ViewVC Help

View File | Revision Log | Show Annotations | Download File

/cvs/AnyEvent/lib/AnyEvent.pm

Comparing AnyEvent/lib/AnyEvent.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.232 by root, Thu Jul 9 01:08:22 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.353 by root, Thu Aug 11 20:56:07 2011 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt and POE are various supported	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
6	event loops.	6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
7		7
8	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
9		9
10	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
11		11
		12	# if you prefer function calls, look at the AE manpage for
		13	# an alternative API.
		14
12	# file descriptor readable	15	# file handle or descriptor readable
13	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });	16	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
14		17
15	# one-shot or repeating timers	18	# one-shot or repeating timers
16	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });	19	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
17	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...	20	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...);
18		21
19	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time	22	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
20	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.	23	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
21		24
22	# POSIX signal	25	# POSIX signal
…		…
40	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL	43	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
41		44
42	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested	45	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	46	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	47	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
		48
		49	=head1 SUPPORT
		50
		51	An FAQ document is available as L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		52
		53	There also is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		54	channel, too.
		55
		56	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		57	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
45		58
46	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	59	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
47		60
48	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	61	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
49	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	62	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
…		…
65	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	78	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
66	model you use.	79	model you use.
67		80
68	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	81	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
69	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	82	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
70	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	83	like joining a cult: After you join, you are dependent on them and you
71	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything	84	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
72	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your	85	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
73	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	86	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
74		87
75	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	88	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
76	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	89	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
77	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if	90	with the rest: POE + EV? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if your module
78	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	91	uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it, too. But if
79	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	92	your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all event models it
80	event models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those	93	supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those use one of the
81	use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops	94	supported event loops. It is easy to add new event loops to AnyEvent, too,
82	to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	95	so it is future-proof).
83		96
84	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	97	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
85	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	98	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
86	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	99	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
87	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	100	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and to the point, by only
88	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as	101	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
89	technically possible.	102	technically possible.
90		103
91	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox	104	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
92	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%	105	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
…		…
98	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	111	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
99	model, you should I<not> use this module.	112	model, you should I<not> use this module.
100		113
101	=head1 DESCRIPTION	114	=head1 DESCRIPTION
102		115
103	L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This	116	L<AnyEvent> provides a uniform interface to various event loops. This
104	allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module	117	allows module authors to use event loop functionality without forcing
105	users to use the same event loop (as only a single event loop can coexist	118	module users to use a specific event loop implementation (since more
106	peacefully at any one time).	119	than one event loop cannot coexist peacefully).
107		120
108	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>	121	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>
109	module.	122	module.
110		123
111	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries	124	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries
112	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the	125	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the
113	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>,	126	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>, L<AnyEvent::Loop>,
114	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>,	127	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>. The first one
115	L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries	128	found is used. If none are detected, the module tries to load the first
116	to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl	129	four modules in the order given; but note that if L<EV> is not
117	adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can	130	available, the pure-perl L<AnyEvent::Loop> should always work, so
118	be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be	131	the other two are not normally tried.
119	found, AnyEvent will fall back to a pure-perl event loop, which is not
120	very efficient, but should work everywhere.
121		132
122	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading	133	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading
123	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make	134	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make
124	that model the default. For example:	135	that model the default. For example:
125		136
…		…
127	use AnyEvent;	138	use AnyEvent;
128		139
129	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk	140	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk
130		141
131	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and	142	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and
132	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to	143	starts using it, all bets are off - this case should be very rare though,
133	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...	144	as very few modules hardcode event loops without announcing this very
		145	loudly.
134		146
135	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	147	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called C<AnyEvent::Loop>. Like
136	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	148	other event modules you can load it explicitly and enjoy the high
137	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)	149	availability of that event loop :)
138		150
139	=head1 WATCHERS	151	=head1 WATCHERS
140		152
141	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	153	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
142	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	154	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
…		…
147	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	159	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
148	is in control).	160	is in control).
149		161
150	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>	162	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
151	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<	163	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
152	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in	164	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practice in
153	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs	165	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
154	widely between event loops.	166	widely between event loops.
155		167
156	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	168	To disable a watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
157	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	169	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
158	to it).	170	to it).
159		171
160	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	172	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
161		173
162	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for	174	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
163	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.	175	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
164		176
165	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:	177	One way to achieve that is this pattern:
166		178
167	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {	179	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
168	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it	180	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
169	undef $w;	181	undef $w;
170	});	182	});
…		…
172	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,	184	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,
173	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	185	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
174	declared.	186	declared.
175		187
176	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	188	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
		189
		190	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		191	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		192	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		193	cb => <callback>,
		194	);
177		195
178	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	196	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
179	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	197	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
180		198
181	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch	199	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
…		…
196		214
197	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.	215	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.
198	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the	216	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the
199	underlying file descriptor.	217	underlying file descriptor.
200		218
201	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	219	Some event loops issue spurious readiness notifications, so you should
202	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	220	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
203	handles.	221	handles.
204		222
205	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the	223	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
206	watcher.	224	watcher.
…		…
211	undef $w;	229	undef $w;
212	});	230	});
213		231
214	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	232	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
215		233
		234	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		235
		236	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		237	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		238	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		239	cb => <callback>,
		240	);
		241
216	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	242	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
217	method with the following mandatory arguments:	243	method with the following mandatory arguments:
218		244
219	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	245	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
220	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	246	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
222		248
223	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	249	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
224	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	250	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
225	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	251	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
226		252
227	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another	253	The callback will normally be invoked only once. If you specify another
228	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the	254	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
229	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional	255	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
230	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a	256	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
231	false value, then it is treated as if it were missing.	257	false value, then it is treated as if it were not specified at all.
232		258
233	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no	259	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
234	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is	260	attempt is made to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
235	only approximate.	261	only approximate.
236		262
237	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.	263	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
238		264
239	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	265	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
…		…
257		283
258	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they	284	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they
259	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock	285	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock
260	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from	286	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from
261	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to	287	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to
262	fire "after" a second might actually take six years to finally fire.	288	fire "after a second" might actually take six years to finally fire.
263		289
264	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious	290	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious
265	about these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based	291	of these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based
266	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)	292	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)
267	timers.	293	timers.
268		294
269	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the	295	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
270	AnyEvent API.	296	AnyEvent API.
…		…
292	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the	318	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
293	function to call when you want to know the current time.>	319	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
294		320
295	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and	321	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
296	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,	322	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
297	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts).	323	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update its activity timeouts).
298		324
299	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact	325	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
300	with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.	326	with your timing; you can skip it without a bad conscience.
301		327
302	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>	328	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
303	and L<EV> and the following set-up:	329	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
304		330
305	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at	331	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callbacks at
306	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,	332	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
307	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a	333	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
308	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires	334	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
309	after three seconds.	335	after three seconds.
