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Revision 1.328 by root, Tue Jun 8 10:06:15 2010 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
		6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
		12	# if you prefer function calls, look at the AE manpage for
		13	# an alternative API.
		14
		15	# file handle or descriptor readable
11	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub {	16	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
		17
		18	# one-shot or repeating timers
		19	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
		20	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...
		21
		22	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
		23	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
		24
		25	# POSIX signal
		26	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });
		27
		28	# child process exit
		29	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
		30	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
12	...	31	...
13	});	32	});
14		33
15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub {	34	# called when event loop idle (if applicable)
16	...	35	my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... });
17	});
18		36
19	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged	37	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
20	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's	38	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
21	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send	39	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
		40	# use a condvar in callback mode:
		41	$w->cb (sub { $_[0]->recv });
22		42
23	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL	43	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
24		44
25	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested	45	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
26	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	46	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
27	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	47	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
28		48
		49	=head1 SUPPORT
		50
		51	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		52	channel, too.
		53
		54	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		55	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
		56
29	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	57	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
30		58
31	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	59	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
32	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	60	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
33		61
34	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of	62	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of
35	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.	63	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.
36		64
37	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only	65	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only
38	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use in a	66	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use, in a
39	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,	67	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,
40	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,	68	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,
41	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent	69	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent
42	helps hiding the differences between those event loops.	70	cannot change this, but it can hide the differences between those event
		71	loops.
43		72
44	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event	73	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event
45	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a	74	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a
46	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your	75	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your
47	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	76	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
48	model you use.	77	model you use.
49		78
50	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	79	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
51	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	80	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
52	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	81	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you
53	cannot use anything else, as it is simply incompatible to everything that	82	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
54	isn't itself. What's worse, all the potential users of your module are	83	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
55	I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	84	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
56		85
57	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	86	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
58	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	87	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
59	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if	88	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if
60	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	89	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,
61	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	90	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all
62	event models it supports (including stuff like POE and IO::Async, as long	91	event models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those
63	as those use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new	92	use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops
64	event loops to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	93	to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).
65		94
66	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	95	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
67	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	96	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
68	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	97	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
69	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	98	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only
…		…
127	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After	156	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
128	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the	157	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
129	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	158	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
130	is in control).	159	is in control).
131		160
		161	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
		162	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
		163	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in
		164	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
		165	widely between event loops.
		166
132	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	167	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
133	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	168	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
134	to it).	169	to it).
135		170
136	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	171	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
…		…
149	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	184	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
150	declared.	185	declared.
151		186
152	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	187	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
153		188
		189	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		190	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		191	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		192	cb => <callback>,
		193	);
		194
154	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	195	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
155	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	196	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
156		197
157	C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	198	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
		199	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
		200	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
		201	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
		202	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
		203	or block devices.
		204
158	for events. C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>,	205	C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a
159	which creates a watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events,	206	watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively.
		207
160	respectively. C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle	208	C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
161	becomes ready.
162		209
163	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	210	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
164	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	211	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
165	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.	212	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
166		213
…		…
170		217
171	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	218	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should
172	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	219	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
173	handles.	220	handles.
174		221
175	Example:
176
177	# wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the watcher	222	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
		223	watcher.
		224
178	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {	225	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
179	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);	226	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);
180	warn "read: $input\n";	227	warn "read: $input\n";
181	undef $w;	228	undef $w;
182	});	229	});
183		230
184	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	231	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
185		232
		233	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		234
		235	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		236	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		237	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		238	cb => <callback>,
		239	);
		240
186	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	241	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
187	method with the following mandatory arguments:	242	method with the following mandatory arguments:
188		243
189	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	244	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
190	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	245	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
192		247
193	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	248	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
194	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	249	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
195	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	250	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
196		251
197	The timer callback will be invoked at most once: if you want a repeating	252	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another
198	timer you have to create a new watcher (this is a limitation by both Tk	253	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
199	and Glib).	254	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
		255	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
		256	false value, then it is treated as if it were missing.
200		257
201	Example:	258	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
		259	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
		260	only approximate.
202		261
203	# fire an event after 7.7 seconds	262	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
		263
204	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	264	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
205	warn "timeout\n";	265	warn "timeout\n";
206	});	266	});
207		267
208	# to cancel the timer:	268	# to cancel the timer:
209	undef $w;	269	undef $w;
210		270
211	Example 2:
212
213	# fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second	271	Example 2: fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second.
214	my $w;
215		272
216	my $cb = sub {
217	# cancel the old timer while creating a new one
218	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => $cb);	273	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, interval => 1, cb => sub {
		274	warn "timeout\n";
219	};	275	};
220
221	# start the "loop" by creating the first watcher
222	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, cb => $cb);
223		276
224	=head3 TIMING ISSUES	277	=head3 TIMING ISSUES
225		278
226	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire	279	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire
227	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12	280	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12
…		…
300	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you	353	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
301	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the	354	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
302	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into	355	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
303	account.	356	account.
304		357
		358	=item AnyEvent->now_update
		359
		360	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache
		361	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<
		362	AnyEvent->now >>, above).
		363
		364	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
		365	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
		366	might affect timers and time-outs.
		367
		368	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
		369	event loop's idea of "current time".
		370
		371	A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) -
		372	when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong
		373	idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the
		374	script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<<
		375	AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again
		376	(e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler).
		377
		378	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
		379
305	=back	380	=back
306		381
307	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	382	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
308		383
		384	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
		385
309	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	386	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
310	I<name> without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl callback to	387	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
311	be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	388	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
312		389
313	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	390	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
314	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	391	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
315	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.	392	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.
316		393
…		…
318	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	395	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
319	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	396	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
320	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	397	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
321		398
322	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	399	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
323	between multiple watchers.	400	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		401	interrupt your program at bad times.
324		402
325	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	403	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
326	directly will likely not work correctly.	404	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		405	correctly.
327		406
328	Example: exit on SIGINT	407	Example: exit on SIGINT
329		408
330	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	409	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
331		410
		411	=head3 Restart Behaviour
		412
		413	While restart behaviour is up to the event loop implementation, most will
		414	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's
		415	pure perl implementation).
