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Revision 1.227 by root, Mon Jul 6 23:42:24 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.323 by root, Thu May 20 21:22:20 2010 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt and POE are various supported	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
6	event loops.	6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
7		7
8	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
9		9
10	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
11		11
		12	# if you prefer function calls, look at the AE manpage for
		13	# an alternative API.
		14
12	# file descriptor readable	15	# file handle or descriptor readable
13	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });	16	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
14		17
15	# one-shot or repeating timers	18	# one-shot or repeating timers
16	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });	19	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
17	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...	20	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...
…		…
40	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL	43	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
41		44
42	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested	45	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	46	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	47	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
		48
		49	=head1 SUPPORT
		50
		51	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		52	channel, too.
		53
		54	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		55	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
45		56
46	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	57	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
47		58
48	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	59	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
49	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	60	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
…		…
173	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	184	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
174	declared.	185	declared.
175		186
176	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	187	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
177		188
		189	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		190	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		191	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		192	cb => <callback>,
		193	);
		194
178	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	195	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
179	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	196	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
180		197
181	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	198	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
182	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file	199	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
183	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which	200	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
184	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,	201	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
185	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files	202	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
186	or block devices.	203	or block devices.
…		…
211	undef $w;	228	undef $w;
212	});	229	});
213		230
214	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	231	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
215		232
		233	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		234
		235	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		236	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		237	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		238	cb => <callback>,
		239	);
		240
216	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	241	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
217	method with the following mandatory arguments:	242	method with the following mandatory arguments:
218		243
219	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	244	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
220	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	245	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
341	might affect timers and time-outs.	366	might affect timers and time-outs.
342		367
343	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the	368	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
344	event loop's idea of "current time".	369	event loop's idea of "current time".
345		370
		371	A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) -
		372	when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong
		373	idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the
		374	script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<<
		375	AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again
		376	(e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler).
		377
346	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.	378	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
347		379
348	=back	380	=back
349		381
350	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	382	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
		383
		384	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
351		385
352	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	386	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
353	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl	387	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
354	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	388	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
355		389
…		…
361	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	395	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
362	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	396	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
363	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	397	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
364		398
365	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	399	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
366	between multiple watchers.	400	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		401	interrupt your program at bad times.
367		402
368	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	403	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
369	directly will likely not work correctly.	404	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		405	correctly.
370		406
371	Example: exit on SIGINT	407	Example: exit on SIGINT
372		408
373	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	409	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
374		410
		411	=head3 Restart Behaviour
		412
		413	While restart behaviour is up to the event loop implementation, most will
		414	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's
		415	pure perl implementation).
		416
		417	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals
		418
		419	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling) or
		420	"unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might get delayed indefinitely, the
		421	latter might corrupt your memory.
		422
		423	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,
		424	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be
		425	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.
		426	callbacks, too).
		427
		428	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		429
		430	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		431	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		432	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		433	this. AnyEvent will try to do it's best, which means in some cases,
		434	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		435	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		436	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		437	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		438	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		439	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		440	saving.
		441
		442	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		443	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		444	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		445	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does it's own workaround with
		446	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		447
375	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	448	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
376		449
		450	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		451
377	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	452	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
378		453
379	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	454	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (one some backends,
380	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will triggered only when	455	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
381	the child process has finished and an exit status is available, not on	456	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
382	any trace events (stopped/continued).	457	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
		458	(stopped/continued).
383		459
384	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by	460	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
385	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher	461	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
386	callback arguments.	462	callback arguments.
387		463
…		…
403		479
404	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first	480	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
405	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one	481	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
406	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call	482	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
407	C<AnyEvent::detect>).	483	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		484
		485	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		486	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems
		487	mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
408		488
409	Example: fork a process and wait for it	489	Example: fork a process and wait for it
410		490
411	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	491	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
412		492
…		…
424	# do something else, then wait for process exit	504	# do something else, then wait for process exit
425	$done->recv;	505	$done->recv;
426		506
427	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS	507	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
428		508
429	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important	509	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
430	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
431	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
432	attention by the event loop".
433		510
434	Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing	511	Repeatedly invoke the callback after the process becomes idle, until
435	better to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new	512	either the watcher is destroyed or new events have been detected.
436	events. Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.
437		513
438	Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only	514	Idle watchers are useful when there is a need to do something, but it
		515	is not so important (or wise) to do it instantly. The callback will be
		516	invoked only when there is "nothing better to do", which is usually
		517	defined as "all outstanding events have been handled and no new events
		518	have been detected". That means that idle watchers ideally get invoked
		519	when the event loop has just polled for new events but none have been
		520	detected. Instead of blocking to wait for more events, the idle watchers
		521	will be invoked.
		522
		523	Unfortunately, most event loops do not really support idle watchers (only
439	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent	524	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
440	will simply call the callback "from time to time".	525	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
441		526
442	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the	527	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
443	program is otherwise idle:	528	program is otherwise idle:
…		…
459	});	544	});
460	});	545	});
461		546
462	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	547	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
463		548
		549	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		550
		551	$cv->send (<list>);
		552	my @res = $cv->recv;
		553
464	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	554	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
465	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	555	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
466	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	556	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
467		557
468	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	558	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
469	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	559	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
470		560
471	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	561	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called
472	because they represent a condition that must become true.	562	because they represent a condition that must become true.
