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Revision 1.290 by root, Tue Sep 1 18:27:46 2009 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
		6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
…		…
39	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL	40	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
40		41
41	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested	42	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
42	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
43	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
		45
		46	=head1 SUPPORT
		47
		48	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		49	channel, too.
		50
		51	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		52	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
44		53
45	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	54	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
46		55
47	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	56	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
48	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	57	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
…		…
172	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	181	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
173	declared.	182	declared.
174		183
175	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	184	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
176		185
		186	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		187	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		188	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		189	cb => <callback>,
		190	);
		191
177	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	192	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
178	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	193	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
179		194
180	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	195	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
181	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file	196	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
182	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which	197	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
183	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,	198	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
184	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files	199	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
185	or block devices.	200	or block devices.
…		…
210	undef $w;	225	undef $w;
211	});	226	});
212		227
213	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	228	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
214		229
		230	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		231
		232	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		233	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		234	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		235	cb => <callback>,
		236	);
		237
215	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	238	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
216	method with the following mandatory arguments:	239	method with the following mandatory arguments:
217		240
218	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	241	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
219	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	242	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
346		369
347	=back	370	=back
348		371
349	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	372	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
350		373
		374	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
		375
351	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	376	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
352	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl	377	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
353	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	378	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
354		379
355	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	380	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
…		…
360	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	385	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
361	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	386	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
362	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	387	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
363		388
364	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	389	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
365	between multiple watchers.	390	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		391	interrupt your program at bad times.
366		392
367	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	393	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
368	directly will likely not work correctly.	394	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		395	correctly.
369		396
370	Example: exit on SIGINT	397	Example: exit on SIGINT
371		398
372	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	399	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
373		400
		401	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		402
		403	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		404	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		405	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		406	this. AnyEvent will try to do it's best, which means in some cases,
		407	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		408	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		409	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		410	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		411	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		412	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		413	saving.
		414
		415	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		416	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		417	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		418	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does it's own workaround with
		419	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		420
374	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	421	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
375		422
		423	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		424
376	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	425	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
377		426
378	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	427	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (one some backends,
379	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will triggered only when	428	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
380	the child process has finished and an exit status is available, not on	429	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
381	any trace events (stopped/continued).	430	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
		431	(stopped/continued).
382		432
383	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by	433	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
384	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher	434	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
385	callback arguments.	435	callback arguments.
386		436
…		…
391		441
392	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	442	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
393	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	443	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
394	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	444	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
395		445
396	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	446	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		447	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
397	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	448	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
398	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	449	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		450	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		451	start the watcher.
399		452
400	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	453	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
401	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	454	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
402	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	455	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		456	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		457
		458	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		459	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems
		460	mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
403		461
404	Example: fork a process and wait for it	462	Example: fork a process and wait for it
405		463
406	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	464	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
407		465
…		…
419	# do something else, then wait for process exit	477	# do something else, then wait for process exit
420	$done->recv;	478	$done->recv;
421		479
422	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS	480	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
423		481
		482	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
		483
424	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important	484	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important
425	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This	485	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
426	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need	486	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
427	attention by the event loop".	487	attention by the event loop".
428		488
…		…
454	});	514	});
455	});	515	});
456		516
457	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	517	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
458		518
		519	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		520
		521	$cv->send (<list>);
		522	my @res = $cv->recv;
		523
459	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	524	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
460	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	525	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
461	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	526	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
462		527
463	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	528	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
464	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	529	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
465		530
466	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	531	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called
467	because they represent a condition that must become true.	532	because they represent a condition that must become true.
468		533
		534	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
		535
469	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	536	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
470	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	537	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
471
472	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	538	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
473	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not	539	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
474	the results).	540	the results).
475		541
476	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	542	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
…		…
481	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	547	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can
482	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	548	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points
483	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	549	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet
484	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	550	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be
485	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	551	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers
486	a result.	552	a result. And yet some people know them as "futures" - a promise to
		553	compute/deliver something that you can wait for.
487		554
488	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	555	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
489	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	556	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
490	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	557	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
491	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	558	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
525	after => 1,	592	after => 1,
526	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	593	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },
527	);	594	);
528		595
529	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	596	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
530	# calls send	597	# calls ->send
531	$result_ready->recv;	598	$result_ready->recv;
532		599
533	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	600	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
534	condition variables are also code references.	601	variables are also callable directly.
