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1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt and POE are various supported	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
6	event loops.	6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
7		7
8	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
9		9
10	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
11		11
…		…
40	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL	40	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
41		41
42	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested	42	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
		45
		46	=head1 SUPPORT
		47
		48	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		49	channel, too.
		50
		51	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		52	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
45		53
46	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	54	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
47		55
48	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	56	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
49	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	57	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
…		…
173	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	181	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
174	declared.	182	declared.
175		183
176	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	184	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
177		185
		186	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		187	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		188	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		189	cb => <callback>,
		190	);
		191
178	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	192	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
179	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	193	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
180		194
181	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	195	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
182	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file	196	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
183	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which	197	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
184	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,	198	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
185	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files	199	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
186	or block devices.	200	or block devices.
…		…
211	undef $w;	225	undef $w;
212	});	226	});
213		227
214	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	228	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
215		229
		230	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		231
		232	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		233	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		234	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		235	cb => <callback>,
		236	);
		237
216	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	238	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
217	method with the following mandatory arguments:	239	method with the following mandatory arguments:
218		240
219	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	241	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
220	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	242	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
347		369
348	=back	370	=back
349		371
350	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	372	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
351		373
		374	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
		375
352	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	376	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
353	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl	377	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
354	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	378	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
355		379
356	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	380	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
…		…
361	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	385	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
362	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	386	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
363	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	387	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
364		388
365	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	389	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
366	between multiple watchers.	390	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		391	interrupt your program at bad times.
367		392
368	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	393	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
369	directly will likely not work correctly.	394	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		395	correctly.
370		396
371	Example: exit on SIGINT	397	Example: exit on SIGINT
372		398
373	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	399	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
374		400
		401	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		402
		403	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		404	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		405	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		406	this. AnyEvent will try to do it's best, which means in some cases,
		407	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		408	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		409	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		410	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		411	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		412	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		413	saving.
		414
		415	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		416	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		417	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		418	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does it's own workaround with
		419	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		420
375	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	421	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
376		422
		423	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		424
377	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	425	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
378		426
379	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	427	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (one some backends,
380	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will triggered only when	428	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
381	the child process has finished and an exit status is available, not on	429	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
382	any trace events (stopped/continued).	430	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
		431	(stopped/continued).
383		432
384	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by	433	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
385	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher	434	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
386	callback arguments.	435	callback arguments.
387		436
…		…
392		441
393	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	442	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
394	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	443	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
395	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	444	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
396		445
397	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	446	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		447	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
398	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	448	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
399	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	449	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		450	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		451	start the watcher.
400		452
401	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	453	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
402	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	454	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
403	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	455	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		456	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		457
		458	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		459	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems
		460	mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
404		461
405	Example: fork a process and wait for it	462	Example: fork a process and wait for it
406		463
407	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	464	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
408		465
…		…
420	# do something else, then wait for process exit	477	# do something else, then wait for process exit
421	$done->recv;	478	$done->recv;
422		479
423	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS	480	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
424		481
		482	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
		483
425	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important	484	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important
426	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This	485	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
427	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need	486	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
428	attention by the event loop".	487	attention by the event loop".
429		488
…		…
455	});	514	});
456	});	515	});
457		516
458	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	517	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
459		518
		519	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		520
		521	$cv->send (<list>);
		522	my @res = $cv->recv;
		523
460	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	524	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
461	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	525	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
462	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	526	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
463		527
464	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	528	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
465	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	529	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
466		530
467	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	531	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called
468	because they represent a condition that must become true.	532	because they represent a condition that must become true.
469		533
		534	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
		535
470	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	536	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
471	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	537	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
472
473	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	538	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
474	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not	539	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
475	the results).	540	the results).
476		541
477	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	542	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
…		…
482	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	547	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can
483	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	548	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points
484	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	549	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet
485	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	550	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be
486	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	551	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers
487	a result.	552	a result. And yet some people know them as "futures" - a promise to
		553	compute/deliver something that you can wait for.
488		554
489	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	555	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
490	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	556	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
491	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	557	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
492	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	558	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
526	after => 1,	592	after => 1,
527	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	593	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },
528	);	594	);
529		595
530	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	596	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
531	# calls send	597	# calls -<send
532	$result_ready->recv;	598	$result_ready->recv;
533		599
534	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	600	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
535	condition variables are also code references.	601	variables are also callable directly.