473		563
		564	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
		565
474	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	566	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
475	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	567	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
476
477	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	568	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
478	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not	569	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
479	the results).	570	the results).
480		571
481	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	572	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
…		…
486	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	577	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can
487	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	578	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points
488	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	579	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet
489	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	580	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be
490	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	581	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers
491	a result.	582	a result. And yet some people know them as "futures" - a promise to
		583	compute/deliver something that you can wait for.
492		584
493	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	585	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
494	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	586	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
495	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	587	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
496	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	588	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
517	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits	609	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
518	for the send to occur.	610	for the send to occur.
519		611
520	Example: wait for a timer.	612	Example: wait for a timer.
521		613
522	# wait till the result is ready	614	# condition: "wait till the timer is fired"
523	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	615	my $timer_fired = AnyEvent->condvar;
524		616
525	# do something such as adding a timer	617	# create the timer - we could wait for, say
526	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->send	618	# a handle becomign ready, or even an
527	# when the "result" is ready.	619	# AnyEvent::HTTP request to finish, but
528	# in this case, we simply use a timer:	620	# in this case, we simply use a timer:
529	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (	621	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (
530	after => 1,	622	after => 1,
531	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	623	cb => sub { $timer_fired->send },
532	);	624	);
533		625
534	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	626	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
535	# calls send	627	# calls ->send
536	$result_ready->recv;	628	$timer_fired->recv;
537		629
538	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	630	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
539	condition variables are also code references.	631	variables are also callable directly.
540		632
541	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	633	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
542	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	634	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
543	$done->recv;	635	$done->recv;
544		636
…		…
550		642
551	...	643	...
552		644
553	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;	645	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
554		646
555	And this is how you would just ste a callback to be called whenever the	647	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
556	results are available:	648	results are available:
557		649
558	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {	650	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
559	my @info = $_[0]->recv;	651	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
560	});	652	});
…		…
578	immediately from within send.	670	immediately from within send.
579		671
580	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	672	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
581	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	673	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
582		674
583	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	675	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
584	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	676	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
585	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	677	C<send>.
586	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
587	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
588	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
589	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
590	example).
591		678
592	=item $cv->croak ($error)	679	=item $cv->croak ($error)
593		680
594	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	681	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
595	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	682	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
596		683
597	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	684	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
598	user/consumer.	685	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		686	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it
		687	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		688	deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing
		689	the problem.
599		690
600	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	691	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
601		692
602	=item $cv->end	693	=item $cv->end
603		694
…		…
605	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	696	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
606	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	697	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
607		698
608	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	699	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
609	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	700	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
610	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	701	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
611	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	702	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
612	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	703	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		704	be called without any arguments.
613		705
614	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call	706	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
615	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND	707	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
616	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).	708	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
617		709
…		…
644	begung can potentially be zero:	736	begung can potentially be zero:
645		737
646	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	738	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
647		739
648	my %result;	740	my %result;
649	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	741	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
650		742
651	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	743	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
652	$cv->begin;	744	$cv->begin;
653	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	745	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
654	$result{$host} = ...;	746	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
699	function will call C<croak>.	791	function will call C<croak>.
700		792
701	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	793	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
702	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	794	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
703		795
		796	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		797	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		798	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		799	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		800	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		801	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		802
704	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	803	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
705	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	804	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
706	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	805	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
707	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	806	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
708	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	807	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
709	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	808	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
710	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	809	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
711		810
712	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
713	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
714	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
715	can supply.
716
717	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
718	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
719	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
720	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
721	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
722
723	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	811	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
724	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	812	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
725	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	813	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
726	waits otherwise.	814	waits otherwise.
727		815
…		…
733	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))	821	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
734		822
735	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	823	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
736	replaces it before doing so.	824	replaces it before doing so.
737		825
738	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	826	The callback will be called when the condition becomes (or already was)
739	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	827	"true", i.e. when C<send> or C<croak> are called (or were called), with
740	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	828	the only argument being the condition variable itself. Calling C<recv>
741	is guaranteed not to block.	829	inside the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
742		830
743	=back	831	=back
744		832
		833	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		834
		835	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		836
		837	=over 4
		838
		839	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		840
		841	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		842	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		843	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		844	AnyEvent itself.
		845
		846	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		847	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
		848
		849	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		850
		851	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher
		852	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		853	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		854	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		855	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		856
		857	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		858	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		859	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		860	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		861	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		862	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		863
		864	=item Backends with special needs.
		865
		866	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		867	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		868	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		869	everything should just work.
		870
		871	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		872
		873	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
		874	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
		875	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
		876	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
		877	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
		878
		879	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
		880
		881	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		882
		883	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		884
		885	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		886
		887	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		888	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		889	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		890	consider for AnyEvent.
		891
		892	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		893	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		894
		895	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		896	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		897	in which case everything will be automatic.
