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Revision 1.352 by root, Thu Aug 4 09:14:01 2011 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
		6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
		12	# if you prefer function calls, look at the AE manpage for
		13	# an alternative API.
		14
		15	# file handle or descriptor readable
11	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub {	16	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
		17
		18	# one-shot or repeating timers
		19	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
		20	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...);
		21
		22	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
		23	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
		24
		25	# POSIX signal
		26	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });
		27
		28	# child process exit
		29	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
		30	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
12	...	31	...
13	});	32	});
14		33
15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub {	34	# called when event loop idle (if applicable)
16	...	35	my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... });
17	});
18		36
19	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged	37	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
20	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's	38	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
21	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send	39	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
		40	# use a condvar in callback mode:
		41	$w->cb (sub { $_[0]->recv });
22		42
23	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL	43	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
24		44
25	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested	45	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
26	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	46	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
27	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	47	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
28		48
		49	=head1 SUPPORT
		50
		51	An FAQ document is available as L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		52
		53	There also is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		54	channel, too.
		55
		56	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		57	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
		58
29	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	59	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
30		60
31	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	61	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
32	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	62	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
33		63
34	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of	64	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of
35	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.	65	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.
36		66
37	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only	67	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only
38	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use in a	68	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use, in a
39	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,	69	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,
40	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,	70	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,
41	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent	71	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent
42	helps hiding the differences between those event loops.	72	cannot change this, but it can hide the differences between those event
		73	loops.
43		74
44	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event	75	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event
45	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a	76	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a
46	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your	77	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your
47	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	78	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
48	model you use.	79	model you use.
49		80
50	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	81	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
51	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	82	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
52	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	83	like joining a cult: After you join, you are dependent on them and you
53	cannot use anything else, as it is simply incompatible to everything that	84	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
54	isn't itself. What's worse, all the potential users of your module are	85	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
55	I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	86	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
56		87
57	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	88	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
58	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	89	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
59	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if	90	with the rest: POE + EV? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if your module
60	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	91	uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it, too. But if
61	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	92	your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all event models it
62	event models it supports (including stuff like POE and IO::Async, as long	93	supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those use one of the
63	as those use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new	94	supported event loops. It is easy to add new event loops to AnyEvent, too,
64	event loops to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	95	so it is future-proof).
65		96
66	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	97	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
67	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	98	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
68	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	99	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
69	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	100	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and to the point, by only
70	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as	101	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
71	technically possible.	102	technically possible.
72		103
73	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox	104	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
74	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%	105	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
…		…
80	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	111	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
81	model, you should I<not> use this module.	112	model, you should I<not> use this module.
82		113
83	=head1 DESCRIPTION	114	=head1 DESCRIPTION
84		115
85	L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This	116	L<AnyEvent> provides a uniform interface to various event loops. This
86	allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module	117	allows module authors to use event loop functionality without forcing
87	users to use the same event loop (as only a single event loop can coexist	118	module users to use a specific event loop implementation (since more
88	peacefully at any one time).	119	than one event loop cannot coexist peacefully).
89		120
90	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>	121	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>
91	module.	122	module.
92		123
93	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries	124	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries
94	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the	125	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the
95	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>,	126	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>, L<AnyEvent::Loop>,
96	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>,	127	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>. The first one
97	L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries	128	found is used. If none are detected, the module tries to load the first
98	to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl	129	four modules in the order given; but note that if L<EV> is not
99	adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can	130	available, the pure-perl L<AnyEvent::Loop> should always work, so
100	be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be	131	the other two are not normally tried.
101	found, AnyEvent will fall back to a pure-perl event loop, which is not
102	very efficient, but should work everywhere.
103		132
104	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading	133	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading
105	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make	134	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make
106	that model the default. For example:	135	that model the default. For example:
107		136
…		…
109	use AnyEvent;	138	use AnyEvent;
110		139
111	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk	140	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk
112		141
113	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and	142	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and
114	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to	143	starts using it, all bets are off - this case should be very rare though,
115	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...	144	as very few modules hardcode event loops without announcing this very
		145	loudly.
116		146
117	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	147	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called C<AnyEvent::Loop>. Like
118	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	148	other event modules you can load it explicitly and enjoy the high
119	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)	149	availability of that event loop :)
120		150
121	=head1 WATCHERS	151	=head1 WATCHERS
122		152
123	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	153	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
124	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	154	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
…		…
127	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After	157	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
128	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the	158	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
129	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	159	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
130	is in control).	160	is in control).
131		161
		162	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
		163	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
		164	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practice in
		165	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
		166	widely between event loops.
		167
132	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	168	To disable a watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
133	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	169	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
134	to it).	170	to it).
135		171
136	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	172	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
137		173
138	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for	174	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
139	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.	175	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
140		176
141	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:	177	One way to achieve that is this pattern:
142		178
143	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {	179	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
144	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it	180	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
145	undef $w;	181	undef $w;
146	});	182	});
…		…
149	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	185	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
150	declared.	186	declared.
151		187
152	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	188	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
153		189
		190	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		191	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		192	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		193	cb => <callback>,
		194	);
		195
154	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	196	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
155	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	197	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
156		198
157	C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	199	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
		200	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
		201	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
		202	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
		203	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
		204	or block devices.
		205
158	for events. C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>,	206	C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a
159	which creates a watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events,	207	watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively.
		208
160	respectively. C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle	209	C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
161	becomes ready.
162		210
163	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	211	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
164	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	212	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
165	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.	213	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
166		214
167	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.	215	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.
168	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the	216	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the
169	underlying file descriptor.	217	underlying file descriptor.
170		218
171	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	219	Some event loops issue spurious readiness notifications, so you should
172	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	220	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
173	handles.	221	handles.
174		222
175	Example:
176
177	# wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the watcher	223	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
		224	watcher.
		225
178	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {	226	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
179	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);	227	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);
180	warn "read: $input\n";	228	warn "read: $input\n";
181	undef $w;	229	undef $w;
182	});	230	});
183		231
184	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	232	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
185		233
		234	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		235
		236	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		237	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		238	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		239	cb => <callback>,
		240	);
		241
186	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	242	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
187	method with the following mandatory arguments:	243	method with the following mandatory arguments:
188		244
189	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	245	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
190	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	246	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
192		248
193	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	249	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
194	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	250	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
195	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	251	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
196		252
197	The timer callback will be invoked at most once: if you want a repeating	253	The callback will normally be invoked only once. If you specify another
198	timer you have to create a new watcher (this is a limitation by both Tk	254	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
199	and Glib).	255	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
		256	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
		257	false value, then it is treated as if it were not specified at all.
200		258
201	Example:	259	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
		260	attempt is made to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
		261	only approximate.
202		262
203	# fire an event after 7.7 seconds	263	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
		264
204	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	265	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
205	warn "timeout\n";	266	warn "timeout\n";
206	});	267	});
207		268
208	# to cancel the timer:	269	# to cancel the timer:
209	undef $w;	270	undef $w;
210		271
211	Example 2:
212
213	# fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second	272	Example 2: fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second.