		416
		417	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals
		418
		419	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling) or
		420	"unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might get delayed indefinitely, the
		421	latter might corrupt your memory.
		422
		423	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,
		424	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be
		425	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.
		426	callbacks, too).
		427
		428	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		429
		430	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		431	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		432	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		433	this. AnyEvent will try to do it's best, which means in some cases,
		434	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		435	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		436	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		437	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		438	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		439	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		440	saving.
		441
		442	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		443	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		444	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		445	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does it's own workaround with
		446	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		447
332	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	448	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
333		449
		450	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		451
334	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	452	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
335		453
336	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	454	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (one some backends,
337	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often	455	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
338	as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a	456	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
339	signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>. The callback will be called with the pid	457	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
340	and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types,	458	(stopped/continued).
341	you I<can> rely on child watcher callback arguments.	459
		460	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
		461	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
		462	callback arguments.
		463
		464	This watcher type works by installing a signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>,
		465	and since it cannot be shared, nothing else should use SIGCHLD or reap
		466	random child processes (waiting for specific child processes, e.g. inside
		467	C<system>, is just fine).
342		468
343	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	469	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
344	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	470	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
345	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	471	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
346		472
347	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	473	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		474	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
348	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	475	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
349	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	476	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		477	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		478	start the watcher.
350		479
351	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	480	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
352	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	481	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
353	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	482	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		483	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		484
		485	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		486	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems
		487	mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
354		488
355	Example: fork a process and wait for it	489	Example: fork a process and wait for it
356		490
357	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	491	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
358		492
…		…
368	);	502	);
369		503
370	# do something else, then wait for process exit	504	# do something else, then wait for process exit
371	$done->recv;	505	$done->recv;
372		506
		507	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
		508
		509	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
		510
		511	Repeatedly invoke the callback after the process becomes idle, until
		512	either the watcher is destroyed or new events have been detected.
		513
		514	Idle watchers are useful when there is a need to do something, but it
		515	is not so important (or wise) to do it instantly. The callback will be
		516	invoked only when there is "nothing better to do", which is usually
		517	defined as "all outstanding events have been handled and no new events
		518	have been detected". That means that idle watchers ideally get invoked
		519	when the event loop has just polled for new events but none have been
		520	detected. Instead of blocking to wait for more events, the idle watchers
		521	will be invoked.
		522
		523	Unfortunately, most event loops do not really support idle watchers (only
		524	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
		525	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
		526
		527	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
		528	program is otherwise idle:
		529
		530	my @lines; # read data
		531	my $idle_w;
		532	my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
		533	push @lines, scalar <STDIN>;
		534
		535	# start an idle watcher, if not already done
		536	$idle_w ||= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub {
		537	# handle only one line, when there are lines left
		538	if (my $line = shift @lines) {
		539	print "handled when idle: $line";
		540	} else {
		541	# otherwise disable the idle watcher again
		542	undef $idle_w;
		543	}
		544	});
		545	});
		546
373	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	547	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
		548
		549	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		550
		551	$cv->send (<list>);
		552	my @res = $cv->recv;
374		553
375	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	554	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
376	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	555	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
377	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	556	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
378		557
379	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	558	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
380	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	559	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
381		560
382	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	561	The tool to do that is called a "condition variable", so called because
383	because they represent a condition that must become true.	562	they represent a condition that must become true.
		563
		564	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
384		565
385	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	566	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
386	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	567	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
387	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	568	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
388	becomes true.	569	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
		570	the results).
389		571
390	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	572	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
391	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it	573	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
392	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<	574	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
393	->send >> method).	575	->send >> method).
394		576
395	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	577	Since condition variables are the most complex part of the AnyEvent API, here are
396	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	578	some different mental models of what they are - pick the ones you can connect to:
397	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	579
398	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	580	=over 4
399	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	581
400	a result.	582	=item * Condition variables are like callbacks - you can call them (and pass them instead
		583	of callbacks). Unlike callbacks however, you can also wait for them to be called.
		584
		585	=item * Condition variables are signals - one side can emit or send them,
		586	the other side can wait for them, or install a handler that is called when
		587	the signal fires.
		588
		589	=item * Condition variables are like "Merge Points" - points in your program
		590	where you merge multiple independent results/control flows into one.
		591
		592	=item * Condition variables represent a transaction - function that start
		593	some kind of transaction can return them, leaving the caller the choice
		594	between waiting in a blocking fashion, or setting a callback.
		595
		596	=item * Condition variables represent future values, or promises to deliver
		597	some result, long before the result is available.
		598
		599	=back
401		600
402	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	601	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
403	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	602	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
404	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	603	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
405	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	604	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
426	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits	625	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
427	for the send to occur.	626	for the send to occur.
428		627
429	Example: wait for a timer.	628	Example: wait for a timer.
430		629
431	# wait till the result is ready	630	# condition: "wait till the timer is fired"
432	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	631	my $timer_fired = AnyEvent->condvar;
433		632
434	# do something such as adding a timer	633	# create the timer - we could wait for, say
435	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->send	634	# a handle becomign ready, or even an
436	# when the "result" is ready.	635	# AnyEvent::HTTP request to finish, but
437	# in this case, we simply use a timer:	636	# in this case, we simply use a timer:
438	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (	637	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (
439	after => 1,	638	after => 1,
440	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	639	cb => sub { $timer_fired->send },
441	);	640	);
442		641
443	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	642	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
444	# calls send	643	# calls ->send
445	$result_ready->recv;	644	$timer_fired->recv;
446		645
447	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	646	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
448	condition variables are also code references.	647	variables are also callable directly.
449		648
450	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	649	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
451	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	650	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
452	$done->recv;	651	$done->recv;
		652
		653	Example: Imagine an API that returns a condvar and doesn't support
		654	callbacks. This is how you make a synchronous call, for example from
		655	the main program:
		656
		657	use AnyEvent::CouchDB;
		658
		659	...
		660
		661	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
		662
		663	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
		664	results are available:
		665
		666	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
		667	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
		668	});
453		669
454	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS	670	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS
455		671
456	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the	672	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the
457	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also	673	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also
…		…
470	immediately from within send.	686	immediately from within send.