536		602
537	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	603	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
538	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	604	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
539	$done->recv;	605	$done->recv;
540		606
…		…
546		612
547	...	613	...
548		614
549	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;	615	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
550		616
551	And this is how you would just ste a callback to be called whenever the	617	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
552	results are available:	618	results are available:
553		619
554	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {	620	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
555	my @info = $_[0]->recv;	621	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
556	});	622	});
…		…
574	immediately from within send.	640	immediately from within send.
575		641
576	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	642	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
577	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	643	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
578		644
579	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	645	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
580	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	646	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
581	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	647	C<send>.
582	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
583	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
584	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
585	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
586	example).
587		648
588	=item $cv->croak ($error)	649	=item $cv->croak ($error)
589		650
590	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	651	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
591	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	652	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
592		653
593	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	654	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
594	user/consumer.	655	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		656	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it
		657	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		658	deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing
		659	the problem.
595		660
596	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	661	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
597		662
598	=item $cv->end	663	=item $cv->end
599
600	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
601		664
602	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	665	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
603	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	666	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
604	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	667	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
605		668
…		…
607	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	670	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
608	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	671	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback
609	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	672	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no
610	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	673	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.
611		674
612	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	675	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		676	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		677	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		678
		679	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		680	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		681	close before activating a condvar:
		682
		683	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		684
		685	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		686	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		687	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		688	or $cv->end;
		689	});
		690
		691	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		692	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		693	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		694	or $cv->end;
		695	});
		696
		697	$cv->recv;
		698
		699	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		700	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		701	sending.
		702
		703	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		704	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		705	begung can potentially be zero:
613		706
614	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	707	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
615		708
616	my %result;	709	my %result;
617	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	710	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });
…		…
637	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	730	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
638	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	731	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
639	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	732	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
640	doesn't execute once).	733	doesn't execute once).
641		734
642	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	735	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
643	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	736	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
644	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	737	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
645	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	738	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		739	call C<end>.
646		740
647	=back	741	=back
648		742
649	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	743	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
650		744
…		…
666	function will call C<croak>.	760	function will call C<croak>.
667		761
668	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	762	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
669	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	763	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
670		764
		765	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		766	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		767	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		768	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		769	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		770	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		771
671	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	772	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
672	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	773	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
673	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	774	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
674	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	775	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
675	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	776	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
676	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	777	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
677	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	778	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
678		779
679	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
680	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
681	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
682	can supply.
683
684	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
685	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
686	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
687	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
688	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
689
690	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	780	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
691	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	781	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
692	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	782	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
693	waits otherwise.	783	waits otherwise.
694		784
…		…
700	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))	790	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
701		791
702	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	792	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
703	replaces it before doing so.	793	replaces it before doing so.
704		794
705	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	795	The callback will be called when the condition becomes (or already was)
706	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	796	"true", i.e. when C<send> or C<croak> are called (or were called), with
707	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	797	the only argument being the condition variable itself. Calling C<recv>
708	is guaranteed not to block.	798	inside the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
709		799
710	=back	800	=back
711		801
		802	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		803
		804	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		805
		806	=over 4
		807
		808	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		809
		810	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		811	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		812	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		813	AnyEvent itself.
		814
		815	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		816	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
		817
		818	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		819
		820	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher
		821	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		822	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		823	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		824	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		825
		826	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		827	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		828	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		829	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		830	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		831	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		832
		833	=item Backends with special needs.
		834
		835	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		836	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		837	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		838	everything should just work.
		839
		840	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		841
		842	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
		843	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
		844	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
		845	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
		846	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
		847
		848	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
		849
		850	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		851
		852	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		853
		854	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		855
		856	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		857	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		858	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		859	consider for AnyEvent.
		860
		861	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		862	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		863
		864	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		865	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		866	in which case everything will be automatic.
		867
		868	=back
		869
712	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	870	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
713		871
		872	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		873	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		874
714	=over 4	875	=over 4
715		876
716	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	877	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
717		878
718	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	879	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		880	backend has been autodetected.