214	my $w;
215		273
216	my $cb = sub {
217	# cancel the old timer while creating a new one
218	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => $cb);	274	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, interval => 1, cb => sub {
		275	warn "timeout\n";
219	};	276	};
220
221	# start the "loop" by creating the first watcher
222	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, cb => $cb);
223		277
224	=head3 TIMING ISSUES	278	=head3 TIMING ISSUES
225		279
226	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire	280	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire
227	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12	281	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12
…		…
229		283
230	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they	284	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they
231	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock	285	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock
232	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from	286	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from
233	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to	287	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to
234	fire "after" a second might actually take six years to finally fire.	288	fire "after a second" might actually take six years to finally fire.
235		289
236	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious	290	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious
237	about these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based	291	of these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based
238	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)	292	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)
239	timers.	293	timers.
240		294
241	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the	295	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
242	AnyEvent API.	296	AnyEvent API.
…		…
264	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the	318	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
265	function to call when you want to know the current time.>	319	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
266		320
267	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and	321	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
268	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,	322	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
269	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts).	323	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update its activity timeouts).
270		324
271	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact	325	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
272	with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.	326	with your timing; you can skip it without a bad conscience.
273		327
274	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>	328	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
275	and L<EV> and the following set-up:	329	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
276		330
277	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at	331	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callbacks at
278	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,	332	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
279	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a	333	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
280	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires	334	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
281	after three seconds.	335	after three seconds.
282		336
…		…
300	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you	354	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
301	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the	355	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
302	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into	356	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
303	account.	357	account.
304		358
		359	=item AnyEvent->now_update
		360
		361	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Loop>) cache the current
		362	time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<< AnyEvent->now >>,
		363	above).
		364
		365	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
		366	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
		367	might affect timers and time-outs.
		368
		369	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
		370	event loop's idea of "current time".
		371
		372	A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) -
		373	when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong
		374	idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the
		375	script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<<
		376	AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again
		377	(e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler).
		378
		379	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
		380
305	=back	381	=back
306		382
307	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	383	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
308		384
		385	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
		386
309	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	387	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
310	I<name> without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl callback to	388	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
311	be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	389	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
312		390
313	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	391	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
314	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	392	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
315	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.	393	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.
316		394
…		…
318	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	396	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
319	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	397	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
320	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	398	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
321		399
322	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	400	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
323	between multiple watchers.	401	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		402	interrupt your program at bad times.
324		403
325	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	404	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
326	directly will likely not work correctly.	405	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		406	correctly.
327		407
328	Example: exit on SIGINT	408	Example: exit on SIGINT
329		409
330	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	410	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
331		411
		412	=head3 Restart Behaviour
		413
		414	While restart behaviour is up to the event loop implementation, most will
		415	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's
		416	pure perl implementation).
		417
		418	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals
		419
		420	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling) or
		421	"unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might get delayed indefinitely, the
		422	latter might corrupt your memory.
		423
		424	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,
		425	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be
		426	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.
		427	callbacks, too).
		428
		429	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		430
		431	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		432	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		433	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		434	this. AnyEvent will try to do its best, which means in some cases,
		435	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		436	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		437	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		438	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		439	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		440	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		441	saving.
		442
		443	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		444	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		445	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		446	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does its own workaround with
		447	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		448
332	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	449	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
333		450
		451	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		452
334	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	453	You can also watch for a child process exit and catch its exit status.
335		454
336	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	455	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (on some backends,
337	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often	456	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
338	as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a	457	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
339	signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>. The callback will be called with the pid	458	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
340	and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types,	459	(stopped/continued).
341	you I<can> rely on child watcher callback arguments.	460
		461	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
		462	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
		463	callback arguments.
		464
		465	This watcher type works by installing a signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>,
		466	and since it cannot be shared, nothing else should use SIGCHLD or reap
		467	random child processes (waiting for specific child processes, e.g. inside
		468	C<system>, is just fine).
342		469
343	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	470	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
344	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	471	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
345	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	472	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
346		473
347	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	474	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		475	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
348	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	476	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
349	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	477	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		478	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		479	start the watcher.
350		480
351	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	481	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
352	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	482	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
353	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	483	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		484	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		485
		486	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		487	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which case the latency and race
		488	problems mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
354		489
355	Example: fork a process and wait for it	490	Example: fork a process and wait for it
356		491
357	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	492	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
358		493
…		…
368	);	503	);
369		504
370	# do something else, then wait for process exit	505	# do something else, then wait for process exit
371	$done->recv;	506	$done->recv;
372		507
		508	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
		509
		510	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
		511
		512	This will repeatedly invoke the callback after the process becomes idle,
		513	until either the watcher is destroyed or new events have been detected.
		514
		515	Idle watchers are useful when there is a need to do something, but it
		516	is not so important (or wise) to do it instantly. The callback will be
		517	invoked only when there is "nothing better to do", which is usually
		518	defined as "all outstanding events have been handled and no new events
		519	have been detected". That means that idle watchers ideally get invoked
		520	when the event loop has just polled for new events but none have been
		521	detected. Instead of blocking to wait for more events, the idle watchers
		522	will be invoked.
		523
		524	Unfortunately, most event loops do not really support idle watchers (only
		525	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
		526	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
		527
		528	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
		529	program is otherwise idle:
		530
		531	my @lines; # read data
		532	my $idle_w;
		533	my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
		534	push @lines, scalar <STDIN>;
		535
		536	# start an idle watcher, if not already done
		537	$idle_w ||= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub {
		538	# handle only one line, when there are lines left
		539	if (my $line = shift @lines) {
		540	print "handled when idle: $line";
		541	} else {
		542	# otherwise disable the idle watcher again
		543	undef $idle_w;
		544	}
		545	});
		546	});
		547
373	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	548	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
		549
		550	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		551
		552	$cv->send (<list>);
		553	my @res = $cv->recv;
374		554
375	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	555	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
376	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	556	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
377	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	557	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
378		558
379	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	559	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
380	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	560	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
381		561
382	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	562	The tool to do that is called a "condition variable", so called because
383	because they represent a condition that must become true.	563	they represent a condition that must become true.
		564
		565	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
384		566
385	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	567	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
386	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	568	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
387	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	569	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
388	becomes true.	570	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
		571	the results).
389		572
390	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	573	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
391	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it	574	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
392	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<	575	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
393	->send >> method).	576	->send >> method).
394		577
395	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	578	Since condition variables are the most complex part of the AnyEvent API, here are
396	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	579	some different mental models of what they are - pick the ones you can connect to:
397	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	580
398	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	581	=over 4
399	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	582
400	a result.	583	=item * Condition variables are like callbacks - you can call them (and pass them instead
		584	of callbacks). Unlike callbacks however, you can also wait for them to be called.
		585
		586	=item * Condition variables are signals - one side can emit or send them,
		587	the other side can wait for them, or install a handler that is called when
		588	the signal fires.
