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Revision 1.352 by root, Thu Aug 4 09:14:01 2011 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt and POE are various supported	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
6	event loops.	6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
7		7
8	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
9		9
10	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
11		11
		12	# if you prefer function calls, look at the AE manpage for
		13	# an alternative API.
		14
12	# file descriptor readable	15	# file handle or descriptor readable
13	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });	16	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
14		17
15	# one-shot or repeating timers	18	# one-shot or repeating timers
16	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });	19	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
17	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...	20	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...);
18		21
19	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time	22	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
20	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.	23	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
21		24
22	# POSIX signal	25	# POSIX signal
…		…
40	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL	43	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
41		44
42	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested	45	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	46	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	47	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
		48
		49	=head1 SUPPORT
		50
		51	An FAQ document is available as L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		52
		53	There also is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		54	channel, too.
		55
		56	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		57	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
45		58
46	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	59	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
47		60
48	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	61	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
49	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	62	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
…		…
65	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	78	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
66	model you use.	79	model you use.
67		80
68	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	81	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
69	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	82	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
70	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	83	like joining a cult: After you join, you are dependent on them and you
71	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything	84	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
72	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your	85	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
73	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	86	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
74		87
75	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	88	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
76	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	89	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
77	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if	90	with the rest: POE + EV? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if your module
78	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	91	uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it, too. But if
79	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	92	your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all event models it
80	event models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those	93	supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those use one of the
81	use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops	94	supported event loops. It is easy to add new event loops to AnyEvent, too,
82	to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	95	so it is future-proof).
83		96
84	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	97	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
85	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	98	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
86	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	99	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
87	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	100	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and to the point, by only
88	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as	101	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
89	technically possible.	102	technically possible.
90		103
91	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox	104	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
92	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%	105	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
…		…
98	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	111	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
99	model, you should I<not> use this module.	112	model, you should I<not> use this module.
100		113
101	=head1 DESCRIPTION	114	=head1 DESCRIPTION
102		115
103	L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This	116	L<AnyEvent> provides a uniform interface to various event loops. This
104	allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module	117	allows module authors to use event loop functionality without forcing
105	users to use the same event loop (as only a single event loop can coexist	118	module users to use a specific event loop implementation (since more
106	peacefully at any one time).	119	than one event loop cannot coexist peacefully).
107		120
108	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>	121	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>
109	module.	122	module.
110		123
111	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries	124	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries
112	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the	125	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the
113	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>,	126	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>, L<AnyEvent::Loop>,
114	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>,	127	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>. The first one
115	L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries	128	found is used. If none are detected, the module tries to load the first
116	to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl	129	four modules in the order given; but note that if L<EV> is not
117	adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can	130	available, the pure-perl L<AnyEvent::Loop> should always work, so
118	be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be	131	the other two are not normally tried.
119	found, AnyEvent will fall back to a pure-perl event loop, which is not
120	very efficient, but should work everywhere.
121		132
122	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading	133	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading
123	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make	134	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make
124	that model the default. For example:	135	that model the default. For example:
125		136
…		…
127	use AnyEvent;	138	use AnyEvent;
128		139
129	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk	140	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk
130		141
131	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and	142	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and
132	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to	143	starts using it, all bets are off - this case should be very rare though,
133	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...	144	as very few modules hardcode event loops without announcing this very
		145	loudly.
134		146
135	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	147	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called C<AnyEvent::Loop>. Like
136	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	148	other event modules you can load it explicitly and enjoy the high
137	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)	149	availability of that event loop :)
138		150
139	=head1 WATCHERS	151	=head1 WATCHERS
140		152
141	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	153	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
142	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	154	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
…		…
147	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	159	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
148	is in control).	160	is in control).
149		161
150	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>	162	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
151	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<	163	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
152	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in	164	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practice in
153	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs	165	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
154	widely between event loops.	166	widely between event loops.
155		167
156	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	168	To disable a watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
157	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	169	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
158	to it).	170	to it).
