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Revision 1.264 by root, Wed Jul 29 12:42:09 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.356 by root, Fri Aug 12 18:41:25 2011 UTC

…		…
7		7
8	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
9		9
10	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
11		11
		12	# if you prefer function calls, look at the AE manpage for
		13	# an alternative API.
		14
12	# file descriptor readable	15	# file handle or descriptor readable
13	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });	16	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
14		17
15	# one-shot or repeating timers	18	# one-shot or repeating timers
16	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });	19	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
17	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...	20	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...);
18		21
19	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time	22	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
20	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.	23	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
21		24
22	# POSIX signal	25	# POSIX signal
…		…
43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	46	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	47	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
45		48
46	=head1 SUPPORT	49	=head1 SUPPORT
47		50
		51	An FAQ document is available as L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		52
48	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC	53	There also is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
49	channel, too.	54	channel, too.
50		55
51	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software	56	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
52	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.	57	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
53		58
…		…
73	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	78	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
74	model you use.	79	model you use.
75		80
76	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	81	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
77	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	82	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
78	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	83	like joining a cult: After you join, you are dependent on them and you
79	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything	84	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
80	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your	85	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
81	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	86	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
82		87
83	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	88	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
84	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	89	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
85	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if	90	with the rest: POE + EV? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if your module
86	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	91	uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it, too. But if
87	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	92	your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all event models it
88	event models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those	93	supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those use one of the
89	use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops	94	supported event loops. It is easy to add new event loops to AnyEvent, too,
90	to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	95	so it is future-proof).
91		96
92	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	97	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
93	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	98	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
94	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	99	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
95	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	100	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and to the point, by only
96	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as	101	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
97	technically possible.	102	technically possible.
98		103
99	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox	104	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
100	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%	105	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
…		…
106	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	111	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
107	model, you should I<not> use this module.	112	model, you should I<not> use this module.
108		113
109	=head1 DESCRIPTION	114	=head1 DESCRIPTION
110		115
111	L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This	116	L<AnyEvent> provides a uniform interface to various event loops. This
112	allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module	117	allows module authors to use event loop functionality without forcing
113	users to use the same event loop (as only a single event loop can coexist	118	module users to use a specific event loop implementation (since more
114	peacefully at any one time).	119	than one event loop cannot coexist peacefully).
115		120
116	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>	121	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>
117	module.	122	module.
118		123
119	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries	124	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries
120	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the	125	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the
121	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>,	126	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>, L<AnyEvent::Loop>,
122	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>,	127	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>. The first one
123	L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries	128	found is used. If none are detected, the module tries to load the first
124	to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl	129	four modules in the order given; but note that if L<EV> is not
125	adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can	130	available, the pure-perl L<AnyEvent::Loop> should always work, so
126	be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be	131	the other two are not normally tried.
127	found, AnyEvent will fall back to a pure-perl event loop, which is not
128	very efficient, but should work everywhere.
129		132
130	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading	133	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading
131	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make	134	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make
132	that model the default. For example:	135	that model the default. For example:
133		136
…		…
135	use AnyEvent;	138	use AnyEvent;
136		139
137	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk	140	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk
138		141
139	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and	142	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and
140	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to	143	starts using it, all bets are off - this case should be very rare though,
141	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...	144	as very few modules hardcode event loops without announcing this very
		145	loudly.
142		146
143	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	147	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called C<AnyEvent::Loop>. Like
144	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	148	other event modules you can load it explicitly and enjoy the high
145	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)	149	availability of that event loop :)
146		150
147	=head1 WATCHERS	151	=head1 WATCHERS
148		152
149	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	153	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
150	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	154	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
…		…
155	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	159	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
156	is in control).	160	is in control).
157		161
158	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>	162	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
159	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<	163	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
160	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in	164	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practice in
161	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs	165	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
162	widely between event loops.	166	widely between event loops.
163		167
164	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	168	To disable a watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
165	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	169	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
166	to it).	170	to it).
167		171
168	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	172	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
169		173
170	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for	174	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
171	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.	175	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
172		176
173	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:	177	One way to achieve that is this pattern:
174		178
175	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {	179	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
176	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it	180	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
177	undef $w;	181	undef $w;
178	});	182	});
…		…
180	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,	184	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,
181	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	185	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
182	declared.	186	declared.
183		187
184	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	188	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
		189
		190	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		191	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		192	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		193	cb => <callback>,
		194	);
185		195
186	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	196	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
187	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	197	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
188		198
189	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch	199	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
…		…
204		214
205	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.	215	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.
206	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the	216	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the
207	underlying file descriptor.	217	underlying file descriptor.
208		218
209	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	219	Some event loops issue spurious readiness notifications, so you should
210	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	220	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
211	handles.	221	handles.
212		222
213	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the	223	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
214	watcher.	224	watcher.
…		…
219	undef $w;	229	undef $w;
220	});	230	});
221		231
222	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	232	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
223		233
		234	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		235
		236	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		237	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		238	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		239	cb => <callback>,
		240	);
		241
224	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	242	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
225	method with the following mandatory arguments:	243	method with the following mandatory arguments:
226		244
227	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	245	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
228	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	246	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
230		248
231	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	249	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
232	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	250	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
233	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	251	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
234		252
235	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another	253	The callback will normally be invoked only once. If you specify another
236	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the	254	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
237	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional	255	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
238	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a	256	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
239	false value, then it is treated as if it were missing.	257	false value, then it is treated as if it were not specified at all.
240		258
241	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no	259	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
242	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is	260	attempt is made to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
243	only approximate.	261	only approximate.
244		262
245	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.	263	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
246		264
247	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	265	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
…		…
265		283
266	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they	284	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they
267	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock	285	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock
268	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from	286	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from
269	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to	287	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to
270	fire "after" a second might actually take six years to finally fire.	288	fire "after a second" might actually take six years to finally fire.
271		289
272	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious	290	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious
273	about these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based	291	of these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based
274	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)	292	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)
275	timers.	293	timers.
276		294
277	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the	295	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
278	AnyEvent API.	296	AnyEvent API.
…		…
300	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the	318	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
301	function to call when you want to know the current time.>	319	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
302		320
303	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and	321	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
304	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,	322	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
305	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts).	323	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update its activity timeouts).
306		324
307	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact	325	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
308	with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.	326	with your timing; you can skip it without a bad conscience.
309		327
310	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>	328	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
311	and L<EV> and the following set-up:	329	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
312		330
313	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at	331	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callbacks at
314	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,	332	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
315	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a	333	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
316	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires	334	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
317	after three seconds.	335	after three seconds.
318		336
…		…
338	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into	356	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
339	account.	357	account.
340		358
341	=item AnyEvent->now_update	359	=item AnyEvent->now_update
342		360
343	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache	361	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Loop>) cache the current
344	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<	362	time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<< AnyEvent->now >>,
345	AnyEvent->now >>, above).	363	above).
346		364
347	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then	365	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
348	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which	366	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
349	might affect timers and time-outs.	367	might affect timers and time-outs.
350		368
351	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the	369	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
352	event loop's idea of "current time".	370	event loop's idea of "current time".