535		602
536	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	603	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
537	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	604	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
538	$done->recv;	605	$done->recv;
539		606
…		…
545		612
546	...	613	...
547		614
548	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;	615	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
549		616
550	And this is how you would just ste a callback to be called whenever the	617	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
551	results are available:	618	results are available:
552		619
553	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {	620	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
554	my @info = $_[0]->recv;	621	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
555	});	622	});
…		…
573	immediately from within send.	640	immediately from within send.
574		641
575	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	642	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
576	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	643	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
577		644
578	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	645	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
579	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	646	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
580	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	647	C<send>.
581	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
582	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
583	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
584	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
585	example).
586		648
587	=item $cv->croak ($error)	649	=item $cv->croak ($error)
588		650
589	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	651	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
590	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	652	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
591		653
592	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	654	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
593	user/consumer.	655	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		656	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it
		657	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		658	deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing
		659	the problem.
594		660
595	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	661	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
596		662
597	=item $cv->end	663	=item $cv->end
598
599	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
600		664
601	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	665	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
602	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	666	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
603	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	667	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
604		668
605	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	669	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
606	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	670	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
607	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	671	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
608	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	672	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
609	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	673	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		674	be called without any arguments.
610		675
611	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	676	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		677	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		678	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		679
		680	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		681	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		682	close before activating a condvar:
612		683
613	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	684	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
614		685
		686	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		687	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		688	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		689	or $cv->end;
		690	});
		691
		692	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		693	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		694	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		695	or $cv->end;
		696	});
		697
		698	$cv->recv;
		699
		700	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		701	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		702	sending.
		703
		704	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		705	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		706	begung can potentially be zero:
		707
		708	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		709
615	my %result;	710	my %result;
616	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	711	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
617		712
618	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	713	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
619	$cv->begin;	714	$cv->begin;
620	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	715	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
621	$result{$host} = ...;	716	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
636	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	731	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
637	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	732	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
638	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	733	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
639	doesn't execute once).	734	doesn't execute once).
640		735
641	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	736	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
642	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	737	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
643	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	738	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
644	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	739	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		740	call C<end>.
645		741
646	=back	742	=back
647		743
648	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	744	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
649		745
…		…
665	function will call C<croak>.	761	function will call C<croak>.
666		762
667	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	763	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
668	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	764	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
669		765
		766	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		767	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		768	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		769	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		770	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		771	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		772
670	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	773	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
671	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	774	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
672	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	775	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
673	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	776	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
674	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	777	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
675	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	778	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
676	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	779	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
677		780
678	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
679	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
680	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
681	can supply.
682
683	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
684	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
685	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
686	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
687	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
688
689	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	781	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
690	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	782	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
691	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	783	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
692	waits otherwise.	784	waits otherwise.
693		785
…		…
699	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))	791	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
700		792
701	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	793	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
702	replaces it before doing so.	794	replaces it before doing so.
703		795
704	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	796	The callback will be called when the condition becomes (or already was)
705	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	797	"true", i.e. when C<send> or C<croak> are called (or were called), with
706	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	798	the only argument being the condition variable itself. Calling C<recv>
707	is guaranteed not to block.	799	inside the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
708		800
709	=back	801	=back
710		802
		803	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		804
		805	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		806
		807	=over 4
		808
		809	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		810
		811	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		812	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		813	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		814	AnyEvent itself.
		815
		816	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		817	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
		818
		819	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		820
		821	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher
		822	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		823	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		824	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		825	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		826
		827	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		828	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		829	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		830	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		831	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		832	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		833
		834	=item Backends with special needs.
		835
		836	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		837	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		838	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		839	everything should just work.
		840
		841	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		842
		843	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
		844	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
		845	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
		846	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
		847	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
		848
		849	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
		850
		851	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		852
		853	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		854
		855	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		856
		857	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		858	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		859	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		860	consider for AnyEvent.
		861
		862	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		863	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		864
		865	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		866	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		867	in which case everything will be automatic.
		868
		869	=back
		870
711	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	871	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
712		872
		873	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		874	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		875
713	=over 4	876	=over 4
714		877
715	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	878	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
716		879
717	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	880	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		881	backend has been autodetected.