		589
		590	=item * Condition variables are like "Merge Points" - points in your program
		591	where you merge multiple independent results/control flows into one.
		592
		593	=item * Condition variables represent a transaction - functions that start
		594	some kind of transaction can return them, leaving the caller the choice
		595	between waiting in a blocking fashion, or setting a callback.
		596
		597	=item * Condition variables represent future values, or promises to deliver
		598	some result, long before the result is available.
		599
		600	=back
401		601
402	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	602	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
403	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	603	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
404	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	604	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
405	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	605	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
418		618
419	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys	619	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys
420	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing	620	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing
421	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of	621	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of
422	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call	622	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call
423	it's C<new> method in your own C<new> method.	623	its C<new> method in your own C<new> method.
424		624
425	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which	625	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which
426	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits	626	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
427	for the send to occur.	627	for the send to occur.
428		628
429	Example: wait for a timer.	629	Example: wait for a timer.
430		630
431	# wait till the result is ready	631	# condition: "wait till the timer is fired"
432	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	632	my $timer_fired = AnyEvent->condvar;
433		633
434	# do something such as adding a timer	634	# create the timer - we could wait for, say
435	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->send	635	# a handle becomign ready, or even an
436	# when the "result" is ready.	636	# AnyEvent::HTTP request to finish, but
437	# in this case, we simply use a timer:	637	# in this case, we simply use a timer:
438	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (	638	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (
439	after => 1,	639	after => 1,
440	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	640	cb => sub { $timer_fired->send },
441	);	641	);
442		642
443	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	643	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
444	# calls send	644	# calls ->send
445	$result_ready->recv;	645	$timer_fired->recv;
446		646
447	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	647	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
448	condition variables are also code references.	648	variables are also callable directly.
449		649
450	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	650	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
451	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	651	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
452	$done->recv;	652	$done->recv;
		653
		654	Example: Imagine an API that returns a condvar and doesn't support
		655	callbacks. This is how you make a synchronous call, for example from
		656	the main program:
		657
		658	use AnyEvent::CouchDB;
		659
		660	...
		661
		662	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
		663
		664	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
		665	results are available:
		666
		667	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
		668	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
		669	});
453		670
454	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS	671	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS
455		672
456	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the	673	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the
457	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also	674	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also
…		…
470	immediately from within send.	687	immediately from within send.
471		688
472	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	689	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
473	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	690	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
474		691
475	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	692	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
476	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	693	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
477	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	694	C<send>.
478	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
479	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
480	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
481	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
482	example).
483		695
484	=item $cv->croak ($error)	696	=item $cv->croak ($error)
485		697
486	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	698	Similar to send, but causes all calls to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
487	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	699	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
488		700
489	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	701	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
490	user/consumer.	702	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		703	delays the error detection, but has the overwhelming advantage that it
		704	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		705	deep in some event callback with no connection to the actual code causing
		706	the problem.
491		707
492	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	708	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
493		709
494	=item $cv->end	710	=item $cv->end
495
496	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
497		711
498	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	712	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
499	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	713	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
500	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	714	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
501		715
502	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	716	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
503	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	717	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
504	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	718	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
505	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	719	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
506	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	720	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		721	be called without any arguments.
507		722
508	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	723	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		724	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		725	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		726
		727	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		728	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		729	close before activating a condvar:
509		730
510	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	731	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
511		732
		733	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		734	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		735	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		736	or $cv->end;
		737	});
		738
		739	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		740	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		741	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		742	or $cv->end;
		743	});
		744
		745	$cv->recv;
		746
		747	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		748	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		749	sending.
		750
		751	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		752	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		753	begun can potentially be zero:
		754
		755	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		756
512	my %result;	757	my %result;
513	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	758	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
514		759
515	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	760	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
516	$cv->begin;	761	$cv->begin;
517	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	762	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
518	$result{$host} = ...;	763	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
533	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	778	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
534	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	779	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
535	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	780	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
536	doesn't execute once).	781	doesn't execute once).
537		782
538	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	783	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
539	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	784	potentially zero) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
540	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	785	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
541	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	786	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		787	call C<end>.
542		788
543	=back	789	=back
544		790
545	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	791	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
546		792
…		…
550	=over 4	796	=over 4
551		797
552	=item $cv->recv	798	=item $cv->recv
553		799
554	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak	800	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak
555	>> methods have been called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers	801	>> methods have been called on C<$cv>, while servicing other watchers
556	normally.	802	normally.
557		803
558	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but	804	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but
559	will return immediately.	805	will return immediately.
560		806
…		…
562	function will call C<croak>.	808	function will call C<croak>.
563		809
564	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	810	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
565	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	811	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
566		812
		813	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		814	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		815	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		816	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		817	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		818	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		819
567	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	820	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
568	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	821	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
569	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	822	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
570	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	823	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
571	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	824	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
572	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	825	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
573	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	826	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
574		827
575	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
576	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
577	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
578	can supply.
579
580	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
581	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
582	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
583	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
584	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
585
586	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	828	You can ensure that C<< ->recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
587	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	829	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
588	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	830	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
589	waits otherwise.	831	waits otherwise.
590		832
591	=item $bool = $cv->ready	833	=item $bool = $cv->ready
592		834
593	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or	835	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or
594	C<croak> have been called.	836	C<croak> have been called.
595		837
596	=item $cb = $cv->cb ([new callback])	838	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
597		839
598	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	840	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
599	replaces it before doing so.	841	replaces it before doing so.
600		842
601	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	843	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when
602	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	844	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the
603	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	845	condition variable itself. If the condition is already true, the
604	is guaranteed not to block.	846	callback is called immediately when it is set. Calling C<recv> inside
		847	the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
605		848
606	=back	849	=back
607		850
		851	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		852
		853	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		854
		855	=over 4
		856
		857	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		858
		859	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		860	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		861	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		862	AnyEvent itself.
		863
		864	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		865	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl AnyEvent::Loop, fast and portable.
		866
		867	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		868
		869	These will be used if they are already loaded when the first watcher
		870	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		871	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		872	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		873	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		874
		875	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		876	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		877	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		878	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		879	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		880	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		881	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async.
		882	AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa based on Cocoa::EventLoop.
		883	AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK based on FLTK.
		884
		885	=item Backends with special needs.
		886
		887	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		888	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		889	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		890	everything should just work.
		891
		892	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		893
		894	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		895
		896	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		897
		898	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		899
		900	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		901	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		902	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		903	consider for AnyEvent.
		904
		905	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		906	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		907
		908	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		909	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		910	in which case everything will be automatic.
		911
		912	=back
		913
608	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	914	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
609		915
		916	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		917	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		918
610	=over 4	919	=over 4
611		920
612	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	921	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
613		922
614	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	923	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		924	backend has been autodetected.
		925
615	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	926	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
616	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	927	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
617	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	928	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl::xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
618	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	929	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
619		930	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
620	The known classes so far are:
621
622	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
623	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
624	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
625	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
626	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
627	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
628	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
629	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
630
631	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
632	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
633	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
634	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
635	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
636	it's adaptor.