353		371
		372	A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) -
		373	when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong
		374	idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the
		375	script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<<
		376	AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again
		377	(e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler).
		378
354	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.	379	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
355		380
356	=back	381	=back
357		382
358	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	383	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
		384
		385	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
359		386
360	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	387	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
361	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl	388	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
362	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	389	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
363		390
…		…
380		407
381	Example: exit on SIGINT	408	Example: exit on SIGINT
382		409
383	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	410	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
384		411
		412	=head3 Restart Behaviour
		413
		414	While restart behaviour is up to the event loop implementation, most will
		415	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's
		416	pure perl implementation).
		417
		418	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals
		419
		420	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling) or
		421	"unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might get delayed indefinitely, the
		422	latter might corrupt your memory.
		423
		424	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,
		425	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be
		426	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.
		427	callbacks, too).
		428
385	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds	429	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
386		430
387	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching	431	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
388	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot do	432	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
389	race-free signal handling in perl. AnyEvent will try to do it's best, but	433	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		434	this. AnyEvent will try to do its best, which means in some cases,
390	in some cases, signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might	435	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
391	be delayed is specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10	436	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
392	seconds). This variable can be changed only before the first signal	437	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
393	watcher is created, and should be left alone otherwise. Higher values	438	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		439	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
394	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU	440	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		441	saving.
		442
395	saving. All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional	443	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
396	L<Async::Interrupt> module. This will not work with inherently broken	444	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
397	event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib> (and not with L<POE>	445	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
398	currently, as POE does it's own workaround with one-second latency). With	446	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does its own workaround with
399	those, you just have to suffer the delays.	447	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
400		448
401	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	449	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
402		450
		451	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		452
403	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	453	You can also watch for a child process exit and catch its exit status.
404		454
405	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (one some backends,	455	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (on some backends,
406	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will	456	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
407	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has	457	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
408	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events	458	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
409	(stopped/continued).	459	(stopped/continued).
410		460
…		…
432	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one	482	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
433	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call	483	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
434	C<AnyEvent::detect>).	484	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
435		485
436	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be	486	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
437	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems	487	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which case the latency and race
438	mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.	488	problems mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
439		489
440	Example: fork a process and wait for it	490	Example: fork a process and wait for it
441		491
442	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	492	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
443		493
…		…
455	# do something else, then wait for process exit	505	# do something else, then wait for process exit
456	$done->recv;	506	$done->recv;
457		507
458	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS	508	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
459		509
460	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important	510	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
461	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
462	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
463	attention by the event loop".
464		511
465	Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing	512	This will repeatedly invoke the callback after the process becomes idle,
466	better to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new	513	until either the watcher is destroyed or new events have been detected.
467	events. Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.
468		514
469	Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only	515	Idle watchers are useful when there is a need to do something, but it
		516	is not so important (or wise) to do it instantly. The callback will be
		517	invoked only when there is "nothing better to do", which is usually
		518	defined as "all outstanding events have been handled and no new events
		519	have been detected". That means that idle watchers ideally get invoked
		520	when the event loop has just polled for new events but none have been
		521	detected. Instead of blocking to wait for more events, the idle watchers
		522	will be invoked.
		523
		524	Unfortunately, most event loops do not really support idle watchers (only
470	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent	525	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
471	will simply call the callback "from time to time".	526	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
472		527
473	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the	528	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
474	program is otherwise idle:	529	program is otherwise idle:
…		…
490	});	545	});
491	});	546	});
492		547
493	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	548	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
494		549
		550	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		551
		552	$cv->send (<list>);
		553	my @res = $cv->recv;
		554
495	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	555	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
496	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	556	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
497	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	557	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
498		558
499	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event	559	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
500	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	560	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
501		561
502	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	562	The tool to do that is called a "condition variable", so called because
503	because they represent a condition that must become true.	563	they represent a condition that must become true.
504		564
505	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.	565	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
506		566
507	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	567	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
508	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	568	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
…		…
513	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	573	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
514	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it	574	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
515	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<	575	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
516	->send >> method).	576	->send >> method).
517		577
518	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	578	Since condition variables are the most complex part of the AnyEvent API, here are
519	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	579	some different mental models of what they are - pick the ones you can connect to:
520	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	580
521	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	581	=over 4
522	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	582
523	a result. And yet some people know them as "futures" - a promise to	583	=item * Condition variables are like callbacks - you can call them (and pass them instead
524	compute/deliver something that you can wait for.	584	of callbacks). Unlike callbacks however, you can also wait for them to be called.
		585
		586	=item * Condition variables are signals - one side can emit or send them,
		587	the other side can wait for them, or install a handler that is called when
		588	the signal fires.
		589
		590	=item * Condition variables are like "Merge Points" - points in your program
		591	where you merge multiple independent results/control flows into one.
		592
		593	=item * Condition variables represent a transaction - functions that start
		594	some kind of transaction can return them, leaving the caller the choice
		595	between waiting in a blocking fashion, or setting a callback.
		596
		597	=item * Condition variables represent future values, or promises to deliver
		598	some result, long before the result is available.
		599
		600	=back
525		601
526	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	602	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
527	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	603	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
528	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	604	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
529	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	605	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
542		618
543	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys	619	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys
544	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing	620	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing
545	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of	621	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of
546	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call	622	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call
547	it's C<new> method in your own C<new> method.	623	its C<new> method in your own C<new> method.
548		624
549	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which	625	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which
550	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits	626	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
551	for the send to occur.	627	for the send to occur.
552		628
553	Example: wait for a timer.	629	Example: wait for a timer.
554		630
555	# wait till the result is ready	631	# condition: "wait till the timer is fired"
556	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	632	my $timer_fired = AnyEvent->condvar;
557		633
558	# do something such as adding a timer	634	# create the timer - we could wait for, say
559	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->send	635	# a handle becomign ready, or even an
560	# when the "result" is ready.	636	# AnyEvent::HTTP request to finish, but
561	# in this case, we simply use a timer:	637	# in this case, we simply use a timer:
562	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (	638	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (
563	after => 1,	639	after => 1,
564	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	640	cb => sub { $timer_fired->send },
565	);	641	);
566		642
567	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	643	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
568	# calls -<send	644	# calls ->send
569	$result_ready->recv;	645	$timer_fired->recv;
570		646
571	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition	647	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
572	variables are also callable directly.	648	variables are also callable directly.
573		649
574	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	650	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
…		…
617	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	693	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
618	C<send>.	694	C<send>.
619		695
620	=item $cv->croak ($error)	696	=item $cv->croak ($error)
621		697
622	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	698	Similar to send, but causes all calls to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
623	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	699	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
624		700
625	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	701	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
626	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly	702	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
627	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it	703	delays the error detection, but has the overwhelming advantage that it
628	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not	704	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
629	deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing	705	deep in some event callback with no connection to the actual code causing
630	the problem.	706	the problem.
631		707
632	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	708	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
633		709
634	=item $cv->end	710	=item $cv->end
…		…
637	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	713	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
638	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	714	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
639		715
640	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	716	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
641	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	717	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
642	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	718	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
643	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	719	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
644	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	720	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		721	be called without any arguments.
645		722
646	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call	723	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
647	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND	724	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
648	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).	725	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
649		726
…		…
671	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before	748	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
672	sending.	749	sending.