		882
718	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	883	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
719	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	884	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
720	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	885	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
721	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	886	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
722		887	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
723	The known classes so far are:
724
725	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
726	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
727	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
728	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
729	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
730	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
731	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
732	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
733
734	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
735	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
736	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
737	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
738	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
739	it's adaptor.
740
741	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
742	autodetecting them.
743		888
744	=item AnyEvent::detect	889	=item AnyEvent::detect
745		890
746	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	891	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
747	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	892	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
748	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	893	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
749	runtime.	894	runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.
		895
		896	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		897	created, use C<post_detect>.
750		898
751	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	899	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
752		900
753	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	901	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
754	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	902	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).
755		903
		904	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		905	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		906	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		907	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		908	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		909
		910	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		911	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		912	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		913	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
		914
756	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	915	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
757	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	916	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		917	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
758	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	918	a case where this is useful.
		919
		920	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		921	C<$WATCHER>. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though.
		922
		923	our WATCHER;
		924
		925	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		926	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		927	};
		928
		929	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		930	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		931	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		932	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		933
		934	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
759		935
760	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	936	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
761		937
762	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	938	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
763	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	939	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after
764	the event loop has been chosen.	940	the event loop has been chosen.
765		941
766	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	942	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
767	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	943	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
768	and the array will be ignored.	944	array will be ignored.
769		945
770	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	946	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		947	it,as it takes care of these details.
		948
		949	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		950	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		951	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		952	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
771		953
772	=back	954	=back
773		955
774	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	956	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
775		957
…		…
830		1012
831		1013
832	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1014	=head1 OTHER MODULES
833		1015
834	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1016	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
835	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1017	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
836	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1018	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
837	available via CPAN.	1019	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.
838		1020
839	=over 4	1021	=over 4
840		1022
841	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1023	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
842		1024
…		…
851		1033
852	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>	1034	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
853		1035
854	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,	1036	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
855	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and	1037	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
856	non-blocking SSL/TLS.	1038	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
857		1039
858	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1040	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
859		1041
860	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1042	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
861		1043
…		…
889		1071
890	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>	1072	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
891		1073
892	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.	1074	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
893		1075
		1076	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
		1077
		1078	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
		1079
		1080	=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
		1081
		1082	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
		1083	Net::XMPP2>.
		1084
894	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>	1085	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
895		1086
896	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by	1087	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
897	L<App::IGS>).	1088	L<App::IGS>).
898		1089
899	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
900
901	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
902
903	=item L<Net::XMPP2>
904
905	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
906
907	=item L<Net::FCP>	1090	=item L<Net::FCP>
908		1091
909	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace	1092	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
910	of AnyEvent.	1093	of AnyEvent.
911		1094
…		…
915		1098
916	=item L<Coro>	1099	=item L<Coro>
917		1100
918	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1101	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
919		1102
920	=item L<IO::Lambda>
921
922	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
923
924	=back	1103	=back
925		1104
926	=cut	1105	=cut
927		1106
928	package AnyEvent;	1107	package AnyEvent;
929		1108
930	no warnings;	1109	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
		1110	sub common_sense {
		1111	# from common:.sense 1.0
		1112	${^WARNING_BITS} = "\xfc\x3f\xf3\x00\x0f\xf3\xcf\xc0\xf3\xfc\x33\x03";
931	use strict qw(vars subs);	1113	# use strict vars subs
		1114	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1115	}
932		1116
		1117	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1118
933	use Carp;	1119	use Carp ();
934		1120
935	our $VERSION = 4.41;	1121	our $VERSION = '5.12';
936	our $MODEL;	1122	our $MODEL;
937		1123
938	our $AUTOLOAD;	1124	our $AUTOLOAD;
939	our @ISA;	1125	our @ISA;
940		1126
941	our @REGISTRY;	1127	our @REGISTRY;
942		1128
943	our $WIN32;	1129	our $WIN32;
944		1130
		1131	our $VERBOSE;
		1132
945	BEGIN {	1133	BEGIN {
946	my $win32 = ! ! ($^O =~ /mswin32/i);	1134	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";
947	eval "sub WIN32(){ $win32 }";	1135	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";
948	}
949		1136
		1137	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1138	if ${^TAINT};
		1139
950	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1140	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1141
		1142	}
		1143
		1144	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
951		1145
952	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1146	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
953		1147
954	{	1148	{
955	my $idx;	1149	my $idx;
…		…
957	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1151	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
958	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1152	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
959	}	1153	}
960		1154
961	my @models = (	1155	my @models = (
962	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1156	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
963	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],
964	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],	1157	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
965	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1158	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
966	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1159	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
967	# and is usually faster	1160	# and is usually faster
		1161	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1162	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1163	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1164	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
968	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1165	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
969	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
970	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
971	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1166	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
972	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1167	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
973	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1168	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
974	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1169	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1170	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its
		1171	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.