159		171
160	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	172	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
161		173
162	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for	174	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
163	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.	175	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
164		176
165	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:	177	One way to achieve that is this pattern:
166		178
167	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {	179	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
168	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it	180	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
169	undef $w;	181	undef $w;
170	});	182	});
…		…
173	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	185	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
174	declared.	186	declared.
175		187
176	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	188	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
177		189
		190	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		191	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		192	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		193	cb => <callback>,
		194	);
		195
178	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	196	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
179	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	197	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
180		198
181	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	199	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
182	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file	200	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
183	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which	201	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
184	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,	202	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
185	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files	203	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
186	or block devices.	204	or block devices.
…		…
196		214
197	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.	215	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.
198	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the	216	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the
199	underlying file descriptor.	217	underlying file descriptor.
200		218
201	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	219	Some event loops issue spurious readiness notifications, so you should
202	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	220	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
203	handles.	221	handles.
204		222
205	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the	223	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
206	watcher.	224	watcher.
…		…
211	undef $w;	229	undef $w;
212	});	230	});
213		231
214	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	232	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
215		233
		234	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		235
		236	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		237	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		238	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		239	cb => <callback>,
		240	);
		241
216	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	242	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
217	method with the following mandatory arguments:	243	method with the following mandatory arguments:
218		244
219	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	245	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
220	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	246	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
222		248
223	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	249	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
224	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	250	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
225	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	251	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
226		252
227	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another	253	The callback will normally be invoked only once. If you specify another
228	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the	254	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
229	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional	255	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
230	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a	256	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
231	false value, then it is treated as if it were missing.	257	false value, then it is treated as if it were not specified at all.
232		258
233	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no	259	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
234	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is	260	attempt is made to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
235	only approximate.	261	only approximate.
236		262
237	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.	263	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
238		264
239	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	265	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
…		…
257		283
258	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they	284	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they
259	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock	285	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock
260	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from	286	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from
261	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to	287	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to
262	fire "after" a second might actually take six years to finally fire.	288	fire "after a second" might actually take six years to finally fire.
263		289
264	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious	290	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious
265	about these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based	291	of these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based
266	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)	292	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)
267	timers.	293	timers.
268		294
269	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the	295	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
270	AnyEvent API.	296	AnyEvent API.
…		…
292	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the	318	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
293	function to call when you want to know the current time.>	319	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
294		320
295	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and	321	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
296	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,	322	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
297	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts).	323	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update its activity timeouts).
298		324
299	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact	325	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
300	with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.	326	with your timing; you can skip it without a bad conscience.
301		327
302	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>	328	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
303	and L<EV> and the following set-up:	329	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
304		330
305	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at	331	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callbacks at
306	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,	332	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
307	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a	333	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
308	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires	334	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
309	after three seconds.	335	after three seconds.
310		336
…		…
330	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into	356	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
331	account.	357	account.
332		358
333	=item AnyEvent->now_update	359	=item AnyEvent->now_update
334		360
335	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache	361	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Loop>) cache the current
336	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<	362	time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<< AnyEvent->now >>,
337	AnyEvent->now >>, above).	363	above).
338		364
339	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then	365	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
340	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which	366	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
341	might affect timers and time-outs.	367	might affect timers and time-outs.
342		368
343	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the	369	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
344	event loop's idea of "current time".	370	event loop's idea of "current time".
345		371
		372	A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) -
		373	when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong
		374	idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the
		375	script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<<
		376	AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again
		377	(e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler).
		378
346	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.	379	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
347		380
348	=back	381	=back
349		382
350	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	383	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
		384
		385	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
351		386
352	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	387	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
353	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl	388	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
354	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	389	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
355		390
…		…
361	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	396	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
362	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	397	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
363	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	398	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
364		399
365	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	400	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
366	between multiple watchers.	401	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		402	interrupt your program at bad times.
367		403
368	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	404	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
369	directly will likely not work correctly.	405	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		406	correctly.
370		407
371	Example: exit on SIGINT	408	Example: exit on SIGINT
372		409
373	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	410	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
374		411
		412	=head3 Restart Behaviour
		413
		414	While restart behaviour is up to the event loop implementation, most will
		415	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's
		416	pure perl implementation).
		417
		418	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals
		419
		420	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling) or
		421	"unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might get delayed indefinitely, the
		422	latter might corrupt your memory.