673		750
674	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the	751	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
675	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are	752	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
676	begung can potentially be zero:	753	begun can potentially be zero:
677		754
678	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	755	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
679		756
680	my %result;	757	my %result;
681	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	758	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
682		759
683	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	760	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
684	$cv->begin;	761	$cv->begin;
685	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	762	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
686	$result{$host} = ...;	763	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
702	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	779	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
703	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	780	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
704	doesn't execute once).	781	doesn't execute once).
705		782
706	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but	783	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
707	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set	784	potentially zero) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
708	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each	785	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
709	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,	786	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
710	call C<end>.	787	call C<end>.
711		788
712	=back	789	=back
…		…
719	=over 4	796	=over 4
720		797
721	=item $cv->recv	798	=item $cv->recv
722		799
723	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak	800	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak
724	>> methods have been called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers	801	>> methods have been called on C<$cv>, while servicing other watchers
725	normally.	802	normally.
726		803
727	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but	804	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but
728	will return immediately.	805	will return immediately.
729		806
…		…
746	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	823	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
747	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	824	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
748	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	825	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
749	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	826	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
750		827
751	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	828	You can ensure that C<< ->recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
752	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	829	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
753	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	830	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
754	waits otherwise.	831	waits otherwise.
755		832
756	=item $bool = $cv->ready	833	=item $bool = $cv->ready
…		…
762		839
763	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	840	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
764	replaces it before doing so.	841	replaces it before doing so.
765		842
766	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	843	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when
767	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	844	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the
768	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	845	condition variable itself. If the condition is already true, the
769	is guaranteed not to block.	846	callback is called immediately when it is set. Calling C<recv> inside
		847	the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
770		848
771	=back	849	=back
772		850
773	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS	851	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
774		852
…		…
777	=over 4	855	=over 4
778		856
779	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.	857	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
780		858
781	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in	859	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
782	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will try Event, and, failing	860	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
783	that, will fall back to its own pure-perl implementation, which is	861	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
784	available everywhere as it comes with AnyEvent itself.	862	AnyEvent itself.
785		863
786	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).	864	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
787	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
788	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.	865	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl AnyEvent::Loop, fast and portable.
789		866
790	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.	867	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
791		868
792	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher	869	These will be used if they are already loaded when the first watcher
793	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using	870	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
794	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend	871	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
795	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to	872	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
796	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.	873	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
797		874
		875	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
798	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.	876	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
799	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.	877	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
800	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.	878	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
801	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.	879	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
802	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.	880	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		881	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async.
		882	AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa based on Cocoa::EventLoop.
		883	AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK2 based on FLTK (fltk 2 binding).
803		884
804	=item Backends with special needs.	885	=item Backends with special needs.
805		886
806	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will	887	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
807	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program	888	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
808	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,	889	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
809	everything should just work.	890	everything should just work.
810		891
811	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.	892	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
812		893
813	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
814	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
815	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
816	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
817	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
818
819	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
820
821	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.	894	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
822		895
823	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:	896	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
824		897
825	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.	898	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
…		…
850	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the	923	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
851	backend has been autodetected.	924	backend has been autodetected.
852		925
853	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the	926	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
854	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one	927	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
855	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the	928	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl::xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
856	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it	929	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
857	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).	930	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
858		931
859	=item AnyEvent::detect	932	=item AnyEvent::detect
860		933
861	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	934	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
862	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	935	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
863	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	936	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
864	runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.	937	runtime, and not e.g. during initialisation of your module.
865		938
866	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are	939	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
867	created, use C<post_detect>.	940	created, use C<post_detect>.
868		941
869	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	942	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
870		943
871	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	944	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
872	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	945	autodetected (or immediately if that has already happened).
873		946
874	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected	947	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
875	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been	948	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
876	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do	949	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
877	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or	950	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
…		…
886	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or	959	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
887	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for	960	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
888	a case where this is useful.	961	a case where this is useful.
889		962
890	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in	963	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
891	C<$WATCHER>. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though.	964	C<$WATCHER>, but do so only do so after the event loop is initialised.
892		965
893	our WATCHER;	966	our WATCHER;
894		967
895	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {	968	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
896	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	969	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
…		…
904	$WATCHER ||= $guard;	977	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
905		978
906	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	979	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
907		980
908	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	981	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
909	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	982	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will be called directly
910	the event loop has been chosen.	983	after the event loop has been chosen.
911		984
912	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	985	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
913	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the	986	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
914	array will be ignored.	987	array will be ignored.
915		988
916	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows	989	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
917	it,as it takes care of these details.	990	it, as it takes care of these details.
918		991
919	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful	992	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
920	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do	993	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
921	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook	994	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
922	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.	995	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
923		996
		997	Example: To load Coro::AnyEvent whenever Coro and AnyEvent are used
		998	together, you could put this into Coro (this is the actual code used by
		999	Coro to accomplish this):
		1000
		1001	if (defined $AnyEvent::MODEL) {
		1002	# AnyEvent already initialised, so load Coro::AnyEvent
		1003	require Coro::AnyEvent;
		1004	} else {
		1005	# AnyEvent not yet initialised, so make sure to load Coro::AnyEvent
		1006	# as soon as it is
		1007	push @AnyEvent::post_detect, sub { require Coro::AnyEvent };
		1008	}
		1009
		1010	=item AnyEvent::postpone { BLOCK }
		1011
		1012	Arranges for the block to be executed as soon as possible, but not before
		1013	the call itself returns. In practise, the block will be executed just
		1014	before the event loop polls for new events, or shortly afterwards.
		1015
		1016	This function never returns anything (to make the C<return postpone { ...
		1017	}> idiom more useful.
		1018
		1019	To understand the usefulness of this function, consider a function that
		1020	asynchronously does something for you and returns some transaction
		1021	object or guard to let you cancel the operation. For example,
		1022	C<AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect>:
		1023
		1024	# start a conenction attempt unless one is active
		1025	$self->{connect_guard} ||= AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect "www.example.net", 80, sub {
		1026	delete $self->{connect_guard};
		1027	...
		1028	};
		1029
		1030	Imagine that this function could instantly call the callback, for
		1031	example, because it detects an obvious error such as a negative port
		1032	number. Invoking the callback before the function returns causes problems
		1033	however: the callback will be called and will try to delete the guard
		1034	object. But since the function hasn't returned yet, there is nothing to
		1035	delete. When the function eventually returns it will assign the guard
		1036	object to C<< $self->{connect_guard} >>, where it will likely never be
		1037	deleted, so the program thinks it is still trying to connect.
		1038
		1039	This is where C<AnyEvent::postpone> should be used. Instead of calling the
		1040	callback directly on error:
		1041
		1042	$cb->(undef), return # signal error to callback, BAD!
		1043	if $some_error_condition;
		1044
		1045	It should use C<postpone>:
		1046
		1047	AnyEvent::postpone { $cb->(undef) }, return # signal error to callback, later
		1048	if $some_error_condition;
		1049
924	=back	1050	=back
925		1051
926	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	1052	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
927		1053
928	As a module author, you should C<use AnyEvent> and call AnyEvent methods	1054	As a module author, you should C<use AnyEvent> and call AnyEvent methods
…		…
938	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using	1064	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using
939	events is to stay interactive.	1065	events is to stay interactive.