310		336
…		…
330	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into	356	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
331	account.	357	account.
332		358
333	=item AnyEvent->now_update	359	=item AnyEvent->now_update
334		360
335	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache	361	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Loop>) cache the current
336	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<	362	time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<< AnyEvent->now >>,
337	AnyEvent->now >>, above).	363	above).
338		364
339	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then	365	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
340	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which	366	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
341	might affect timers and time-outs.	367	might affect timers and time-outs.
342		368
343	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the	369	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
344	event loop's idea of "current time".	370	event loop's idea of "current time".
345		371
		372	A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) -
		373	when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong
		374	idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the
		375	script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<<
		376	AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again
		377	(e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler).
		378
346	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.	379	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
347		380
348	=back	381	=back
349		382
350	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	383	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
		384
		385	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
351		386
352	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	387	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
353	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl	388	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
354	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	389	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
355		390
…		…
361	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	396	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
362	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	397	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
363	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	398	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
364		399
365	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	400	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
366	between multiple watchers.	401	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		402	interrupt your program at bad times.
367		403
368	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	404	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
369	directly will likely not work correctly.	405	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		406	correctly.
370		407
371	Example: exit on SIGINT	408	Example: exit on SIGINT
372		409
373	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	410	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
374		411
		412	=head3 Restart Behaviour
		413
		414	While restart behaviour is up to the event loop implementation, most will
		415	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's
		416	pure perl implementation).
		417
		418	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals
		419
		420	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling) or
		421	"unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might get delayed indefinitely, the
		422	latter might corrupt your memory.
		423
		424	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,
		425	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be
		426	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.
		427	callbacks, too).
		428
		429	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		430
		431	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		432	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		433	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		434	this. AnyEvent will try to do its best, which means in some cases,
		435	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		436	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		437	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		438	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		439	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		440	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		441	saving.
		442
		443	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		444	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		445	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		446	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does its own workaround with
		447	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		448
375	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	449	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
376		450
		451	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		452
377	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	453	You can also watch for a child process exit and catch its exit status.
378		454
379	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	455	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (on some backends,
380	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will triggered only when	456	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
381	the child process has finished and an exit status is available, not on	457	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
382	any trace events (stopped/continued).	458	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
		459	(stopped/continued).
383		460
384	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by	461	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
385	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher	462	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
386	callback arguments.	463	callback arguments.
387		464
…		…
403		480
404	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first	481	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
405	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one	482	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
406	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call	483	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
407	C<AnyEvent::detect>).	484	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		485
		486	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		487	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which case the latency and race
		488	problems mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
408		489
409	Example: fork a process and wait for it	490	Example: fork a process and wait for it
410		491
411	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	492	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
412		493
…		…
424	# do something else, then wait for process exit	505	# do something else, then wait for process exit
425	$done->recv;	506	$done->recv;
426		507
427	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS	508	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
428		509
429	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important	510	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
430	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
431	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
432	attention by the event loop".
433		511
434	Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing	512	This will repeatedly invoke the callback after the process becomes idle,
435	better to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new	513	until either the watcher is destroyed or new events have been detected.
436	events. Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.
437		514
438	Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only	515	Idle watchers are useful when there is a need to do something, but it
		516	is not so important (or wise) to do it instantly. The callback will be
		517	invoked only when there is "nothing better to do", which is usually
		518	defined as "all outstanding events have been handled and no new events
		519	have been detected". That means that idle watchers ideally get invoked
		520	when the event loop has just polled for new events but none have been
		521	detected. Instead of blocking to wait for more events, the idle watchers
		522	will be invoked.
		523
		524	Unfortunately, most event loops do not really support idle watchers (only
439	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent	525	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
440	will simply call the callback "from time to time".	526	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
441		527
442	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the	528	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
443	program is otherwise idle:	529	program is otherwise idle:
…		…
459	});	545	});
460	});	546	});
461		547
462	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	548	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
463		549
		550	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		551
		552	$cv->send (<list>);
		553	my @res = $cv->recv;
		554
464	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	555	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
465	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	556	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
466	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	557	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
467		558
468	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	559	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
469	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	560	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
470		561
471	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	562	The tool to do that is called a "condition variable", so called because
472	because they represent a condition that must become true.	563	they represent a condition that must become true.
		564
		565	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
473		566
474	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	567	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
475	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	568	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
476
477	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	569	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
478	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not	570	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
479	the results).	571	the results).
480		572
481	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	573	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
482	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it	574	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
483	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<	575	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
484	->send >> method).	576	->send >> method).
485		577
486	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	578	Since condition variables are the most complex part of the AnyEvent API, here are
487	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	579	some different mental models of what they are - pick the ones you can connect to:
488	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	580
489	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	581	=over 4
490	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	582
491	a result.	583	=item * Condition variables are like callbacks - you can call them (and pass them instead
		584	of callbacks). Unlike callbacks however, you can also wait for them to be called.
		585
		586	=item * Condition variables are signals - one side can emit or send them,
		587	the other side can wait for them, or install a handler that is called when
		588	the signal fires.
		589
		590	=item * Condition variables are like "Merge Points" - points in your program
		591	where you merge multiple independent results/control flows into one.
		592
		593	=item * Condition variables represent a transaction - functions that start
		594	some kind of transaction can return them, leaving the caller the choice
		595	between waiting in a blocking fashion, or setting a callback.
		596
		597	=item * Condition variables represent future values, or promises to deliver
		598	some result, long before the result is available.
		599
		600	=back
492		601
493	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	602	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
494	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	603	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
495	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	604	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
496	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	605	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
509		618
510	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys	619	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys
511	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing	620	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing
512	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of	621	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of
513	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call	622	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call
514	it's C<new> method in your own C<new> method.	623	its C<new> method in your own C<new> method.
515		624
516	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which	625	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which
517	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits	626	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
518	for the send to occur.	627	for the send to occur.
519		628
520	Example: wait for a timer.	629	Example: wait for a timer.
521		630
522	# wait till the result is ready	631	# condition: "wait till the timer is fired"
523	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	632	my $timer_fired = AnyEvent->condvar;
524		633
525	# do something such as adding a timer	634	# create the timer - we could wait for, say
526	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->send	635	# a handle becomign ready, or even an
527	# when the "result" is ready.	636	# AnyEvent::HTTP request to finish, but
528	# in this case, we simply use a timer:	637	# in this case, we simply use a timer:
529	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (	638	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (
530	after => 1,	639	after => 1,
531	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	640	cb => sub { $timer_fired->send },
532	);	641	);
533		642
534	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	643	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
535	# calls send	644	# calls ->send
536	$result_ready->recv;	645	$timer_fired->recv;
537		646
538	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	647	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
539	condition variables are also code references.	648	variables are also callable directly.
540		649
541	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	650	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
542	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	651	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
543	$done->recv;	652	$done->recv;
544		653
…		…
550		659
551	...	660	...