471		687
472	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	688	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
473	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	689	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
474		690
475	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	691	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
476	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	692	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
477	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	693	C<send>.
478	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
479	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
480	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
481	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
482	example).
483		694
484	=item $cv->croak ($error)	695	=item $cv->croak ($error)
485		696
486	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	697	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
487	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	698	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
488		699
489	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	700	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
490	user/consumer.	701	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		702	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it
		703	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		704	deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing
		705	the problem.
491		706
492	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	707	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
493		708
494	=item $cv->end	709	=item $cv->end
495
496	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
497		710
498	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	711	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
499	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	712	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
500	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	713	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
501		714
502	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	715	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
503	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	716	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
504	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	717	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
505	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	718	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
506	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	719	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		720	be called without any arguments.
507		721
508	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	722	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		723	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		724	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		725
		726	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		727	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		728	close before activating a condvar:
509		729
510	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	730	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
511		731
		732	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		733	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		734	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		735	or $cv->end;
		736	});
		737
		738	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		739	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		740	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		741	or $cv->end;
		742	});
		743
		744	$cv->recv;
		745
		746	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		747	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		748	sending.
		749
		750	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		751	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		752	begung can potentially be zero:
		753
		754	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		755
512	my %result;	756	my %result;
513	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	757	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
514		758
515	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	759	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
516	$cv->begin;	760	$cv->begin;
517	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	761	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
518	$result{$host} = ...;	762	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
533	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	777	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
534	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	778	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
535	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	779	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
536	doesn't execute once).	780	doesn't execute once).
537		781
538	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	782	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
539	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	783	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
540	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	784	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
541	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	785	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		786	call C<end>.
542		787
543	=back	788	=back
544		789
545	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	790	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
546		791
…		…
562	function will call C<croak>.	807	function will call C<croak>.
563		808
564	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	809	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
565	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	810	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
566		811
		812	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		813	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		814	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		815	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		816	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		817	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		818
567	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	819	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
568	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	820	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
569	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	821	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
570	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	822	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
571	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	823	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
572	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	824	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
573	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	825	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
574		826
575	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
576	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
577	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
578	can supply.
579
580	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
581	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
582	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
583	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
584	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
585
586	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	827	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
587	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	828	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
588	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	829	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
589	waits otherwise.	830	waits otherwise.
590		831
591	=item $bool = $cv->ready	832	=item $bool = $cv->ready
592		833
593	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or	834	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or
594	C<croak> have been called.	835	C<croak> have been called.
595		836
596	=item $cb = $cv->cb ([new callback])	837	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
597		838
598	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	839	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
599	replaces it before doing so.	840	replaces it before doing so.
600		841
601	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	842	The callback will be called when the condition becomes (or already was)
602	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	843	"true", i.e. when C<send> or C<croak> are called (or were called), with
603	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	844	the only argument being the condition variable itself. Calling C<recv>
604	is guaranteed not to block.	845	inside the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
605		846
606	=back	847	=back
607		848
		849	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		850
		851	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		852
		853	=over 4
		854
		855	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		856
		857	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		858	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		859	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		860	AnyEvent itself.
		861
		862	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		863	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
		864
		865	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		866
		867	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher
		868	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		869	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		870	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		871	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		872
		873	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		874	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		875	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		876	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		877	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		878	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		879
		880	=item Backends with special needs.
		881
		882	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		883	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		884	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		885	everything should just work.
		886
		887	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		888
		889	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
		890	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
		891	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
		892	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
		893	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
		894
		895	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
		896
		897	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		898
		899	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		900
		901	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		902
		903	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		904	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		905	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		906	consider for AnyEvent.
		907
		908	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		909	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		910
		911	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		912	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		913	in which case everything will be automatic.
		914
		915	=back
		916
608	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	917	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
609		918
		919	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		920	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		921
610	=over 4	922	=over 4
611		923
612	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	924	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
613		925
614	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	926	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		927	backend has been autodetected.
		928
615	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	929	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
616	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	930	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
617	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	931	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
618	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	932	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
619		933	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
620	The known classes so far are:
621
622	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
623	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
624	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
625	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
626	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
627	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
628	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
629	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
630
631	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
632	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
633	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
634	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
635	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
636	it's adaptor.
637
638	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
639	autodetecting them.
640		934
641	=item AnyEvent::detect	935	=item AnyEvent::detect
642		936
643	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	937	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
644	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	938	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
645	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	939	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
646	runtime.	940	runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.
		941
		942	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		943	created, use C<post_detect>.
647		944
648	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	945	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
649		946
650	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	947	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
651	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	948	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).
652		949
		950	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		951	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		952	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		953	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		954	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		955
		956	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		957	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		958	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		959	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
		960
653	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	961	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
654	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	962	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		963	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
655	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	964	a case where this is useful.
		965
		966	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		967	C<$WATCHER>. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though.
		968
		969	our WATCHER;
		970
		971	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		972	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		973	};
		974
		975	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		976	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		977	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		978	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		979
		980	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
656		981
657	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	982	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
658		983
659	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	984	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
660	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	985	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after
661	the event loop has been chosen.	986	the event loop has been chosen.
662		987
663	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	988	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
664	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	989	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
665	and the array will be ignored.	990	array will be ignored.
666		991
667	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	992	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		993	it, as it takes care of these details.
		994
		995	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		996	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		997	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		998	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
		999
		1000	Example: To load Coro::AnyEvent whenever Coro and AnyEvent are used
		1001	together, you could put this into Coro (this is the actual code used by
		1002	Coro to accomplish this):
		1003
		1004	if (defined $AnyEvent::MODEL) {
		1005	# AnyEvent already initialised, so load Coro::AnyEvent
		1006	require Coro::AnyEvent;
		1007	} else {
		1008	# AnyEvent not yet initialised, so make sure to load Coro::AnyEvent
		1009	# as soon as it is
		1010	push @AnyEvent::post_detect, sub { require Coro::AnyEvent };
		1011	}
668		1012
669	=back	1013	=back
670		1014
671	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	1015	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
672		1016
…		…
727		1071
728		1072
729	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1073	=head1 OTHER MODULES
730		1074
731	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1075	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
732	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1076	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
733	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1077	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
734	available via CPAN.	1078	come as part of AnyEvent, the others are available via CPAN.