		898
		899	=back
		900
745	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	901	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
746		902
		903	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		904	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		905
747	=over 4	906	=over 4
748		907
749	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	908	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
750		909
751	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	910	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		911	backend has been autodetected.
		912
752	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	913	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
753	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	914	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
754	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	915	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
755	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	916	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
756		917	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
757	The known classes so far are:
758
759	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
760	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
761	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
762	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
763	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
764	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
765	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
766	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
767
768	# warning, support for IO::Async is only partial, as it is too broken
769	# and limited toe ven support the AnyEvent API. See AnyEvent::Impl::Async.
770	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
771
772	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
773	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
774	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
775	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
776	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
777	it's adaptor.
778
779	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
780	autodetecting them.
781		918
782	=item AnyEvent::detect	919	=item AnyEvent::detect
783		920
784	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	921	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
785	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	922	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
786	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	923	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
787	runtime.	924	runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.
		925
		926	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		927	created, use C<post_detect>.
788		928
789	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	929	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
790		930
791	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	931	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
792	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	932	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).
793		933
		934	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		935	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		936	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		937	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		938	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		939
		940	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		941	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		942	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		943	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
		944
794	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	945	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
795	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	946	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		947	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
796	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	948	a case where this is useful.
		949
		950	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		951	C<$WATCHER>. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though.
		952
		953	our WATCHER;
		954
		955	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		956	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		957	};
		958
		959	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		960	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		961	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		962	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		963
		964	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
797		965
798	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	966	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
799		967
800	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	968	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
801	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	969	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after
802	the event loop has been chosen.	970	the event loop has been chosen.
803		971
804	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	972	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
805	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	973	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
806	and the array will be ignored.	974	array will be ignored.
807		975
808	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	976	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		977	it, as it takes care of these details.
		978
		979	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		980	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		981	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		982	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
		983
		984	Example: To load Coro::AnyEvent whenever Coro and AnyEvent are used
		985	together, you could put this into Coro (this is the actual code used by
		986	Coro to accomplish this):
		987
		988	if (defined $AnyEvent::MODEL) {
		989	# AnyEvent already initialised, so load Coro::AnyEvent
		990	require Coro::AnyEvent;
		991	} else {
		992	# AnyEvent not yet initialised, so make sure to load Coro::AnyEvent
		993	# as soon as it is
		994	push @AnyEvent::post_detect, sub { require Coro::AnyEvent };
		995	}
809		996
810	=back	997	=back
811		998
812	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	999	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
813		1000
…		…
868		1055
869		1056
870	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1057	=head1 OTHER MODULES
871		1058
872	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1059	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
873	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1060	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
874	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1061	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
875	available via CPAN.	1062	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.
876		1063
877	=over 4	1064	=over 4
878		1065
879	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1066	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
880		1067
…		…
889		1076
890	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>	1077	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
891		1078
892	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,	1079	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
893	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and	1080	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
894	non-blocking SSL/TLS.	1081	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
895		1082
896	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1083	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
897		1084
898	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1085	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
899		1086
		1087	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>, L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IGS>, L<AnyEvent::FCP>
		1088
		1089	Implement event-based interfaces to the protocols of the same name (for
		1090	the curious, IGS is the International Go Server and FCP is the Freenet
		1091	Client Protocol).
		1092
		1093	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle::UDP>
		1094
		1095	Here be danger!
		1096
		1097	As Pauli would put it, "Not only is it not right, it's not even wrong!" -
		1098	there are so many things wrong with AnyEvent::Handle::UDP, most notably
		1099	it's use of a stream-based API with a protocol that isn't streamable, that
		1100	the only way to improve it is to delete it.
		1101
		1102	It features data corruption (but typically only under load) and general
		1103	confusion. On top, the author is not only clueless about UDP but also
		1104	fact-resistant - some gems of his understanding: "connect doesn't work
		1105	with UDP", "UDP packets are not IP packets", "UDP only has datagrams, not
		1106	packets", "I don't need to implement proper error checking as UDP doesn't
		1107	support error checking" and so on - he doesn't even understand what's
		1108	wrong with his module when it is explained to him.
		1109
900	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>	1110	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
901		1111
902	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent	1112	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process for you,
903	HTTP requests.	1113	notifying you in an event-bnased way when the operation is finished.
		1114
		1115	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		1116
		1117	Truly asynchronous (as opposed to non-blocking) I/O, should be in the
		1118	toolbox of every event programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
		1119	L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent together, giving AnyEvent access to event-based
		1120	file I/O, and much more.
904		1121
905	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	1122	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
906		1123
907	Provides a simple web application server framework.	1124	A simple embedded webserver.
908		1125
909	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	1126	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
910		1127
911	The fastest ping in the west.	1128	The fastest ping in the west.
912		1129
913	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
914
915	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
916
917	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
918
919	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
920	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent
921	together.
922
923	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>
924
925	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses
926	L<BDB> and AnyEvent together.
927
928	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
929
930	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
931
932	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
933
934	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
935	L<App::IGS>).
936
937	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
938
939	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
940
941	=item L<Net::XMPP2>
942
943	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
944
945	=item L<Net::FCP>
946
947	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
948	of AnyEvent.