552		661
553	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;	662	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
554		663
555	And this is how you would just ste a callback to be called whenever the	664	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
556	results are available:	665	results are available:
557		666
558	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {	667	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
559	my @info = $_[0]->recv;	668	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
560	});	669	});
…		…
578	immediately from within send.	687	immediately from within send.
579		688
580	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	689	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
581	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	690	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
582		691
583	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	692	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
584	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	693	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
585	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	694	C<send>.
586	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
587	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
588	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
589	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
590	example).
591		695
592	=item $cv->croak ($error)	696	=item $cv->croak ($error)
593		697
594	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	698	Similar to send, but causes all calls to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
595	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	699	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
596		700
597	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	701	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
598	user/consumer.	702	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		703	delays the error detection, but has the overwhelming advantage that it
		704	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		705	deep in some event callback with no connection to the actual code causing
		706	the problem.
599		707
600	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	708	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
601		709
602	=item $cv->end	710	=item $cv->end
603		711
…		…
605	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	713	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
606	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	714	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
607		715
608	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	716	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
609	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	717	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
610	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	718	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
611	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	719	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
612	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	720	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		721	be called without any arguments.
613		722
614	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call	723	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
615	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND	724	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
616	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).	725	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
617		726
…		…
639	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before	748	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
640	sending.	749	sending.
641		750
642	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the	751	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
643	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are	752	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
644	begung can potentially be zero:	753	begun can potentially be zero:
645		754
646	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	755	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
647		756
648	my %result;	757	my %result;
649	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	758	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
650		759
651	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	760	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
652	$cv->begin;	761	$cv->begin;
653	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	762	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
654	$result{$host} = ...;	763	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
670	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	779	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
671	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	780	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
672	doesn't execute once).	781	doesn't execute once).
673		782
674	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but	783	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
675	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set	784	potentially zero) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
676	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each	785	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
677	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,	786	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
678	call C<end>.	787	call C<end>.
679		788
680	=back	789	=back
…		…
687	=over 4	796	=over 4
688		797
689	=item $cv->recv	798	=item $cv->recv
690		799
691	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak	800	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak
692	>> methods have been called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers	801	>> methods have been called on C<$cv>, while servicing other watchers
693	normally.	802	normally.
694		803
695	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but	804	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but
696	will return immediately.	805	will return immediately.
697		806
…		…
699	function will call C<croak>.	808	function will call C<croak>.
700		809
701	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	810	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
702	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	811	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
703		812
		813	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		814	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		815	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		816	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		817	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		818	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		819
704	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	820	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
705	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	821	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
706	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	822	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
707	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	823	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
708	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	824	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
709	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	825	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
710	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	826	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
711		827
712	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
713	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
714	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
715	can supply.
716
717	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
718	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
719	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
720	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
721	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
722
723	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	828	You can ensure that C<< ->recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
724	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	829	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
725	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	830	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
726	waits otherwise.	831	waits otherwise.
727		832
728	=item $bool = $cv->ready	833	=item $bool = $cv->ready
…		…
734		839
735	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	840	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
736	replaces it before doing so.	841	replaces it before doing so.
737		842
738	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	843	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when
739	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	844	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the
740	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	845	condition variable itself. If the condition is already true, the
741	is guaranteed not to block.	846	callback is called immediately when it is set. Calling C<recv> inside
		847	the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
742		848
743	=back	849	=back
744		850
745	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS	851	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
746		852
…		…
749	=over 4	855	=over 4
750		856
751	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.	857	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
752		858
753	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in	859	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
754	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will try Event, and, failing	860	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
755	that, will fall back to its own pure-perl implementation, which is	861	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
756	available everywhere as it comes with AnyEvent itself.	862	AnyEvent itself.
757		863
758	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).	864	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
759	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
760	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.	865	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl AnyEvent::Loop, fast and portable.
761		866
762	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.	867	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
763		868
764	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher	869	These will be used if they are already loaded when the first watcher
765	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using	870	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
766	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend	871	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
767	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to	872	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
768	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.	873	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
769		874
		875	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
770	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.	876	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
771	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.	877	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
772	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.	878	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
773	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.	879	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		880	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		881	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async.
		882	AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa based on Cocoa::EventLoop.
		883	AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK based on FLTK.
774		884
775	=item Backends with special needs.	885	=item Backends with special needs.
776		886
777	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will	887	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
778	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program	888	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
779	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,	889	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
780	everything should just work.	890	everything should just work.
781		891
782	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.	892	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
783		893
784	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
785	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
786	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
787	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
788	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
789
790	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
791
792	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.	894	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
793		895
794	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:	896	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
795		897
796	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.	898	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
…		…
809		911
810	=back	912	=back
811		913
812	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	914	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
813		915
		916	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		917	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		918
814	=over 4	919	=over 4
815		920
816	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	921	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
817		922
818	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	923	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		924	backend has been autodetected.
		925
819	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	926	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
820	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	927	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
821	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	928	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl::xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
822	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	929	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
		930	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
823		931
824	=item AnyEvent::detect	932	=item AnyEvent::detect
825		933
826	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	934	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
827	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	935	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
828	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	936	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
829	runtime.	937	runtime, and not e.g. during initialisation of your module.
		938
		939	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		940	created, use C<post_detect>.
830		941
831	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	942	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
832		943
833	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	944	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
834	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	945	autodetected (or immediately if that has already happened).
		946
		947	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		948	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		949	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		950	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		951	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		952
		953	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		954	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		955	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		956	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
835		957
836	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	958	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
837	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	959	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		960	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
838	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	961	a case where this is useful.
		962
		963	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		964	C<$WATCHER>, but do so only do so after the event loop is initialised.
		965
		966	our WATCHER;
		967
		968	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		969	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		970	};
		971
		972	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		973	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		974	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		975	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		976
		977	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
839		978
840	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	979	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
841		980
842	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	981	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
843	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	982	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will be called directly
844	the event loop has been chosen.	983	after the event loop has been chosen.
845		984
846	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	985	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
847	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	986	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
848	and the array will be ignored.	987	array will be ignored.
849		988
850	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	989	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		990	it, as it takes care of these details.
		991
		992	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		993	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		994	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		995	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
		996
		997	Example: To load Coro::AnyEvent whenever Coro and AnyEvent are used
		998	together, you could put this into Coro (this is the actual code used by
		999	Coro to accomplish this):
		1000
		1001	if (defined $AnyEvent::MODEL) {
		1002	# AnyEvent already initialised, so load Coro::AnyEvent
		1003	require Coro::AnyEvent;
		1004	} else {
		1005	# AnyEvent not yet initialised, so make sure to load Coro::AnyEvent
		1006	# as soon as it is
		1007	push @AnyEvent::post_detect, sub { require Coro::AnyEvent };
		1008	}
		1009
		1010	=item AnyEvent::postpone BLOCK
		1011
		1012	Arranges for the block to be executed as soon as possible, but not before
		1013	the call itself returns. In practise, the block will be executed just
		1014	before the event loop polls for new events, or shortly afterwards.