735		1079
736	=over 4	1080	=over 4
737		1081
738	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1082	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
739		1083
740	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	1084	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking
741	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	1085	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.
742
743	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
744
745	Provide read and write buffers and manages watchers for reads and writes.
746		1086
747	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	1087	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
748		1088
749	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	1089	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
750	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp	1090	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
751	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.	1091	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.
752		1092
		1093	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
		1094
		1095	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
		1096	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
		1097	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
		1098
753	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1099	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
754		1100
755	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1101	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
756		1102
		1103	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>, L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IGS>, L<AnyEvent::FCP>
		1104
		1105	Implement event-based interfaces to the protocols of the same name (for
		1106	the curious, IGS is the International Go Server and FCP is the Freenet
		1107	Client Protocol).
		1108
		1109	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle::UDP>
		1110
		1111	Here be danger!
		1112
		1113	As Pauli would put it, "Not only is it not right, it's not even wrong!" -
		1114	there are so many things wrong with AnyEvent::Handle::UDP, most notably
		1115	it's use of a stream-based API with a protocol that isn't streamable, that
		1116	the only way to improve it is to delete it.
		1117
		1118	It features data corruption (but typically only under load) and general
		1119	confusion. On top, the author is not only clueless about UDP but also
		1120	fact-resistant - some gems of his understanding: "connect doesn't work
		1121	with UDP", "UDP packets are not IP packets", "UDP only has datagrams, not
		1122	packets", "I don't need to implement proper error checking as UDP doesn't
		1123	support error checking" and so on - he doesn't even understand what's
		1124	wrong with his module when it is explained to him.
		1125
757	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>	1126	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
758		1127
759	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent	1128	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process for you,
760	HTTP requests.	1129	notifying you in an event-bnased way when the operation is finished.
		1130
		1131	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		1132
		1133	Truly asynchronous (as opposed to non-blocking) I/O, should be in the
		1134	toolbox of every event programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
		1135	L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent together, giving AnyEvent access to event-based
		1136	file I/O, and much more.
761		1137
762	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	1138	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
763		1139
764	Provides a simple web application server framework.	1140	A simple embedded webserver.
765		1141
766	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	1142	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
767		1143
768	The fastest ping in the west.	1144	The fastest ping in the west.
769		1145
770	=item L<Net::IRC3>
771
772	AnyEvent based IRC client module family.
773
774	=item L<Net::XMPP2>
775
776	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
777
778	=item L<Net::FCP>
779
780	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
781	of AnyEvent.
782
783	=item L<Event::ExecFlow>
784
785	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
786
787	=item L<Coro>	1146	=item L<Coro>
788		1147
789	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1148	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
790		1149
791	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>, L<IO::AIO>
792
793	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
794	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses IO::AIO and AnyEvent
795	together.
796
797	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>, L<BDB>
798
799	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
800	IO::AIO and AnyEvent together.
801
802	=item L<IO::Lambda>
803
804	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
805
806	=back	1150	=back
807		1151
808	=cut	1152	=cut
809		1153
810	package AnyEvent;	1154	package AnyEvent;
811		1155
812	no warnings;	1156	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
813	use strict;	1157	sub common_sense {
		1158	# from common:.sense 1.0
		1159	${^WARNING_BITS} = "\xfc\x3f\x33\x00\x0f\xf3\xcf\xc0\xf3\xfc\x33\x00";
		1160	# use strict vars subs - NO UTF-8, as Util.pm doesn't like this atm. (uts46data.pl)
		1161	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1162	}
814		1163
		1164	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1165
815	use Carp;	1166	use Carp ();
816		1167
817	our $VERSION = 4.14;	1168	our $VERSION = '5.271';
818	our $MODEL;	1169	our $MODEL;
819		1170
820	our $AUTOLOAD;	1171	our $AUTOLOAD;
821	our @ISA;	1172	our @ISA;
822		1173
823	our @REGISTRY;	1174	our @REGISTRY;
824		1175
825	our $WIN32;	1176	our $VERBOSE;
826		1177
827	BEGIN {	1178	BEGIN {
828	my $win32 = ! ! ($^O =~ /mswin32/i);	1179	require "AnyEvent/constants.pl";
829	eval "sub WIN32(){ $win32 }";
830	}
831		1180
		1181	eval "sub TAINT (){" . (${^TAINT}*1) . "}";
		1182
		1183	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1184	if ${^TAINT};
		1185
832	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1186	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1187
		1188	}
		1189
		1190	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
833		1191
834	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1192	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
835		1193
836	{	1194	{
837	my $idx;	1195	my $idx;
…		…
839	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1197	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
840	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1198	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
841	}	1199	}
842		1200
843	my @models = (	1201	my @models = (
844	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1202	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
845	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],
846	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],	1203	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
847	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1204	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
848	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1205	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
849	# and is usually faster	1206	# and is usually faster
		1207	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1208	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1209	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1210	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
850	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1211	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
851	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
852	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
853	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1212	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
854	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1213	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
855	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1214	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
856	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1215	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1216	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its
		1217	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.
		1218	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any
		1219	# obvious default class.