949
950	=item L<Event::ExecFlow>
951
952	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
953
954	=item L<Coro>	1130	=item L<Coro>
955		1131
956	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1132	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
957		1133
958	=item L<IO::Lambda>
959
960	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
961
962	=back	1134	=back
963		1135
964	=cut	1136	=cut
965		1137
966	package AnyEvent;	1138	package AnyEvent;
967		1139
968	no warnings;	1140	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
969	use strict qw(vars subs);	1141	sub common_sense {
		1142	# from common:.sense 1.0
		1143	${^WARNING_BITS} = "\xfc\x3f\x33\x00\x0f\xf3\xcf\xc0\xf3\xfc\x33\x00";
		1144	# use strict vars subs - NO UTF-8, as Util.pm doesn't like this atm. (uts46data.pl)
		1145	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1146	}
970		1147
		1148	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1149
971	use Carp;	1150	use Carp ();
972		1151
973	our $VERSION = 4.8;	1152	our $VERSION = '5.261';
974	our $MODEL;	1153	our $MODEL;
975		1154
976	our $AUTOLOAD;	1155	our $AUTOLOAD;
977	our @ISA;	1156	our @ISA;
978		1157
979	our @REGISTRY;	1158	our @REGISTRY;
980		1159
981	our $WIN32;	1160	our $VERBOSE;
982		1161
983	BEGIN {	1162	BEGIN {
984	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";	1163	require "AnyEvent/constants.pl";
		1164
985	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";	1165	eval "sub TAINT (){" . (${^TAINT}*1) . "}";
986		1166
987	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}	1167	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
988	if ${^TAINT};	1168	if ${^TAINT};
989	}
990		1169
991	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1170	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1171
		1172	}
		1173
		1174	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
992		1175
993	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1176	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
994		1177
995	{	1178	{
996	my $idx;	1179	my $idx;
…		…
998	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1181	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
999	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1182	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
1000	}	1183	}
1001		1184
1002	my @models = (	1185	my @models = (
1003	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1186	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
1004	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],
1005	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],	1187	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
1006	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1188	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
1007	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1189	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
1008	# and is usually faster	1190	# and is usually faster
		1191	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1192	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1193	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1194	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
1009	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1195	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
1010	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
1011	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
1012	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1196	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
1013	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1197	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
1014	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1198	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
1015	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1199	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
1016	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workaorunds for its	1200	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its
1017	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.	1201	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.
1018	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any	1202	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any
1019	# obvious default class.	1203	# obvious default class.
1020	# [IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program	1204	[IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1021	# [IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program	1205	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1022	# [IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program	1206	[IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1207	[AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1023	);	1208	);
1024		1209
1025	our %method = map +($_ => 1),	1210	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
1026	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);	1211	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);
1027		1212
1028	our @post_detect;	1213	our @post_detect;
1029		1214
1030	sub post_detect(&) {	1215	sub post_detect(&) {
1031	my ($cb) = @_;	1216	my ($cb) = @_;
1032		1217
1033	if ($MODEL) {
1034	$cb->();
1035
1036	1
1037	} else {
1038	push @post_detect, $cb;	1218	push @post_detect, $cb;
1039		1219
1040	defined wantarray	1220	defined wantarray
1041	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"	1221	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
1042	: ()	1222	: ()
1043	}
1044	}	1223	}
1045		1224
1046	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {	1225	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
1047	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;	1226	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
1048	}	1227	}
1049		1228
1050	sub detect() {	1229	sub detect() {
		1230	# free some memory
		1231	*detect = sub () { $MODEL };
		1232
		1233	local $!; # for good measure
		1234	local $SIG{__DIE__};
		1235
		1236	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
		1237	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
		1238	if (eval "require $model") {
		1239	$MODEL = $model;
		1240	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
		1241	} else {
		1242	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
		1243	}
		1244	}
		1245
		1246	# check for already loaded models
1051	unless ($MODEL) {	1247	unless ($MODEL) {
1052	no strict 'refs';	1248	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1053	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1249	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
1054		1250	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
1055	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
1056	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
1057	if (eval "require $model") {	1251	if (eval "require $model") {
1058	$MODEL = $model;	1252	$MODEL = $model;
1059	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1253	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1060	} else {	1254	last;
1061	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1255	}
1062	}	1256	}
1063	}	1257	}
1064		1258
1065	# check for already loaded models
1066	unless ($MODEL) {	1259	unless ($MODEL) {
		1260	# try to autoload a model
1067	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1261	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1068	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1262	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1263	if (
		1264	$autoload
		1265	and eval "require $package"
1069	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1266	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1070	if (eval "require $model") {	1267	and eval "require $model"
		1268	) {
1071	$MODEL = $model;	1269	$MODEL = $model;
1072	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1270	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1073	last;	1271	last;
1074	}
1075	}	1272	}
1076	}	1273	}
1077		1274
1078	unless ($MODEL) {
1079	# try to load a model
1080
1081	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1082	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
1083	if (eval "require $package"
1084	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1085	and eval "require $model") {
1086	$MODEL = $model;
1087	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
1088	last;
1089	}
1090	}
1091
1092	$MODEL	1275	$MODEL
1093	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";	1276	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";
1094	}
1095	}	1277	}
1096
1097	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
1098
1099	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
1100
1101	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
1102
1103	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
1104	}	1278	}
		1279
		1280	@models = (); # free probe data
		1281
		1282	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
		1283	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
		1284
		1285	# now nuke some methods that are overriden by the backend.
