1329		1904
1330	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING	1905	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
1331		1906
1332	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the	1907	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
1333	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also	1908	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
…		…
1346	so on.	1921	so on.
1347		1922
1348	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES	1923	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1349		1924
1350	The following environment variables are used by this module or its	1925	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
1351	submodules:	1926	submodules.
		1927
		1928	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1929	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1930	enabled.
1352		1931
1353	=over 4	1932	=over 4
1354		1933
1355	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>	1934	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1356		1935
…		…
1363	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.	1942	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1364		1943
1365	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event	1944	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1366	model it chooses.	1945	model it chooses.
1367		1946
		1947	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1948	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1949
1368	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>	1950	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
1369		1951
1370	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough	1952	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
1371	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value	1953	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
1372	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly	1954	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
1373	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems	1955	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
1374	it will croak.	1956	it will croak.
1375		1957
1376	In other words, enables "strict" mode.	1958	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
1377		1959
1378	Unlike C<use strict>, it is definitely recommended ot keep it off in	1960	Unlike C<use strict> (or its modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
1379	production. Keeping C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while	1961	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
1380	developing programs can be very useful, however.	1962	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1963	can be very useful, however.
		1964
		1965	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL>
		1966
		1967	If this env variable is set, then its contents will be interpreted by
		1968	C<AnyEvent::Socket::parse_hostport> (after replacing every occurance of
		1969	C<$$> by the process pid) and an C<AnyEvent::Debug::shell> is bound on
		1970	that port. The shell object is saved in C<$AnyEvent::Debug::SHELL>.
		1971
		1972	This takes place when the first watcher is created.
		1973
		1974	For example, to bind a debug shell on a unix domain socket in
		1975	F<< /tmp/debug<pid>.sock >>, you could use this:
		1976
		1977	PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL=unix/:/tmp/debug\$\$.sock perlprog
		1978
		1979	Note that creating sockets in F</tmp> is very unsafe on multiuser
		1980	systems.
		1981
		1982	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP>
		1983
		1984	Can be set to C<0>, C<1> or C<2> and enables wrapping of all watchers for
		1985	debugging purposes. See C<AnyEvent::Debug::wrap> for details.
1381		1986
1382	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>	1987	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1383		1988
1384	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before	1989	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1385	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting	1990	auto detection and -probing kicks in.
1386	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended	1991
		1992	It normally is a string consisting entirely of ASCII letters (e.g. C<EV>
		1993	or C<IOAsync>). The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended and the
1387	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,	1994	resulting module name is loaded and - if the load was successful - used as
1388	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with	1995	event model backend. If it fails to load then AnyEvent will proceed with
1389	auto detection and -probing.	1996	auto detection and -probing.
1390		1997
1391	This functionality might change in future versions.	1998	If the string ends with C<::> instead (e.g. C<AnyEvent::Impl::EV::>) then
		1999	nothing gets prepended and the module name is used as-is (hint: C<::> at
		2000	the end of a string designates a module name and quotes it appropriately).
1392		2001
1393	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you	2002	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Loop::Perl>) you
1394	could start your program like this:	2003	could start your program like this:
1395		2004
1396	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...	2005	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1397		2006
1398	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>	2007	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
…		…
1428		2037
1429	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>	2038	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
1430		2039
1431	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>	2040	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
1432	will create in parallel.	2041	will create in parallel.
		2042
		2043	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		2044
		2045	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		2046	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		2047	sent to the DNS server.
		2048
		2049	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		2050
		2051	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		2052	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		2053	default config will be used.
		2054
		2055	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		2056
		2057	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		2058	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		2059	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		2060	instead of a system-dependent default.
		2061
		2062	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		2063
		2064	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		2065	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
1433		2066
1434	=back	2067	=back
1435		2068
1436	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	2069	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1437		2070
…		…
1495	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	2128	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1496	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	2129	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1497	},	2130	},
1498	);	2131	);
1499		2132
1500	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1501
1502	sub new_timer {
1503	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	2133	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1504	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	2134	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1505	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1506	});	2135	});
1507	}
1508
1509	new_timer; # create first timer
1510		2136
1511	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i	2137	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1512		2138
1513	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	2139	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1514		2140
…		…
1587		2213
1588	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	2214	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
1589	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects	2215	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
1590	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	2216	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
1591	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	2217	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
1592	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	2218	problems get reported to the code that tries to use the result, not in a
1593	random callback.	2219	random callback.