		1220	[IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1221	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1222	[IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1223	[AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
857	);	1224	);
858		1225
859	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer time now signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);	1226	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
		1227	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);
860		1228
861	our @post_detect;	1229	our @post_detect;
862		1230
863	sub post_detect(&) {	1231	sub post_detect(&) {
864	my ($cb) = @_;	1232	my ($cb) = @_;
865		1233
866	if ($MODEL) {
867	$cb->();
868
869	1
870	} else {
871	push @post_detect, $cb;	1234	push @post_detect, $cb;
872		1235
873	defined wantarray	1236	defined wantarray
874	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect"	1237	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
875	: ()	1238	: ()
		1239	}
		1240
		1241	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
		1242	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
		1243	}
		1244
		1245	sub detect() {
		1246	# free some memory
		1247	*detect = sub () { $MODEL };
		1248
		1249	local $!; # for good measure
		1250	local $SIG{__DIE__};
		1251
		1252	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
		1253	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
		1254	if (eval "require $model") {
		1255	$MODEL = $model;
		1256	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
		1257	} else {
		1258	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
		1259	}
876	}	1260	}
877	}
878		1261
879	sub AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect::DESTROY {	1262	# check for already loaded models
880	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
881	}
882
883	sub detect() {
884	unless ($MODEL) {	1263	unless ($MODEL) {
885	no strict 'refs';	1264	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
886	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1265	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
887		1266	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
888	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
889	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
890	if (eval "require $model") {	1267	if (eval "require $model") {
891	$MODEL = $model;	1268	$MODEL = $model;
892	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1269	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
893	} else {	1270	last;
894	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1271	}
895	}	1272	}
896	}	1273	}
897		1274
898	# check for already loaded models
899	unless ($MODEL) {	1275	unless ($MODEL) {
		1276	# try to autoload a model
900	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1277	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
901	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1278	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1279	if (
		1280	$autoload
		1281	and eval "require $package"
902	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1282	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
903	if (eval "require $model") {	1283	and eval "require $model"
		1284	) {
904	$MODEL = $model;	1285	$MODEL = $model;
905	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1286	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
906	last;	1287	last;
907	}
908	}	1288	}
909	}	1289	}
910		1290
911	unless ($MODEL) {
912	# try to load a model
913
914	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
915	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
916	if (eval "require $package"
917	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
918	and eval "require $model") {
919	$MODEL = $model;
920	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
921	last;
922	}
923	}
924
925	$MODEL	1291	$MODEL
926	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.";	1292	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";
927	}
928	}	1293	}
929
930	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
931	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
932
933	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
934	}	1294	}
		1295
		1296	@models = (); # free probe data
		1297
		1298	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
		1299	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
		1300
		1301	# now nuke some methods that are overriden by the backend.
		1302	# SUPER is not allowed.
		1303	for (qw(time signal child idle)) {
		1304	undef &{"AnyEvent::Base::$_"}
		1305	if defined &{"$MODEL\::$_"};
		1306	}
		1307
		1308	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
		1309
		1310	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
		1311
		1312	*post_detect = sub(&) {
		1313	shift->();
		1314
		1315	undef
		1316	};
935		1317
936	$MODEL	1318	$MODEL
937	}	1319	}
938		1320
939	sub AUTOLOAD {	1321	sub AUTOLOAD {
940	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1322	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
941		1323
942	$method{$func}	1324	$method{$func}
943	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1325	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid AnyEvent class method";
944		1326
945	detect unless $MODEL;	1327	detect;
946		1328
947	my $class = shift;	1329	my $class = shift;
948	$class->$func (@_);	1330	$class->$func (@_);
949	}	1331	}
950		1332
		1333	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
		1334	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
		1335	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
		1336	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
		1337	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
		1338
		1339	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
		1340	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
		1341
		1342	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
		1343	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
		1344
		1345	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
		1346
		1347	($fh2, $rw)
		1348	}
		1349
		1350	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1351
		1352	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1353	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1354	overhead by using function call syntax and a fixed number of parameters.
		1355
		1356	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1357
		1358	=cut
		1359
		1360	package AE;
		1361
		1362	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1363
		1364	# fall back to the main API by default - backends and AnyEvent::Base
		1365	# implementations can overwrite these.
		1366
		1367	sub io($$$) {
		1368	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1369	}
		1370
		1371	sub timer($$$) {
		1372	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1373	}
		1374
		1375	sub signal($$) {
		1376	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1377	}
		1378
		1379	sub child($$) {
		1380	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1381	}
		1382
		1383	sub idle($) {
		1384	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])
		1385	}
		1386
		1387	sub cv(;&) {
		1388	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1389	}
		1390
		1391	sub now() {
		1392	AnyEvent->now
		1393	}
		1394
		1395	sub now_update() {
		1396	AnyEvent->now_update
		1397	}
		1398
		1399	sub time() {
		1400	AnyEvent->time
		1401	}
		1402
951	package AnyEvent::Base;	1403	package AnyEvent::Base;
952		1404
953	# default implementation for now and time	1405	# default implementations for many methods
954		1406
955	use Time::HiRes ();	1407	sub time {
		1408	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1409	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
		1410	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1411	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1412	*AE::time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
		1413	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
		1414	} else {
		1415	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
		1416	*AE::time = sub (){ time }; # epic fail
		1417	}
956		1418
957	sub time { Time::HiRes::time }	1419	*time = sub { AE::time }; # different prototypes
958	sub now { Time::HiRes::time }	1420	};
		1421	die if $@;
		1422
		1423	&time
		1424	}
		1425
		1426	*now = \&time;
		1427
		1428	sub now_update { }
959		1429
960	# default implementation for ->condvar	1430	# default implementation for ->condvar
961		1431
962	sub condvar {	1432	sub condvar {
		1433	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1434	*condvar = sub {
963	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar::	1435	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1436	};
		1437
		1438	*AE::cv = sub (;&) {
		1439	bless { @_ ? (_ae_cb => shift) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1440	};
		1441	};
		1442	die if $@;
		1443
		1444	&condvar
964	}	1445	}
965		1446
966	# default implementation for ->signal	1447	# default implementation for ->signal
967		1448
968	our %SIG_CB;	1449	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1450
		1451	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1452	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1453	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
		1454	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1455
		1456	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1457	}
		1458
		1459	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1460	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1461	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
		1462
		1463	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1464	# used by Impls
		1465	sub _sig_add() {
		1466	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1467	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1468	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1469
		1470	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1471	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1472	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1473	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1474	;
		1475	}
		1476	}
		1477
		1478	sub _sig_del {
		1479	undef $SIG_TW
		1480	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
		1481	}
		1482
		1483	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1484	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1485	undef $_sig_name_init;
		1486
		1487	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1488	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1489	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1490	} else {
		1491	require Config;
		1492
		1493	my %signame2num;
		1494	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1495	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
		1496
		1497	my @signum2name;
		1498	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
		1499
		1500	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1501	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1502	};
		1503	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1504	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1505	};
		1506	}
		1507	};
		1508	die if $@;
		1509	};
		1510
		1511	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1512	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
969		1513
970	sub signal {	1514	sub signal {
		1515	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1516	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1517	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1518	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1519
		1520	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
		1521	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1522
		1523	} else {
		1524	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1525
		1526	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1527	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1528
		1529	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1530	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1531	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1532	} else {
		1533	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
		1534	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1535	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1536
		1537	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1538	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1539	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1540	}
		1541
		1542	$SIGPIPE_R
		1543	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1544
		1545	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1546	}
		1547
		1548	*signal = $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1549	? sub {
971	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1550	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
972		1551
		1552	# async::interrupt
973	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1553	my $signal = sig2num $arg{signal};
974	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
975
976	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1554	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1555
		1556	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1557	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1558	signal => $signal,
		1559	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1560	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1561	;
		1562
		1563	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1564	}
		1565	: sub {
		1566	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1567
		1568	# pure perl
		1569	my $signal = sig2name $arg{signal};
		1570	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1571
977	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1572	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
		1573	local $!;
		1574	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
		1575	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1576	};
		1577
		1578	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1579	# so limit the signal latency.