940		1066
941	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module	1067	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module
942	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method	1068	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method
943	called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->recv >>	1069	called C<results> that returns the results, it may call C<< ->recv >>
944	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always).	1070	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. Always).
945		1071
946	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM	1072	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM
947		1073
948	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should	1074	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should
949	dictate which event model to use.	1075	dictate which event model to use.
950		1076
951	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not	1077	If the program is not event-based, it need not do anything special, even
952	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent	1078	when it depends on a module that uses an AnyEvent. If the program itself
953	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.	1079	uses AnyEvent, but does not care which event loop is used, all it needs
		1080	to do is C<use AnyEvent>. In either case, AnyEvent will choose the best
		1081	available loop implementation.
954		1082
955	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in	1083	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in
956	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the	1084	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the
957	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally	1085	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally
958	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that	1086	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that
959	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will	1087	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will
960	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it	1088	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it
961	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.	1089	might choose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.
962		1090
963	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the	1091	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the
964	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar behaviour	1092	C<AnyEvent::Loop> module, which gives you similar behaviour
965	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.	1093	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.
966		1094
967	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION	1095	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION
968		1096
969	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who	1097	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who
…		…
984	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1112	=head1 OTHER MODULES
985		1113
986	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1114	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
987	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent	1115	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
988	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules	1116	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
989	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.	1117	come as part of AnyEvent, the others are available via CPAN.
990		1118
991	=over 4	1119	=over 4
992		1120
993	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1121	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
994		1122
995	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	1123	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used blocking
996	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	1124	functions such as C<inet_aton> with event/callback-based versions.
997		1125
998	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	1126	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
999		1127
1000	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	1128	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
1001	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp	1129	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
…		…
1003		1131
1004	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>	1132	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
1005		1133
1006	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,	1134	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
1007	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and	1135	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
1008	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.	1136	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>).
1009		1137
1010	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1138	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
1011		1139
1012	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1140	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
1013		1141
		1142	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>, L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IGS>, L<AnyEvent::FCP>
		1143
		1144	Implement event-based interfaces to the protocols of the same name (for
		1145	the curious, IGS is the International Go Server and FCP is the Freenet
		1146	Client Protocol).
		1147
		1148	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle::UDP>
		1149
		1150	Here be danger!
		1151
		1152	As Pauli would put it, "Not only is it not right, it's not even wrong!" -
		1153	there are so many things wrong with AnyEvent::Handle::UDP, most notably
		1154	its use of a stream-based API with a protocol that isn't streamable, that
		1155	the only way to improve it is to delete it.
		1156
		1157	It features data corruption (but typically only under load) and general
		1158	confusion. On top, the author is not only clueless about UDP but also
		1159	fact-resistant - some gems of his understanding: "connect doesn't work
		1160	with UDP", "UDP packets are not IP packets", "UDP only has datagrams, not
		1161	packets", "I don't need to implement proper error checking as UDP doesn't
		1162	support error checking" and so on - he doesn't even understand what's
		1163	wrong with his module when it is explained to him.
		1164
1014	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>	1165	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
1015		1166
1016	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent	1167	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process for you,
1017	HTTP requests.	1168	notifying you in an event-based way when the operation is finished.
		1169
		1170	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		1171
		1172	Truly asynchronous (as opposed to non-blocking) I/O, should be in the
		1173	toolbox of every event programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
		1174	L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent together, giving AnyEvent access to event-based
		1175	file I/O, and much more.
1018		1176
1019	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	1177	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
1020		1178
1021	Provides a simple web application server framework.	1179	A simple embedded webserver.
1022		1180
1023	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	1181	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
1024		1182
1025	The fastest ping in the west.	1183	The fastest ping in the west.
1026
1027	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
1028
1029	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
1030
1031	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
1032
1033	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
1034	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent
1035	together.
1036
1037	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>
1038
1039	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses
1040	L<BDB> and AnyEvent together.
1041
1042	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
1043
1044	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
1045
1046	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
1047
1048	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
1049
1050	=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
1051
1052	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
1053	Net::XMPP2>.
1054
1055	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
1056
1057	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
1058	L<App::IGS>).
1059
1060	=item L<Net::FCP>
1061
1062	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
1063	of AnyEvent.
1064
1065	=item L<Event::ExecFlow>
1066
1067	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
1068		1184
1069	=item L<Coro>	1185	=item L<Coro>
1070		1186
1071	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1187	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
1072		1188
…		…
1076		1192
1077	package AnyEvent;	1193	package AnyEvent;
1078		1194
1079	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense	1195	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
1080	sub common_sense {	1196	sub common_sense {
1081	# no warnings	1197	# from common:.sense 3.4
1082	${^WARNING_BITS} ^= ${^WARNING_BITS};	1198	${^WARNING_BITS} ^= ${^WARNING_BITS} ^ "\x3c\x3f\x33\x00\x0f\xf0\x0f\xc0\xf0\xfc\x33\x00";
1083	# use strict vars subs	1199	# use strict vars subs - NO UTF-8, as Util.pm doesn't like this atm. (uts46data.pl)
1084	$^H |= 0x00000600;	1200	$^H |= 0x00000600;
1085	}	1201	}
1086		1202
1087	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }	1203	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
1088		1204
1089	use Carp ();	1205	use Carp ();
1090		1206
1091	our $VERSION = 4.881;	1207	our $VERSION = '5.34';
1092	our $MODEL;	1208	our $MODEL;
1093		1209
1094	our $AUTOLOAD;	1210	our $AUTOLOAD;
1095	our @ISA;	1211	our @ISA;
1096		1212
1097	our @REGISTRY;	1213	our @REGISTRY;
1098		1214
1099	our $WIN32;
1100
1101	our $VERBOSE;	1215	our $VERBOSE;
1102		1216
1103	BEGIN {	1217	BEGIN {
1104	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";	1218	require "AnyEvent/constants.pl";
		1219
1105	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";	1220	eval "sub TAINT (){" . (${^TAINT}*1) . "}";
1106		1221
1107	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}	1222	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
1108	if ${^TAINT};	1223	if ${^TAINT};
1109		1224
1110	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1225	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
…		…
1120	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx	1235	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx
1121	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1236	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
1122	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1237	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
1123	}	1238	}
1124		1239
		1240	our @post_detect;
		1241
		1242	sub post_detect(&) {
		1243	my ($cb) = @_;
		1244
		1245	push @post_detect, $cb;
		1246
		1247	defined wantarray
		1248	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
		1249	: ()
		1250	}
		1251
		1252	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
		1253	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
		1254	}
		1255
		1256	our $POSTPONE_W;
		1257	our @POSTPONE;
		1258
		1259	sub _postpone_exec {
		1260	undef $POSTPONE_W;
		1261
		1262	&{ shift @POSTPONE }
		1263	while @POSTPONE;
		1264	}
		1265
		1266	sub postpone(&) {
		1267	push @POSTPONE, shift;
		1268
		1269	$POSTPONE_W ||= AE::timer (0, 0, \&_postpone_exec);
		1270
		1271	()
		1272	}
		1273
1125	my @models = (	1274	our @models = (
1126	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],	1275	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
		1276	[AnyEvent::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
		1277	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
		1278	# as the pure perl backend should work everywhere
		1279	# and is usually faster
1127	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],	1280	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
1128	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
1129	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
1130	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
1131	# and is usually faster
1132	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers	1281	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
1133	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy	1282	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
1134	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package	1283	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
1135	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1284	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
1136	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1285	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
1137	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1286	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
1138	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1287	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
1139	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1288	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
1140	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its	1289	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # a bitch to autodetect
1141	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.	1290	[Cocoa::EventLoop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa::],
1142	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any	1291	[FLTK:: => AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK2::],
1143	# obvious default class.
