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Revision 1.190 by root, Wed Nov 5 02:21:27 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.300 by root, Tue Dec 1 17:56:28 2009 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
		6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
		12	# file descriptor readable
11	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub { ... });	13	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
12		14
		15	# one-shot or repeating timers
13	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });	16	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
14	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...	17	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...
15		18
16	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time	19	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
17	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.	20	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
18		21
		22	# POSIX signal
19	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });	23	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });
20		24
		25	# child process exit
21	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {	26	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
22	my ($pid, $status) = @_;	27	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
23	...	28	...
24	});	29	});
		30
		31	# called when event loop idle (if applicable)
		32	my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... });
25		33
26	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged	34	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
27	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's	35	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
28	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send	36	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
29	# use a condvar in callback mode:	37	# use a condvar in callback mode:
…		…
32	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL	40	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
33		41
34	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested	42	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
35	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
36	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
		45
		46	=head1 SUPPORT
		47
		48	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		49	channel, too.
		50
		51	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		52	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
37		53
38	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	54	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
39		55
40	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	56	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
41	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	57	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
…		…
137	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After	153	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
138	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the	154	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
139	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	155	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
140	is in control).	156	is in control).
141		157
		158	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
		159	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
		160	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in
		161	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
		162	widely between event loops.
		163
142	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	164	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
143	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	165	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
144	to it).	166	to it).
145		167
146	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	168	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
…		…
159	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	181	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
160	declared.	182	declared.
161		183
162	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	184	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
163		185
		186	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		187	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		188	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		189	cb => <callback>,
		190	);
		191
164	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	192	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
165	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	193	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
166		194
167	C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch for events	195	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
168	(AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file handle). C<poll>	196	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
		197	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
		198	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
		199	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
		200	or block devices.
		201
169	must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a watcher	202	C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a
170	waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively. C<cb> is the	203	watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively.
		204
171	callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.	205	C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
172		206
173	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	207	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
174	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	208	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
175	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.	209	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
176		210
…		…
191	undef $w;	225	undef $w;
192	});	226	});
193		227
194	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	228	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
195		229
		230	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		231
		232	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		233	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		234	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		235	cb => <callback>,
		236	);
		237
196	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	238	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
197	method with the following mandatory arguments:	239	method with the following mandatory arguments:
198		240
199	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	241	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
200	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	242	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
308	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you	350	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
309	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the	351	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
310	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into	352	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
311	account.	353	account.
312		354
		355	=item AnyEvent->now_update
		356
		357	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache
		358	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<
		359	AnyEvent->now >>, above).
		360
		361	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
		362	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
		363	might affect timers and time-outs.
		364
		365	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
		366	event loop's idea of "current time".
		367
		368	A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) -
		369	when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong
		370	idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the
		371	script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<<
		372	AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again
		373	(e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler).
		374
		375	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
		376
313	=back	377	=back
314		378
315	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	379	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
		380
		381	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
316		382
317	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	383	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
318	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl	384	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
319	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	385	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
320		386
…		…
326	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	392	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
327	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	393	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
328	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	394	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
329		395
330	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	396	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
331	between multiple watchers.	397	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		398	interrupt your program at bad times.
332		399
333	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	400	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
334	directly will likely not work correctly.	401	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		402	correctly.
335		403
336	Example: exit on SIGINT	404	Example: exit on SIGINT
337		405
338	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	406	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
339		407
		408	=head3 Restart Behaviour
		409
		410	While restart behaviour is up to the event loop implementation, most will
		411	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's
		412	pure perl implementation).
		413
		414	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals
		415
		416	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling) or
		417	"unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might get delayed indefinitely, the
		418	latter might corrupt your memory.
		419
		420	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,
		421	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be
		422	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.
		423	callbacks, too).
		424
		425	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		426
		427	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		428	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		429	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		430	this. AnyEvent will try to do it's best, which means in some cases,
		431	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		432	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		433	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		434	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		435	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		436	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		437	saving.
		438
		439	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		440	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		441	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		442	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does it's own workaround with
		443	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		444
340	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	445	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
341		446
		447	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		448
342	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	449	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
343		450
344	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	451	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (one some backends,
345	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will triggered only when	452	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
346	the child process has finished and an exit status is available, not on	453	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
347	any trace events (stopped/continued).	454	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
		455	(stopped/continued).
348		456
349	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by	457	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
350	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher	458	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
351	callback arguments.	459	callback arguments.
352		460
…		…
357		465
358	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	466	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
359	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	467	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
360	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	468	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
361		469
362	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	470	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		471	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
363	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	472	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
364	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	473	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		474	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		475	start the watcher.