637
638	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
639	autodetecting them.
640		931
641	=item AnyEvent::detect	932	=item AnyEvent::detect
642		933
643	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	934	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
644	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	935	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
645	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	936	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
646	runtime.	937	runtime, and not e.g. during initialisation of your module.
		938
		939	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		940	created, use C<post_detect>.
647		941
648	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	942	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
649		943
650	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	944	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
651	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	945	autodetected (or immediately if that has already happened).
		946
		947	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		948	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		949	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		950	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		951	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		952
		953	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		954	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		955	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		956	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
652		957
653	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	958	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
654	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	959	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		960	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
655	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	961	a case where this is useful.
		962
		963	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		964	C<$WATCHER>, but do so only do so after the event loop is initialised.
		965
		966	our WATCHER;
		967
		968	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		969	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		970	};
		971
		972	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		973	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		974	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		975	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		976
		977	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
656		978
657	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	979	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
658		980
659	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	981	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
660	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	982	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will be called directly
661	the event loop has been chosen.	983	after the event loop has been chosen.
662		984
663	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	985	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
664	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	986	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
665	and the array will be ignored.	987	array will be ignored.
666		988
667	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	989	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		990	it, as it takes care of these details.
		991
		992	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		993	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		994	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		995	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
		996
		997	Example: To load Coro::AnyEvent whenever Coro and AnyEvent are used
		998	together, you could put this into Coro (this is the actual code used by
		999	Coro to accomplish this):
		1000
		1001	if (defined $AnyEvent::MODEL) {
		1002	# AnyEvent already initialised, so load Coro::AnyEvent
		1003	require Coro::AnyEvent;
		1004	} else {
		1005	# AnyEvent not yet initialised, so make sure to load Coro::AnyEvent
		1006	# as soon as it is
		1007	push @AnyEvent::post_detect, sub { require Coro::AnyEvent };
		1008	}
668		1009
669	=back	1010	=back
670		1011
671	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	1012	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
672		1013
…		…
683	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using	1024	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using
684	events is to stay interactive.	1025	events is to stay interactive.
685		1026
686	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module	1027	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module
687	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method	1028	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method
688	called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->recv >>	1029	called C<results> that returns the results, it may call C<< ->recv >>
689	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always).	1030	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. Always).
690		1031
691	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM	1032	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM
692		1033
693	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should	1034	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should
694	dictate which event model to use.	1035	dictate which event model to use.
695		1036
696	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not	1037	If the program is not event-based, it need not do anything special, even
697	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent	1038	when it depends on a module that uses an AnyEvent. If the program itself
698	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.	1039	uses AnyEvent, but does not care which event loop is used, all it needs
		1040	to do is C<use AnyEvent>. In either case, AnyEvent will choose the best
		1041	available loop implementation.
699		1042
700	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in	1043	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in
701	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the	1044	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the
702	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally	1045	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally
703	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that	1046	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that
704	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will	1047	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will
705	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it	1048	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it
706	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.	1049	might choose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.
707		1050
708	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the	1051	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the
709	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar behaviour	1052	C<AnyEvent::Loop> module, which gives you similar behaviour
710	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.	1053	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.
711		1054
712	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION	1055	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION
713		1056
714	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who	1057	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who
…		…
727		1070
728		1071
729	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1072	=head1 OTHER MODULES
730		1073
731	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1074	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
732	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1075	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
733	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1076	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
734	available via CPAN.	1077	come as part of AnyEvent, the others are available via CPAN.
735		1078
736	=over 4	1079	=over 4
737		1080
738	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1081	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
739		1082
740	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	1083	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used blocking
741	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	1084	functions such as C<inet_aton> with event/callback-based versions.
742
743	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
744
745	Provide read and write buffers and manages watchers for reads and writes.
746		1085
747	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	1086	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
748		1087
749	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	1088	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
750	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp	1089	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
751	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.	1090	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.
752		1091
		1092	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
		1093
		1094	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
		1095	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
		1096	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>).
		1097
753	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1098	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
754		1099
755	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1100	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
756		1101
		1102	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>, L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IGS>, L<AnyEvent::FCP>
		1103
		1104	Implement event-based interfaces to the protocols of the same name (for
		1105	the curious, IGS is the International Go Server and FCP is the Freenet
		1106	Client Protocol).
		1107
		1108	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle::UDP>
		1109
		1110	Here be danger!
		1111
		1112	As Pauli would put it, "Not only is it not right, it's not even wrong!" -
		1113	there are so many things wrong with AnyEvent::Handle::UDP, most notably
		1114	its use of a stream-based API with a protocol that isn't streamable, that
		1115	the only way to improve it is to delete it.
		1116
		1117	It features data corruption (but typically only under load) and general
		1118	confusion. On top, the author is not only clueless about UDP but also
		1119	fact-resistant - some gems of his understanding: "connect doesn't work
		1120	with UDP", "UDP packets are not IP packets", "UDP only has datagrams, not
		1121	packets", "I don't need to implement proper error checking as UDP doesn't
		1122	support error checking" and so on - he doesn't even understand what's
		1123	wrong with his module when it is explained to him.
		1124
		1125	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
		1126
		1127	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process for you,
		1128	notifying you in an event-based way when the operation is finished.
		1129
		1130	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		1131
		1132	Truly asynchronous (as opposed to non-blocking) I/O, should be in the
		1133	toolbox of every event programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
		1134	L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent together, giving AnyEvent access to event-based
		1135	file I/O, and much more.
		1136
757	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	1137	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
758		1138
759	Provides a simple web application server framework.	1139	A simple embedded webserver.
760		1140
761	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	1141	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
762		1142
763	The fastest ping in the west.	1143	The fastest ping in the west.
764		1144
765	=item L<Net::IRC3>
766
767	AnyEvent based IRC client module family.
768
769	=item L<Net::XMPP2>
770
771	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
772
773	=item L<Net::FCP>
774
775	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
776	of AnyEvent.
777
778	=item L<Event::ExecFlow>
779
780	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
781
782	=item L<Coro>	1145	=item L<Coro>
783		1146
784	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1147	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
785		1148
786	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>, L<IO::AIO>
787
788	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
789	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses IO::AIO and AnyEvent
790	together.