1594		2220
1595	All of this enables the following usage styles:	2221	All of this enables the following usage styles:
1596		2222
1597	1. Blocking:	2223	1. Blocking:
…		…
1645	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2271	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1646	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2272	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1647	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2273	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1648		2274
1649	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2275	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1650	distribution.	2276	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2277	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1651		2278
1652	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2279	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1653		2280
1654	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2281	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1655	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2282	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1676	watcher.	2303	watcher.
1677		2304
1678	=head3 Results	2305	=head3 Results
1679		2306
1680	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2307	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1681	EV/EV 400000 224 0.47 0.35 0.27 EV native interface	2308	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1682	EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2309	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1683	CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2310	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1684	Perl/Any 100000 452 4.13 0.73 0.95 pure perl implementation	2311	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1685	Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface	2312	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1686	Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2313	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2314	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2315	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1687	Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour	2316	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1688	Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2317	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1689	POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event	2318	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1690	POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select	2319	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1691		2320
1692	=head3 Discussion	2321	=head3 Discussion
1693		2322
1694	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2323	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1695	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2324	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1707	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2336	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1708	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2337	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1709	cycles with POE.	2338	cycles with POE.
1710		2339
1711	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2340	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1712	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2341	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2342	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2343	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1713	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2344	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1714	natively.
1715		2345
1716	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2346	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1717	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2347	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1718	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2348	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1719	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2349	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
1720	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2350	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1721	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2351	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1722		2352
1723	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2353	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1724	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2354	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2355
		2356	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2357	when using its pure perl backend.
1725		2358
1726	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2359	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1727	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2360	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1728	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2361	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1729	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2362	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1790	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2423	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1791	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2424	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1792	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2425	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1793		2426
1794	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2427	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1795	distribution.	2428	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2429	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1796		2430
1797	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2431	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1798		2432
1799	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2433	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1800	each server has a read and write socket end).	2434	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1807	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2441	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1808	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2442	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1809		2443
1810	=head3 Results	2444	=head3 Results
1811		2445
1812	name sockets create request	2446	name sockets create request
1813	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2447	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1814	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2448	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1815	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2449	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1816	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2450	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
		2451	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
		2452	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1817	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2453	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1818		2454
1819	=head3 Discussion	2455	=head3 Discussion
1820		2456
1821	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2457	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1822	particular event loop.	2458	particular event loop.
…		…
1824	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2460	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1825	is relatively high, though.	2461	is relatively high, though.
1826		2462
1827	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2463	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1828	loops Event and Glib.	2464	loops Event and Glib.
		2465
		2466	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2467	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1829		2468
1830	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2469	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1831	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2470	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1832	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2471	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1833	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2472	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1896	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2535	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1897	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2536	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1898		2537
1899	=back	2538	=back
1900		2539
		2540	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2541
		2542	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2543	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2544	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2545	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2546	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2547	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2548	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2549
		2550	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2551	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2552	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2553	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2554	benchmark nevertheless.
		2555
		2556	name runtime
		2557	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2558	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2559	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2560	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2561	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2562	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2563	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2564	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2565
		2566	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2567	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2568	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2569
		2570	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2571	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2572	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2573	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2574	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2575	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2576	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2577	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2578
		2579	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2580	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2581	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2582	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2583
		2584	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2585	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2586	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2587
		2588	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2589	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
		2590	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
		2591	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
		2592
		2593	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2594	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2595	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2596
1901		2597
1902	=head1 SIGNALS	2598	=head1 SIGNALS
1903		2599
1904	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:	2600	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
1905		2601
…		…
1908	=item SIGCHLD	2604	=item SIGCHLD
1909		2605
1910	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher	2606	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
1911	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some	2607	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
1912	event loops install a similar handler.	2608	event loops install a similar handler.