		1015
		1016	This function never returns anything (to make the C<return postpone { ...
		1017	}> idiom more useful.
		1018
		1019	To understand the usefulness of this function, consider a function that
		1020	asynchronously does something for you and returns some transaction
		1021	object or guard to let you cancel the operation. For example,
		1022	C<AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect>:
		1023
		1024	# start a conenction attempt unless one is active
		1025	$self->{connect_guard} ||= AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect "www.example.net", 80, sub {
		1026	delete $self->{connect_guard};
		1027	...
		1028	};
		1029
		1030	Imagine that this function could instantly call the callback, for
		1031	example, because it detects an obvious error such as a negative port
		1032	number. Invoking the callback before the function returns causes problems
		1033	however: the callback will be called and will try to delete the guard
		1034	object. But since the function hasn't returned yet, there is nothing to
		1035	delete. When the function eventually returns it will assign the guard
		1036	object to C<< $self->{connect_guard} >>, where it will likely never be
		1037	deleted, so the program thinks it is still trying to connect.
		1038
		1039	This is where C<AnyEvent::postpone> should be used. Instead of calling the
		1040	callback directly on error:
		1041
		1042	$cb->(undef), return # signal error to callback, BAD!
		1043	if $some_error_condition;
		1044
		1045	It should use C<postpone>:
		1046
		1047	AnyEvent::postpone { $cb->(undef) }, return # signal error to callback, later
		1048	if $some_error_condition;
851		1049
852	=back	1050	=back
853		1051
854	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	1052	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
855		1053
…		…
866	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using	1064	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using
867	events is to stay interactive.	1065	events is to stay interactive.
868		1066
869	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module	1067	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module
870	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method	1068	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method
871	called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->recv >>	1069	called C<results> that returns the results, it may call C<< ->recv >>
872	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always).	1070	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. Always).
873		1071
874	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM	1072	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM
875		1073
876	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should	1074	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should
877	dictate which event model to use.	1075	dictate which event model to use.
878		1076
879	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not	1077	If the program is not event-based, it need not do anything special, even
880	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent	1078	when it depends on a module that uses an AnyEvent. If the program itself
881	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.	1079	uses AnyEvent, but does not care which event loop is used, all it needs
		1080	to do is C<use AnyEvent>. In either case, AnyEvent will choose the best
		1081	available loop implementation.
882		1082
883	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in	1083	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in
884	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the	1084	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the
885	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally	1085	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally
886	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that	1086	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that
887	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will	1087	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will
888	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it	1088	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it
889	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.	1089	might choose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.
890		1090
891	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the	1091	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the
892	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar behaviour	1092	C<AnyEvent::Loop> module, which gives you similar behaviour
893	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.	1093	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.
894		1094
895	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION	1095	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION
896		1096
897	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who	1097	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who
…		…
912	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1112	=head1 OTHER MODULES
913		1113
914	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1114	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
915	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent	1115	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
916	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules	1116	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
917	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.	1117	come as part of AnyEvent, the others are available via CPAN.
918		1118
919	=over 4	1119	=over 4
920		1120
921	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1121	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
922		1122
923	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	1123	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used blocking
924	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	1124	functions such as C<inet_aton> with event/callback-based versions.
925		1125
926	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	1126	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
927		1127
928	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	1128	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
929	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp	1129	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
…		…
931		1131
932	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>	1132	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
933		1133
934	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,	1134	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
935	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and	1135	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
936	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.	1136	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>).
937		1137
938	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1138	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
939		1139
940	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1140	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
941		1141
		1142	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>, L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IGS>, L<AnyEvent::FCP>
		1143
		1144	Implement event-based interfaces to the protocols of the same name (for
		1145	the curious, IGS is the International Go Server and FCP is the Freenet
		1146	Client Protocol).
		1147
		1148	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle::UDP>
		1149
		1150	Here be danger!
		1151
		1152	As Pauli would put it, "Not only is it not right, it's not even wrong!" -
		1153	there are so many things wrong with AnyEvent::Handle::UDP, most notably
		1154	its use of a stream-based API with a protocol that isn't streamable, that
		1155	the only way to improve it is to delete it.
		1156
		1157	It features data corruption (but typically only under load) and general
		1158	confusion. On top, the author is not only clueless about UDP but also
		1159	fact-resistant - some gems of his understanding: "connect doesn't work
		1160	with UDP", "UDP packets are not IP packets", "UDP only has datagrams, not
		1161	packets", "I don't need to implement proper error checking as UDP doesn't
		1162	support error checking" and so on - he doesn't even understand what's
		1163	wrong with his module when it is explained to him.
		1164
942	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>	1165	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
943		1166
944	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent	1167	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process for you,
945	HTTP requests.	1168	notifying you in an event-based way when the operation is finished.
		1169
		1170	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		1171
		1172	Truly asynchronous (as opposed to non-blocking) I/O, should be in the
		1173	toolbox of every event programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
		1174	L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent together, giving AnyEvent access to event-based
		1175	file I/O, and much more.
946		1176
947	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	1177	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
948		1178
949	Provides a simple web application server framework.	1179	A simple embedded webserver.
950		1180
951	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	1181	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
952		1182
953	The fastest ping in the west.	1183	The fastest ping in the west.
954		1184
955	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
956
957	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
958
959	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
960
961	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
962	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent
963	together.
964
965	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>
966
967	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses
968	L<BDB> and AnyEvent together.
969
970	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
971
972	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
973
974	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
975
976	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
977
978	=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
979
980	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
981	Net::XMPP2>.
982
983	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
984
985	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
986	L<App::IGS>).
987
988	=item L<Net::FCP>
989
990	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
991	of AnyEvent.