		881
719	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	882	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
720	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	883	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
721	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	884	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
722	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	885	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
723		886	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
724	The known classes so far are:
725
726	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
727	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
728	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
729	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
730	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
731	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
732	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
733	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
734
735	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
736	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
737	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
738	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
739	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
740	it's adaptor.
741
742	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
743	autodetecting them.
744		887
745	=item AnyEvent::detect	888	=item AnyEvent::detect
746		889
747	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	890	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
748	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	891	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
749	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	892	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
750	runtime.	893	runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.
		894
		895	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		896	created, use C<post_detect>.
751		897
752	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	898	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
753		899
754	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	900	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
755	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	901	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).
756		902
		903	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		904	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		905	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		906	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		907	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		908
		909	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		910	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		911	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		912	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
		913
757	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	914	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
758	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	915	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		916	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
759	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	917	a case where this is useful.
		918
		919	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		920	C<$WATCHER>. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though.
		921
		922	our WATCHER;
		923
		924	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		925	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		926	};
		927
		928	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		929	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		930	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		931	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		932
		933	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
760		934
761	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	935	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
762		936
763	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	937	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
764	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	938	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after
765	the event loop has been chosen.	939	the event loop has been chosen.
766		940
767	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	941	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
768	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	942	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
769	and the array will be ignored.	943	array will be ignored.
770		944
771	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	945	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		946	it,as it takes care of these details.
		947
		948	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		949	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		950	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		951	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
772		952
773	=back	953	=back
774		954
775	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	955	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
776		956
…		…
831		1011
832		1012
833	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1013	=head1 OTHER MODULES
834		1014
835	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1015	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
836	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1016	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
837	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1017	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
838	available via CPAN.	1018	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.
839		1019
840	=over 4	1020	=over 4
841		1021
842	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1022	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
843		1023
…		…
852		1032
853	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>	1033	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
854		1034
855	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,	1035	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
856	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and	1036	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
857	non-blocking SSL/TLS.	1037	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
858		1038
859	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1039	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
860		1040
861	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1041	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
862		1042
…		…
890		1070
891	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>	1071	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
892		1072
893	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.	1073	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
894		1074
		1075	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
		1076
		1077	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
		1078
		1079	=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
		1080
		1081	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
		1082	Net::XMPP2>.
		1083
895	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>	1084	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
896		1085
897	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by	1086	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
898	L<App::IGS>).	1087	L<App::IGS>).
899		1088
900	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
901
902	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
903
904	=item L<Net::XMPP2>
905
906	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
907
908	=item L<Net::FCP>	1089	=item L<Net::FCP>
909		1090
910	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace	1091	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
911	of AnyEvent.	1092	of AnyEvent.
912		1093
…		…
916		1097
917	=item L<Coro>	1098	=item L<Coro>
918		1099
919	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1100	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
920		1101
921	=item L<IO::Lambda>
922
923	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
924
925	=back	1102	=back
926		1103
927	=cut	1104	=cut
928		1105
929	package AnyEvent;	1106	package AnyEvent;
930		1107
		1108	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
		1109	sub common_sense {
931	no warnings;	1110	# no warnings
		1111	${^WARNING_BITS} ^= ${^WARNING_BITS};
932	use strict qw(vars subs);	1112	# use strict vars subs
		1113	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1114	}
933		1115
		1116	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1117
934	use Carp;	1118	use Carp ();
935		1119
936	our $VERSION = 4.412;	1120	our $VERSION = 4.92;
937	our $MODEL;	1121	our $MODEL;
938		1122
939	our $AUTOLOAD;	1123	our $AUTOLOAD;
940	our @ISA;	1124	our @ISA;
941		1125
942	our @REGISTRY;	1126	our @REGISTRY;
943		1127
944	our $WIN32;	1128	our $WIN32;
		1129
		1130	our $VERBOSE;
945		1131
946	BEGIN {	1132	BEGIN {
947	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";	1133	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";
948	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";	1134	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";
949		1135
950	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}	1136	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
951	if ${^TAINT};	1137	if ${^TAINT};
952	}
953		1138
954	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1139	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1140
		1141	}
		1142
		1143	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
955		1144
956	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1145	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
957		1146
958	{	1147	{
959	my $idx;	1148	my $idx;
…		…
961	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1150	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
962	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1151	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
963	}	1152	}
964		1153
965	my @models = (	1154	my @models = (
966	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1155	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
967	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],
968	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],	1156	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
969	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1157	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
970	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1158	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
971	# and is usually faster	1159	# and is usually faster
		1160	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1161	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1162	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1163	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
972	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1164	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
973	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
974	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
975	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1165	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
976	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1166	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
977	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1167	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
978	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1168	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1169	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its
		1170	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.