		1172	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any
		1173	# obvious default class.
		1174	[IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1175	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1176	[IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1177	[AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
975	);	1178	);
976		1179
977	our %method = map +($_ => 1),	1180	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
978	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);	1181	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);
979		1182
…		…
983	my ($cb) = @_;	1186	my ($cb) = @_;
984		1187
985	if ($MODEL) {	1188	if ($MODEL) {
986	$cb->();	1189	$cb->();
987		1190
988	1	1191	undef
989	} else {	1192	} else {
990	push @post_detect, $cb;	1193	push @post_detect, $cb;
991		1194
992	defined wantarray	1195	defined wantarray
993	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"	1196	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
…		…
999	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;	1202	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
1000	}	1203	}
1001		1204
1002	sub detect() {	1205	sub detect() {
1003	unless ($MODEL) {	1206	unless ($MODEL) {
1004	no strict 'refs';
1005	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1207	local $SIG{__DIE__};
1006		1208
1007	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {	1209	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
1008	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";	1210	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
1009	if (eval "require $model") {	1211	if (eval "require $model") {
1010	$MODEL = $model;	1212	$MODEL = $model;
1011	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1213	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1012	} else {	1214	} else {
1013	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1215	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
1014	}	1216	}
1015	}	1217	}
1016		1218
1017	# check for already loaded models	1219	# check for already loaded models
1018	unless ($MODEL) {	1220	unless ($MODEL) {
1019	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1221	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1020	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1222	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
1021	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1223	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
1022	if (eval "require $model") {	1224	if (eval "require $model") {
1023	$MODEL = $model;	1225	$MODEL = $model;
1024	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1226	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1025	last;	1227	last;
1026	}	1228	}
1027	}	1229	}
1028	}	1230	}
1029		1231
1030	unless ($MODEL) {	1232	unless ($MODEL) {
1031	# try to load a model	1233	# try to autoload a model
1032
1033	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1234	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1034	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1235	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1236	if (
		1237	$autoload
1035	if (eval "require $package"	1238	and eval "require $package"
1036	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0	1239	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1037	and eval "require $model") {	1240	and eval "require $model"
		1241	) {
1038	$MODEL = $model;	1242	$MODEL = $model;
1039	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1243	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1040	last;	1244	last;
1041	}	1245	}
1042	}	1246	}
1043		1247
1044	$MODEL	1248	$MODEL
…		…
1060		1264
1061	sub AUTOLOAD {	1265	sub AUTOLOAD {
1062	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1266	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
1063		1267
1064	$method{$func}	1268	$method{$func}
1065	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1269	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";
1066		1270
1067	detect unless $MODEL;	1271	detect unless $MODEL;
1068		1272
1069	my $class = shift;	1273	my $class = shift;
1070	$class->$func (@_);	1274	$class->$func (@_);
1071	}	1275	}
1072		1276
1073	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends	1277	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
1074	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually	1278	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
1075	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).	1279	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
1076	sub _dupfh($$$$) {	1280	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
1077	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;	1281	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
1078		1282
1079	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't	1283	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
1080	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<")	1284	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
1081	: $poll eq "w" ? ($w, ">")
1082	: Carp::croak "AnyEvent->io requires poll set to either 'r' or 'w'";
1083		1285
1084	open my $fh2, "$mode&" . fileno $fh	1286	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
1085	or die "cannot dup() filehandle: $!,";	1287	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
1086		1288
1087	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases	1289	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
1088		1290
1089	($fh2, $rw)	1291	($fh2, $rw)
1090	}	1292	}
1091		1293
		1294	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1295
		1296	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1297	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1298	overhead.