992
993	=item L<Event::ExecFlow>
994
995	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
996
997	=item L<Coro>	1185	=item L<Coro>
998		1186
999	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1187	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
1000		1188
1001	=back	1189	=back
1002		1190
1003	=cut	1191	=cut
1004		1192
1005	package AnyEvent;	1193	package AnyEvent;
1006		1194
1007	no warnings;	1195	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
1008	use strict qw(vars subs);	1196	sub common_sense {
		1197	# from common:.sense 3.4
		1198	${^WARNING_BITS} ^= ${^WARNING_BITS} ^ "\x3c\x3f\x33\x00\x0f\xf0\x0f\xc0\xf0\xfc\x33\x00";
		1199	# use strict vars subs - NO UTF-8, as Util.pm doesn't like this atm. (uts46data.pl)
		1200	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1201	}
1009		1202
		1203	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1204
1010	use Carp;	1205	use Carp ();
1011		1206
1012	our $VERSION = 4.801;	1207	our $VERSION = '5.34';
1013	our $MODEL;	1208	our $MODEL;
1014		1209
1015	our $AUTOLOAD;	1210	our $AUTOLOAD;
1016	our @ISA;	1211	our @ISA;
1017		1212
1018	our @REGISTRY;	1213	our @REGISTRY;
1019		1214
1020	our $WIN32;	1215	our $VERBOSE;
1021		1216
1022	BEGIN {	1217	BEGIN {
1023	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";	1218	require "AnyEvent/constants.pl";
		1219
1024	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";	1220	eval "sub TAINT (){" . (${^TAINT}*1) . "}";
1025		1221
1026	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}	1222	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
1027	if ${^TAINT};	1223	if ${^TAINT};
1028	}
1029		1224
1030	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1225	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1226
		1227	}
		1228
		1229	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
1031		1230
1032	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1231	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
1033		1232
1034	{	1233	{
1035	my $idx;	1234	my $idx;
…		…
1037	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1236	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
1038	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1237	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
1039	}	1238	}
1040		1239
1041	my @models = (	1240	my @models = (
1042	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1241	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
1043	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],	1242	[AnyEvent::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
1044	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],
1045	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1243	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
1046	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1244	# as the pure perl backend should work everywhere
1047	# and is usually faster	1245	# and is usually faster
		1246	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
1048	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers	1247	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
1049	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy	1248	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1249	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
1050	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1250	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
		1251	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
1051	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1252	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
1052	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
1053	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1253	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
1054	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1254	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
1055	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its
1056	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.
1057	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any
1058	# obvious default class.
1059	# [IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1060	# [IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program	1255	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::],
1061	# [IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program	1256	[Cocoa::EventLoop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa::],
		1257	[FLTK:: => AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK::],
1062	);	1258	);
1063		1259
1064	our %method = map +($_ => 1),	1260	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
1065	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);	1261	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar DESTROY);
1066		1262
1067	our @post_detect;	1263	our @post_detect;
1068		1264
1069	sub post_detect(&) {	1265	sub post_detect(&) {
1070	my ($cb) = @_;	1266	my ($cb) = @_;
1071		1267
1072	if ($MODEL) {
1073	$cb->();
1074
1075	1
1076	} else {
1077	push @post_detect, $cb;	1268	push @post_detect, $cb;
1078		1269
1079	defined wantarray	1270	defined wantarray
1080	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"	1271	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
1081	: ()	1272	: ()
1082	}
1083	}	1273	}
1084		1274
1085	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {	1275	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
1086	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;	1276	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
1087	}	1277	}
1088		1278
1089	sub detect() {	1279	sub detect() {
		1280	# free some memory
		1281	*detect = sub () { $MODEL };
		1282
		1283	local $!; # for good measure
		1284	local $SIG{__DIE__};
		1285
		1286	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
		1287	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
		1288	if (eval "require $model") {
		1289	$MODEL = $model;
		1290	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
		1291	} else {
		1292	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
		1293	}
		1294	}
		1295
		1296	# check for already loaded models
1090	unless ($MODEL) {	1297	unless ($MODEL) {
1091	no strict 'refs';	1298	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1092	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1299	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
1093		1300	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
1094	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
1095	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
1096	if (eval "require $model") {	1301	if (eval "require $model") {
1097	$MODEL = $model;	1302	$MODEL = $model;
1098	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1303	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1099	} else {	1304	last;
1100	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1305	}
1101	}	1306	}
1102	}	1307	}
1103		1308
1104	# check for already loaded models
1105	unless ($MODEL) {	1309	unless ($MODEL) {
		1310	# try to autoload a model
1106	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1311	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1107	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1312	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1313	if (
		1314	$autoload
		1315	and eval "require $package"
1108	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1316	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1109	if (eval "require $model") {	1317	and eval "require $model"
		1318	) {
1110	$MODEL = $model;	1319	$MODEL = $model;
1111	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1320	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1112	last;	1321	last;
1113	}
1114	}	1322	}
1115	}	1323	}
1116		1324
1117	unless ($MODEL) {
1118	# try to load a model
1119
1120	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1121	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
1122	if (eval "require $package"
1123	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1124	and eval "require $model") {
1125	$MODEL = $model;
1126	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
1127	last;
1128	}
1129	}
1130
1131	$MODEL	1325	$MODEL
1132	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";	1326	or die "AnyEvent: backend autodetection failed - did you properly install AnyEvent?\n";
1133	}
1134	}	1327	}
1135
1136	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
1137
1138	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
1139
1140	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
1141
1142	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
1143	}	1328	}
		1329
		1330	@models = (); # free probe data
		1331
		1332	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
		1333	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
		1334
		1335	# now nuke some methods that are overridden by the backend.
		1336	# SUPER is not allowed.
		1337	for (qw(time signal child idle)) {
		1338	undef &{"AnyEvent::Base::$_"}
		1339	if defined &{"$MODEL\::$_"};
		1340	}
		1341
		1342	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}) {
		1343	eval { require AnyEvent::Strict };
		1344	warn "AnyEvent: cannot load AnyEvent::Strict: $@"
		1345	if $@ && $VERBOSE;
		1346	}
		1347
		1348	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
		1349
		1350	*post_detect = sub(&) {
		1351	shift->();
		1352
		1353	undef
		1354	};
1144		1355
1145	$MODEL	1356	$MODEL
1146	}	1357	}
1147		1358
1148	sub AUTOLOAD {	1359	sub AUTOLOAD {
1149	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1360	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
1150		1361
1151	$method{$func}	1362	$method{$func}
1152	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1363	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid AnyEvent class method";
1153		1364
1154	detect unless $MODEL;	1365	detect;
1155		1366
1156	my $class = shift;	1367	my $class = shift;
1157	$class->$func (@_);	1368	$class->$func (@_);
		1369	}
		1370
		1371	our $POSTPONE_W;
		1372	our @POSTPONE;
		1373
		1374	sub _postpone_exec {
		1375	undef $POSTPONE_W;
		1376	(pop @POSTPONE)->()
		1377	while @POSTPONE;
		1378	}
		1379
		1380	sub postpone(&) {
		1381	push @POSTPONE, shift;
		1382
		1383	$POSTPONE_W ||= AE::timer (0, 0, \&_postpone_exec);
		1384
		1385	()
1158	}	1386	}
1159		1387
1160	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends	1388	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
1161	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually	1389	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
1162	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).	1390	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
1163	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {	1391	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
1164	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;	1392	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
1165		1393
1166	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't	1394	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
1167	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<") : ($w, ">");	1395	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
1168		1396
1169	open my $fh2, "$mode&", $fh	1397	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
1170	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";	1398	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
1171		1399
1172	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases	1400	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
1173		1401
1174	($fh2, $rw)	1402	($fh2, $rw)
1175	}	1403	}
1176		1404
		1405	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1406
		1407	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1408	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1409	overhead by using function call syntax and a fixed number of parameters.