		1171	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any
		1172	# obvious default class.
		1173	[IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1174	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1175	[IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1176	[AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
979	);	1177	);
980		1178
981	our %method = map +($_ => 1),	1179	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
982	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);	1180	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);
983		1181
…		…
987	my ($cb) = @_;	1185	my ($cb) = @_;
988		1186
989	if ($MODEL) {	1187	if ($MODEL) {
990	$cb->();	1188	$cb->();
991		1189
992	1	1190	undef
993	} else {	1191	} else {
994	push @post_detect, $cb;	1192	push @post_detect, $cb;
995		1193
996	defined wantarray	1194	defined wantarray
997	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"	1195	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
…		…
1003	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;	1201	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
1004	}	1202	}
1005		1203
1006	sub detect() {	1204	sub detect() {
1007	unless ($MODEL) {	1205	unless ($MODEL) {
1008	no strict 'refs';
1009	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1206	local $SIG{__DIE__};
1010		1207
1011	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {	1208	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
1012	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";	1209	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
1013	if (eval "require $model") {	1210	if (eval "require $model") {
1014	$MODEL = $model;	1211	$MODEL = $model;
1015	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1212	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1016	} else {	1213	} else {
1017	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1214	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
1018	}	1215	}
1019	}	1216	}
1020		1217
1021	# check for already loaded models	1218	# check for already loaded models
1022	unless ($MODEL) {	1219	unless ($MODEL) {
1023	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1220	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1024	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1221	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
1025	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1222	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
1026	if (eval "require $model") {	1223	if (eval "require $model") {
1027	$MODEL = $model;	1224	$MODEL = $model;
1028	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1225	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1029	last;	1226	last;
1030	}	1227	}
1031	}	1228	}
1032	}	1229	}
1033		1230
1034	unless ($MODEL) {	1231	unless ($MODEL) {
1035	# try to load a model	1232	# try to autoload a model
1036
1037	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1233	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1038	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1234	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1235	if (
		1236	$autoload
1039	if (eval "require $package"	1237	and eval "require $package"
1040	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0	1238	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1041	and eval "require $model") {	1239	and eval "require $model"
		1240	) {
1042	$MODEL = $model;	1241	$MODEL = $model;
1043	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1242	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1044	last;	1243	last;
1045	}	1244	}
1046	}	1245	}
1047		1246
1048	$MODEL	1247	$MODEL
…		…
1064		1263
1065	sub AUTOLOAD {	1264	sub AUTOLOAD {
1066	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1265	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
1067		1266
1068	$method{$func}	1267	$method{$func}
1069	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1268	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";
1070		1269
1071	detect unless $MODEL;	1270	detect unless $MODEL;
1072		1271
1073	my $class = shift;	1272	my $class = shift;
1074	$class->$func (@_);	1273	$class->$func (@_);
1075	}	1274	}
1076		1275
1077	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends	1276	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
1078	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually	1277	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
1079	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).	1278	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
1080	sub _dupfh($$$$) {	1279	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
1081	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;	1280	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
1082		1281
1083	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't	1282	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
1084	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<")	1283	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
1085	: $poll eq "w" ? ($w, ">")
1086	: Carp::croak "AnyEvent->io requires poll set to either 'r' or 'w'";
1087		1284
1088	open my $fh2, "$mode&" . fileno $fh	1285	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
1089	or die "cannot dup() filehandle: $!,";	1286	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
1090		1287
1091	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases	1288	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
1092		1289
1093	($fh2, $rw)	1290	($fh2, $rw)
1094	}	1291	}
1095		1292
		1293	#############################################################################
		1294	# "new" API, currently only emulation of it
		1295	#############################################################################
		1296
		1297	package AE;
		1298
		1299	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1300
		1301	sub io($$$) {
		1302	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1303	}
		1304
		1305	sub timer($$$) {
		1306	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1307	}
		1308
		1309	sub signal($$) {
		1310	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1311	}
		1312
		1313	sub child($$) {
		1314	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1315	}
		1316
		1317	sub idle($) {
		1318	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])
		1319	}
		1320
		1321	sub cv(;&) {
		1322	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1323	}
		1324
		1325	sub now() {
		1326	AnyEvent->now
		1327	}
		1328
		1329	sub now_update() {
		1330	AnyEvent->now_update
		1331	}
		1332
		1333	sub time() {
		1334	AnyEvent->time
		1335	}
		1336
1096	package AnyEvent::Base;	1337	package AnyEvent::Base;
1097		1338
1098	# default implementations for many methods	1339	# default implementations for many methods
1099		1340
1100	BEGIN {	1341	sub _time {
		1342	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
1101	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {	1343	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1344	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1102	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;	1345	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
1103	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...	1346	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
1104	} else {	1347	} else {
		1348	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