		1299
		1300	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1301
		1302	=cut
		1303
		1304	package AE;
		1305
		1306	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1307
		1308	sub io($$$) {
		1309	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1310	}
		1311
		1312	sub timer($$$) {
		1313	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1314	}
		1315
		1316	sub signal($$) {
		1317	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1318	}
		1319
		1320	sub child($$) {
		1321	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1322	}
		1323
		1324	sub idle($) {
		1325	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])
		1326	}
		1327
		1328	sub cv(;&) {
		1329	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1330	}
		1331
		1332	sub now() {
		1333	AnyEvent->now
		1334	}
		1335
		1336	sub now_update() {
		1337	AnyEvent->now_update
		1338	}
		1339
		1340	sub time() {
		1341	AnyEvent->time
		1342	}
		1343
1092	package AnyEvent::Base;	1344	package AnyEvent::Base;
1093		1345
1094	# default implementations for many methods	1346	# default implementations for many methods
1095		1347
1096	BEGIN {	1348	sub _time() {
		1349	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
1097	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {	1350	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1351	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1098	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;	1352	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
1099	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...	1353	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
1100	} else {	1354	} else {
		1355	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
1101	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail	1356	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail
1102	}	1357	}
		1358
		1359	&_time
1103	}	1360	}
1104		1361
1105	sub time { _time }	1362	sub time { _time }
1106	sub now { _time }	1363	sub now { _time }
1107	sub now_update { }	1364	sub now_update { }
…		…
1112	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"	1369	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
1113	}	1370	}
1114		1371
1115	# default implementation for ->signal	1372	# default implementation for ->signal
1116		1373
		1374	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1375
		1376	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1377	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1378	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
		1379	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1380
		1381	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1382	}
		1383
1117	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);	1384	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1385	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1386	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
1118		1387
1119	sub _signal_exec {	1388	sub _signal_exec {
		1389	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1390	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
1120	sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 4;	1391	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 9;
1121		1392
1122	while (%SIG_EV) {	1393	while (%SIG_EV) {
1123	for (keys %SIG_EV) {	1394	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
1124	delete $SIG_EV{$_};	1395	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
1125	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };	1396	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
1126	}	1397	}
1127	}	1398	}
1128	}	1399	}
1129		1400
		1401	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1402	sub _sig_add() {
		1403	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1404	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1405	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1406
		1407	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1408	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1409	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1410	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1411	;
		1412	}
		1413	}
		1414
		1415	sub _sig_del {
		1416	undef $SIG_TW
		1417	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
		1418	}
		1419
		1420	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1421	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading
		1422	undef $_sig_name_init;
		1423
		1424	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1425	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1426	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1427	} else {
		1428	require Config;
		1429
		1430	my %signame2num;
		1431	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1432	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
		1433
		1434	my @signum2name;
		1435	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
		1436
		1437	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1438	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1439	};
		1440	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1441	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1442	};
		1443	}
		1444	};
		1445	die if $@;
		1446	};
		1447
		1448	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1449	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
		1450
1130	sub signal {	1451	sub signal {
1131	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1452	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1453	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1454	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1455	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1132		1456
1133	unless ($SIGPIPE_R) {	1457	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
1134	require Fcntl;	1458	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1135		1459
1136	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
1137	require AnyEvent::Util;
1138
1139	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
1140	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R) if $SIGPIPE_R;
1141	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1142	} else {	1460	} else {
		1461	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1462
		1463	require Fcntl;
		1464
		1465	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1466	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1467
		1468	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1469	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1470	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1471	} else {
1143	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;	1472	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
1144	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;	1473	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
1145	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case	1474	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1475
		1476	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1477	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1478	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1479	}
		1480
		1481	$SIGPIPE_R
		1482	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1483
		1484	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1146	}	1485	}
1147		1486
1148	$SIGPIPE_R	1487	*signal = sub {
1149	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";	1488	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1150		1489
1151	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
1152	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
1153	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
1154
1155	$SIG_IO = AnyEvent->io (fh => $SIGPIPE_R, poll => "r", cb => \&_signal_exec);
1156	}
1157
1158	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1490	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
1159	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";	1491	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
1160		1492
		1493	if ($HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT) {
		1494	# async::interrupt
		1495
		1496	$signal = sig2num $signal;
1161	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1497	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1498
		1499	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1500	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1501	signal => $signal,
		1502	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1503	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1504	;
		1505
		1506	} else {
		1507	# pure perl
		1508
		1509	# AE::Util has been loaded in signal
		1510	$signal = sig2name $signal;
		1511	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1512
1162	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1513	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
1163	local $!;	1514	local $!;
1164	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;	1515	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
1165	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};	1516	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1517	};
		1518
		1519	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1520	# so limit the signal latency.