		1410
		1411	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1412
		1413	=cut
		1414
		1415	package AE;
		1416
		1417	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1418
		1419	# fall back to the main API by default - backends and AnyEvent::Base
		1420	# implementations can overwrite these.
		1421
		1422	sub io($$$) {
		1423	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1424	}
		1425
		1426	sub timer($$$) {
		1427	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1428	}
		1429
		1430	sub signal($$) {
		1431	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1432	}
		1433
		1434	sub child($$) {
		1435	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1436	}
		1437
		1438	sub idle($) {
		1439	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])
		1440	}
		1441
		1442	sub cv(;&) {
		1443	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1444	}
		1445
		1446	sub now() {
		1447	AnyEvent->now
		1448	}
		1449
		1450	sub now_update() {
		1451	AnyEvent->now_update
		1452	}
		1453
		1454	sub time() {
		1455	AnyEvent->time
		1456	}
		1457
1177	package AnyEvent::Base;	1458	package AnyEvent::Base;
1178		1459
1179	# default implementations for many methods	1460	# default implementations for many methods
1180		1461
1181	BEGIN {	1462	sub time {
		1463	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1464	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
1182	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {	1465	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1466	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1183	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;	1467	*AE::time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
1184	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...	1468	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
1185	} else {	1469	} else {
		1470	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
1186	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail	1471	*AE::time = sub (){ time }; # epic fail
		1472	}
		1473
		1474	*time = sub { AE::time }; # different prototypes
		1475	};
		1476	die if $@;
		1477
		1478	&time
		1479	}
		1480
		1481	*now = \&time;
		1482
		1483	sub now_update { }
		1484
		1485	sub _poll {
		1486	Carp::croak "$AnyEvent::MODEL does not support blocking waits. Caught";
		1487	}
		1488
		1489	# default implementation for ->condvar
		1490	# in fact, the default should not be overwritten
		1491
		1492	sub condvar {
		1493	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1494	*condvar = sub {
		1495	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1496	};
		1497
		1498	*AE::cv = sub (;&) {
		1499	bless { @_ ? (_ae_cb => shift) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1500	};
		1501	};
		1502	die if $@;
		1503
		1504	&condvar
		1505	}
		1506
		1507	# default implementation for ->signal
		1508
		1509	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1510
		1511	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1512	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1513	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
		1514	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1515
		1516	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1517	}
		1518
		1519	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1520	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1521	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
		1522
		1523	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1524	# used by Impls
		1525	sub _sig_add() {
		1526	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1527	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1528	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1529
		1530	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1531	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1532	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1533	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1534	;
1187	}	1535	}
1188	}	1536	}
1189		1537
1190	sub time { _time }	1538	sub _sig_del {
1191	sub now { _time }	1539	undef $SIG_TW
1192	sub now_update { }	1540	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
1193
1194	# default implementation for ->condvar
1195
1196	sub condvar {
1197	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
1198	}	1541	}
1199		1542
1200	# default implementation for ->signal	1543	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1544	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1545	undef $_sig_name_init;
1201		1546
1202	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);	1547	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1548	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1549	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1550	} else {
		1551	require Config;
1203		1552
1204	sub _signal_exec {	1553	my %signame2num;
1205	sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 4;	1554	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1555	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
1206		1556
1207	while (%SIG_EV) {	1557	my @signum2name;
1208	for (keys %SIG_EV) {	1558	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
1209	delete $SIG_EV{$_};	1559
1210	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };	1560	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1561	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1562	};
		1563	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1564	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1565	};
1211	}	1566	}
1212	}	1567	};
1213	}	1568	die if $@;
		1569	};
		1570
		1571	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1572	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
1214		1573
1215	sub signal {	1574	sub signal {
1216	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1575	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1576	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1577	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1578	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1217		1579
1218	unless ($SIGPIPE_R) {	1580	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
1219	require Fcntl;	1581	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1220		1582
1221	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
1222	require AnyEvent::Util;
1223
1224	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
1225	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R) if $SIGPIPE_R;
1226	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1227	} else {	1583	} else {
		1584	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1585
		1586	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1587	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1588
		1589	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1590	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1591	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1592	} else {
1228	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;	1593	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
1229	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;	1594	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
1230	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case	1595	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1231		1596
1232	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...	1597	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
1233	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;	1598	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
1234	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;	1599	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1600	}
		1601
		1602	$SIGPIPE_R
		1603	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1604
		1605	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1235	}	1606	}
1236		1607
1237	$SIGPIPE_R	1608	*signal = $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
1238	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";	1609	? sub {
		1610	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1239		1611
1240	$SIG_IO = AnyEvent->io (fh => $SIGPIPE_R, poll => "r", cb => \&_signal_exec);	1612	# async::interrupt
1241	}
1242
1243	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1613	my $signal = sig2num $arg{signal};
1244	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
1245
1246	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1614	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1615
		1616	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1617	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1618	signal => $signal,
		1619	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1620	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1621	;
		1622
		1623	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1624	}
		1625	: sub {
		1626	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1627
		1628	# pure perl
		1629	my $signal = sig2name $arg{signal};
		1630	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1631
1247	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1632	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
1248	local $!;	1633	local $!;
1249	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;	1634	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
1250	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};	1635	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1636	};
		1637
		1638	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1639	# so limit the signal latency.
		1640	_sig_add;
		1641
		1642	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1643	}
		1644	;
		1645
		1646	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1647	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1648
		1649	_sig_del;
		1650
		1651	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1652
		1653	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1654	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1655	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1656	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1657	# instead of getting the default action.
		1658	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1659	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1660	};
		1661
		1662	*_signal_exec = sub {
		1663	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1664	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1665	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
		1666
		1667	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1668	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1669	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
		1670	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
		1671	}
		1672	}
		1673	};
1251	};	1674	};
		1675	die if $@;
1252		1676
1253	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"	1677	&signal
1254	}
1255
1256	sub AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY {
1257	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1258
1259	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
1260
1261	# delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
1262	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
1263	# instead of getting the default action.