791
792	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>, L<BDB>
793
794	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
795	IO::AIO and AnyEvent together.
796
797	=item L<IO::Lambda>
798
799	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
800
801	=back	1149	=back
802		1150
803	=cut	1151	=cut
804		1152
805	package AnyEvent;	1153	package AnyEvent;
806		1154
807	no warnings;	1155	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
808	use strict;	1156	sub common_sense {
		1157	# from common:.sense 3.4
		1158	${^WARNING_BITS} ^= ${^WARNING_BITS} ^ "\x3c\x3f\x33\x00\x0f\xf0\x0f\xc0\xf0\xfc\x33\x00";
		1159	# use strict vars subs - NO UTF-8, as Util.pm doesn't like this atm. (uts46data.pl)
		1160	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1161	}
809		1162
		1163	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1164
810	use Carp;	1165	use Carp ();
811		1166
812	our $VERSION = 4.12;	1167	our $VERSION = '5.34';
813	our $MODEL;	1168	our $MODEL;
814		1169
815	our $AUTOLOAD;	1170	our $AUTOLOAD;
816	our @ISA;	1171	our @ISA;
817		1172
818	our @REGISTRY;	1173	our @REGISTRY;
819		1174
820	our $WIN32;	1175	our $VERBOSE;
821		1176
822	BEGIN {	1177	BEGIN {
823	my $win32 = ! ! ($^O =~ /mswin32/i);	1178	require "AnyEvent/constants.pl";
824	eval "sub WIN32(){ $win32 }";
825	}
826		1179
		1180	eval "sub TAINT (){" . (${^TAINT}*1) . "}";
		1181
		1182	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1183	if ${^TAINT};
		1184
827	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1185	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1186
		1187	}
		1188
		1189	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
828		1190
829	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1191	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
830		1192
831	{	1193	{
832	my $idx;	1194	my $idx;
…		…
834	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1196	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
835	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1197	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
836	}	1198	}
837		1199
838	my @models = (	1200	my @models = (
839	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1201	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
840	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],	1202	[AnyEvent::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
841	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],
842	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1203	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
843	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1204	# as the pure perl backend should work everywhere
844	# and is usually faster	1205	# and is usually faster
		1206	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1207	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1208	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1209	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
845	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1210	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
846	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
847	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
848	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1211	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
849	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1212	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
850	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1213	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
851	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1214	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1215	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::],
		1216	[Cocoa::EventLoop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa::],
		1217	[FLTK:: => AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK::],
852	);	1218	);
853		1219
854	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer time now signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);	1220	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
		1221	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar DESTROY);
855		1222
856	our @post_detect;	1223	our @post_detect;
857		1224
858	sub post_detect(&) {	1225	sub post_detect(&) {
859	my ($cb) = @_;	1226	my ($cb) = @_;
860		1227
861	if ($MODEL) {
862	$cb->();
863
864	1
865	} else {
866	push @post_detect, $cb;	1228	push @post_detect, $cb;
867		1229
868	defined wantarray	1230	defined wantarray
869	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect"	1231	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
870	: ()	1232	: ()
		1233	}
		1234
		1235	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
		1236	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
		1237	}
		1238
		1239	sub detect() {
		1240	# free some memory
		1241	*detect = sub () { $MODEL };
		1242
		1243	local $!; # for good measure
		1244	local $SIG{__DIE__};
		1245
		1246	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
		1247	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
		1248	if (eval "require $model") {
		1249	$MODEL = $model;
		1250	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
		1251	} else {
		1252	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
		1253	}
871	}	1254	}
872	}
873		1255
874	sub AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect::DESTROY {	1256	# check for already loaded models
875	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
876	}
877
878	sub detect() {
879	unless ($MODEL) {	1257	unless ($MODEL) {
880	no strict 'refs';	1258	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
881	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1259	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
882		1260	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
883	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
884	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
885	if (eval "require $model") {	1261	if (eval "require $model") {
886	$MODEL = $model;	1262	$MODEL = $model;
887	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1263	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
888	} else {	1264	last;
889	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1265	}
890	}	1266	}
891	}	1267	}
892		1268
893	# check for already loaded models
894	unless ($MODEL) {	1269	unless ($MODEL) {
		1270	# try to autoload a model
895	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1271	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
896	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1272	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1273	if (
		1274	$autoload
		1275	and eval "require $package"
897	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1276	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
898	if (eval "require $model") {	1277	and eval "require $model"
		1278	) {
899	$MODEL = $model;	1279	$MODEL = $model;
900	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1280	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
901	last;	1281	last;
902	}
903	}	1282	}
904	}	1283	}
905		1284
906	unless ($MODEL) {
907	# try to load a model
908
909	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
910	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
911	if (eval "require $package"
912	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
913	and eval "require $model") {
914	$MODEL = $model;
915	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
916	last;
917	}
918	}
919
920	$MODEL	1285	$MODEL
921	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.";	1286	or die "AnyEvent: backend autodetection failed - did you properly install AnyEvent?\n";
922	}
923	}	1287	}
924
925	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
926	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
927
928	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
929	}	1288	}
		1289
		1290	@models = (); # free probe data
		1291
		1292	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
		1293	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
		1294
		1295	# now nuke some methods that are overridden by the backend.
		1296	# SUPER is not allowed.
		1297	for (qw(time signal child idle)) {
		1298	undef &{"AnyEvent::Base::$_"}
		1299	if defined &{"$MODEL\::$_"};
		1300	}
		1301
		1302	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}) {
		1303	eval { require AnyEvent::Strict };
		1304	warn "AnyEvent: cannot load AnyEvent::Strict: $@"
		1305	if $@ && $VERBOSE;
		1306	}
		1307
		1308	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
		1309
		1310	*post_detect = sub(&) {
		1311	shift->();
		1312
		1313	undef
		1314	};
930		1315
931	$MODEL	1316	$MODEL
932	}	1317	}
933		1318
934	sub AUTOLOAD {	1319	sub AUTOLOAD {
935	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1320	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
936		1321
937	$method{$func}	1322	$method{$func}
938	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1323	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid AnyEvent class method";
939		1324
940	detect unless $MODEL;	1325	detect;
941		1326
942	my $class = shift;	1327	my $class = shift;
943	$class->$func (@_);	1328	$class->$func (@_);
944	}	1329	}
945		1330
		1331	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
		1332	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
		1333	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
		1334	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
		1335	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
		1336
		1337	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
		1338	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
		1339
		1340	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
		1341	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
		1342
		1343	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
		1344
		1345	($fh2, $rw)
		1346	}
		1347
		1348	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1349
		1350	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1351	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1352	overhead by using function call syntax and a fixed number of parameters.
		1353
		1354	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1355
		1356	=cut
		1357
		1358	package AE;
		1359
		1360	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1361
		1362	# fall back to the main API by default - backends and AnyEvent::Base
		1363	# implementations can overwrite these.