		1521	_sig_add;
		1522	}
		1523
		1524	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1525	};
		1526
		1527	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1528	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1529
		1530	_sig_del;
		1531
		1532	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1533
		1534	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1535	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1536	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1537	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1538	# instead of getting the default action.
		1539	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1540	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1541	};
1166	};	1542	};
1167		1543	die if $@;
1168	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"	1544	&signal
1169	}
1170
1171	sub AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY {
1172	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1173
1174	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
1175
1176	$SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT' unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
1177	}	1545	}
1178		1546
1179	# default implementation for ->child	1547	# default implementation for ->child
1180		1548
1181	our %PID_CB;	1549	our %PID_CB;
1182	our $CHLD_W;	1550	our $CHLD_W;
1183	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1551	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1184	our $PID_IDLE;
1185	our $WNOHANG;	1552	our $WNOHANG;
1186		1553
1187	sub _child_wait {	1554	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
1188	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1555	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1556
		1557	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
1189	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1558	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
1190	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1559	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
1191	}
1192
1193	undef $PID_IDLE;
1194	}	1560	}
1195		1561
1196	sub _sigchld {	1562	sub _sigchld {
1197	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.	1563	my $pid;
1198	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {	1564
1199	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1565	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
1200	&_child_wait;	1566	while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0;
1201	});
1202	}	1567	}
1203		1568
1204	sub child {	1569	sub child {
1205	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1570	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1206		1571
1207	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1572	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)
1208	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1573	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
1209		1574
1210	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1575	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1211		1576
1212	unless ($WNOHANG) {	1577	# WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere
		1578	$WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/
		1579	? 1
1213	$WNOHANG = eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;	1580	: eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1214	}
1215		1581
1216	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1582	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1217	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1583	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1218	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1584	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1219	&_sigchld;	1585	&_sigchld;
1220	}	1586	}
1221		1587
1222	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"	1588	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
…		…
1230		1596
1231	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1597	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
1232	}	1598	}
1233		1599
1234	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless	1600	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
1235	# of whether the proces sis idle or not, and not letting	1601	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
1236	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.	1602	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
1237	sub idle {	1603	sub idle {
1238	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1604	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1239		1605
1240	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};	1606	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
…		…
1248	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,	1614	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
1249	# within some limits	1615	# within some limits
1250	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;	1616	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
1251	$w = 5 if $w > 5;	1617	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
1252		1618
1253	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $w, cb => $rcb);	1619	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
1254	} else {	1620	} else {
1255	# clean up...	1621	# clean up...
1256	undef $w;	1622	undef $w;
1257	undef $rcb;	1623	undef $rcb;
1258	}	1624	}
1259	};	1625	};
1260		1626
1261	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.05, cb => $rcb);	1627	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
1262		1628
1263	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"	1629	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1264	}	1630	}
1265		1631
1266	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {	1632	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
…		…
1271		1637
1272	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1638	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
1273		1639
1274	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1640	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1275		1641
1276	use overload	1642	#use overload
1277	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1643	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
1278	fallback => 1;	1644	# fallback => 1;
		1645
		1646	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1647	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1648	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1649	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1650	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1651
		1652	our $WAITING;
1279		1653
1280	sub _send {	1654	sub _send {
1281	# nop	1655	# nop
1282	}	1656	}
1283		1657
…		…
1296	sub ready {	1670	sub ready {
1297	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1671	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1298	}	1672	}
1299		1673
1300	sub _wait {	1674	sub _wait {
		1675	$WAITING
		1676	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
		1677	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
		1678
		1679	local $WAITING = 1;
1301	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};	1680	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1302	}	1681	}
1303		1682
1304	sub recv {	1683	sub recv {
1305	$_[0]->_wait;	1684	$_[0]->_wait;
…		…
1307	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1686	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};
1308	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1687	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1309	}	1688	}
1310		1689
1311	sub cb {	1690	sub cb {
1312	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1691	my $cv = shift;
		1692
		1693	@_
		1694	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1695	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1696	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1697
1313	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1698	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1314	}	1699	}
1315		1700
1316	sub begin {	1701	sub begin {
1317	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1702	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1318	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1703	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1346	so on.	1731	so on.