1264	undef $SIG{$signal} unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
1265	}	1678	}
1266		1679
1267	# default implementation for ->child	1680	# default implementation for ->child
1268		1681
1269	our %PID_CB;	1682	our %PID_CB;
1270	our $CHLD_W;	1683	our $CHLD_W;
1271	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1684	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1272	our $WNOHANG;
1273		1685
1274	sub _sigchld {	1686	# used by many Impl's
1275	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1687	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
		1688	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1689
		1690	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
1276	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1691	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
1277	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1692	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
1278	}
1279	}	1693	}
1280		1694
1281	sub child {	1695	sub child {
		1696	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1697	*_sigchld = sub {
		1698	my $pid;
		1699
		1700	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
		1701	while ($pid = waitpid -1, WNOHANG) > 0;
		1702	};
		1703
		1704	*child = sub {
1282	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1705	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1283		1706
1284	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1707	my $pid = $arg{pid};
1285	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1708	my $cb = $arg{cb};
1286		1709
1287	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1710	$PID_CB{$pid}{$cb+0} = $cb;
1288		1711
1289	$WNOHANG ||= eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1290
1291	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1712	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1292	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1713	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1293	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1714	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1294	&_sigchld;	1715	&_sigchld;
1295	}	1716	}
1296		1717
1297	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"	1718	bless [$pid, $cb+0], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1298	}	1719	};
1299		1720
1300	sub AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY {	1721	*AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY = sub {
1301	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1722	my ($pid, $icb) = @{$_[0]};
1302		1723
1303	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1724	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$icb};
1304	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1725	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1305		1726
1306	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1727	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
		1728	};
		1729	};
		1730	die if $@;
		1731
		1732	&child
1307	}	1733	}
1308		1734
1309	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless	1735	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
1310	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting	1736	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
1311	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.	1737	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
1312	sub idle {	1738	sub idle {
		1739	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1740	*idle = sub {
1313	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1741	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1314		1742
1315	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};	1743	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
1316		1744
1317	$rcb = sub {	1745	$rcb = sub {
1318	if ($cb) {	1746	if ($cb) {
1319	$w = _time;	1747	$w = _time;
1320	&$cb;	1748	&$cb;
1321	$w = _time - $w;	1749	$w = _time - $w;
1322		1750
1323	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,	1751	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
1324	# within some limits	1752	# within some limits
1325	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;	1753	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
1326	$w = 5 if $w > 5;	1754	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
1327		1755
1328	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $w, cb => $rcb);	1756	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
1329	} else {	1757	} else {
1330	# clean up...	1758	# clean up...
1331	undef $w;	1759	undef $w;
1332	undef $rcb;	1760	undef $rcb;
		1761	}
		1762	};
		1763
		1764	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1765
		1766	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1333	}	1767	};
		1768
		1769	*AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY = sub {
		1770	undef $${$_[0]};
		1771	};
1334	};	1772	};
		1773	die if $@;
1335		1774
1336	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.05, cb => $rcb);	1775	&idle
1337
1338	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1339	}
1340
1341	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
1342	undef $${$_[0]};
1343	}	1776	}
1344		1777
1345	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1778	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1346		1779
1347	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1780	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
1348		1781
		1782	# only to be used for subclassing
		1783	sub new {
		1784	my $class = shift;
		1785	bless AnyEvent->condvar (@_), $class
		1786	}
		1787
1349	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1788	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1350		1789
1351	use overload	1790	#use overload
1352	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1791	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
1353	fallback => 1;	1792	# fallback => 1;
		1793
		1794	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1795	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1796	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1797	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1798	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1799
		1800	our $WAITING;
1354		1801
1355	sub _send {	1802	sub _send {
1356	# nop	1803	# nop
		1804	}
		1805
		1806	sub _wait {
		1807	AnyEvent->_poll until $_[0]{_ae_sent};
1357	}	1808	}
1358		1809
1359	sub send {	1810	sub send {
1360	my $cv = shift;	1811	my $cv = shift;
1361	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];	1812	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];
…		…
1370		1821
1371	sub ready {	1822	sub ready {
1372	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1823	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1373	}	1824	}
1374		1825
1375	sub _wait {
1376	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1377	}
1378
1379	sub recv {	1826	sub recv {
		1827	unless ($_[0]{_ae_sent}) {
		1828	$WAITING
		1829	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait attempted";
		1830
		1831	local $WAITING = 1;
1380	$_[0]->_wait;	1832	$_[0]->_wait;
		1833	}
1381		1834
1382	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1835	$_[0]{_ae_croak}
1383	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1836	and Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak};
		1837
		1838	wantarray
		1839	? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} }
		1840	: $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1384	}	1841	}
1385		1842
1386	sub cb {	1843	sub cb {
1387	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1844	my $cv = shift;
		1845
		1846	@_
		1847	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1848	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1849	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1850
1388	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1851	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1389	}	1852	}
1390		1853
1391	sub begin {	1854	sub begin {
1392	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1855	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1393	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1856	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1398	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };	1861	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };
1399	}	1862	}
1400		1863
1401	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	1864	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
1402	*broadcast = \&send;	1865	*broadcast = \&send;
1403	*wait = \&_wait;	1866	*wait = \&recv;
1404		1867
1405	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING	1868	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
1406		1869
1407	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the	1870	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
1408	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also	1871	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
…		…
1442	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.	1905	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1443		1906
1444	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event	1907	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1445	model it chooses.	1908	model it chooses.
1446		1909
		1910	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1911	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1912
1447	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>	1913	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
1448		1914
1449	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough	1915	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
1450	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value	1916	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
1451	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly	1917	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
1452	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,	1918	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
1453	it will croak.	1919	it will croak.
1454		1920
1455	In other words, enables "strict" mode.	1921	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
1456		1922
1457	Unlike C<use strict>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in	1923	Unlike C<use strict> (or its modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
1458	production. Keeping C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while	1924	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
1459	developing programs can be very useful, however.	1925	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1926	can be very useful, however.
1460		1927
1461	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>	1928	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1462		1929
1463	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before	1930	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1464	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting	1931	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
…		…
1467	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with	1934	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
1468	auto detection and -probing.	1935	auto detection and -probing.
1469		1936
1470	This functionality might change in future versions.	1937	This functionality might change in future versions.
1471		1938
1472	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you	1939	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Loop::Perl>) you
1473	could start your program like this:	1940	could start your program like this:
1474		1941
1475	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...	1942	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1476		1943
1477	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>	1944	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
…		…
1526		1993
1527	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during	1994	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
1528	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment	1995	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
1529	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations	1996	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
1530	instead of a system-dependent default.	1997	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1998
		1999	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		2000
		2001	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		2002	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
1531		2003
1532	=back	2004	=back
1533		2005
1534	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	2006	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1535		2007
…		…
1593	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	2065	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1594	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	2066	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1595	},	2067	},
1596	);	2068	);
1597		2069
1598	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1599
1600	sub new_timer {
1601	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	2070	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1602	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	2071	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1603	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1604	});	2072	});
1605	}
1606
1607	new_timer; # create first timer
1608		2073
1609	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i	2074	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1610		2075
1611	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	2076	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1612		2077
…		…
1685		2150
1686	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	2151	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
1687	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects	2152	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
1688	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	2153	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
1689	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	2154	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
1690	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	2155	problems get reported to the code that tries to use the result, not in a
1691	random callback.	2156	random callback.