365		476
366	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	477	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
367	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	478	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
368	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	479	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		480	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		481
		482	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		483	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems
		484	mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
369		485
370	Example: fork a process and wait for it	486	Example: fork a process and wait for it
371		487
372	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	488	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
373		489
…		…
383	);	499	);
384		500
385	# do something else, then wait for process exit	501	# do something else, then wait for process exit
386	$done->recv;	502	$done->recv;
387		503
		504	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
		505
		506	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
		507
		508	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important
		509	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
		510	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
		511	attention by the event loop".
		512
		513	Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing
		514	better to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new
		515	events. Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.
		516
		517	Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only
		518	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
		519	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
		520
		521	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
		522	program is otherwise idle:
		523
		524	my @lines; # read data
		525	my $idle_w;
		526	my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
		527	push @lines, scalar <STDIN>;
		528
		529	# start an idle watcher, if not already done
		530	$idle_w ||= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub {
		531	# handle only one line, when there are lines left
		532	if (my $line = shift @lines) {
		533	print "handled when idle: $line";
		534	} else {
		535	# otherwise disable the idle watcher again
		536	undef $idle_w;
		537	}
		538	});
		539	});
		540
388	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	541	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
		542
		543	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		544
		545	$cv->send (<list>);
		546	my @res = $cv->recv;
389		547
390	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	548	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
391	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	549	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
392	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	550	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
393		551
394	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	552	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
395	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	553	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
396		554
397	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	555	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called
398	because they represent a condition that must become true.	556	because they represent a condition that must become true.
399		557
		558	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
		559
400	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	560	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
401	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	561	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
402
403	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	562	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
404	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not	563	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
405	the results).	564	the results).
406		565
407	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	566	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
…		…
412	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	571	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can
413	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	572	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points
414	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	573	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet
415	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	574	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be
416	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	575	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers
417	a result.	576	a result. And yet some people know them as "futures" - a promise to
		577	compute/deliver something that you can wait for.
418		578
419	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	579	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
420	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	580	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
421	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	581	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
422	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	582	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
456	after => 1,	616	after => 1,
457	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	617	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },
458	);	618	);
459		619
460	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	620	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
461	# calls send	621	# calls ->send
462	$result_ready->recv;	622	$result_ready->recv;
463		623
464	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	624	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
465	condition variables are also code references.	625	variables are also callable directly.
466		626
467	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	627	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
468	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	628	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
469	$done->recv;	629	$done->recv;
470		630
…		…
476		636
477	...	637	...
478		638
479	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;	639	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
480		640
481	And this is how you would just ste a callback to be called whenever the	641	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
482	results are available:	642	results are available:
483		643
484	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {	644	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
485	my @info = $_[0]->recv;	645	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
486	});	646	});
…		…
504	immediately from within send.	664	immediately from within send.
505		665
506	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	666	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
507	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	667	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
508		668
509	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	669	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
510	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	670	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
511	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	671	C<send>.
512	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
513	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
514	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
515	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
516	example).
517		672
518	=item $cv->croak ($error)	673	=item $cv->croak ($error)
519		674
520	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	675	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
521	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	676	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
522		677
523	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	678	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
524	user/consumer.	679	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		680	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it
		681	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		682	deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing
		683	the problem.
525		684
526	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	685	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
527		686
528	=item $cv->end	687	=item $cv->end
529
530	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
531		688
532	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	689	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
533	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	690	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
534	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	691	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
535		692
536	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	693	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
537	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	694	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
538	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	695	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
539	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	696	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
540	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	697	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		698	be called without any arguments.
541		699
542	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	700	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		701	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		702	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		703
		704	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		705	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		706	close before activating a condvar:
543		707
544	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	708	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
545		709
		710	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		711	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		712	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		713	or $cv->end;
		714	});
		715
		716	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		717	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		718	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		719	or $cv->end;
		720	});
		721
		722	$cv->recv;
		723
		724	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		725	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		726	sending.
		727
		728	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		729	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		730	begung can potentially be zero:
		731
		732	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		733
546	my %result;	734	my %result;
547	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	735	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
548		736
549	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	737	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
550	$cv->begin;	738	$cv->begin;
551	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	739	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
552	$result{$host} = ...;	740	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
567	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	755	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
568	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	756	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
569	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	757	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
570	doesn't execute once).	758	doesn't execute once).
571		759
572	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	760	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
573	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	761	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
574	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	762	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
575	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	763	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		764	call C<end>.
576		765
577	=back	766	=back
578		767
579	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	768	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
580		769
…		…
596	function will call C<croak>.	785	function will call C<croak>.