1144	# [0, IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1145	# [0, IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1146	# [0, IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1147	);	1292	);
1148		1293
1149	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
1150	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);
1151
1152	our @post_detect;
1153
1154	sub post_detect(&) {	1294	sub detect() {
1155	my ($cb) = @_;	1295	# free some memory
		1296	*detect = sub () { $MODEL };
1156		1297
1157	if ($MODEL) {	1298	local $!; # for good measure
1158	$cb->();	1299	local $SIG{__DIE__};
1159		1300
1160	undef	1301	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z0-9:]+)$/) {
		1302	my $model = $1;
		1303	$model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$model" unless $model =~ s/::$//;
		1304	if (eval "require $model") {
		1305	$MODEL = $model;
		1306	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1161	} else {	1307	} else {
1162	push @post_detect, $cb;	1308	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
1163		1309	}
1164	defined wantarray
1165	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
1166	: ()
1167	}	1310	}
1168	}
1169		1311
1170	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {	1312	# check for already loaded models
1171	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
1172	}
1173
1174	sub detect() {
1175	unless ($MODEL) {	1313	unless ($MODEL) {
1176	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1314	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1177		1315	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
1178	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {	1316	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
1179	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
1180	if (eval "require $model") {	1317	if (eval "require $model") {
1181	$MODEL = $model;	1318	$MODEL = $model;
1182	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;	1319	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1183	} else {	1320	last;
1184	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;	1321	}
1185	}	1322	}
1186	}	1323	}
1187		1324
1188	# check for already loaded models
1189	unless ($MODEL) {	1325	unless ($MODEL) {
		1326	# try to autoload a model
1190	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1327	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1191	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1328	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1329	if (
		1330	$autoload
		1331	and eval "require $package"
1192	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1332	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1193	if (eval "require $model") {	1333	and eval "require $model"
		1334	) {
1194	$MODEL = $model;	1335	$MODEL = $model;
1195	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;	1336	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1196	last;	1337	last;
1197	}
1198	}	1338	}
1199	}	1339	}
1200		1340
1201	unless ($MODEL) {
1202	# try to autoload a model
1203	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1204	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
1205	if (
1206	$autoload
1207	and eval "require $package"
1208	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1209	and eval "require $model"
1210	) {
1211	$MODEL = $model;
1212	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1213	last;
1214	}
1215	}
1216
1217	$MODEL	1341	$MODEL
1218	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";	1342	or die "AnyEvent: backend autodetection failed - did you properly install AnyEvent?\n";
1219	}
1220	}	1343	}
1221
1222	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
1223
1224	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
1225
1226	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
1227
1228	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
1229	}	1344	}
1230		1345
		1346	# free memory only needed for probing
		1347	undef @models;
		1348	undef @REGISTRY;
		1349
		1350	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
		1351	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
		1352
		1353	# now nuke some methods that are overridden by the backend.
		1354	# SUPER usage is not allowed in these.
		1355	for (qw(time signal child idle)) {
		1356	undef &{"AnyEvent::Base::$_"}
		1357	if defined &{"$MODEL\::$_"};
		1358	}
		1359
		1360	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}) {
		1361	eval { require AnyEvent::Strict };
		1362	warn "AnyEvent: cannot load AnyEvent::Strict: $@"
		1363	if $@ && $VERBOSE;
		1364	}
		1365
		1366	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
		1367	undef @post_detect;
		1368
		1369	*post_detect = sub(&) {
		1370	shift->();
		1371
		1372	undef
		1373	};
		1374
		1375	# recover a few more bytes
		1376	postpone {
		1377	undef &AUTOLOAD;
		1378	};
		1379
1231	$MODEL	1380	$MODEL
1232	}	1381	}
		1382
		1383	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
		1384	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar DESTROY);
1233		1385
1234	sub AUTOLOAD {	1386	sub AUTOLOAD {
1235	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1387	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
1236		1388
1237	$method{$func}	1389	$method{$func}
1238	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1390	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid AnyEvent class method";
1239		1391
1240	detect unless $MODEL;	1392	# free some memory
		1393	undef %method;
		1394
		1395	detect;
1241		1396
1242	my $class = shift;	1397	my $class = shift;
1243	$class->$func (@_);	1398	$class->$func (@_);
1244	}	1399	}
1245		1400
…		…
1258	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases	1413	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
1259		1414
1260	($fh2, $rw)	1415	($fh2, $rw)
1261	}	1416	}
1262		1417
		1418	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1419
		1420	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1421	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1422	overhead by using function call syntax and a fixed number of parameters.
		1423
		1424	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1425
		1426	=cut
		1427
		1428	package AE;
		1429
		1430	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1431
		1432
		1433	sub _reset() {
		1434	eval q{
		1435	# fall back to the main API by default - backends and AnyEvent::Base
		1436	# implementations can overwrite these.