		423
		424	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,
		425	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be
		426	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.
		427	callbacks, too).
		428
		429	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		430
		431	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		432	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		433	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		434	this. AnyEvent will try to do its best, which means in some cases,
		435	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		436	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		437	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		438	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		439	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		440	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		441	saving.
		442
		443	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		444	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		445	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		446	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does its own workaround with
		447	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		448
375	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	449	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
376		450
		451	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		452
377	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	453	You can also watch for a child process exit and catch its exit status.
378		454
379	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	455	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (on some backends,
380	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will triggered only when	456	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
381	the child process has finished and an exit status is available, not on	457	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
382	any trace events (stopped/continued).	458	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
		459	(stopped/continued).
383		460
384	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by	461	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
385	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher	462	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
386	callback arguments.	463	callback arguments.
387		464
…		…
392		469
393	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	470	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
394	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	471	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
395	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	472	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
396		473
397	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	474	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		475	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
398	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	476	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
399	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	477	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		478	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		479	start the watcher.
400		480
401	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	481	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
402	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	482	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
403	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	483	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		484	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		485
		486	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		487	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which case the latency and race
		488	problems mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
404		489
405	Example: fork a process and wait for it	490	Example: fork a process and wait for it
406		491
407	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	492	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
408		493
…		…
420	# do something else, then wait for process exit	505	# do something else, then wait for process exit
421	$done->recv;	506	$done->recv;
422		507
423	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS	508	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
424		509
425	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important	510	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
426	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
427	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
428	attention by the event loop".
429		511
430	Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing	512	This will repeatedly invoke the callback after the process becomes idle,
431	better to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new	513	until either the watcher is destroyed or new events have been detected.
432	events. Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.
433		514
434	Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only	515	Idle watchers are useful when there is a need to do something, but it
		516	is not so important (or wise) to do it instantly. The callback will be
		517	invoked only when there is "nothing better to do", which is usually
		518	defined as "all outstanding events have been handled and no new events
		519	have been detected". That means that idle watchers ideally get invoked
		520	when the event loop has just polled for new events but none have been
		521	detected. Instead of blocking to wait for more events, the idle watchers
		522	will be invoked.
		523
		524	Unfortunately, most event loops do not really support idle watchers (only
435	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent	525	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
436	will simply call the callback "from time to time".	526	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
437		527
438	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the	528	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
439	program is otherwise idle:	529	program is otherwise idle:
…		…
455	});	545	});
456	});	546	});
457		547
458	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	548	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
459		549
		550	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		551
		552	$cv->send (<list>);
		553	my @res = $cv->recv;
		554
460	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	555	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
461	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	556	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
462	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	557	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
463		558
464	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	559	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
465	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	560	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
466		561
467	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	562	The tool to do that is called a "condition variable", so called because
468	because they represent a condition that must become true.	563	they represent a condition that must become true.
		564
		565	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
469		566
470	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	567	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
471	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	568	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
472
473	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	569	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
474	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not	570	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
475	the results).	571	the results).
476		572
477	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	573	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
478	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it	574	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
479	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<	575	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
480	->send >> method).	576	->send >> method).
481		577
482	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	578	Since condition variables are the most complex part of the AnyEvent API, here are
483	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	579	some different mental models of what they are - pick the ones you can connect to:
484	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	580
485	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	581	=over 4
486	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	582
487	a result.	583	=item * Condition variables are like callbacks - you can call them (and pass them instead
		584	of callbacks). Unlike callbacks however, you can also wait for them to be called.
		585
		586	=item * Condition variables are signals - one side can emit or send them,
		587	the other side can wait for them, or install a handler that is called when
		588	the signal fires.
		589
		590	=item * Condition variables are like "Merge Points" - points in your program
		591	where you merge multiple independent results/control flows into one.
		592
		593	=item * Condition variables represent a transaction - functions that start
		594	some kind of transaction can return them, leaving the caller the choice
		595	between waiting in a blocking fashion, or setting a callback.
		596
		597	=item * Condition variables represent future values, or promises to deliver
		598	some result, long before the result is available.