1105	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail	1349	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail
1106	}	1350	}
		1351
		1352	&_time
1107	}	1353	}
1108		1354
1109	sub time { _time }	1355	sub time { _time }
1110	sub now { _time }	1356	sub now { _time }
1111	sub now_update { }	1357	sub now_update { }
…		…
1116	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"	1362	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
1117	}	1363	}
1118		1364
1119	# default implementation for ->signal	1365	# default implementation for ->signal
1120		1366
		1367	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1368
		1369	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1370	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1371	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.0 (); 1")
		1372	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1373
		1374	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1375	}
		1376
1121	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);	1377	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1378	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1379	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
1122		1380
1123	sub _signal_exec {	1381	sub _signal_exec {
		1382	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1383	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
1124	sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 4;	1384	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 9;
1125		1385
1126	while (%SIG_EV) {	1386	while (%SIG_EV) {
1127	for (keys %SIG_EV) {	1387	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
1128	delete $SIG_EV{$_};	1388	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
1129	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };	1389	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
1130	}	1390	}
1131	}	1391	}
1132	}	1392	}
1133		1393
		1394	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1395	sub _sig_add() {
		1396	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1397	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1398	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1399
		1400	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1401	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1402	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1403	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1404	;
		1405	}
		1406	}
		1407
		1408	sub _sig_del {
		1409	undef $SIG_TW
		1410	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
		1411	}
		1412
		1413	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1414	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading
		1415	undef $_sig_name_init;
		1416
		1417	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1418	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1419	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1420	} else {
		1421	require Config;
		1422
		1423	my %signame2num;
		1424	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1425	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
		1426
		1427	my @signum2name;
		1428	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
		1429
		1430	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1431	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1432	};
		1433	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1434	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1435	};
		1436	}
		1437	};
		1438	die if $@;
		1439	};
		1440
		1441	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1442	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
		1443
1134	sub signal {	1444	sub signal {
1135	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1445	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1446	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1447	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1448	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1136		1449
1137	unless ($SIGPIPE_R) {	1450	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
1138	require Fcntl;	1451	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1139		1452
1140	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
1141	require AnyEvent::Util;
1142
1143	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
1144	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R) if $SIGPIPE_R;
1145	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1146	} else {	1453	} else {
		1454	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1455
		1456	require Fcntl;
		1457
		1458	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1459	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1460
		1461	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1462	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1463	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1464	} else {
1147	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;	1465	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
1148	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;	1466	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
1149	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case	1467	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1150		1468
1151	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...	1469	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
1152	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;	1470	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
1153	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;	1471	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1472	}
		1473
		1474	$SIGPIPE_R
		1475	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1476
		1477	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1154	}	1478	}
1155		1479
1156	$SIGPIPE_R	1480	*signal = sub {
1157	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";	1481	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1158		1482
1159	$SIG_IO = AnyEvent->io (fh => $SIGPIPE_R, poll => "r", cb => \&_signal_exec);
1160	}
1161
1162	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1483	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
1163	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";	1484	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
1164		1485
		1486	if ($HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT) {
		1487	# async::interrupt
		1488
		1489	$signal = sig2num $signal;
1165	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1490	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1491
		1492	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1493	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1494	signal => $signal,
		1495	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1496	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1497	;
		1498
		1499	} else {
		1500	# pure perl
		1501
		1502	# AE::Util has been loaded in signal
		1503	$signal = sig2name $signal;
		1504	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1505
1166	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1506	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
1167	local $!;	1507	local $!;
1168	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;	1508	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
1169	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};	1509	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1510	};
		1511
		1512	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1513	# so limit the signal latency.