597		786
598	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	787	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
599	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	788	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
600		789
		790	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		791	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		792	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		793	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		794	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		795	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		796
601	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	797	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
602	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	798	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
603	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	799	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
604	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	800	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
605	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	801	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
606	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	802	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
607	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	803	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
608		804
609	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
610	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
611	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
612	can supply.
613
614	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
615	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
616	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
617	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
618	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
619
620	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	805	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
621	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	806	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
622	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	807	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
623	waits otherwise.	808	waits otherwise.
624		809
…		…
630	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))	815	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
631		816
632	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	817	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
633	replaces it before doing so.	818	replaces it before doing so.
634		819
635	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	820	The callback will be called when the condition becomes (or already was)
636	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	821	"true", i.e. when C<send> or C<croak> are called (or were called), with
637	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	822	the only argument being the condition variable itself. Calling C<recv>
638	is guaranteed not to block.	823	inside the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
639		824
640	=back	825	=back
641		826
		827	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		828
		829	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		830
		831	=over 4
		832
		833	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		834
		835	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		836	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		837	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		838	AnyEvent itself.
		839
		840	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		841	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
		842
		843	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		844
		845	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher
		846	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		847	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		848	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		849	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		850
		851	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		852	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		853	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		854	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		855	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		856	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		857
		858	=item Backends with special needs.
		859
		860	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		861	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		862	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		863	everything should just work.
		864
		865	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		866
		867	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
		868	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
		869	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
		870	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
		871	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
		872
		873	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
		874
		875	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		876
		877	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		878
		879	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		880
		881	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		882	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		883	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		884	consider for AnyEvent.
		885
		886	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		887	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		888
		889	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		890	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		891	in which case everything will be automatic.
		892
		893	=back
		894
642	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	895	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
643		896
		897	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		898	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		899
644	=over 4	900	=over 4
645		901
646	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	902	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
647		903
648	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	904	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		905	backend has been autodetected.
		906
649	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	907	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
650	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	908	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
651	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	909	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
652	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	910	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
653		911	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
654	The known classes so far are:
655
656	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
657	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
658	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
659	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
660	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
661	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
662	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
663	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
664
665	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
666	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
667	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
668	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
669	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
670	it's adaptor.
671
672	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
673	autodetecting them.
674		912
675	=item AnyEvent::detect	913	=item AnyEvent::detect
676		914
677	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	915	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
678	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	916	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
679	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	917	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
680	runtime.	918	runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.
		919
		920	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		921	created, use C<post_detect>.
681		922
682	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	923	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
683		924
684	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	925	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
685	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	926	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).
686		927
		928	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		929	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		930	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		931	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		932	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		933
		934	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		935	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		936	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		937	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
		938
687	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	939	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
688	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	940	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		941	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
689	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	942	a case where this is useful.
		943
		944	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		945	C<$WATCHER>. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though.
		946
		947	our WATCHER;
		948
		949	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		950	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		951	};
		952
		953	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		954	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		955	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		956	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		957
		958	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
690		959
691	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	960	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
692		961
693	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	962	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
694	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	963	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after
695	the event loop has been chosen.	964	the event loop has been chosen.
696		965
697	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	966	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
698	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	967	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
699	and the array will be ignored.	968	array will be ignored.
700		969
701	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	970	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		971	it,as it takes care of these details.
		972
		973	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		974	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		975	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		976	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
702		977
703	=back	978	=back
704		979
705	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	980	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
706		981
…		…
761		1036
762		1037
763	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1038	=head1 OTHER MODULES
764		1039
765	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1040	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
766	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1041	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
767	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1042	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
768	available via CPAN.	1043	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.
769		1044
770	=over 4	1045	=over 4
771		1046
772	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1047	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
773		1048
…		…
782		1057
783	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>	1058	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
784		1059
785	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,	1060	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
786	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and	1061	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
787	non-blocking SSL/TLS.	1062	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
788		1063
789	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1064	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
790		1065
791	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1066	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
792		1067
…		…
820		1095
821	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>	1096	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
822		1097
823	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.	1098	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
824		1099
		1100	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
		1101
		1102	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
		1103
		1104	=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
		1105
		1106	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
		1107	Net::XMPP2>.
		1108
825	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>	1109	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
826		1110
827	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by	1111	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
828	L<App::IGS>).	1112	L<App::IGS>).
829		1113
830	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
831
832	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
833
834	=item L<Net::XMPP2>
835
836	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
837
838	=item L<Net::FCP>	1114	=item L<Net::FCP>
839		1115
840	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace	1116	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
841	of AnyEvent.	1117	of AnyEvent.