		1286	# SUPER is not allowed.
		1287	for (qw(time signal child idle)) {
		1288	undef &{"AnyEvent::Base::$_"}
		1289	if defined &{"$MODEL\::$_"};
		1290	}
		1291
		1292	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
		1293
		1294	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
		1295
		1296	*post_detect = sub(&) {
		1297	shift->();
		1298
		1299	undef
		1300	};
1105		1301
1106	$MODEL	1302	$MODEL
1107	}	1303	}
1108		1304
1109	sub AUTOLOAD {	1305	sub AUTOLOAD {
1110	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1306	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
1111		1307
1112	$method{$func}	1308	$method{$func}
1113	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1309	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid AnyEvent class method";
1114		1310
1115	detect unless $MODEL;	1311	detect;
1116		1312
1117	my $class = shift;	1313	my $class = shift;
1118	$class->$func (@_);	1314	$class->$func (@_);
1119	}	1315	}
1120		1316
…		…
1123	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).	1319	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
1124	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {	1320	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
1125	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;	1321	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
1126		1322
1127	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't	1323	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
1128	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<")	1324	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
1129	: $poll eq "w" ? ($w, ">")
1130	: Carp::croak "AnyEvent->io requires poll set to either 'r' or 'w'";
1131		1325
1132	open my $fh2, "$mode&" . fileno $fh	1326	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
1133	or die "cannot dup() filehandle: $!,";	1327	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
1134		1328
1135	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases	1329	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
1136		1330
1137	($fh2, $rw)	1331	($fh2, $rw)
1138	}	1332	}
1139		1333
		1334	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1335
		1336	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1337	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1338	overhead by using function call syntax and a fixed number of parameters.
		1339
		1340	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1341
		1342	=cut
		1343
		1344	package AE;
		1345
		1346	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1347
		1348	# fall back to the main API by default - backends and AnyEvent::Base
		1349	# implementations can overwrite these.
		1350
		1351	sub io($$$) {
		1352	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1353	}
		1354
		1355	sub timer($$$) {
		1356	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1357	}
		1358
		1359	sub signal($$) {
		1360	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1361	}
		1362
		1363	sub child($$) {
		1364	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1365	}
		1366
		1367	sub idle($) {
		1368	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])
		1369	}
		1370
		1371	sub cv(;&) {
		1372	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1373	}
		1374
		1375	sub now() {
		1376	AnyEvent->now
		1377	}
		1378
		1379	sub now_update() {
		1380	AnyEvent->now_update
		1381	}
		1382
		1383	sub time() {
		1384	AnyEvent->time
		1385	}
		1386
1140	package AnyEvent::Base;	1387	package AnyEvent::Base;
1141		1388
1142	# default implementations for many methods	1389	# default implementations for many methods
1143		1390
1144	BEGIN {	1391	sub time {
		1392	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1393	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
1145	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {	1394	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1395	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1146	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;	1396	*AE::time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
1147	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...	1397	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
1148	} else {	1398	} else {
		1399	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
1149	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail	1400	*AE::time = sub (){ time }; # epic fail
		1401	}
		1402
		1403	*time = sub { AE::time }; # different prototypes
		1404	};
		1405	die if $@;
		1406
		1407	&time
		1408	}
		1409
		1410	*now = \&time;
		1411
		1412	sub now_update { }
		1413
		1414	# default implementation for ->condvar
		1415
		1416	sub condvar {
		1417	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1418	*condvar = sub {
		1419	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1420	};
		1421
		1422	*AE::cv = sub (;&) {
		1423	bless { @_ ? (_ae_cb => shift) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1424	};
		1425	};
		1426	die if $@;
		1427
		1428	&condvar
		1429	}
		1430
		1431	# default implementation for ->signal
		1432
		1433	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1434
		1435	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1436	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1437	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
		1438	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1439
		1440	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1441	}
		1442
		1443	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1444	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1445	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
		1446
		1447	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1448	# used by Impls
		1449	sub _sig_add() {
		1450	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1451	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1452	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1453
		1454	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1455	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1456	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1457	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1458	;
1150	}	1459	}
1151	}	1460	}
1152		1461
1153	sub time { _time }	1462	sub _sig_del {
1154	sub now { _time }	1463	undef $SIG_TW
1155	sub now_update { }	1464	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
1156
1157	# default implementation for ->condvar
1158
1159	sub condvar {
1160	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
1161	}	1465	}
1162		1466
1163	# default implementation for ->signal	1467	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1468	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1469	undef $_sig_name_init;
1164		1470
1165	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);	1471	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1472	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1473	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1474	} else {
		1475	require Config;
1166		1476
1167	sub _signal_exec {	1477	my %signame2num;
1168	sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 4;	1478	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1479	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
1169		1480
1170	while (%SIG_EV) {	1481	my @signum2name;
1171	for (keys %SIG_EV) {	1482	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
1172	delete $SIG_EV{$_};	1483
1173	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };	1484	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1485	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1486	};
		1487	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1488	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1489	};
1174	}	1490	}
1175	}	1491	};
1176	}	1492	die if $@;
		1493	};
		1494
		1495	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1496	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
1177		1497
1178	sub signal {	1498	sub signal {
1179	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1499	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1500	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1501	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1502	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1180		1503
1181	unless ($SIGPIPE_R) {	1504	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
1182	require Fcntl;	1505	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1183		1506
1184	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
1185	require AnyEvent::Util;
1186
1187	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
1188	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R) if $SIGPIPE_R;
1189	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1190	} else {	1507	} else {
		1508	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1509
		1510	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1511	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1512
		1513	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1514	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1515	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1516	} else {