		1514	_sig_add;
		1515	}
		1516
		1517	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1518	};
		1519
		1520	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1521	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1522
		1523	_sig_del;
		1524
		1525	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1526
		1527	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1528	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1529	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1530	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1531	# instead of getting the default action.
		1532	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1533	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1534	};
1170	};	1535	};
1171		1536	die if $@;
1172	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"	1537	&signal
1173	}
1174
1175	sub AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY {
1176	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1177
1178	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
1179
1180	# delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
1181	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
1182	# instead of getting the default action.
1183	undef $SIG{$signal} unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
1184	}	1538	}
1185		1539
1186	# default implementation for ->child	1540	# default implementation for ->child
1187		1541
1188	our %PID_CB;	1542	our %PID_CB;
1189	our $CHLD_W;	1543	our $CHLD_W;
1190	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1544	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1191	our $WNOHANG;	1545	our $WNOHANG;
1192		1546
		1547	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
		1548	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1549
		1550	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
		1551	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
		1552	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
		1553	}
		1554
1193	sub _sigchld {	1555	sub _sigchld {
		1556	my $pid;
		1557
		1558	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
1194	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1559	while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0;
1195	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),
1196	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });
1197	}
1198	}	1560	}
1199		1561
1200	sub child {	1562	sub child {
1201	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1563	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1202		1564
1203	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1565	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)
1204	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1566	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
1205		1567
1206	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1568	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1207		1569
		1570	# WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere
		1571	$WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/
		1572	? 1
1208	$WNOHANG ||= eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;	1573	: eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1209		1574
1210	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1575	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1211	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1576	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1212	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1577	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1213	&_sigchld;	1578	&_sigchld;
1214	}	1579	}
1215		1580
1216	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"	1581	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
…		…
1242	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,	1607	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
1243	# within some limits	1608	# within some limits
1244	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;	1609	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
1245	$w = 5 if $w > 5;	1610	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
1246		1611
1247	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $w, cb => $rcb);	1612	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
1248	} else {	1613	} else {
1249	# clean up...	1614	# clean up...
1250	undef $w;	1615	undef $w;
1251	undef $rcb;	1616	undef $rcb;
1252	}	1617	}
1253	};	1618	};
1254		1619
1255	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.05, cb => $rcb);	1620	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
1256		1621
1257	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"	1622	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1258	}	1623	}
1259		1624
1260	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {	1625	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
…		…
1265		1630
1266	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1631	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
1267		1632
1268	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1633	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1269		1634
1270	use overload	1635	#use overload
1271	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1636	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
1272	fallback => 1;	1637	# fallback => 1;
		1638
		1639	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1640	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1641	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1642	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1643	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1644
		1645	our $WAITING;
1273		1646
1274	sub _send {	1647	sub _send {
1275	# nop	1648	# nop
1276	}	1649	}
1277		1650
…		…
1290	sub ready {	1663	sub ready {
1291	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1664	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1292	}	1665	}
1293		1666
1294	sub _wait {	1667	sub _wait {
		1668	$WAITING
		1669	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
		1670	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
		1671
		1672	local $WAITING = 1;
1295	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};	1673	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1296	}	1674	}
1297		1675
1298	sub recv {	1676	sub recv {
1299	$_[0]->_wait;	1677	$_[0]->_wait;
…		…
1301	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1679	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};
1302	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1680	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1303	}	1681	}
1304		1682
1305	sub cb {	1683	sub cb {
1306	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1684	my $cv = shift;
		1685
		1686	@_
		1687	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1688	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1689	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1690
1307	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1691	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1308	}	1692	}
1309		1693
1310	sub begin {	1694	sub begin {
1311	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1695	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1312	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1696	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1361	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.	1745	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1362		1746
1363	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event	1747	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1364	model it chooses.	1748	model it chooses.