842		1118
…		…
846		1122
847	=item L<Coro>	1123	=item L<Coro>
848		1124
849	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1125	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
850		1126
851	=item L<IO::Lambda>
852
853	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
854
855	=back	1127	=back
856		1128
857	=cut	1129	=cut
858		1130
859	package AnyEvent;	1131	package AnyEvent;
860		1132
861	no warnings;	1133	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
		1134	sub common_sense {
		1135	# from common:.sense 1.0
		1136	${^WARNING_BITS} = "\xfc\x3f\xf3\x00\x0f\xf3\xcf\xc0\xf3\xfc\x33\x03";
862	use strict qw(vars subs);	1137	# use strict vars subs
		1138	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1139	}
863		1140
		1141	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1142
864	use Carp;	1143	use Carp ();
865		1144
866	our $VERSION = 4.32;	1145	our $VERSION = '5.21';
867	our $MODEL;	1146	our $MODEL;
868		1147
869	our $AUTOLOAD;	1148	our $AUTOLOAD;
870	our @ISA;	1149	our @ISA;
871		1150
872	our @REGISTRY;	1151	our @REGISTRY;
873		1152
874	our $WIN32;	1153	our $VERBOSE;
875		1154
876	BEGIN {	1155	BEGIN {
877	my $win32 = ! ! ($^O =~ /mswin32/i);	1156	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";
878	eval "sub WIN32(){ $win32 }";	1157	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";
879	}
880		1158
		1159	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1160	if ${^TAINT};
		1161
881	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1162	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1163
		1164	}
		1165
		1166	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
882		1167
883	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1168	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
884		1169
885	{	1170	{
886	my $idx;	1171	my $idx;
…		…
888	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1173	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
889	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1174	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
890	}	1175	}
891		1176
892	my @models = (	1177	my @models = (
893	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1178	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
894	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],
895	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],	1179	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
896	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1180	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
897	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1181	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
898	# and is usually faster	1182	# and is usually faster
		1183	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1184	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1185	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1186	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
899	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1187	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
900	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
901	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
902	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1188	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
903	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1189	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
904	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1190	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
905	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1191	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1192	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its
		1193	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.
		1194	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any
		1195	# obvious default class.
		1196	[IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1197	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1198	[IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1199	[AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
906	);	1200	);
907		1201
908	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer time now signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);	1202	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
		1203	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);
909		1204
910	our @post_detect;	1205	our @post_detect;
911		1206
912	sub post_detect(&) {	1207	sub post_detect(&) {
913	my ($cb) = @_;	1208	my ($cb) = @_;
914		1209
915	if ($MODEL) {	1210	if ($MODEL) {
916	$cb->();	1211	$cb->();
917		1212
918	1	1213	undef
919	} else {	1214	} else {
920	push @post_detect, $cb;	1215	push @post_detect, $cb;
921		1216
922	defined wantarray	1217	defined wantarray
923	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect"	1218	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
924	: ()	1219	: ()
925	}	1220	}
926	}	1221	}
927		1222
928	sub AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect::DESTROY {	1223	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
929	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;	1224	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
930	}	1225	}
931		1226
932	sub detect() {	1227	sub detect() {
933	unless ($MODEL) {	1228	unless ($MODEL) {
934	no strict 'refs';
935	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1229	local $SIG{__DIE__};
936		1230
937	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {	1231	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
938	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";	1232	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
939	if (eval "require $model") {	1233	if (eval "require $model") {
940	$MODEL = $model;	1234	$MODEL = $model;
941	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1235	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
942	} else {	1236	} else {
943	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1237	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
944	}	1238	}
945	}	1239	}
946		1240
947	# check for already loaded models	1241	# check for already loaded models
948	unless ($MODEL) {	1242	unless ($MODEL) {
949	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1243	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
950	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1244	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
951	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1245	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
952	if (eval "require $model") {	1246	if (eval "require $model") {
953	$MODEL = $model;	1247	$MODEL = $model;
954	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1248	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
955	last;	1249	last;
956	}	1250	}
957	}	1251	}
958	}	1252	}
959		1253
960	unless ($MODEL) {	1254	unless ($MODEL) {
961	# try to load a model	1255	# try to autoload a model
962
963	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1256	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
964	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1257	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1258	if (
		1259	$autoload
965	if (eval "require $package"	1260	and eval "require $package"
966	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0	1261	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
967	and eval "require $model") {	1262	and eval "require $model"
		1263	) {
968	$MODEL = $model;	1264	$MODEL = $model;
969	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1265	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
970	last;	1266	last;
971	}	1267	}
972	}	1268	}
973		1269
974	$MODEL	1270	$MODEL
975	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.";	1271	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";
976	}	1272	}
977	}	1273	}
978		1274
979	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";	1275	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
980		1276
…		…
990		1286
991	sub AUTOLOAD {	1287	sub AUTOLOAD {
992	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1288	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
993		1289
994	$method{$func}	1290	$method{$func}
995	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1291	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";
996		1292
997	detect unless $MODEL;	1293	detect unless $MODEL;
998		1294
999	my $class = shift;	1295	my $class = shift;
1000	$class->$func (@_);	1296	$class->$func (@_);
1001	}	1297	}
1002		1298
1003	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends	1299	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
1004	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually	1300	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
1005	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).	1301	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
1006	sub _dupfh($$$$) {	1302	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
1007	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;	1303	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
1008		1304
1009	require Fcntl;
1010
1011	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't	1305	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
1012	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<")	1306	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
1013	: $poll eq "w" ? ($w, ">")
1014	: Carp::croak "AnyEvent->io requires poll set to either 'r' or 'w'";
1015		1307
1016	open my $fh2, "$mode&" . fileno $fh	1308	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
1017	or die "cannot dup() filehandle: $!";	1309	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
1018		1310
1019	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases	1311	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
1020		1312
1021	($fh2, $rw)	1313	($fh2, $rw)
1022	}	1314	}
1023		1315
		1316	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1317
		1318	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1319	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1320	overhead.