1347		1732
1348	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES	1733	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1349		1734
1350	The following environment variables are used by this module or its	1735	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
1351	submodules:	1736	submodules.
		1737
		1738	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1739	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1740	enabled.
1352		1741
1353	=over 4	1742	=over 4
1354		1743
1355	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>	1744	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1356		1745
…		…
1363	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.	1752	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1364		1753
1365	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event	1754	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1366	model it chooses.	1755	model it chooses.
1367		1756
		1757	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1758	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1759
1368	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>	1760	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
1369		1761
1370	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough	1762	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
1371	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value	1763	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
1372	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly	1764	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
1373	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems	1765	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
1374	it will croak.	1766	it will croak.
1375		1767
1376	In other words, enables "strict" mode.	1768	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
1377		1769
1378	Unlike C<use strict>, it is definitely recommended ot keep it off in	1770	Unlike C<use strict> (or it's modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
1379	production. Keeping C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while	1771	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
1380	developing programs can be very useful, however.	1772	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1773	can be very useful, however.
1381		1774
1382	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>	1775	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1383		1776
1384	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before	1777	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1385	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting	1778	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
…		…
1428		1821
1429	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>	1822	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
1430		1823
1431	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>	1824	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
1432	will create in parallel.	1825	will create in parallel.
		1826
		1827	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		1828
		1829	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		1830	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		1831	sent to the DNS server.
		1832
		1833	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		1834
		1835	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		1836	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		1837	default config will be used.
		1838
		1839	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		1840
		1841	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		1842	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		1843	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		1844	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1845
		1846	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		1847
		1848	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		1849	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
1433		1850
1434	=back	1851	=back
1435		1852
1436	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1853	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1437		1854
…		…
1495	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	1912	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1496	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	1913	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1497	},	1914	},
1498	);	1915	);
1499		1916
1500	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1501
1502	sub new_timer {
1503	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	1917	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1504	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	1918	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1505	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1506	});	1919	});
1507	}
1508
1509	new_timer; # create first timer
1510		1920
1511	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i	1921	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1512		1922
1513	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	1923	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1514		1924
…		…
1645	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2055	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1646	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2056	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1647	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2057	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1648		2058
1649	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2059	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1650	distribution.	2060	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2061	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1651		2062
1652	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2063	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1653		2064
1654	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2065	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1655	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2066	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1676	watcher.	2087	watcher.
1677		2088
1678	=head3 Results	2089	=head3 Results
1679		2090
1680	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2091	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1681	EV/EV 400000 224 0.47 0.35 0.27 EV native interface	2092	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1682	EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2093	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1683	CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2094	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1684	Perl/Any 100000 452 4.13 0.73 0.95 pure perl implementation	2095	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1685	Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface	2096	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1686	Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2097	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2098	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2099	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1687	Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour	2100	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1688	Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2101	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1689	POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event	2102	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1690	POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select	2103	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1691		2104
1692	=head3 Discussion	2105	=head3 Discussion
1693		2106
1694	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2107	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1695	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2108	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1707	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2120	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1708	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2121	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1709	cycles with POE.	2122	cycles with POE.
1710		2123
1711	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2124	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1712	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2125	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2126	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2127	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1713	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2128	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1714	natively.
1715		2129
1716	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2130	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1717	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2131	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1718	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2132	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1719	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2133	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
1720	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2134	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1721	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2135	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1722		2136
1723	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2137	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1724	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2138	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2139
		2140	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2141	when using its pure perl backend.
1725		2142
1726	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2143	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1727	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2144	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1728	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2145	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1729	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2146	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1790	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2207	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1791	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2208	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1792	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2209	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1793		2210
1794	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2211	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1795	distribution.	2212	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2213	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1796		2214
1797	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2215	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1798		2216
1799	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2217	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1800	each server has a read and write socket end).	2218	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1807	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2225	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1808	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2226	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1809		2227
1810	=head3 Results	2228	=head3 Results
1811		2229
1812	name sockets create request	2230	name sockets create request
1813	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2231	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1814	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2232	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1815	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2233	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1816	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2234	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
		2235	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
		2236	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1817	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2237	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1818		2238
1819	=head3 Discussion	2239	=head3 Discussion
1820		2240
1821	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2241	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1822	particular event loop.	2242	particular event loop.