		1580	_sig_add;
		1581
		1582	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1583	}
		1584	;
		1585
		1586	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1587	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1588
		1589	_sig_del;
		1590
		1591	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1592
		1593	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1594	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1595	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1596	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1597	# instead of getting the default action.
		1598	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1599	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1600	};
		1601
		1602	*_signal_exec = sub {
		1603	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1604	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1605	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
		1606
		1607	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1608	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1609	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
978	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} || {} };	1610	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
		1611	}
		1612	}
		1613	};
979	};	1614	};
		1615	die if $@;
980		1616
981	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal"	1617	&signal
982	}
983
984	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {
985	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
986
987	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
988
989	$SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT' unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
990	}	1618	}
991		1619
992	# default implementation for ->child	1620	# default implementation for ->child
993		1621
994	our %PID_CB;	1622	our %PID_CB;
995	our $CHLD_W;	1623	our $CHLD_W;
996	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1624	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
997	our $PID_IDLE;
998	our $WNOHANG;	1625	our $WNOHANG;
999		1626
1000	sub _child_wait {	1627	# used by many Impl's
1001	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1628	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
		1629	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1630
		1631	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
1002	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1632	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
1003	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1633	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
1004	}
1005
1006	undef $PID_IDLE;
1007	}
1008
1009	sub _sigchld {
1010	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.
1011	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {
1012	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1013	&_child_wait;
1014	});
1015	}	1634	}
1016		1635
1017	sub child {	1636	sub child {
		1637	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1638	*_sigchld = sub {
		1639	my $pid;
		1640
		1641	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
		1642	while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0;
		1643	};
		1644
		1645	*child = sub {
1018	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1646	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1019		1647
1020	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1648	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)
1021	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1649	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
1022		1650
1023	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1651	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1024		1652
1025	unless ($WNOHANG) {	1653	# WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere
		1654	$WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/
		1655	? 1
1026	$WNOHANG = eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;	1656	: eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1027	}
1028		1657
1029	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1658	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1030	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1659	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1031	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1660	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1032	&_sigchld;	1661	&_sigchld;
1033	}	1662	}
1034		1663
1035	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"	1664	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1036	}	1665	};
1037		1666
1038	sub AnyEvent::Base::Child::DESTROY {	1667	*AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY = sub {
1039	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1668	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1040		1669
1041	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1670	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};
1042	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1671	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1043		1672
1044	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1673	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
		1674	};
		1675	};
		1676	die if $@;
		1677
		1678	&child
		1679	}
		1680
		1681	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
		1682	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
		1683	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
		1684	sub idle {
		1685	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1686	*idle = sub {
		1687	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1688
		1689	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
		1690
		1691	$rcb = sub {
		1692	if ($cb) {
		1693	$w = _time;
		1694	&$cb;
		1695	$w = _time - $w;
		1696
		1697	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
		1698	# within some limits
		1699	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
		1700	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
		1701
		1702	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
		1703	} else {
		1704	# clean up...
		1705	undef $w;
		1706	undef $rcb;
		1707	}
		1708	};
		1709
		1710	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1711
		1712	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
		1713	};
		1714
		1715	*AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY = sub {
		1716	undef $${$_[0]};
		1717	};
		1718	};
		1719	die if $@;
		1720
		1721	&idle
1045	}	1722	}
1046		1723
1047	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1724	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1048		1725
1049	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1726	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
1050		1727
1051	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1728	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1052		1729
1053	use overload	1730	#use overload
1054	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1731	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
1055	fallback => 1;	1732	# fallback => 1;
		1733
		1734	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1735	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1736	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1737	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1738	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1739
		1740	our $WAITING;
1056		1741
1057	sub _send {	1742	sub _send {
1058	# nop	1743	# nop
1059	}	1744	}
1060		1745
…		…
1073	sub ready {	1758	sub ready {
1074	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1759	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1075	}	1760	}
1076		1761
1077	sub _wait {	1762	sub _wait {
		1763	$WAITING
		1764	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
		1765	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
		1766
		1767	local $WAITING = 1;
1078	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};	1768	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1079	}	1769	}
1080		1770
1081	sub recv {	1771	sub recv {
1082	$_[0]->_wait;	1772	$_[0]->_wait;
…		…
1084	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1774	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};
1085	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1775	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1086	}	1776	}
1087		1777
1088	sub cb {	1778	sub cb {
1089	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1779	my $cv = shift;
		1780
		1781	@_
		1782	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1783	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1784	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1785
1090	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1786	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1091	}	1787	}
1092		1788
1093	sub begin {	1789	sub begin {
1094	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1790	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1095	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1791	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1101	}	1797	}
1102		1798
1103	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	1799	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
1104	*broadcast = \&send;	1800	*broadcast = \&send;
1105	*wait = \&_wait;	1801	*wait = \&_wait;
		1802
		1803	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
		1804
		1805	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
		1806	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
		1807	the C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT> environment variable, below) provides strict
		1808	checking of all AnyEvent methods, however, which is highly useful during
		1809	development.