		1321
		1322	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1323
		1324	=cut
		1325
		1326	package AE;
		1327
		1328	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1329
		1330	sub io($$$) {
		1331	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1332	}
		1333
		1334	sub timer($$$) {
		1335	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1336	}
		1337
		1338	sub signal($$) {
		1339	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1340	}
		1341
		1342	sub child($$) {
		1343	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1344	}
		1345
		1346	sub idle($) {
		1347	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])
		1348	}
		1349
		1350	sub cv(;&) {
		1351	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1352	}
		1353
		1354	sub now() {
		1355	AnyEvent->now
		1356	}
		1357
		1358	sub now_update() {
		1359	AnyEvent->now_update
		1360	}
		1361
		1362	sub time() {
		1363	AnyEvent->time
		1364	}
		1365
1024	package AnyEvent::Base;	1366	package AnyEvent::Base;
1025		1367
1026	# default implementation for now and time	1368	# default implementations for many methods
1027		1369
1028	BEGIN {	1370	sub _time() {
		1371	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
1029	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); time (); 1") {	1372	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1373	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1030	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;	1374	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
1031	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...	1375	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
1032	} else {	1376	} else {
		1377	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
1033	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail	1378	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail
1034	}	1379	}
		1380
		1381	&_time
1035	}	1382	}
1036		1383
1037	sub time { _time }	1384	sub time { _time }
1038	sub now { _time }	1385	sub now { _time }
		1386	sub now_update { }
1039		1387
1040	# default implementation for ->condvar	1388	# default implementation for ->condvar
1041		1389
1042	sub condvar {	1390	sub condvar {
1043	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar::	1391	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
1044	}	1392	}
1045		1393
1046	# default implementation for ->signal	1394	# default implementation for ->signal
1047		1395
1048	our %SIG_CB;	1396	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1397
		1398	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1399	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1400	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
		1401	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1402
		1403	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1404	}
		1405
		1406	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1407	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1408	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
		1409
		1410	sub _signal_exec {
		1411	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1412	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1413	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
		1414
		1415	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1416	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1417	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
		1418	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
		1419	}
		1420	}
		1421	}
		1422
		1423	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1424	sub _sig_add() {
		1425	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1426	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1427	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1428
		1429	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1430	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1431	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1432	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1433	;
		1434	}
		1435	}
		1436
		1437	sub _sig_del {
		1438	undef $SIG_TW
		1439	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
		1440	}
		1441
		1442	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1443	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading
		1444	undef $_sig_name_init;
		1445
		1446	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1447	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1448	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1449	} else {
		1450	require Config;
		1451
		1452	my %signame2num;
		1453	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1454	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
		1455
		1456	my @signum2name;
		1457	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
		1458
		1459	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1460	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1461	};
		1462	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1463	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1464	};
		1465	}
		1466	};
		1467	die if $@;
		1468	};
		1469
		1470	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1471	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
1049		1472
1050	sub signal {	1473	sub signal {
		1474	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1475	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1476	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1477	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1478
		1479	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
		1480	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1481
		1482	} else {
		1483	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1484
		1485	require Fcntl;
		1486
		1487	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1488	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1489
		1490	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1491	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1492	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1493	} else {
		1494	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
		1495	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1496	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1497
		1498	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1499	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1500	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1501	}
		1502
		1503	$SIGPIPE_R
		1504	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1505
		1506	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1507	}
		1508
		1509	*signal = sub {
1051	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1510	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1052		1511
1053	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1512	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
1054	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";	1513	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
1055		1514
		1515	if ($HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT) {
		1516	# async::interrupt
		1517
		1518	$signal = sig2num $signal;
1056	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1519	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1520
		1521	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1522	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1523	signal => $signal,
		1524	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1525	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1526	;
		1527
		1528	} else {
		1529	# pure perl
		1530
		1531	# AE::Util has been loaded in signal
		1532	$signal = sig2name $signal;
		1533	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1534
1057	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1535	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
1058	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} || {} };	1536	local $!;
		1537	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
		1538	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1539	};
		1540
		1541	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1542	# so limit the signal latency.