		599
		600	=back
488		601
489	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	602	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
490	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	603	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
491	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	604	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
492	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	605	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
505		618
506	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys	619	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys
507	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing	620	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing
508	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of	621	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of
509	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call	622	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call
510	it's C<new> method in your own C<new> method.	623	its C<new> method in your own C<new> method.
511		624
512	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which	625	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which
513	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits	626	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
514	for the send to occur.	627	for the send to occur.
515		628
516	Example: wait for a timer.	629	Example: wait for a timer.
517		630
518	# wait till the result is ready	631	# condition: "wait till the timer is fired"
519	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	632	my $timer_fired = AnyEvent->condvar;
520		633
521	# do something such as adding a timer	634	# create the timer - we could wait for, say
522	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->send	635	# a handle becomign ready, or even an
523	# when the "result" is ready.	636	# AnyEvent::HTTP request to finish, but
524	# in this case, we simply use a timer:	637	# in this case, we simply use a timer:
525	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (	638	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (
526	after => 1,	639	after => 1,
527	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	640	cb => sub { $timer_fired->send },
528	);	641	);
529		642
530	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	643	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
531	# calls send	644	# calls ->send
532	$result_ready->recv;	645	$timer_fired->recv;
533		646
534	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	647	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
535	condition variables are also code references.	648	variables are also callable directly.
536		649
537	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	650	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
538	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	651	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
539	$done->recv;	652	$done->recv;
540		653
…		…
546		659
547	...	660	...
548		661
549	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;	662	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
550		663
551	And this is how you would just ste a callback to be called whenever the	664	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
552	results are available:	665	results are available:
553		666
554	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {	667	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
555	my @info = $_[0]->recv;	668	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
556	});	669	});
…		…
574	immediately from within send.	687	immediately from within send.
575		688
576	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	689	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
577	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	690	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
578		691
579	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	692	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
580	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	693	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
581	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	694	C<send>.
582	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
583	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
584	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
585	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
586	example).
587		695
588	=item $cv->croak ($error)	696	=item $cv->croak ($error)
589		697
590	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	698	Similar to send, but causes all calls to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
591	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	699	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
592		700
593	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	701	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
594	user/consumer.	702	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		703	delays the error detection, but has the overwhelming advantage that it
		704	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		705	deep in some event callback with no connection to the actual code causing
		706	the problem.
595		707
596	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	708	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
597		709
598	=item $cv->end	710	=item $cv->end
599
600	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
601		711
602	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	712	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
603	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	713	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
604	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	714	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
605		715
606	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	716	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
607	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	717	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
608	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	718	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
609	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	719	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
610	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	720	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		721	be called without any arguments.
611		722
612	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	723	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		724	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		725	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		726
		727	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		728	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		729	close before activating a condvar:
613		730
614	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	731	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
615		732
		733	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		734	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		735	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		736	or $cv->end;
		737	});
		738
		739	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		740	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		741	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		742	or $cv->end;
		743	});
		744
		745	$cv->recv;
		746
		747	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		748	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		749	sending.
		750
		751	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		752	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		753	begun can potentially be zero:
		754
		755	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		756
616	my %result;	757	my %result;
617	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	758	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
618		759
619	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	760	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
620	$cv->begin;	761	$cv->begin;
621	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	762	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
622	$result{$host} = ...;	763	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
637	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	778	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
638	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	779	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
639	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	780	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
640	doesn't execute once).	781	doesn't execute once).
641		782
642	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	783	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
643	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	784	potentially zero) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
644	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	785	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
645	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	786	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		787	call C<end>.
646		788
647	=back	789	=back
648		790
649	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	791	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
650		792
…		…
654	=over 4	796	=over 4
655		797
656	=item $cv->recv	798	=item $cv->recv
657		799
658	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak	800	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak
659	>> methods have been called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers	801	>> methods have been called on C<$cv>, while servicing other watchers
660	normally.	802	normally.
661		803
662	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but	804	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but
663	will return immediately.	805	will return immediately.
664		806
…		…
666	function will call C<croak>.	808	function will call C<croak>.