1191	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;	1517	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
1192	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;	1518	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
1193	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case	1519	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1194		1520
1195	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...	1521	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
1196	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;	1522	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
1197	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;	1523	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1524	}
		1525
		1526	$SIGPIPE_R
		1527	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1528
		1529	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1198	}	1530	}
1199		1531
1200	$SIGPIPE_R	1532	*signal = $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
1201	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";	1533	? sub {
		1534	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1202		1535
1203	$SIG_IO = AnyEvent->io (fh => $SIGPIPE_R, poll => "r", cb => \&_signal_exec);	1536	# async::interrupt
1204	}
1205
1206	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1537	my $signal = sig2num $arg{signal};
1207	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
1208
1209	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1538	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1539
		1540	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1541	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1542	signal => $signal,
		1543	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1544	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1545	;
		1546
		1547	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1548	}
		1549	: sub {
		1550	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1551
		1552	# pure perl
		1553	my $signal = sig2name $arg{signal};
		1554	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1555
1210	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1556	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
1211	local $!;	1557	local $!;
1212	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;	1558	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
1213	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};	1559	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1560	};
		1561
		1562	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1563	# so limit the signal latency.
		1564	_sig_add;
		1565
		1566	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1567	}
		1568	;
		1569
		1570	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1571	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1572
		1573	_sig_del;
		1574
		1575	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1576
		1577	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1578	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1579	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1580	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1581	# instead of getting the default action.
		1582	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1583	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1584	};
		1585
		1586	*_signal_exec = sub {
		1587	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1588	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1589	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
		1590
		1591	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1592	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1593	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
		1594	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
		1595	}
		1596	}
		1597	};
1214	};	1598	};
		1599	die if $@;
1215		1600
1216	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"	1601	&signal
1217	}
1218
1219	sub AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY {
1220	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1221
1222	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
1223
1224	# delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
1225	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
1226	# instead of getting the default action.
1227	undef $SIG{$signal} unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
1228	}	1602	}
1229		1603
1230	# default implementation for ->child	1604	# default implementation for ->child
1231		1605
1232	our %PID_CB;	1606	our %PID_CB;
1233	our $CHLD_W;	1607	our $CHLD_W;
1234	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1608	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1235	our $WNOHANG;	1609	our $WNOHANG;
1236		1610
1237	sub _sigchld {	1611	# used by many Impl's
1238	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1612	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
		1613	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1614
		1615	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
1239	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1616	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
1240	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1617	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
1241	}
1242	}	1618	}
1243		1619
1244	sub child {	1620	sub child {
		1621	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1622	*_sigchld = sub {
		1623	my $pid;
		1624
		1625	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
		1626	while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0;
		1627	};
		1628
		1629	*child = sub {
1245	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1630	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1246		1631
1247	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1632	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)
1248	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1633	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
1249		1634
1250	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1635	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1251		1636
		1637	# WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere
		1638	$WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/
		1639	? 1
1252	$WNOHANG ||= eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;	1640	: eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1253		1641
1254	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1642	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1255	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1643	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1256	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1644	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1257	&_sigchld;	1645	&_sigchld;
1258	}	1646	}
1259		1647
1260	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"	1648	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1261	}	1649	};
1262		1650
1263	sub AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY {	1651	*AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY = sub {
1264	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1652	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1265		1653
1266	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1654	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};
1267	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1655	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1268		1656
1269	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1657	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
		1658	};
		1659	};
		1660	die if $@;
		1661
		1662	&child
1270	}	1663	}
1271		1664
1272	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless	1665	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
1273	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting	1666	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
1274	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.	1667	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
1275	sub idle {	1668	sub idle {
		1669	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1670	*idle = sub {
1276	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1671	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1277		1672
1278	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};	1673	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
1279		1674
1280	$rcb = sub {	1675	$rcb = sub {
1281	if ($cb) {	1676	if ($cb) {
1282	$w = _time;	1677	$w = _time;
1283	&$cb;	1678	&$cb;
1284	$w = _time - $w;	1679	$w = _time - $w;
1285		1680
1286	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,	1681	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
1287	# within some limits	1682	# within some limits
1288	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;	1683	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
1289	$w = 5 if $w > 5;	1684	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
1290		1685
1291	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $w, cb => $rcb);	1686	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
1292	} else {	1687	} else {
1293	# clean up...	1688	# clean up...