		1810
		1811	As for exception handling (i.e. runtime errors and exceptions thrown while
		1812	executing a callback), this is not only highly event-loop specific, but
		1813	also not in any way wrapped by this module, as this is the job of the main
		1814	program.
		1815
		1816	The pure perl event loop simply re-throws the exception (usually
		1817	within C<< condvar->recv >>), the L<Event> and L<EV> modules call C<<
		1818	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and
		1819	so on.
		1820
		1821	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
		1822
		1823	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
		1824	submodules.
		1825
		1826	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1827	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1828	enabled.
		1829
		1830	=over 4
		1831
		1832	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
		1833
		1834	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
		1835	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
		1836	talkative.
		1837
		1838	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
		1839	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
		1840	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
		1841
		1842	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
		1843	model it chooses.
		1844
		1845	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1846	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1847
		1848	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
		1849
		1850	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
		1851	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
		1852	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
		1853	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
		1854	it will croak.
		1855
		1856	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
		1857
		1858	Unlike C<use strict> (or it's modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
		1859	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
		1860	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1861	can be very useful, however.
		1862
		1863	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
		1864
		1865	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
		1866	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
		1867	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
		1868	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
		1869	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
		1870	auto detection and -probing.
		1871
		1872	This functionality might change in future versions.
		1873
		1874	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
		1875	could start your program like this:
		1876
		1877	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
		1878
		1879	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
		1880
		1881	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
		1882	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
		1883	of auto probing).
		1884
		1885	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
		1886	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
		1887	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
		1888	list.
		1889
		1890	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
		1891	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
		1892	small, as the program has to handle conenction and other failures anyways.
		1893
		1894	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
		1895	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
		1896	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
		1897	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
		1898	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
		1899
		1900	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
		1901
		1902	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
		1903	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
		1904	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
		1905	default.
		1906
		1907	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
		1908	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
		1909
		1910	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
		1911
		1912	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
		1913	will create in parallel.
		1914
		1915	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		1916
		1917	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		1918	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		1919	sent to the DNS server.
		1920
		1921	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		1922
		1923	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		1924	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		1925	default config will be used.
		1926
		1927	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		1928
		1929	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		1930	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		1931	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		1932	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1933
		1934	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		1935
		1936	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		1937	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
		1938
		1939	=back
1106		1940
1107	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1941	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1108		1942
1109	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in	1943	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in
1110	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to	1944	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to
…		…
1144		1978
1145	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to	1979	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to
1146	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will	1980	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will
1147	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must	1981	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must
1148	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.	1982	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.
1149
1150	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1151
1152	The following environment variables are used by this module:
1153
1154	=over 4
1155
1156	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1157
1158	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
1159	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
1160	talkative.
1161
1162	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
1163	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
1164	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1165
1166	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1167	model it chooses.
1168
1169	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1170
1171	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1172	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
1173	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
1174	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
1175	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
1176	auto detection and -probing.
1177
1178	This functionality might change in future versions.
1179
1180	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
1181	could start your program like this:
1182
1183	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1184
1185	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
1186
1187	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
1188	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
1189	of auto probing).
1190
1191	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
1192	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
1193	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
1194	list.
1195
1196	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
1197	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
1198	small, as the program has to handle connection errors already-
1199
1200	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
1201	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
1202	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
1203	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
1204	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
1205
1206	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
1207
1208	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
1209	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
1210	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
1211	default.
1212
1213	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
1214	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
1215
1216	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
1217
1218	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
1219	will create in parallel.
1220
1221	=back
1222		1983
1223	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	1984	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
1224		1985
1225	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer	1986	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer
1226	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the	1987	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the
…		…
1239	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	2000	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1240	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	2001	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1241	},	2002	},
1242	);	2003	);
1243		2004
1244	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1245
1246	sub new_timer {
1247	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	2005	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1248	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	2006	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1249	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1250	});	2007	});
1251	}
1252
1253	new_timer; # create first timer
1254		2008
1255	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i	2009	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1256		2010
1257	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	2011	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1258		2012
…		…
1331		2085
1332	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	2086	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
1333	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects	2087	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
1334	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	2088	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
1335	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	2089	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
1336	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	2090	problems get reported to the code that tries to use the result, not in a
1337	random callback.	2091	random callback.
1338		2092
1339	All of this enables the following usage styles:	2093	All of this enables the following usage styles:
1340		2094
1341	1. Blocking:	2095	1. Blocking:
…		…
1389	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2143	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1390	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2144	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1391	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2145	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1392		2146
1393	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2147	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1394	distribution.	2148	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2149	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1395		2150
1396	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2151	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1397		2152
1398	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2153	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1399	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2154	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1420	watcher.	2175	watcher.
1421		2176
1422	=head3 Results	2177	=head3 Results
1423		2178
1424	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2179	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1425	EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface	2180	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1426	EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2181	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1427	CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2182	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1428	Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation	2183	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1429	Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface	2184	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1430	Event/Any 16000 590 35.75 31.42 1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2185	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2186	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2187	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1431	Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour	2188	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1432	Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2189	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1433	POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event	2190	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1434	POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select	2191	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1435		2192
1436	=head3 Discussion	2193	=head3 Discussion
1437		2194
1438	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2195	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1439	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2196	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1451	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2208	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1452	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2209	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1453	cycles with POE.	2210	cycles with POE.
1454		2211
1455	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2212	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1456	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2213	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2214	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2215	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1457	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2216	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1458	natively.
1459		2217
1460	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2218	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1461	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2219	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1462	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2220	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1463	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2221	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
1464	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2222	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1465	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2223	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1466		2224
1467	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2225	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1468	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2226	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2227
		2228	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2229	when using its pure perl backend.