		1437
		1438	sub io($$$) {
		1439	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1440	}
		1441
		1442	sub timer($$$) {
		1443	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1444	}
		1445
		1446	sub signal($$) {
		1447	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1448	}
		1449
		1450	sub child($$) {
		1451	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1452	}
		1453
		1454	sub idle($) {
		1455	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])
		1456	}
		1457
		1458	sub cv(;&) {
		1459	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1460	}
		1461
		1462	sub now() {
		1463	AnyEvent->now
		1464	}
		1465
		1466	sub now_update() {
		1467	AnyEvent->now_update
		1468	}
		1469
		1470	sub time() {
		1471	AnyEvent->time
		1472	}
		1473
		1474	*postpone = \&AnyEvent::postpone;
		1475	};
		1476	die if $@;
		1477	}
		1478
		1479	BEGIN { _reset }
		1480
1263	package AnyEvent::Base;	1481	package AnyEvent::Base;
1264		1482
1265	# default implementations for many methods	1483	# default implementations for many methods
1266		1484
1267	sub _time {	1485	sub time {
		1486	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
1268	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes	1487	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
1269	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {	1488	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
1270	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;	1489	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1271	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;	1490	*AE::time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
1272	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...	1491	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
1273	} else {	1492	} else {
1274	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;	1493	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
1275	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail	1494	*AE::time = sub (){ time }; # epic fail
		1495	}
		1496
		1497	*time = sub { AE::time }; # different prototypes
1276	}	1498	};
		1499	die if $@;
1277		1500
1278	&_time	1501	&time
1279	}	1502	}
1280		1503
1281	sub time { _time }	1504	*now = \&time;
1282	sub now { _time }	1505
1283	sub now_update { }	1506	sub now_update { }
1284		1507
		1508	sub _poll {
		1509	Carp::croak "$AnyEvent::MODEL does not support blocking waits. Caught";
		1510	}
		1511
1285	# default implementation for ->condvar	1512	# default implementation for ->condvar
		1513	# in fact, the default should not be overwritten
1286		1514
1287	sub condvar {	1515	sub condvar {
		1516	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1517	*condvar = sub {
1288	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"	1518	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1519	};
		1520
		1521	*AE::cv = sub (;&) {
		1522	bless { @_ ? (_ae_cb => shift) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1523	};
		1524	};
		1525	die if $@;
		1526
		1527	&condvar
1289	}	1528	}
1290		1529
1291	# default implementation for ->signal	1530	# default implementation for ->signal
1292		1531
1293	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;	1532	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
1294		1533
1295	sub _have_async_interrupt() {	1534	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
1296	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}	1535	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
1297	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.0 (); 1")	1536	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
1298	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;	1537	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
1299		1538
1300	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT	1539	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
1301	}	1540	}
1302		1541
1303	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);	1542	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
1304	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);	1543	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
1305	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);	1544	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
1306		1545
1307	sub _signal_exec {
1308	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
1309	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
1310	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 9;
1311
1312	while (%SIG_EV) {
1313	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
1314	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
1315	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
1316	}
1317	}
1318	}
1319
1320	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency	1546	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1547	# used by Impls
1321	sub _sig_add() {	1548	sub _sig_add() {
1322	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {	1549	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
1323	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible	1550	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
1324	my $NOW = AnyEvent->now;	1551	my $NOW = AE::now;
1325		1552
1326	$SIG_TW = AnyEvent->timer (	1553	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
1327	after => $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),	1554	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
1328	interval => $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,	1555	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
1329	cb => sub { }, # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK	1556	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
1330	);	1557	;
1331	}	1558	}
1332	}	1559	}
1333		1560
1334	sub _sig_del {	1561	sub _sig_del {
1335	undef $SIG_TW	1562	undef $SIG_TW
1336	unless --$SIG_COUNT;	1563	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
1337	}	1564	}
1338		1565
1339	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {	1566	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1567	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
1340	undef $_sig_name_init;	1568	undef $_sig_name_init;
1341		1569
1342	if (_have_async_interrupt) {	1570	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
1343	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;	1571	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
1344	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;	1572	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
1345	} else {	1573	} else {
1346	require Config;	1574	require Config;
1347		1575
1348	my %signame2num;	1576	my %signame2num;
1349	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }	1577	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
1350	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};	1578	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
1351		1579
1352	my @signum2name;	1580	my @signum2name;
1353	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;	1581	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
1354		1582
1355	*sig2num = sub($) {	1583	*sig2num = sub($) {
1356	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}	1584	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
1357	};	1585	};
1358	*sig2name = sub ($) {	1586	*sig2name = sub ($) {
1359	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift	1587	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1588	};
1360	};	1589	}
1361	}	1590	};
		1591	die if $@;
1362	};	1592	};
1363		1593
1364	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }	1594	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
1365	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }	1595	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
1366		1596
1367	sub _signal {	1597	sub signal {
		1598	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1599	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1600	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1601	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1602
		1603	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
		1604	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1605
		1606	} else {
		1607	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1608
		1609	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1610	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1611
		1612	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1613	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1614	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1615	} else {
		1616	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
		1617	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1618	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1619
		1620	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1621	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1622	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1623	}
		1624
		1625	$SIGPIPE_R
		1626	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1627
		1628	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1629	}
		1630
		1631	*signal = $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1632	? sub {
1368	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1633	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1369		1634
1370	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
1371	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
1372
1373	if ($HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT) {
1374	# async::interrupt	1635	# async::interrupt
1375
1376	$signal = sig2num $signal;	1636	my $signal = sig2num $arg{signal};
1377	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1637	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1378		1638
1379	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt	1639	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
1380	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },	1640	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
1381	signal => $signal,	1641	signal => $signal,
1382	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],	1642	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
1383	pipe_autodrain => 0,	1643	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1644	;
		1645
		1646	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1647	}
		1648	: sub {
		1649	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1650
		1651	# pure perl
		1652	my $signal = sig2name $arg{signal};
		1653	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1654
		1655	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
		1656	local $!;
		1657	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
		1658	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1659	};
		1660
		1661	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1662	# so limit the signal latency.
		1663	_sig_add;
		1664
		1665	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1666	}
1384	;	1667	;
1385		1668
1386	} else {	1669	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
1387	# pure perl	1670	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1388		1671
1389	# AE::Util has been loaded in signal	1672	_sig_del;
1390	$signal = sig2name $signal;
1391	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1392		1673
1393	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1674	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
1394	local $!;	1675
1395	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;	1676	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1677	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1678	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1679	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1680	# instead of getting the default action.
1396	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};	1681	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1682	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
1397	};	1683	};
1398		1684
1399	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,	1685	*_signal_exec = sub {
1400	# so limit the signal latency.	1686	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
1401	_sig_add;	1687	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
1402	}	1688	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
1403		1689
1404	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"	1690	while (%SIG_EV) {
1405	}	1691	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
1406		1692	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
1407	sub signal {	1693	&$_ for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
1408	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt	1694	}
1409	if (_have_async_interrupt) {	1695	}
1410	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1411
1412	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
1413	$SIG_IO = AnyEvent->io (fh => $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, poll => "r", cb => \&_signal_exec);
1414
1415	} else {
1416	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1417
1418	require Fcntl;
1419
1420	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
1421	require AnyEvent::Util;
1422
1423	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
1424	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R) if $SIGPIPE_R;
1425	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1426	} else {
1427	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
1428	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
1429	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1430
1431	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
1432	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
1433	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
1434	}	1696	};
1435
1436	$SIGPIPE_R
1437	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
1438
1439	$SIG_IO = AnyEvent->io (fh => $SIGPIPE_R, poll => "r", cb => \&_signal_exec);
1440	}	1697	};
		1698	die if $@;
1441		1699
1442	*signal = \&_signal;
1443	&signal	1700	&signal
1444	}
1445
1446	sub AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY {
1447	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1448
1449	_sig_del;
1450
1451	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
1452
1453	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
1454	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
1455	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
1456	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
1457	# instead of getting the default action.