1692		2157
1693	All of this enables the following usage styles:	2158	All of this enables the following usage styles:
1694		2159
1695	1. Blocking:	2160	1. Blocking:
…		…
1743	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2208	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1744	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2209	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1745	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2210	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1746		2211
1747	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2212	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1748	distribution.	2213	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2214	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1749		2215
1750	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2216	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1751		2217
1752	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2218	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1753	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2219	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1774	watcher.	2240	watcher.
1775		2241
1776	=head3 Results	2242	=head3 Results
1777		2243
1778	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2244	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1779	EV/EV 400000 224 0.47 0.35 0.27 EV native interface	2245	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1780	EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2246	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1781	CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2247	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1782	Perl/Any 100000 452 4.13 0.73 0.95 pure perl implementation	2248	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1783	Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface	2249	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1784	Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2250	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
1785	IOAsync/Any 16000 989 38.10 32.77 11.13 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll	2251	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
1786	IOAsync/Any 16000 990 37.59 29.50 10.61 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll	2252	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1787	Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour	2253	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1788	Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2254	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1789	POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event	2255	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1790	POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select	2256	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1791		2257
1792	=head3 Discussion	2258	=head3 Discussion
1793		2259
1794	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2260	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1795	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2261	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1807	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2273	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1808	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2274	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1809	cycles with POE.	2275	cycles with POE.
1810		2276
1811	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2277	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1812	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2278	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2279	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2280	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1813	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2281	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1814	natively.
1815		2282
1816	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2283	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1817	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2284	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1818	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2285	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1819	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2286	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
…		…
1893	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2360	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1894	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2361	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1895	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2362	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1896		2363
1897	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2364	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1898	distribution.	2365	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2366	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1899		2367
1900	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2368	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1901		2369
1902	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2370	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1903	each server has a read and write socket end).	2371	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1911	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2379	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1912		2380
1913	=head3 Results	2381	=head3 Results
1914		2382
1915	name sockets create request	2383	name sockets create request
1916	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2384	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1917	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2385	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1918	IOAsync 20000 157.00 98.14 epoll	2386	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1919	IOAsync 20000 159.31 616.06 poll	2387	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
1920	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2388	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
1921	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2389	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1922	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2390	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1923		2391
1924	=head3 Discussion	2392	=head3 Discussion
1925		2393
1926	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2394	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1927	particular event loop.	2395	particular event loop.
…		…
2053	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the	2521	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
2054	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl	2522	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
2055	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.	2523	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
2056		2524
2057	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and	2525	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
2058	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda by a	2526	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
2059	large margin, even though it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O	2527	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
2060	in a non-blocking way.	2528	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
2061		2529
2062	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and	2530	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
2063	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are	2531	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
2064	part of the IO::lambda distribution and were used without any changes.	2532	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
2065		2533
2066		2534
2067	=head1 SIGNALS	2535	=head1 SIGNALS
2068		2536
2069	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:	2537	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
…		…
2074		2542
2075	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher	2543	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
2076	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some	2544	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
2077	event loops install a similar handler.	2545	event loops install a similar handler.
2078		2546
2079	If, when AnyEvent is loaded, SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then AnyEvent will	2547	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
2080	reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.	2548	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
2081		2549
2082	=item SIGPIPE	2550	=item SIGPIPE
2083		2551
2084	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>	2552	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
2085	when AnyEvent gets loaded.	2553	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
…		…
2103	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';	2571	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
2104		2572
2105	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }	2573	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
2106	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};	2574	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
2107		2575
		2576	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2577
		2578	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2579	its built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2580
		2581	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2582	modules if they are installed.
		2583
		2584	This section explains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2585	affect AnyEvent's operation.
		2586
		2587	=over 4
		2588
		2589	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2590
		2591	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2592	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2593	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2594	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2595	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2596	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2597
		2598	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2599	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2600	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for
		2601	battery life on laptops).
		2602
		2603	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2604	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2605
		2606	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2607	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2608	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2609	does nothing for those backends.
		2610
		2611	=item L<EV>
		2612
		2613	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2614	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2615	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2616	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2617	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2618	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2619	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2620	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2621
		2622	If you only use backends that rely on another event loop (e.g. C<Tk>),
		2623	then this module will do nothing for you.
		2624
		2625	=item L<Guard>
		2626
		2627	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2628	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2629	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2630	purely used for performance.
		2631
		2632	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2633
		2634	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
		2635	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. L<JSON> is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2636	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2637
		2638	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2639
		2640	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2641	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2642	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2643
		2644	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2645
		2646	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2647	chosen event library does not come with a timing source of its own. The
		2648	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Loop>) will additionally load it to
		2649	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2650
		2651	=back
		2652
		2653
2108	=head1 FORK	2654	=head1 FORK
2109		2655
2110	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2656	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
2111	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2657	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> calls
2112	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2658	- higher performance APIs such as BSD's kqueue or the dreaded Linux epoll
		2659	are usually badly thought-out hacks that are incompatible with fork in
		2660	one way or another. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware and ensures that you
		2661	continue event-processing in both parent and child (or both, if you know
		2662	what you are doing).
		2663
		2664	This means that, in general, you cannot fork and do event processing in
		2665	the child if the event library was initialised before the fork (which
		2666	usually happens when the first AnyEvent watcher is created, or the library
		2667	is loaded).
2113		2668
2114	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2669	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
2115	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2670	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2671	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
		2672
		2673	The problem of doing event processing in the parent I<and> the child
		2674	is much more complicated: even for backends that I<are> fork-aware or
		2675	fork-safe, their behaviour is not usually what you want: fork clones all
		2676	watchers, that means all timers, I/O watchers etc. are active in both
		2677	parent and child, which is almost never what you want. USing C<exec>
		2678	to start worker children from some kind of manage rprocess is usually
		2679	preferred, because it is much easier and cleaner, at the expense of having
		2680	to have another binary.
2116		2681
2117		2682
2118	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2683	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
2119		2684
2120	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2685	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
2150	pronounced).	2715	pronounced).
2151		2716
2152		2717
2153	=head1 SEE ALSO	2718	=head1 SEE ALSO
2154		2719
		2720	Tutorial/Introduction: L<AnyEvent::Intro>.
		2721
		2722	FAQ: L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		2723
2155	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.	2724	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.
2156		2725
2157	Event modules: L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>,	2726	Event modules: L<AnyEvent::Loop>, L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>,
2158	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2727	L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
2159		2728
2160	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2729	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
2161	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2730	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
2162	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2731	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
2163	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>.	2732	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
2164		2733
2165	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2734	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
2166	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.	2735	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
2167		2736
2168	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2737	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
2169		2738
2170	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,	2739	Thread support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>.
2171	L<Coro::Event>,
2172		2740
2173	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,	2741	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>,
2174	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.	2742	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
2175		2743
2176		2744
2177	=head1 AUTHOR	2745	=head1 AUTHOR
2178		2746

Diff Legend

–	Removed lines
+	Added lines
<	Changed lines
>	Changed lines