1294	undef $w;	1689	undef $w;
1295	undef $rcb;	1690	undef $rcb;
		1691	}
		1692	};
		1693
		1694	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1695
		1696	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1296	}	1697	};
		1698
		1699	*AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY = sub {
		1700	undef $${$_[0]};
		1701	};
1297	};	1702	};
		1703	die if $@;
1298		1704
1299	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.05, cb => $rcb);	1705	&idle
1300
1301	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1302	}
1303
1304	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
1305	undef $${$_[0]};
1306	}	1706	}
1307		1707
1308	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1708	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1309		1709
1310	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1710	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
1311		1711
1312	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1712	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1313		1713
1314	use overload	1714	#use overload
1315	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1715	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
1316	fallback => 1;	1716	# fallback => 1;
		1717
		1718	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1719	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1720	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1721	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1722	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1723
		1724	our $WAITING;
1317		1725
1318	sub _send {	1726	sub _send {
1319	# nop	1727	# nop
1320	}	1728	}
1321		1729
…		…
1334	sub ready {	1742	sub ready {
1335	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1743	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1336	}	1744	}
1337		1745
1338	sub _wait {	1746	sub _wait {
		1747	$WAITING
		1748	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
		1749	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
		1750
		1751	local $WAITING = 1;
1339	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};	1752	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1340	}	1753	}
1341		1754
1342	sub recv {	1755	sub recv {
1343	$_[0]->_wait;	1756	$_[0]->_wait;
…		…
1345	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1758	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};
1346	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1759	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1347	}	1760	}
1348		1761
1349	sub cb {	1762	sub cb {
1350	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1763	my $cv = shift;
		1764
		1765	@_
		1766	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1767	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1768	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1769
1351	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1770	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1352	}	1771	}
1353		1772
1354	sub begin {	1773	sub begin {
1355	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1774	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1356	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1775	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1405	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.	1824	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1406		1825
1407	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event	1826	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1408	model it chooses.	1827	model it chooses.
1409		1828
		1829	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1830	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1831
1410	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>	1832	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
1411		1833
1412	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough	1834	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
1413	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value	1835	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
1414	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly	1836	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
1415	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,	1837	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
1416	it will croak.	1838	it will croak.
1417		1839
1418	In other words, enables "strict" mode.	1840	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
1419		1841
1420	Unlike C<use strict>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in	1842	Unlike C<use strict> (or it's modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
1421	production. Keeping C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while	1843	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
1422	developing programs can be very useful, however.	1844	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1845	can be very useful, however.
1423		1846
1424	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>	1847	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1425		1848
1426	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before	1849	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1427	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting	1850	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
…		…
1489		1912
1490	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during	1913	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
1491	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment	1914	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
1492	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations	1915	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
1493	instead of a system-dependent default.	1916	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1917
		1918	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		1919
		1920	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		1921	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
1494		1922
1495	=back	1923	=back
1496		1924
1497	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1925	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1498		1926
…		…
1556	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	1984	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1557	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	1985	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1558	},	1986	},
1559	);	1987	);
1560		1988
1561	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1562
1563	sub new_timer {
1564	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	1989	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1565	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	1990	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1566	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1567	});	1991	});
1568	}
1569
1570	new_timer; # create first timer
1571		1992
1572	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i	1993	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1573		1994
1574	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	1995	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1575		1996
…		…
1648		2069
1649	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	2070	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
1650	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects	2071	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
1651	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	2072	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
1652	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	2073	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
1653	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	2074	problems get reported to the code that tries to use the result, not in a
1654	random callback.	2075	random callback.
1655		2076
1656	All of this enables the following usage styles:	2077	All of this enables the following usage styles:
1657		2078
1658	1. Blocking:	2079	1. Blocking:
…		…
1706	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2127	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1707	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2128	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1708	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2129	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1709		2130
1710	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2131	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1711	distribution.	2132	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2133	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1712		2134
1713	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2135	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1714		2136
1715	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2137	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1716	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2138	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1737	watcher.	2159	watcher.
1738		2160
1739	=head3 Results	2161	=head3 Results
1740		2162
1741	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2163	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1742	EV/EV 400000 224 0.47 0.35 0.27 EV native interface	2164	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1743	EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2165	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1744	CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2166	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1745	Perl/Any 100000 452 4.13 0.73 0.95 pure perl implementation	2167	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1746	Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface	2168	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1747	Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2169	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
1748	IOAsync/Any 16000 989 38.10 32.77 11.13 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll	2170	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
1749	IOAsync/Any 16000 990 37.59 29.50 10.61 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll	2171	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1750	Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour	2172	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1751	Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2173	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1752	POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event	2174	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1753	POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select	2175	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1754		2176
1755	=head3 Discussion	2177	=head3 Discussion
1756		2178
1757	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2179	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1758	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2180	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1770	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2192	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1771	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2193	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1772	cycles with POE.	2194	cycles with POE.