1458	undef $SIG{$signal}
1459	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
1460	}	1701	}
1461		1702
1462	# default implementation for ->child	1703	# default implementation for ->child
1463		1704
1464	our %PID_CB;	1705	our %PID_CB;
1465	our $CHLD_W;	1706	our $CHLD_W;
1466	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1707	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1467	our $WNOHANG;
1468		1708
		1709	# used by many Impl's
1469	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {	1710	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
1470	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;	1711	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
1471		1712
1472	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)	1713	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
1473	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },	1714	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
1474	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };	1715	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
1475	}	1716	}
1476		1717
1477	sub _sigchld {
1478	my $pid;
1479
1480	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
1481	while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0;
1482	}
1483
1484	sub child {	1718	sub child {
		1719	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1720	*_sigchld = sub {
		1721	my $pid;
		1722
		1723	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
		1724	while ($pid = waitpid -1, WNOHANG) > 0;
		1725	};
		1726
		1727	*child = sub {
1485	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1728	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1486		1729
1487	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1730	my $pid = $arg{pid};
1488	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1731	my $cb = $arg{cb};
1489		1732
1490	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1733	$PID_CB{$pid}{$cb+0} = $cb;
1491		1734
1492	# WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere
1493	$WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/
1494	? 1
1495	: eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1496
1497	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1735	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1498	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1736	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1499	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1737	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1500	&_sigchld;	1738	&_sigchld;
1501	}	1739	}
1502		1740
1503	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"	1741	bless [$pid, $cb+0], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1504	}	1742	};
1505		1743
1506	sub AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY {	1744	*AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY = sub {
1507	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1745	my ($pid, $icb) = @{$_[0]};
1508		1746
1509	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1747	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$icb};
1510	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1748	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1511		1749
1512	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1750	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
		1751	};
		1752	};
		1753	die if $@;
		1754
		1755	&child
1513	}	1756	}
1514		1757
1515	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless	1758	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
1516	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting	1759	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
1517	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.	1760	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
1518	sub idle {	1761	sub idle {
		1762	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1763	*idle = sub {
1519	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1764	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1520		1765
1521	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};	1766	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
1522		1767
1523	$rcb = sub {	1768	$rcb = sub {
1524	if ($cb) {	1769	if ($cb) {
1525	$w = _time;	1770	$w = AE::time;
1526	&$cb;	1771	&$cb;
1527	$w = _time - $w;	1772	$w = AE::time - $w;
1528		1773
1529	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,	1774	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
1530	# within some limits	1775	# within some limits
1531	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;	1776	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
1532	$w = 5 if $w > 5;	1777	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
1533		1778
1534	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $w, cb => $rcb);	1779	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
1535	} else {	1780	} else {
1536	# clean up...	1781	# clean up...
1537	undef $w;	1782	undef $w;
1538	undef $rcb;	1783	undef $rcb;
		1784	}
		1785	};
		1786
		1787	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1788
		1789	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1539	}	1790	};
		1791
		1792	*AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY = sub {
		1793	undef $${$_[0]};
		1794	};
1540	};	1795	};
		1796	die if $@;
1541		1797
1542	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.05, cb => $rcb);	1798	&idle
1543
1544	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1545	}
1546
1547	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
1548	undef $${$_[0]};
1549	}	1799	}
1550		1800
1551	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1801	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1552		1802
1553	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1803	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
		1804
		1805	# only to be used for subclassing
		1806	sub new {
		1807	my $class = shift;
		1808	bless AnyEvent->condvar (@_), $class
		1809	}
1554		1810
1555	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1811	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1556		1812
1557	#use overload	1813	#use overload
1558	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1814	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
…		…
1568		1824
1569	sub _send {	1825	sub _send {
1570	# nop	1826	# nop
1571	}	1827	}
1572		1828
		1829	sub _wait {
		1830	AnyEvent->_poll until $_[0]{_ae_sent};
		1831	}
		1832
1573	sub send {	1833	sub send {
1574	my $cv = shift;	1834	my $cv = shift;
1575	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];	1835	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];
1576	(delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv) if $cv->{_ae_cb};	1836	(delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv) if $cv->{_ae_cb};
1577	$cv->_send;	1837	$cv->_send;
…		…
1584		1844
1585	sub ready {	1845	sub ready {
1586	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1846	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1587	}	1847	}
1588		1848
1589	sub _wait {
1590	$WAITING
1591	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1592	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
1593
1594	local $WAITING = 1;
1595	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1596	}
1597
1598	sub recv {	1849	sub recv {
		1850	unless ($_[0]{_ae_sent}) {
		1851	$WAITING
		1852	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait attempted";
		1853
		1854	local $WAITING = 1;
1599	$_[0]->_wait;	1855	$_[0]->_wait;
		1856	}
1600		1857
1601	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1858	$_[0]{_ae_croak}
1602	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1859	and Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak};
		1860
		1861	wantarray
		1862	? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} }
		1863	: $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1603	}	1864	}
1604		1865
1605	sub cb {	1866	sub cb {
1606	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1867	my $cv = shift;
		1868
		1869	@_
		1870	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1871	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1872	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1873
1607	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1874	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1608	}	1875	}
1609		1876
1610	sub begin {	1877	sub begin {
1611	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1878	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1612	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1879	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1617	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };	1884	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };
1618	}	1885	}
1619		1886
1620	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	1887	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
1621	*broadcast = \&send;	1888	*broadcast = \&send;
1622	*wait = \&_wait;	1889	*wait = \&recv;
1623		1890
1624	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING	1891	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
1625		1892
1626	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the	1893	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
1627	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also	1894	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
…		…
1674	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,	1941	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
1675	it will croak.	1942	it will croak.
1676		1943
1677	In other words, enables "strict" mode.	1944	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
1678		1945
1679	Unlike C<use strict> (or it's modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>	1946	Unlike C<use strict> (or its modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
1680	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping	1947	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
1681	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs	1948	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
1682	can be very useful, however.	1949	can be very useful, however.
1683		1950
1684	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>	1951	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1685		1952
1686	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before	1953	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1687	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting	1954	auto detection and -probing kicks in.
1688	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended	1955
		1956	It normally is a string consisting entirely of ASCII letters (e.g. C<EV>
		1957	or C<IOAsync>). The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended and the
1689	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,	1958	resulting module name is loaded and - if the load was successful - used as
1690	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with	1959	event model backend. If it fails to load then AnyEvent will proceed with
1691	auto detection and -probing.	1960	auto detection and -probing.
1692		1961
1693	This functionality might change in future versions.	1962	If the string ends with C<::> instead (e.g. C<AnyEvent::Impl::EV::>) then
		1963	nothing gets prepended and the module name is used as-is (hint: C<::> at
		1964	the end of a string designates a module name and quotes it appropriately).
1694		1965
1695	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you	1966	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Loop::Perl>) you
1696	could start your program like this:	1967	could start your program like this:
1697		1968
1698	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...	1969	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1699		1970
1700	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>	1971	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
…		…
1821	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	2092	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1822	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	2093	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1823	},	2094	},
1824	);	2095	);
1825		2096
1826	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1827
1828	sub new_timer {
1829	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	2097	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1830	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	2098	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1831	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1832	});	2099	});
1833	}
1834
1835	new_timer; # create first timer
1836		2100
1837	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i	2101	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1838		2102
1839	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	2103	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1840		2104
…		…
1913		2177
1914	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	2178	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
1915	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects	2179	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
1916	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	2180	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
1917	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	2181	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
1918	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	2182	problems get reported to the code that tries to use the result, not in a
1919	random callback.	2183	random callback.
1920		2184
1921	All of this enables the following usage styles:	2185	All of this enables the following usage styles:
1922		2186
1923	1. Blocking:	2187	1. Blocking:
…		…
1971	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2235	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1972	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2236	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1973	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2237	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1974		2238
1975	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2239	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1976	distribution.	2240	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2241	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1977		2242
1978	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2243	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1979		2244
1980	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2245	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1981	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2246	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
2002	watcher.	2267	watcher.