		1364
		1365	sub io($$$) {
		1366	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1367	}
		1368
		1369	sub timer($$$) {
		1370	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1371	}
		1372
		1373	sub signal($$) {
		1374	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1375	}
		1376
		1377	sub child($$) {
		1378	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1379	}
		1380
		1381	sub idle($) {
		1382	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])
		1383	}
		1384
		1385	sub cv(;&) {
		1386	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1387	}
		1388
		1389	sub now() {
		1390	AnyEvent->now
		1391	}
		1392
		1393	sub now_update() {
		1394	AnyEvent->now_update
		1395	}
		1396
		1397	sub time() {
		1398	AnyEvent->time
		1399	}
		1400
946	package AnyEvent::Base;	1401	package AnyEvent::Base;
947		1402
948	# default implementation for now and time	1403	# default implementations for many methods
949		1404
950	use Time::HiRes ();	1405	sub time {
		1406	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1407	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
		1408	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1409	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1410	*AE::time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
		1411	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
		1412	} else {
		1413	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
		1414	*AE::time = sub (){ time }; # epic fail
		1415	}
951		1416
952	sub time { Time::HiRes::time }	1417	*time = sub { AE::time }; # different prototypes
953	sub now { Time::HiRes::time }	1418	};
		1419	die if $@;
		1420
		1421	&time
		1422	}
		1423
		1424	*now = \&time;
		1425
		1426	sub now_update { }
		1427
		1428	sub _poll {
		1429	Carp::croak "$AnyEvent::MODEL does not support blocking waits. Caught";
		1430	}
954		1431
955	# default implementation for ->condvar	1432	# default implementation for ->condvar
		1433	# in fact,t he default should not be overwritten
956		1434
957	sub condvar {	1435	sub condvar {
		1436	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1437	*condvar = sub {
958	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar::	1438	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1439	};
		1440
		1441	*AE::cv = sub (;&) {
		1442	bless { @_ ? (_ae_cb => shift) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1443	};
		1444	};
		1445	die if $@;
		1446
		1447	&condvar
959	}	1448	}
960		1449
961	# default implementation for ->signal	1450	# default implementation for ->signal
962		1451
963	our %SIG_CB;	1452	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1453
		1454	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1455	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1456	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
		1457	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1458
		1459	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1460	}
		1461
		1462	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1463	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1464	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
		1465
		1466	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1467	# used by Impls
		1468	sub _sig_add() {
		1469	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1470	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1471	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1472
		1473	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1474	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1475	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1476	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1477	;
		1478	}
		1479	}
		1480
		1481	sub _sig_del {
		1482	undef $SIG_TW
		1483	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
		1484	}
		1485
		1486	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1487	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1488	undef $_sig_name_init;
		1489
		1490	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1491	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1492	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1493	} else {
		1494	require Config;
		1495
		1496	my %signame2num;
		1497	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1498	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
		1499
		1500	my @signum2name;
		1501	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
		1502
		1503	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1504	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1505	};
		1506	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1507	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1508	};
		1509	}
		1510	};
		1511	die if $@;
		1512	};
		1513
		1514	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1515	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
964		1516
965	sub signal {	1517	sub signal {
		1518	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1519	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1520	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1521	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1522
		1523	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
		1524	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1525
		1526	} else {
		1527	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1528
		1529	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1530	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1531
		1532	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1533	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1534	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1535	} else {
		1536	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
		1537	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1538	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1539
		1540	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1541	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1542	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1543	}
		1544
		1545	$SIGPIPE_R
		1546	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1547
		1548	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1549	}
		1550
		1551	*signal = $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1552	? sub {
966	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1553	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
967		1554
		1555	# async::interrupt
968	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1556	my $signal = sig2num $arg{signal};
969	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
970
971	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1557	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1558
		1559	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1560	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1561	signal => $signal,
		1562	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1563	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1564	;
		1565
		1566	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1567	}
		1568	: sub {
		1569	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1570
		1571	# pure perl
		1572	my $signal = sig2name $arg{signal};
		1573	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1574
972	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1575	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
		1576	local $!;
		1577	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
		1578	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1579	};
		1580
		1581	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1582	# so limit the signal latency.
		1583	_sig_add;
		1584
		1585	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1586	}
		1587	;
		1588
		1589	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1590	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1591
		1592	_sig_del;
		1593
		1594	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1595
		1596	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1597	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1598	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1599	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1600	# instead of getting the default action.
		1601	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1602	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1603	};
		1604
		1605	*_signal_exec = sub {
		1606	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1607	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1608	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
		1609
		1610	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1611	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1612	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
973	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} || {} };	1613	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
		1614	}
		1615	}
		1616	};
974	};	1617	};
		1618	die if $@;
975		1619
976	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal"	1620	&signal
977	}
978
979	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {
980	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
981
982	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
983
984	$SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT' unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
985	}	1621	}
986		1622
987	# default implementation for ->child	1623	# default implementation for ->child
988		1624
989	our %PID_CB;	1625	our %PID_CB;
990	our $CHLD_W;	1626	our $CHLD_W;
991	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1627	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
992	our $PID_IDLE;
993	our $WNOHANG;
994		1628
995	sub _child_wait {	1629	# used by many Impl's
996	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1630	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
		1631	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1632
		1633	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
997	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1634	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
998	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1635	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
999	}
1000
1001	undef $PID_IDLE;
1002	}
1003
1004	sub _sigchld {
1005	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.
1006	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {
1007	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1008	&_child_wait;
1009	});
1010	}	1636	}
1011		1637
1012	sub child {	1638	sub child {
		1639	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1640	*_sigchld = sub {
		1641	my $pid;
		1642
		1643	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
		1644	while ($pid = waitpid -1, WNOHANG) > 0;
		1645	};
		1646
		1647	*child = sub {
1013	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1648	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1014		1649
1015	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1650	my $pid = $arg{pid};
1016	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1651	my $cb = $arg{cb};
1017		1652
1018	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1653	$PID_CB{$pid}{$cb+0} = $cb;
1019		1654
1020	unless ($WNOHANG) {
1021	$WNOHANG = eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1022	}
1023
1024	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1655	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1025	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1656	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1026	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1657	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1027	&_sigchld;	1658	&_sigchld;
1028	}	1659	}
1029		1660
1030	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"	1661	bless [$pid, $cb+0], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1031	}	1662	};
1032		1663
1033	sub AnyEvent::Base::Child::DESTROY {	1664	*AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY = sub {
1034	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1665	my ($pid, $icb) = @{$_[0]};
1035		1666
1036	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1667	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$icb};
1037	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1668	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1038		1669
1039	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1670	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
		1671	};
		1672	};
		1673	die if $@;
		1674
		1675	&child
		1676	}
		1677
		1678	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
		1679	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
		1680	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
		1681	sub idle {
		1682	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1683	*idle = sub {
		1684	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1685
		1686	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
		1687
		1688	$rcb = sub {
		1689	if ($cb) {
		1690	$w = _time;
		1691	&$cb;
		1692	$w = _time - $w;
		1693
		1694	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
		1695	# within some limits
		1696	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
		1697	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
		1698
		1699	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
		1700	} else {
		1701	# clean up...