		1543	_sig_add;
		1544	}
		1545
		1546	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1547	};
		1548
		1549	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1550	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1551
		1552	_sig_del;
		1553
		1554	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1555
		1556	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1557	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1558	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1559	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1560	# instead of getting the default action.
		1561	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1562	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1563	};
1059	};	1564	};
1060		1565	die if $@;
1061	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal"	1566	&signal
1062	}
1063
1064	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {
1065	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1066
1067	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
1068
1069	delete $SIG{$signal} unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
1070	}	1567	}
1071		1568
1072	# default implementation for ->child	1569	# default implementation for ->child
1073		1570
1074	our %PID_CB;	1571	our %PID_CB;
1075	our $CHLD_W;	1572	our $CHLD_W;
1076	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1573	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1077	our $PID_IDLE;
1078	our $WNOHANG;	1574	our $WNOHANG;
1079		1575
1080	sub _child_wait {	1576	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
1081	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1577	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1578
		1579	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
1082	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1580	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
1083	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1581	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
1084	}
1085
1086	undef $PID_IDLE;
1087	}	1582	}
1088		1583
1089	sub _sigchld {	1584	sub _sigchld {
1090	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.	1585	my $pid;
1091	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {	1586
1092	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1587	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
1093	&_child_wait;	1588	while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0;
1094	});
1095	}	1589	}
1096		1590
1097	sub child {	1591	sub child {
1098	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1592	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1099		1593
1100	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1594	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)
1101	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1595	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
1102		1596
1103	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1597	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1104		1598
1105	unless ($WNOHANG) {	1599	# WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere
		1600	$WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/
		1601	? 1
1106	$WNOHANG = eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;	1602	: eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1107	}
1108		1603
1109	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1604	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1110	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1605	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1111	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1606	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1112	&_sigchld;	1607	&_sigchld;
1113	}	1608	}
1114		1609
1115	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"	1610	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1116	}	1611	}
1117		1612
1118	sub AnyEvent::Base::Child::DESTROY {	1613	sub AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY {
1119	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1614	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1120		1615
1121	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1616	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};
1122	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1617	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1123		1618
1124	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1619	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
1125	}	1620	}
1126		1621
		1622	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
		1623	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
		1624	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
		1625	sub idle {
		1626	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1627
		1628	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
		1629
		1630	$rcb = sub {
		1631	if ($cb) {
		1632	$w = _time;
		1633	&$cb;
		1634	$w = _time - $w;
		1635
		1636	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
		1637	# within some limits
		1638	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
		1639	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
		1640
		1641	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
		1642	} else {
		1643	# clean up...
		1644	undef $w;
		1645	undef $rcb;
		1646	}
		1647	};
		1648
		1649	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1650
		1651	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
		1652	}
		1653
		1654	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
		1655	undef $${$_[0]};
		1656	}
		1657
1127	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1658	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1128		1659
1129	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1660	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
1130		1661
1131	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1662	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1132		1663
1133	use overload	1664	#use overload
1134	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1665	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
1135	fallback => 1;	1666	# fallback => 1;
		1667
		1668	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1669	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1670	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1671	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1672	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1673
		1674	our $WAITING;
1136		1675
1137	sub _send {	1676	sub _send {
1138	# nop	1677	# nop
1139	}	1678	}
1140		1679
…		…
1153	sub ready {	1692	sub ready {
1154	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1693	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1155	}	1694	}
1156		1695
1157	sub _wait {	1696	sub _wait {
		1697	$WAITING
		1698	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
		1699	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
		1700
		1701	local $WAITING = 1;
1158	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};	1702	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1159	}	1703	}
1160		1704
1161	sub recv {	1705	sub recv {
1162	$_[0]->_wait;	1706	$_[0]->_wait;
…		…
1164	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1708	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};
1165	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1709	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1166	}	1710	}
1167		1711
1168	sub cb {	1712	sub cb {
1169	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1713	my $cv = shift;
		1714
		1715	@_
		1716	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1717	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1718	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1719
1170	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1720	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1171	}	1721	}
1172		1722
1173	sub begin {	1723	sub begin {
1174	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1724	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1175	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1725	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1203	so on.	1753	so on.