2003		2268
2004	=head3 Results	2269	=head3 Results
2005		2270
2006	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2271	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
2007	EV/EV 400000 224 0.47 0.35 0.27 EV native interface	2272	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
2008	EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2273	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
2009	CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2274	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
2010	Perl/Any 100000 452 4.13 0.73 0.95 pure perl implementation	2275	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
2011	Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface	2276	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
2012	Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2277	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
2013	IOAsync/Any 16000 989 38.10 32.77 11.13 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll	2278	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
2014	IOAsync/Any 16000 990 37.59 29.50 10.61 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll	2279	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
2015	Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour	2280	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
2016	Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2281	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
2017	POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event	2282	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
2018	POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select	2283	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
2019		2284
2020	=head3 Discussion	2285	=head3 Discussion
2021		2286
2022	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2287	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
2023	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2288	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
2035	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2300	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
2036	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2301	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
2037	cycles with POE.	2302	cycles with POE.
2038		2303
2039	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2304	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
2040	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2305	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2306	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2307	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
2041	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2308	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
2042	natively.
2043		2309
2044	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2310	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
2045	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2311	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
2046	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2312	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
2047	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2313	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
…		…
2121	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2387	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
2122	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2388	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
2123	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2389	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
2124		2390
2125	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2391	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
2126	distribution.	2392	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2393	for the EV and Perl backends only.
2127		2394
2128	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2395	=head3 Explanation of the columns
2129		2396
2130	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2397	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
2131	each server has a read and write socket end).	2398	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
2139	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2406	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
2140		2407
2141	=head3 Results	2408	=head3 Results
2142		2409
2143	name sockets create request	2410	name sockets create request
2144	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2411	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
2145	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2412	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
2146	IOAsync 20000 157.00 98.14 epoll	2413	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
2147	IOAsync 20000 159.31 616.06 poll	2414	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
2148	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2415	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
2149	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2416	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
2150	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2417	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
2151		2418
2152	=head3 Discussion	2419	=head3 Discussion
2153		2420
2154	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2421	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
2155	particular event loop.	2422	particular event loop.
…		…
2281	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the	2548	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
2282	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl	2549	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
2283	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.	2550	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
2284		2551
2285	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and	2552	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
2286	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda by a	2553	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
2287	large margin, even though it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O	2554	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
2288	in a non-blocking way.	2555	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
2289		2556
2290	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and	2557	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
2291	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are	2558	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
2292	part of the IO::lambda distribution and were used without any changes.	2559	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
2293		2560
2294		2561
2295	=head1 SIGNALS	2562	=head1 SIGNALS
2296		2563
2297	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:	2564	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
…		…
2334	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};	2601	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
2335		2602
2336	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES	2603	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
2337		2604
2338	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and	2605	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
2339	it's built-in modules) are required to use it.	2606	its built-in modules) are required to use it.
2340		2607
2341	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional	2608	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
2342	modules if they are installed.	2609	modules if they are installed.
2343		2610
2344	This section epxlains which additional modules will be used, and how they	2611	This section explains which additional modules will be used, and how they
2345	affect AnyEvent's operetion.	2612	affect AnyEvent's operation.
2346		2613
2347	=over 4	2614	=over 4
2348		2615
2349	=item L<Async::Interrupt>	2616	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
2350		2617
…		…
2355	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for	2622	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
2356	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).	2623	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
2357		2624
2358	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal	2625	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
2359	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop	2626	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
2360	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (And good for	2627	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for
2361	battery life on laptops).	2628	battery life on laptops).
2362		2629
2363	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops	2630	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
2364	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).	2631	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
2365		2632
…		…
2377	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,	2644	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
2378	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and	2645	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
2379	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed	2646	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
2380	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).	2647	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
2381		2648
		2649	If you only use backends that rely on another event loop (e.g. C<Tk>),
		2650	then this module will do nothing for you.
		2651
2382	=item L<Guard>	2652	=item L<Guard>
2383		2653
2384	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement	2654	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
2385	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a	2655	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
2386	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is	2656	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
2387	purely used for performance.	2657	purely used for performance.
2388		2658
2389	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>	2659	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
2390		2660
2391	This module is required when you want to read or write JSON data via	2661	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
2392	L<AnyEvent::Handle>. It is also written in pure-perl, but can take	2662	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. L<JSON> is also written in pure-perl, but can take
2393	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.	2663	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
2394
2395	In fact, L<AnyEvent::Handle> will use L<JSON::XS> by default if it is
2396	installed.
2397		2664
2398	=item L<Net::SSLeay>	2665	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
2399		2666
2400	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very	2667	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
2401	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with	2668	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
2402	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.	2669	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
2403		2670
2404	=item L<Time::HiRes>	2671	=item L<Time::HiRes>
2405		2672
2406	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the	2673	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
2407	chosen event library does not come with a timing source on it's own. The	2674	chosen event library does not come with a timing source of its own. The
2408	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to	2675	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Loop>) will additionally load it to
2409	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.	2676	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
2410		2677
2411	=back	2678	=back
2412		2679
2413		2680
2414	=head1 FORK	2681	=head1 FORK
2415		2682
2416	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2683	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
2417	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2684	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> calls
2418	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2685	- higher performance APIs such as BSD's kqueue or the dreaded Linux epoll
		2686	are usually badly thought-out hacks that are incompatible with fork in
		2687	one way or another. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware and ensures that you
		2688	continue event-processing in both parent and child (or both, if you know
		2689	what you are doing).
		2690
		2691	This means that, in general, you cannot fork and do event processing in
		2692	the child if the event library was initialised before the fork (which
		2693	usually happens when the first AnyEvent watcher is created, or the library
		2694	is loaded).
2419		2695
2420	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2696	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
2421	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do	2697	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
2422	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.	2698	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
		2699
		2700	The problem of doing event processing in the parent I<and> the child
		2701	is much more complicated: even for backends that I<are> fork-aware or
		2702	fork-safe, their behaviour is not usually what you want: fork clones all
		2703	watchers, that means all timers, I/O watchers etc. are active in both
		2704	parent and child, which is almost never what you want. USing C<exec>
		2705	to start worker children from some kind of manage rprocess is usually
		2706	preferred, because it is much easier and cleaner, at the expense of having
		2707	to have another binary.
2423		2708
2424		2709
2425	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2710	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
2426		2711
2427	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2712	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
2457	pronounced).	2742	pronounced).
2458		2743
2459		2744
2460	=head1 SEE ALSO	2745	=head1 SEE ALSO
2461		2746
		2747	Tutorial/Introduction: L<AnyEvent::Intro>.
		2748
		2749	FAQ: L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		2750
2462	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.	2751	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.
2463		2752
2464	Event modules: L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>,	2753	Event modules: L<AnyEvent::Loop>, L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>,
2465	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2754	L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
2466		2755
2467	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2756	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
2468	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2757	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
2469	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2758	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
2470	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.	2759	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
…		…
2472	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2761	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
2473	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.	2762	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
2474		2763
2475	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2764	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
2476		2765
2477	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,	2766	Thread support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>.
2478	L<Coro::Event>,
2479		2767
2480	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,	2768	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>,
2481	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.	2769	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
2482		2770
2483		2771
2484	=head1 AUTHOR	2772	=head1 AUTHOR
2485		2773

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