		1702	undef $w;
		1703	undef $rcb;
		1704	}
		1705	};
		1706
		1707	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1708
		1709	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
		1710	};
		1711
		1712	*AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY = sub {
		1713	undef $${$_[0]};
		1714	};
		1715	};
		1716	die if $@;
		1717
		1718	&idle
1040	}	1719	}
1041		1720
1042	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1721	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1043		1722
1044	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1723	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
1045		1724
		1725	# only to be used for subclassing
		1726	sub new {
		1727	my $class = shift;
		1728	bless AnyEvent->condvar (@_), $class
		1729	}
		1730
1046	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1731	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1047		1732
1048	use overload	1733	#use overload
1049	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1734	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
1050	fallback => 1;	1735	# fallback => 1;
		1736
		1737	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1738	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1739	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1740	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1741	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1742
		1743	our $WAITING;
1051		1744
1052	sub _send {	1745	sub _send {
1053	# nop	1746	# nop
		1747	}
		1748
		1749	sub _wait {
		1750	AnyEvent->_poll until $_[0]{_ae_sent};
1054	}	1751	}
1055		1752
1056	sub send {	1753	sub send {
1057	my $cv = shift;	1754	my $cv = shift;
1058	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];	1755	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];
…		…
1067		1764
1068	sub ready {	1765	sub ready {
1069	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1766	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1070	}	1767	}
1071		1768
1072	sub _wait {
1073	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1074	}
1075
1076	sub recv {	1769	sub recv {
		1770	unless ($_[0]{_ae_sent}) {
		1771	$WAITING
		1772	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait attempted";
		1773
		1774	local $WAITING = 1;
1077	$_[0]->_wait;	1775	$_[0]->_wait;
		1776	}
1078		1777
1079	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1778	$_[0]{_ae_croak}
1080	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1779	and Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak};
		1780
		1781	wantarray
		1782	? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} }
		1783	: $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1081	}	1784	}
1082		1785
1083	sub cb {	1786	sub cb {
1084	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1787	my $cv = shift;
		1788
		1789	@_
		1790	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1791	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1792	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1793
1085	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1794	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1086	}	1795	}
1087		1796
1088	sub begin {	1797	sub begin {
1089	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1798	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1090	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1799	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1095	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };	1804	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };
1096	}	1805	}
1097		1806
1098	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	1807	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
1099	*broadcast = \&send;	1808	*broadcast = \&send;
1100	*wait = \&_wait;	1809	*wait = \&recv;
		1810
		1811	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
		1812
		1813	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
		1814	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
		1815	the C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT> environment variable, below) provides strict
		1816	checking of all AnyEvent methods, however, which is highly useful during
		1817	development.
		1818
		1819	As for exception handling (i.e. runtime errors and exceptions thrown while
		1820	executing a callback), this is not only highly event-loop specific, but
		1821	also not in any way wrapped by this module, as this is the job of the main
		1822	program.
		1823
		1824	The pure perl event loop simply re-throws the exception (usually
		1825	within C<< condvar->recv >>), the L<Event> and L<EV> modules call C<<
		1826	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and
		1827	so on.
		1828
		1829	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
		1830
		1831	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
		1832	submodules.
		1833
		1834	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1835	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1836	enabled.
		1837
		1838	=over 4
		1839
		1840	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
		1841
		1842	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
		1843	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
		1844	talkative.
		1845
		1846	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
		1847	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
		1848	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
		1849
		1850	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
		1851	model it chooses.
		1852
		1853	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1854	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1855
		1856	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
		1857
		1858	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
		1859	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
		1860	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
		1861	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
		1862	it will croak.
		1863
		1864	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
		1865
		1866	Unlike C<use strict> (or its modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
		1867	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
		1868	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1869	can be very useful, however.
		1870
		1871	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
		1872
		1873	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
		1874	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
		1875	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
		1876	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
		1877	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
		1878	auto detection and -probing.
		1879
		1880	This functionality might change in future versions.
		1881
		1882	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Loop::Perl>) you
		1883	could start your program like this:
		1884
		1885	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
		1886
		1887	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
		1888
		1889	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
		1890	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
		1891	of auto probing).
		1892
		1893	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
		1894	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
		1895	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
		1896	list.
		1897
		1898	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
		1899	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
		1900	small, as the program has to handle conenction and other failures anyways.
		1901
		1902	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
		1903	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
		1904	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
		1905	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
		1906	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
		1907
		1908	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
		1909
		1910	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
		1911	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
		1912	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
		1913	default.
		1914
		1915	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
		1916	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
		1917
		1918	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
		1919
		1920	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
		1921	will create in parallel.
		1922
		1923	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		1924
		1925	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		1926	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		1927	sent to the DNS server.
		1928
		1929	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		1930
		1931	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		1932	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		1933	default config will be used.
		1934
		1935	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		1936
		1937	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		1938	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		1939	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		1940	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1941
		1942	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		1943
		1944	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		1945	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
		1946
		1947	=back
1101		1948
1102	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1949	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1103		1950
1104	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in	1951	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in
1105	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to	1952	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to
…		…
1139		1986
1140	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to	1987	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to
1141	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will	1988	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will
1142	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must	1989	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must
1143	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.	1990	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.
1144
1145	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1146
1147	The following environment variables are used by this module:
1148
1149	=over 4
1150
1151	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1152
1153	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
1154	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
1155	talkative.
1156
1157	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
1158	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
1159	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1160
1161	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1162	model it chooses.
1163
1164	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1165
1166	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1167	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
1168	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
1169	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
1170	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
1171	auto detection and -probing.
1172
1173	This functionality might change in future versions.
1174
1175	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
1176	could start your program like this:
1177
1178	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1179
1180	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
1181
1182	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
1183	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
1184	of auto probing).
1185
1186	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
1187	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
1188	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
1189	list.
1190
1191	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
1192	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
1193	small, as the program has to handle connection errors already-
1194
1195	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
1196	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
1197	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
1198	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
1199	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
1200
1201	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
1202
1203	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
1204	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
1205	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
1206	default.
1207
1208	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
1209	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
1210
1211	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
1212
1213	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
1214	will create in parallel.
1215
1216	=back
1217		1991
1218	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	1992	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
1219		1993
1220	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer	1994	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer
1221	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the	1995	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the
…		…
1234	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	2008	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1235	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	2009	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1236	},	2010	},
1237	);	2011	);
1238		2012
1239	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1240
1241	sub new_timer {
1242	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	2013	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1243	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	2014	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1244	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1245	});	2015	});
1246	}
1247
1248	new_timer; # create first timer
1249		2016
1250	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i	2017	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1251		2018
1252	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	2019	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1253		2020
…		…
1326		2093
1327	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	2094	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
1328	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects	2095	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
1329	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	2096	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
1330	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	2097	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
1331	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	2098	problems get reported to the code that tries to use the result, not in a
1332	random callback.	2099	random callback.
1333		2100
1334	All of this enables the following usage styles:	2101	All of this enables the following usage styles:
1335		2102
1336	1. Blocking:	2103	1. Blocking:
…		…
1384	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2151	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1385	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2152	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1386	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2153	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1387		2154
1388	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2155	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1389	distribution.	2156	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2157	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1390		2158
1391	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2159	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1392		2160
1393	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2161	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1394	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2162	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1415	watcher.	2183	watcher.
1416		2184
1417	=head3 Results	2185	=head3 Results
1418		2186
1419	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2187	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1420	EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface	2188	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1421	EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2189	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1422	CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2190	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1423	Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation	2191	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1424	Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface	2192	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1425	Event/Any 16000 590 35.75 31.42 1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2193	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2194	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2195	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1426	Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour	2196	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1427	Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2197	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1428	POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event	2198	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1429	POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select	2199	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1430		2200
1431	=head3 Discussion	2201	=head3 Discussion
1432		2202
1433	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2203	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1434	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2204	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1446	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2216	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1447	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2217	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1448	cycles with POE.	2218	cycles with POE.