1773		2195
1774	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2196	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1775	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2197	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2198	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2199	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1776	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2200	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1777	natively.
1778		2201
1779	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2202	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1780	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2203	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1781	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2204	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1782	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2205	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
…		…
1856	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2279	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1857	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2280	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1858	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2281	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1859		2282
1860	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2283	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1861	distribution.	2284	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2285	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1862		2286
1863	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2287	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1864		2288
1865	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2289	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1866	each server has a read and write socket end).	2290	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1874	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2298	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1875		2299
1876	=head3 Results	2300	=head3 Results
1877		2301
1878	name sockets create request	2302	name sockets create request
1879	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2303	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1880	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2304	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1881	IOAsync 20000 157.00 98.14 epoll	2305	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1882	IOAsync 20000 159.31 616.06 poll	2306	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
1883	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2307	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
1884	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2308	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1885	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2309	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1886		2310
1887	=head3 Discussion	2311	=head3 Discussion
1888		2312
1889	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2313	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1890	particular event loop.	2314	particular event loop.
…		…
2016	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the	2440	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
2017	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl	2441	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
2018	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.	2442	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
2019		2443
2020	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and	2444	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
2021	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda by a	2445	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
2022	large margin, even though it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O	2446	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
2023	in a non-blocking way.	2447	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
2024		2448
2025	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and	2449	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
2026	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are	2450	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
2027	part of the IO::lambda distribution and were used without any changes.	2451	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
2028		2452
2029		2453
2030	=head1 SIGNALS	2454	=head1 SIGNALS
2031		2455
2032	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:	2456	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
…		…
2037		2461
2038	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher	2462	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
2039	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some	2463	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
2040	event loops install a similar handler.	2464	event loops install a similar handler.
2041		2465
2042	If, when AnyEvent is loaded, SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then AnyEvent will	2466	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
2043	reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.	2467	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
2044		2468
2045	=item SIGPIPE	2469	=item SIGPIPE
2046		2470
2047	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>	2471	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
2048	when AnyEvent gets loaded.	2472	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
…		…
2066	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';	2490	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
2067		2491
2068	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }	2492	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
2069	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};	2493	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
2070		2494
		2495	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2496
		2497	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2498	it's built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2499
		2500	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2501	modules if they are installed.
		2502
		2503	This section explains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2504	affect AnyEvent's operation.
		2505
		2506	=over 4
		2507
		2508	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2509
		2510	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2511	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2512	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2513	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2514	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2515	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2516
		2517	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2518	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2519	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for
		2520	battery life on laptops).
		2521
		2522	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2523	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2524
		2525	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2526	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2527	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2528	does nothing for those backends.
		2529
		2530	=item L<EV>
		2531
		2532	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2533	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2534	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2535	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2536	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2537	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2538	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2539	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2540
		2541	If you only use backends that rely on another event loop (e.g. C<Tk>),
		2542	then this module will do nothing for you.
		2543
		2544	=item L<Guard>
		2545
		2546	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2547	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2548	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2549	purely used for performance.
		2550
		2551	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2552
		2553	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
		2554	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. L<JSON> is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2555	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2556
		2557	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2558
		2559	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2560	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2561	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2562
		2563	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2564
		2565	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2566	chosen event library does not come with a timing source on it's own. The
		2567	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to
		2568	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2569
		2570	=back
		2571
		2572
2071	=head1 FORK	2573	=head1 FORK
2072		2574
2073	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2575	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
2074	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2576	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> calls
2075	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2577	- higher performance APIs such as BSD's kqueue or the dreaded Linux epoll
		2578	are usually badly thought-out hacks that are incompatible with fork in
		2579	one way or another. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware and ensures that you
		2580	continue event-processing in both parent and child (or both, if you know
		2581	what you are doing).
		2582
		2583	This means that, in general, you cannot fork and do event processing in
		2584	the child if the event library was initialised before the fork (which
		2585	usually happens when the first AnyEvent watcher is created, or the library
		2586	is loaded).
2076		2587
2077	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2588	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
2078	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2589	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2590	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
		2591
		2592	The problem of doing event processing in the parent I<and> the child
		2593	is much more complicated: even for backends that I<are> fork-aware or
		2594	fork-safe, their behaviour is not usually what you want: fork clones all
		2595	watchers, that means all timers, I/O watchers etc. are active in both
		2596	parent and child, which is almost never what you want. USing C<exec>
		2597	to start worker children from some kind of manage rprocess is usually
		2598	preferred, because it is much easier and cleaner, at the expense of having
		2599	to have another binary.
2079		2600
2080		2601
2081	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2602	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
2082		2603
2083	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2604	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
2121	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2642	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
2122		2643
2123	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2644	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
2124	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2645	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
2125	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2646	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
2126	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2647	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
2127		2648
2128	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2649	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
2129	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2650	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
2130		2651
2131	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2652	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
2132		2653
2133	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2654	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,
		2655	L<Coro::Event>,
2134		2656
2135	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2657	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,
		2658	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
2136		2659
2137		2660
2138	=head1 AUTHOR	2661	=head1 AUTHOR
2139		2662
2140	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2663	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>

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