1204		1754
1205	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES	1755	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1206		1756
1207	The following environment variables are used by this module or its	1757	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
1208	submodules:	1758	submodules.
		1759
		1760	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1761	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1762	enabled.
1209		1763
1210	=over 4	1764	=over 4
1211		1765
1212	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>	1766	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1213		1767
…		…
1220	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.	1774	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1221		1775
1222	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event	1776	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1223	model it chooses.	1777	model it chooses.
1224		1778
		1779	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1780	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1781
1225	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>	1782	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
1226		1783
1227	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough	1784	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
1228	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value	1785	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
1229	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly	1786	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
1230	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems	1787	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
1231	it will croak.	1788	it will croak.
1232		1789
1233	In other words, enables "strict" mode.	1790	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
1234		1791
1235	Unlike C<use strict>, it is definitely recommended ot keep it off in	1792	Unlike C<use strict> (or it's modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
1236	production. Keeping C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while	1793	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
1237	developing programs can be very useful, however.	1794	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1795	can be very useful, however.
1238		1796
1239	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>	1797	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1240		1798
1241	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before	1799	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1242	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting	1800	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
…		…
1263	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the	1821	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
1264	list.	1822	list.
1265		1823
1266	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks	1824	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
1267	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely	1825	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
1268	small, as the program has to handle connection errors already-	1826	small, as the program has to handle conenction and other failures anyways.
1269		1827
1270	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,	1828	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
1271	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>	1829	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
1272	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6	1830	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
1273	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or	1831	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
…		…
1285		1843
1286	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>	1844	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
1287		1845
1288	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>	1846	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
1289	will create in parallel.	1847	will create in parallel.
		1848
		1849	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		1850
		1851	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		1852	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		1853	sent to the DNS server.
		1854
		1855	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		1856
		1857	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		1858	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		1859	default config will be used.
		1860
		1861	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		1862
		1863	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		1864	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		1865	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		1866	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1867
		1868	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		1869
		1870	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		1871	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
1290		1872
1291	=back	1873	=back
1292		1874
1293	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1875	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1294		1876
…		…
1352	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	1934	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1353	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	1935	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1354	},	1936	},
1355	);	1937	);
1356		1938
1357	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1358
1359	sub new_timer {
1360	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	1939	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1361	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	1940	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1362	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1363	});	1941	});
1364	}
1365
1366	new_timer; # create first timer
1367		1942
1368	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i	1943	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1369		1944
1370	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	1945	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1371		1946
…		…
1502	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2077	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1503	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2078	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1504	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2079	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1505		2080
1506	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2081	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1507	distribution.	2082	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2083	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1508		2084
1509	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2085	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1510		2086
1511	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2087	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1512	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2088	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1533	watcher.	2109	watcher.
1534		2110
1535	=head3 Results	2111	=head3 Results
1536		2112
1537	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2113	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1538	EV/EV 400000 224 0.47 0.35 0.27 EV native interface	2114	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1539	EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2115	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1540	CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2116	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1541	Perl/Any 100000 452 4.13 0.73 0.95 pure perl implementation	2117	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1542	Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface	2118	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1543	Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2119	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2120	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2121	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1544	Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour	2122	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1545	Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2123	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1546	POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event	2124	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1547	POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select	2125	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1548		2126
1549	=head3 Discussion	2127	=head3 Discussion
1550		2128
1551	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2129	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1552	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2130	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1564	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2142	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1565	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2143	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1566	cycles with POE.	2144	cycles with POE.
1567		2145
1568	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2146	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1569	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2147	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2148	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2149	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1570	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2150	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1571	natively.
1572		2151
1573	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2152	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1574	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2153	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1575	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2154	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1576	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2155	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
1577	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2156	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1578	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2157	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1579		2158
1580	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2159	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1581	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2160	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2161
		2162	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2163	when using its pure perl backend.
1582		2164
1583	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2165	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1584	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2166	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1585	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2167	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1586	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2168	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1647	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2229	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1648	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2230	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1649	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2231	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1650		2232
1651	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2233	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1652	distribution.	2234	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2235	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1653		2236
1654	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2237	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1655		2238
1656	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2239	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1657	each server has a read and write socket end).	2240	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1664	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2247	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1665	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2248	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1666		2249
1667	=head3 Results	2250	=head3 Results
1668		2251
1669	name sockets create request	2252	name sockets create request
1670	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2253	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1671	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2254	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1672	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2255	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1673	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2256	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
		2257	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
		2258	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1674	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2259	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1675		2260
1676	=head3 Discussion	2261	=head3 Discussion
1677		2262
1678	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2263	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1679	particular event loop.	2264	particular event loop.