1469		2230
1470	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2231	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1471	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2232	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1472	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2233	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1473	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2234	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1534	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2295	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1535	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2296	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1536	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2297	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1537		2298
1538	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2299	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1539	distribution.	2300	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2301	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1540		2302
1541	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2303	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1542		2304
1543	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2305	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1544	each server has a read and write socket end).	2306	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1551	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2313	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1552	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2314	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1553		2315
1554	=head3 Results	2316	=head3 Results
1555		2317
1556	name sockets create request	2318	name sockets create request
1557	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2319	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1558	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2320	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1559	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2321	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1560	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2322	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
		2323	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
		2324	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1561	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2325	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1562		2326
1563	=head3 Discussion	2327	=head3 Discussion
1564		2328
1565	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2329	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1566	particular event loop.	2330	particular event loop.
…		…
1568	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2332	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1569	is relatively high, though.	2333	is relatively high, though.
1570		2334
1571	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2335	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1572	loops Event and Glib.	2336	loops Event and Glib.
		2337
		2338	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2339	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1573		2340
1574	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2341	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1575	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2342	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1576	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2343	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1577	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2344	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1640	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2407	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1641	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2408	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1642		2409
1643	=back	2410	=back
1644		2411
		2412	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2413
		2414	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2415	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2416	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2417	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2418	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2419	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2420	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2421
		2422	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2423	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2424	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2425	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2426	benchmark nevertheless.
		2427
		2428	name runtime
		2429	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2430	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2431	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2432	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2433	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2434	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2435	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2436	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2437
		2438	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2439	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2440	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2441
		2442	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2443	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2444	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2445	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2446	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2447	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2448	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2449	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2450
		2451	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2452	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2453	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2454	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2455
		2456	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2457	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2458	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2459
		2460	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2461	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
		2462	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
		2463	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
		2464
		2465	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2466	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2467	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2468
		2469
		2470	=head1 SIGNALS
		2471
		2472	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
		2473
		2474	=over 4
		2475
		2476	=item SIGCHLD
		2477
		2478	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
		2479	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
		2480	event loops install a similar handler.
		2481
		2482	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2483	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
		2484
		2485	=item SIGPIPE
		2486
		2487	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
		2488	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
		2489
		2490	The rationale for this is that AnyEvent users usually do not really depend
		2491	on SIGPIPE delivery (which is purely an optimisation for shell use, or
		2492	badly-written programs), but C<SIGPIPE> can cause spurious and rare
		2493	program exits as a lot of people do not expect C<SIGPIPE> when writing to
		2494	some random socket.
		2495
		2496	The rationale for installing a no-op handler as opposed to ignoring it is
		2497	that this way, the handler will be restored to defaults on exec.
		2498
		2499	Feel free to install your own handler, or reset it to defaults.
		2500
		2501	=back
		2502
		2503	=cut
		2504
		2505	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2506	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2507
		2508	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
		2509	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
		2510
		2511	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2512
		2513	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2514	it's built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2515
		2516	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2517	modules if they are installed.
		2518
		2519	This section explains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2520	affect AnyEvent's operation.
		2521
		2522	=over 4
		2523
		2524	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2525
		2526	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2527	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2528	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2529	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2530	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2531	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2532
		2533	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2534	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2535	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for
		2536	battery life on laptops).
		2537
		2538	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2539	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2540
		2541	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2542	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2543	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2544	does nothing for those backends.
		2545
		2546	=item L<EV>
		2547
		2548	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2549	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2550	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2551	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2552	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2553	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2554	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2555	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2556
		2557	If you only use backends that rely on another event loop (e.g. C<Tk>),
		2558	then this module will do nothing for you.
		2559
		2560	=item L<Guard>
		2561
		2562	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2563	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2564	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2565	purely used for performance.
		2566
		2567	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2568
		2569	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
		2570	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. L<JSON> is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2571	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2572
		2573	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2574
		2575	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2576	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2577	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2578
		2579	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2580
		2581	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2582	chosen event library does not come with a timing source on it's own. The
		2583	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to
		2584	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2585
		2586	=back
		2587
1645		2588
1646	=head1 FORK	2589	=head1 FORK
1647		2590
1648	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2591	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1649	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2592	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> calls
1650	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2593	- higher performance APIs such as BSD's kqueue or the dreaded Linux epoll
		2594	are usually badly thought-out hacks that are incompatible with fork in
		2595	one way or another. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware and ensures that you
		2596	continue event-processing in both parent and child (or both, if you know
		2597	what you are doing).
		2598
		2599	This means that, in general, you cannot fork and do event processing in
		2600	the child if the event library was initialised before the fork (which
		2601	usually happens when the first AnyEvent watcher is created, or the library
		2602	is loaded).
1651		2603
1652	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2604	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1653	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2605	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2606	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
		2607
		2608	The problem of doing event processing in the parent I<and> the child
		2609	is much more complicated: even for backends that I<are> fork-aware or
		2610	fork-safe, their behaviour is not usually what you want: fork clones all
		2611	watchers, that means all timers, I/O watchers etc. are active in both
		2612	parent and child, which is almost never what you want. USing C<exec>
		2613	to start worker children from some kind of manage rprocess is usually
		2614	preferred, because it is much easier and cleaner, at the expense of having
		2615	to have another binary.
1654		2616
1655		2617
1656	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2618	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1657		2619
1658	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2620	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
1669		2631
1670	use AnyEvent;	2632	use AnyEvent;
1671		2633
1672	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2634	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1673	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2635	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1674	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL).	2636	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
		2637	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2638
		2639	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2640	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2641	enabled.
		2642
		2643
		2644	=head1 BUGS
		2645
		2646	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
		2647	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
		2648	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
		2649	memleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
		2650	pronounced).
1675		2651
1676		2652
1677	=head1 SEE ALSO	2653	=head1 SEE ALSO
1678		2654
1679	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.	2655	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.
…		…
1682	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2658	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1683		2659
1684	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2660	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1685	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2661	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1686	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2662	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1687	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2663	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
1688		2664
1689	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2665	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
1690	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2666	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
1691		2667
1692	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2668	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
1693		2669
1694	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2670	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,
		2671	L<Coro::Event>,
1695		2672
1696	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2673	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,
		2674	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1697		2675
1698		2676
1699	=head1 AUTHOR	2677	=head1 AUTHOR
1700		2678
1701	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2679	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>

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