1365		1749
		1750	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1751	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1752
1366	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>	1753	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
1367		1754
1368	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough	1755	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
1369	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value	1756	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
1370	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly	1757	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
1371	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems	1758	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
1372	it will croak.	1759	it will croak.
1373		1760
1374	In other words, enables "strict" mode.	1761	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
1375		1762
1376	Unlike C<use strict>, it is definitely recommended ot keep it off in	1763	Unlike C<use strict> (or it's modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
1377	production. Keeping C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while	1764	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
1378	developing programs can be very useful, however.	1765	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1766	can be very useful, however.
1379		1767
1380	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>	1768	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1381		1769
1382	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before	1770	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1383	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting	1771	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
…		…
1426		1814
1427	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>	1815	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
1428		1816
1429	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>	1817	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
1430	will create in parallel.	1818	will create in parallel.
		1819
		1820	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		1821
		1822	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		1823	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		1824	sent to the DNS server.
		1825
		1826	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		1827
		1828	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		1829	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		1830	default config will be used.
		1831
		1832	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		1833
		1834	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		1835	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		1836	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		1837	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1838
		1839	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		1840
		1841	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		1842	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
1431		1843
1432	=back	1844	=back
1433		1845
1434	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1846	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1435		1847
…		…
1680	EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2092	EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1681	CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2093	CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1682	Perl/Any 100000 452 4.13 0.73 0.95 pure perl implementation	2094	Perl/Any 100000 452 4.13 0.73 0.95 pure perl implementation
1683	Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface	2095	Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface
1684	Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2096	Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2097	IOAsync/Any 16000 989 38.10 32.77 11.13 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2098	IOAsync/Any 16000 990 37.59 29.50 10.61 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1685	Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour	2099	Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour
1686	Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2100	Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1687	POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event	2101	POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event
1688	POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select	2102	POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select
1689		2103
…		…
1718	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2132	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1719	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2133	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1720		2134
1721	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2135	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1722	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2136	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2137
		2138	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2139	when using its pure perl backend.
1723		2140
1724	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2141	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1725	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2142	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1726	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2143	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1727	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2144	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1805	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2222	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1806	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2223	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1807		2224
1808	=head3 Results	2225	=head3 Results
1809		2226
1810	name sockets create request	2227	name sockets create request
1811	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2228	EV 20000 69.01 11.16
1812	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2229	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87
		2230	IOAsync 20000 157.00 98.14 epoll
		2231	IOAsync 20000 159.31 616.06 poll
1813	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2232	Event 20000 212.62 257.32
1814	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2233	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30
1815	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2234	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event
1816		2235
1817	=head3 Discussion	2236	=head3 Discussion
1818		2237
1819	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2238	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1820	particular event loop.	2239	particular event loop.
…		…
1822	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2241	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1823	is relatively high, though.	2242	is relatively high, though.
1824		2243
1825	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2244	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1826	loops Event and Glib.	2245	loops Event and Glib.
		2246
		2247	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2248	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1827		2249
1828	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2250	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1829	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2251	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1830	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2252	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1831	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2253	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1900		2322
1901	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which	2323	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
1902	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark	2324	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
1903	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which	2325	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
1904	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is	2326	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
1905	fine, and shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't very	2327	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
1906	optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra	2328	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
1907	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.	2329	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
1908		2330
1909	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,	2331	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
1910	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then	2332	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
1911	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't	2333	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
1912	test the efficiency of the framework, but it is a benchmark nevertheless.	2334	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2335	benchmark nevertheless.