…		…
1681	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2266	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1682	is relatively high, though.	2267	is relatively high, though.
1683		2268
1684	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2269	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1685	loops Event and Glib.	2270	loops Event and Glib.
		2271
		2272	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2273	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1686		2274
1687	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2275	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1688	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2276	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1689	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2277	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1690	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2278	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1753	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2341	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1754	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2342	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1755		2343
1756	=back	2344	=back
1757		2345
		2346	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2347
		2348	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2349	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2350	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2351	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2352	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2353	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2354	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2355
		2356	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2357	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2358	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2359	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2360	benchmark nevertheless.
		2361
		2362	name runtime
		2363	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2364	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2365	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2366	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2367	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2368	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2369	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2370	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2371
		2372	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2373	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2374	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2375
		2376	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2377	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2378	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2379	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2380	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2381	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2382	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2383	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2384
		2385	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2386	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2387	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2388	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2389
		2390	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2391	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2392	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2393
		2394	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2395	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
		2396	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
		2397	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
		2398
		2399	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2400	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2401	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2402
1758		2403
1759	=head1 SIGNALS	2404	=head1 SIGNALS
1760		2405
1761	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:	2406	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
1762		2407
…		…
1765	=item SIGCHLD	2410	=item SIGCHLD
1766		2411
1767	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher	2412	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
1768	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some	2413	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
1769	event loops install a similar handler.	2414	event loops install a similar handler.
		2415
		2416	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2417	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
1770		2418
1771	=item SIGPIPE	2419	=item SIGPIPE
1772		2420
1773	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>	2421	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
1774	when AnyEvent gets loaded.	2422	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
…		…
1786		2434
1787	=back	2435	=back
1788		2436
1789	=cut	2437	=cut
1790		2438
		2439	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2440	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2441
1791	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }	2442	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
1792	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};	2443	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
		2444
		2445	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2446
		2447	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2448	it's built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2449
		2450	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2451	modules if they are installed.
		2452
		2453	This section epxlains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2454	affect AnyEvent's operation.
		2455
		2456	=over 4
		2457
		2458	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2459
		2460	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2461	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2462	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2463	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2464	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2465	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2466
		2467	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2468	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2469	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for
		2470	battery life on laptops).
		2471
		2472	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2473	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2474
		2475	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2476	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2477	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2478	does nothing for those backends.
		2479
		2480	=item L<EV>
		2481
		2482	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2483	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2484	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2485	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2486	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2487	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2488	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2489	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2490
		2491	=item L<Guard>
		2492
		2493	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2494	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2495	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2496	purely used for performance.
		2497
		2498	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2499
		2500	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
		2501	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. It is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2502	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2503
		2504	In fact, L<AnyEvent::Handle> will use L<JSON::XS> by default if it is
		2505	installed.
		2506
		2507	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2508
		2509	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2510	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2511	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2512
		2513	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2514
		2515	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2516	chosen event library does not come with a timing source on it's own. The
		2517	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to
		2518	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2519
		2520	=back
1793		2521
1794		2522
1795	=head1 FORK	2523	=head1 FORK
1796		2524
1797	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2525	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1798	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2526	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>
1799	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2527	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.
1800		2528
1801	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2529	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1802	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2530	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2531	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
1803		2532
1804		2533
1805	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2534	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1806		2535
1807	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2536	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
1819	use AnyEvent;	2548	use AnyEvent;
1820		2549
1821	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2550	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1822	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2551	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1823	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and	2552	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
1824	$ENV{PERL_ANYEGENT_STRICT}.	2553	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2554
		2555	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2556	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2557	enabled.
1825		2558
1826		2559
1827	=head1 BUGS	2560	=head1 BUGS
1828		2561
1829	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard	2562	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
1830	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10	2563	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
1831	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying	2564	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
1832	mamleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as	2565	memleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
1833	pronounced).	2566	pronounced).
1834		2567
1835		2568
1836	=head1 SEE ALSO	2569	=head1 SEE ALSO
1837		2570
…		…
1841	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2574	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1842		2575
1843	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2576	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1844	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2577	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1845	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2578	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1846	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2579	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
1847		2580
1848	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2581	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
1849	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2582	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
1850		2583
1851	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2584	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
1852		2585
1853	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2586	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,
		2587	L<Coro::Event>,
1854		2588
1855	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2589	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,
		2590	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1856		2591
1857		2592
1858	=head1 AUTHOR	2593	=head1 AUTHOR
1859		2594
1860	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2595	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>

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