…		…
1824	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2244	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1825	is relatively high, though.	2245	is relatively high, though.
1826		2246
1827	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2247	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1828	loops Event and Glib.	2248	loops Event and Glib.
		2249
		2250	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2251	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1829		2252
1830	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2253	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1831	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2254	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1832	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2255	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1833	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2256	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1896	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2319	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1897	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2320	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1898		2321
1899	=back	2322	=back
1900		2323
		2324	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2325
		2326	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2327	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2328	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2329	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2330	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2331	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2332	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2333
		2334	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2335	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2336	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2337	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2338	benchmark nevertheless.
		2339
		2340	name runtime
		2341	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2342	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2343	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2344	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2345	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2346	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2347	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2348	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2349
		2350	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2351	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2352	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2353
		2354	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2355	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2356	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2357	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2358	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2359	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2360	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2361	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2362
		2363	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2364	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2365	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2366	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2367
		2368	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2369	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2370	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2371
		2372	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2373	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
		2374	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
		2375	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
		2376
		2377	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2378	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2379	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2380
1901		2381
1902	=head1 SIGNALS	2382	=head1 SIGNALS
1903		2383
1904	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:	2384	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
1905		2385
…		…
1908	=item SIGCHLD	2388	=item SIGCHLD
1909		2389
1910	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher	2390	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
1911	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some	2391	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
1912	event loops install a similar handler.	2392	event loops install a similar handler.
		2393
		2394	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2395	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
1913		2396
1914	=item SIGPIPE	2397	=item SIGPIPE
1915		2398
1916	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>	2399	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
1917	when AnyEvent gets loaded.	2400	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
…		…
1929		2412
1930	=back	2413	=back
1931		2414
1932	=cut	2415	=cut
1933		2416
		2417	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2418	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2419
1934	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }	2420	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
1935	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};	2421	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
		2422
		2423	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2424
		2425	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2426	it's built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2427
		2428	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2429	modules if they are installed.
		2430
		2431	This section epxlains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2432	affect AnyEvent's operetion.
		2433
		2434	=over 4
		2435
		2436	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2437
		2438	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2439	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2440	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2441	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2442	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2443	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2444
		2445	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2446	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2447	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (And good for
		2448	battery life on laptops).
		2449
		2450	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2451	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2452
		2453	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2454	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2455	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2456	does nothing for those backends.
		2457
		2458	=item L<EV>
		2459
		2460	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2461	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2462	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2463	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2464	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2465	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2466	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2467	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2468
		2469	=item L<Guard>
		2470
		2471	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2472	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2473	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2474	purely used for performance.
		2475
		2476	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2477
		2478	This module is required when you want to read or write JSON data via
		2479	L<AnyEvent::Handle>. It is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2480	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2481
		2482	In fact, L<AnyEvent::Handle> will use L<JSON::XS> by default if it is
		2483	installed.
		2484
		2485	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2486
		2487	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2488	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2489	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2490
		2491	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2492
		2493	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2494	chosen event library does not come with a timing source on it's own. The
		2495	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to
		2496	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2497
		2498	=back
1936		2499
1937		2500
1938	=head1 FORK	2501	=head1 FORK
1939		2502
1940	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2503	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1941	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2504	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>
1942	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2505	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.
1943		2506
1944	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2507	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1945	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2508	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2509	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
1946		2510
1947		2511
1948	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2512	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1949		2513
1950	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2514	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
1962	use AnyEvent;	2526	use AnyEvent;
1963		2527
1964	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2528	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1965	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2529	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1966	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and	2530	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
1967	$ENV{PERL_ANYEGENT_STRICT}.	2531	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2532
		2533	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2534	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2535	enabled.
1968		2536
1969		2537
1970	=head1 BUGS	2538	=head1 BUGS
1971		2539
1972	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard	2540	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
…		…
1984	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2552	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1985		2553
1986	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2554	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1987	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2555	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1988	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2556	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1989	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2557	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
1990		2558
1991	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2559	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
1992	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2560	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
1993		2561
1994	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2562	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
1995		2563
1996	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2564	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,
		2565	L<Coro::Event>,
1997		2566
1998	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2567	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,
		2568	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1999		2569
2000		2570
2001	=head1 AUTHOR	2571	=head1 AUTHOR
2002		2572
2003	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2573	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>

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