1913		2336
1914	name runtime	2337	name runtime
1915	Lambda/select 0.330 sec	2338	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
1916	+ optimized 0.122 sec	2339	+ optimized 0.122 sec
1917	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec	2340	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
…		…
1923		2346
1924	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec	2347	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
1925	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec	2348	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
1926	+state machine 0.134 sec	2349	+state machine 0.134 sec
1927		2350
1928	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault) - the IO::Lambda	2351	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
1929	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,	2352	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
1930	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly	2353	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
1931	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using	2354	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
1932	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS	2355	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
1933	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here as non-blocking connects	2356	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
1934	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking	2357	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
1935	connects (which involve a single syscall only).	2358	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
1936		2359
1937	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which	2360	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
1938	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda (using conventional	2361	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
1939	Perl syntax), which means both the echo server and the client are 100%	2362	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
1940	non-blocking w.r.t. I/O, further placing it at a disadvantage.	2363	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
1941		2364
1942	As you can see, AnyEvent + EV even beats the hand-optimised "raw sockets	2365	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
1943	benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl backend easily beats	2366	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
1944	IO::Lambda and POE.	2367	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
1945		2368
1946	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and	2369	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
1947	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda,	2370	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda by a
1948	even thought it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a	2371	large margin, even though it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O
1949	non-blocking way.	2372	in a non-blocking way.
1950		2373
1951	The two AnyEvent benchmarks can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and F<eg/ae2.pl>	2374	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
1952	in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are part of the	2375	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
1953	IO::lambda distribution and were used without any changes.	2376	part of the IO::lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
1954		2377
1955		2378
1956	=head1 SIGNALS	2379	=head1 SIGNALS
1957		2380
1958	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:	2381	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
…		…
1962	=item SIGCHLD	2385	=item SIGCHLD
1963		2386
1964	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher	2387	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
1965	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some	2388	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
1966	event loops install a similar handler.	2389	event loops install a similar handler.
		2390
		2391	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2392	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
1967		2393
1968	=item SIGPIPE	2394	=item SIGPIPE
1969		2395
1970	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>	2396	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
1971	when AnyEvent gets loaded.	2397	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
…		…
1983		2409
1984	=back	2410	=back
1985		2411
1986	=cut	2412	=cut
1987		2413
		2414	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2415	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2416
1988	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }	2417	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
1989	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};	2418	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
		2419
		2420	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2421
		2422	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2423	it's built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2424
		2425	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2426	modules if they are installed.
		2427
		2428	This section epxlains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2429	affect AnyEvent's operetion.
		2430
		2431	=over 4
		2432
		2433	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2434
		2435	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2436	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2437	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2438	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2439	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2440	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2441
		2442	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2443	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2444	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (And good for
		2445	battery life on laptops).
		2446
		2447	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2448	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2449
		2450	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2451	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2452	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2453	does nothing for those backends.
		2454
		2455	=item L<EV>
		2456
		2457	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2458	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2459	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2460	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2461	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2462	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2463	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2464	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2465
		2466	=item L<Guard>
		2467
		2468	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2469	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2470	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2471	purely used for performance.
		2472
		2473	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2474
		2475	This module is required when you want to read or write JSON data via
		2476	L<AnyEvent::Handle>. It is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2477	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2478
		2479	In fact, L<AnyEvent::Handle> will use L<JSON::XS> by default if it is
		2480	installed.
		2481
		2482	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2483
		2484	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2485	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2486	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2487
		2488	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2489
		2490	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2491	chosen event library does not come with a timing source on it's own. The
		2492	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to
		2493	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2494
		2495	=back
1990		2496
1991		2497
1992	=head1 FORK	2498	=head1 FORK
1993		2499
1994	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2500	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1995	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2501	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>
1996	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2502	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.
1997		2503
1998	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2504	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1999	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2505	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2506	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
2000		2507
2001		2508
2002	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2509	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
2003		2510
2004	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2511	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
2018	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2525	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
2019	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2526	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
2020	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and	2527	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
2021	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.	2528	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
2022		2529
		2530	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2531	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2532	enabled.
		2533
2023		2534
2024	=head1 BUGS	2535	=head1 BUGS
2025		2536
2026	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard	2537	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
2027	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10	2538	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
…		…
2038	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2549	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
2039		2550
2040	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2551	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
2041	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2552	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
2042	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2553	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
2043	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2554	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
2044		2555
2045	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2556	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
2046	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2557	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
2047		2558
2048	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2559	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
2049		2560
2050	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2561	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,
		2562	L<Coro::Event>,
2051		2563
2052	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2564	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,
		2565	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
2053		2566
2054		2567
2055	=head1 AUTHOR	2568	=head1 AUTHOR
2056		2569
2057	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2570	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>

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