1449		2219
1450	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2220	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1451	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2221	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2222	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2223	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1452	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2224	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1453	natively.
1454		2225
1455	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2226	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1456	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2227	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1457	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2228	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1458	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2229	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
1459	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2230	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1460	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2231	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1461		2232
1462	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2233	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1463	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2234	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2235
		2236	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2237	when using its pure perl backend.
1464		2238
1465	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2239	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1466	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2240	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1467	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2241	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1468	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2242	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1529	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2303	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1530	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2304	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1531	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2305	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1532		2306
1533	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2307	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1534	distribution.	2308	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2309	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1535		2310
1536	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2311	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1537		2312
1538	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2313	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1539	each server has a read and write socket end).	2314	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1546	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2321	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1547	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2322	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1548		2323
1549	=head3 Results	2324	=head3 Results
1550		2325
1551	name sockets create request	2326	name sockets create request
1552	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2327	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1553	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2328	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1554	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2329	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1555	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2330	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
		2331	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
		2332	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1556	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2333	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1557		2334
1558	=head3 Discussion	2335	=head3 Discussion
1559		2336
1560	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2337	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1561	particular event loop.	2338	particular event loop.
…		…
1563	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2340	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1564	is relatively high, though.	2341	is relatively high, though.
1565		2342
1566	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2343	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1567	loops Event and Glib.	2344	loops Event and Glib.
		2345
		2346	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2347	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1568		2348
1569	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2349	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1570	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2350	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1571	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2351	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1572	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2352	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1635	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2415	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1636	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2416	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1637		2417
1638	=back	2418	=back
1639		2419
		2420	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2421
		2422	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2423	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2424	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2425	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2426	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2427	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2428	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2429
		2430	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2431	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2432	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2433	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2434	benchmark nevertheless.
		2435
		2436	name runtime
		2437	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2438	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2439	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2440	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2441	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2442	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2443	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2444	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2445
		2446	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2447	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2448	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2449
		2450	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2451	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2452	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2453	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2454	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2455	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2456	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2457	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2458
		2459	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2460	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2461	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2462	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2463
		2464	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2465	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2466	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2467
		2468	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2469	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
		2470	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
		2471	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
		2472
		2473	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2474	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2475	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2476
		2477
		2478	=head1 SIGNALS
		2479
		2480	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
		2481
		2482	=over 4
		2483
		2484	=item SIGCHLD
		2485
		2486	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
		2487	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
		2488	event loops install a similar handler.
		2489
		2490	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2491	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
		2492
		2493	=item SIGPIPE
		2494
		2495	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
		2496	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
		2497
		2498	The rationale for this is that AnyEvent users usually do not really depend
		2499	on SIGPIPE delivery (which is purely an optimisation for shell use, or
		2500	badly-written programs), but C<SIGPIPE> can cause spurious and rare
		2501	program exits as a lot of people do not expect C<SIGPIPE> when writing to
		2502	some random socket.
		2503
		2504	The rationale for installing a no-op handler as opposed to ignoring it is
		2505	that this way, the handler will be restored to defaults on exec.
		2506
		2507	Feel free to install your own handler, or reset it to defaults.
		2508
		2509	=back
		2510
		2511	=cut
		2512
		2513	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2514	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2515
		2516	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
		2517	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
		2518
		2519	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2520
		2521	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2522	its built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2523
		2524	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2525	modules if they are installed.
		2526
		2527	This section explains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2528	affect AnyEvent's operation.
		2529
		2530	=over 4
		2531
		2532	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2533
		2534	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2535	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2536	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2537	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2538	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2539	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2540
		2541	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2542	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2543	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for
		2544	battery life on laptops).
		2545
		2546	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2547	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2548
		2549	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2550	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2551	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2552	does nothing for those backends.
		2553
		2554	=item L<EV>
		2555
		2556	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2557	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2558	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2559	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2560	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2561	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2562	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2563	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2564
		2565	If you only use backends that rely on another event loop (e.g. C<Tk>),
		2566	then this module will do nothing for you.
		2567
		2568	=item L<Guard>
		2569
		2570	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2571	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2572	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2573	purely used for performance.
		2574
		2575	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2576
		2577	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
		2578	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. L<JSON> is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2579	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2580
		2581	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2582
		2583	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2584	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2585	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2586
		2587	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2588
		2589	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2590	chosen event library does not come with a timing source of its own. The
		2591	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Loop>) will additionally load it to
		2592	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2593
		2594	=back
		2595
1640		2596
1641	=head1 FORK	2597	=head1 FORK
1642		2598
1643	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2599	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1644	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2600	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> calls
1645	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2601	- higher performance APIs such as BSD's kqueue or the dreaded Linux epoll
		2602	are usually badly thought-out hacks that are incompatible with fork in
		2603	one way or another. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware and ensures that you
		2604	continue event-processing in both parent and child (or both, if you know
		2605	what you are doing).
		2606
		2607	This means that, in general, you cannot fork and do event processing in
		2608	the child if the event library was initialised before the fork (which
		2609	usually happens when the first AnyEvent watcher is created, or the library
		2610	is loaded).
1646		2611
1647	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2612	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1648	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2613	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2614	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
		2615
		2616	The problem of doing event processing in the parent I<and> the child
		2617	is much more complicated: even for backends that I<are> fork-aware or
		2618	fork-safe, their behaviour is not usually what you want: fork clones all
		2619	watchers, that means all timers, I/O watchers etc. are active in both
		2620	parent and child, which is almost never what you want. USing C<exec>
		2621	to start worker children from some kind of manage rprocess is usually
		2622	preferred, because it is much easier and cleaner, at the expense of having
		2623	to have another binary.
1649		2624
1650		2625
1651	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2626	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1652		2627
1653	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2628	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
1664		2639
1665	use AnyEvent;	2640	use AnyEvent;
1666		2641
1667	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2642	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1668	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2643	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1669	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL).	2644	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
		2645	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2646
		2647	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2648	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2649	enabled.
		2650
		2651
		2652	=head1 BUGS
		2653
		2654	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
		2655	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
		2656	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
		2657	memleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
		2658	pronounced).
1670		2659
1671		2660
1672	=head1 SEE ALSO	2661	=head1 SEE ALSO
1673		2662
		2663	Tutorial/Introduction: L<AnyEvent::Intro>.
		2664
		2665	FAQ: L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		2666
1674	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.	2667	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.
1675		2668
1676	Event modules: L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>,	2669	Event modules: L<AnyEvent::Loop>, L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>,
1677	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2670	L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1678		2671
1679	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2672	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1680	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2673	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1681	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2674	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1682	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2675	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
1683		2676
1684	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2677	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
1685	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2678	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
1686		2679
1687	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2680	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
1688		2681
1689	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2682	Thread support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>.
1690		2683
1691	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2684	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>,
		2685	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1692		2686
1693		2687
1694	=head1 AUTHOR	2688	=head1 AUTHOR
1695		2689
1696	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2690	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>

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