		2609
		2610	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2611	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
1913		2612
1914	=item SIGPIPE	2613	=item SIGPIPE
1915		2614
1916	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>	2615	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
1917	when AnyEvent gets loaded.	2616	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
…		…
1929		2628
1930	=back	2629	=back
1931		2630
1932	=cut	2631	=cut
1933		2632
		2633	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2634	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2635
1934	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }	2636	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
1935	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};	2637	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
1936		2638
		2639	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2640
		2641	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2642	its built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2643
		2644	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2645	modules if they are installed.
		2646
		2647	This section explains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2648	affect AnyEvent's operation.
		2649
		2650	=over 4
		2651
		2652	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2653
		2654	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2655	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2656	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2657	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2658	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2659	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2660
		2661	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2662	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2663	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for
		2664	battery life on laptops).
		2665
		2666	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2667	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2668
		2669	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2670	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2671	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2672	does nothing for those backends.
		2673
		2674	=item L<EV>
		2675
		2676	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2677	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2678	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2679	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2680	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2681	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2682	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2683	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2684
		2685	If you only use backends that rely on another event loop (e.g. C<Tk>),
		2686	then this module will do nothing for you.
		2687
		2688	=item L<Guard>
		2689
		2690	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2691	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2692	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2693	purely used for performance.
		2694
		2695	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2696
		2697	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
		2698	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. L<JSON> is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2699	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2700
		2701	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2702
		2703	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2704	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2705	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2706
		2707	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2708
		2709	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2710	chosen event library does not come with a timing source of its own. The
		2711	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Loop>) will additionally load it to
		2712	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2713
		2714	=back
		2715
1937		2716
1938	=head1 FORK	2717	=head1 FORK
1939		2718
1940	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2719	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1941	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2720	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> calls
1942	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2721	- higher performance APIs such as BSD's kqueue or the dreaded Linux epoll
		2722	are usually badly thought-out hacks that are incompatible with fork in
		2723	one way or another. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware and ensures that you
		2724	continue event-processing in both parent and child (or both, if you know
		2725	what you are doing).
		2726
		2727	This means that, in general, you cannot fork and do event processing in
		2728	the child if the event library was initialised before the fork (which
		2729	usually happens when the first AnyEvent watcher is created, or the library
		2730	is loaded).
1943		2731
1944	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2732	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1945	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2733	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2734	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
		2735
		2736	The problem of doing event processing in the parent I<and> the child
		2737	is much more complicated: even for backends that I<are> fork-aware or
		2738	fork-safe, their behaviour is not usually what you want: fork clones all
		2739	watchers, that means all timers, I/O watchers etc. are active in both
		2740	parent and child, which is almost never what you want. USing C<exec>
		2741	to start worker children from some kind of manage rprocess is usually
		2742	preferred, because it is much easier and cleaner, at the expense of having
		2743	to have another binary.
1946		2744
1947		2745
1948	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2746	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1949		2747
1950	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2748	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
1962	use AnyEvent;	2760	use AnyEvent;
1963		2761
1964	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2762	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1965	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2763	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1966	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and	2764	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
1967	$ENV{PERL_ANYEGENT_STRICT}.	2765	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2766
		2767	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2768	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2769	enabled.
1968		2770
1969		2771
1970	=head1 BUGS	2772	=head1 BUGS
1971		2773
1972	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard	2774	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
…		…
1976	pronounced).	2778	pronounced).
1977		2779
1978		2780
1979	=head1 SEE ALSO	2781	=head1 SEE ALSO
1980		2782
		2783	Tutorial/Introduction: L<AnyEvent::Intro>.
		2784
		2785	FAQ: L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		2786
1981	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.	2787	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.
1982		2788
1983	Event modules: L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>,	2789	Event modules: L<AnyEvent::Loop>, L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>,
1984	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2790	L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1985		2791
1986	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2792	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1987	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2793	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1988	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2794	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1989	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2795	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
1990		2796
1991	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2797	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
1992	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2798	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
1993		2799
1994	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2800	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
1995		2801
1996	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2802	Thread support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>.
1997		2803
1998	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2804	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>,
		2805	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1999		2806
2000		2807
2001	=head1 AUTHOR	2808	=head1 AUTHOR
2002		2809
2003	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2810	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>

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