667		809
668	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	810	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
669	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	811	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
670		812
		813	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		814	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		815	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		816	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		817	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		818	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		819
671	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	820	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
672	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	821	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
673	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	822	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
674	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	823	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
675	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	824	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
676	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	825	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
677	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	826	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
678		827
679	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
680	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
681	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
682	can supply.
683
684	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
685	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
686	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
687	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
688	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
689
690	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	828	You can ensure that C<< ->recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
691	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	829	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
692	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	830	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
693	waits otherwise.	831	waits otherwise.
694		832
695	=item $bool = $cv->ready	833	=item $bool = $cv->ready
…		…
701		839
702	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	840	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
703	replaces it before doing so.	841	replaces it before doing so.
704		842
705	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	843	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when
706	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	844	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the
707	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	845	condition variable itself. If the condition is already true, the
708	is guaranteed not to block.	846	callback is called immediately when it is set. Calling C<recv> inside
		847	the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
709		848
710	=back	849	=back
711		850
		851	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		852
		853	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		854
		855	=over 4
		856
		857	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		858
		859	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		860	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		861	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		862	AnyEvent itself.
		863
		864	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		865	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl AnyEvent::Loop, fast and portable.
		866
		867	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		868
		869	These will be used if they are already loaded when the first watcher
		870	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		871	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		872	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		873	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		874
		875	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		876	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		877	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		878	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		879	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		880	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		881	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async.
		882	AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa based on Cocoa::EventLoop.
		883	AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK based on FLTK.
		884
		885	=item Backends with special needs.
		886
		887	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		888	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		889	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		890	everything should just work.
		891
		892	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		893
		894	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		895
		896	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		897
		898	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		899
		900	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		901	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		902	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		903	consider for AnyEvent.
		904
		905	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		906	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		907
		908	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		909	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		910	in which case everything will be automatic.
		911
		912	=back
		913
712	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	914	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
713		915
		916	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		917	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		918
714	=over 4	919	=over 4
715		920
716	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	921	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
717		922
718	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	923	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		924	backend has been autodetected.
		925
719	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	926	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
720	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	927	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
721	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	928	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl::xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
722	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	929	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
723		930	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
724	The known classes so far are:
725
726	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
727	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
728	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
729	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
730	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
731	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
732	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
733	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
734
735	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
736	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
737	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
738	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
739	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
740	it's adaptor.
741
742	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
743	autodetecting them.
744		931
745	=item AnyEvent::detect	932	=item AnyEvent::detect
746		933
747	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	934	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
748	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	935	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
749	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	936	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
750	runtime.	937	runtime, and not e.g. during initialisation of your module.
		938
		939	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		940	created, use C<post_detect>.
751		941
752	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	942	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
753		943
754	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	944	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
755	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	945	autodetected (or immediately if that has already happened).
		946
		947	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		948	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		949	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		950	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		951	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		952
		953	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		954	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		955	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		956	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
756		957
757	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	958	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
758	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	959	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		960	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
759	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	961	a case where this is useful.
		962
		963	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		964	C<$WATCHER>, but do so only do so after the event loop is initialised.
		965
		966	our WATCHER;
		967
		968	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		969	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		970	};
		971
		972	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		973	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		974	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		975	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		976
		977	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
760		978
761	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	979	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
762		980
763	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	981	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
764	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	982	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will be called directly
765	the event loop has been chosen.	983	after the event loop has been chosen.
766		984
767	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	985	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
768	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	986	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
769	and the array will be ignored.	987	array will be ignored.
770		988
771	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	989	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		990	it, as it takes care of these details.
		991
		992	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		993	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		994	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		995	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
		996
		997	Example: To load Coro::AnyEvent whenever Coro and AnyEvent are used
		998	together, you could put this into Coro (this is the actual code used by
		999	Coro to accomplish this):
		1000
		1001	if (defined $AnyEvent::MODEL) {
		1002	# AnyEvent already initialised, so load Coro::AnyEvent
		1003	require Coro::AnyEvent;
		1004	} else {
		1005	# AnyEvent not yet initialised, so make sure to load Coro::AnyEvent
		1006	# as soon as it is
		1007	push @AnyEvent::post_detect, sub { require Coro::AnyEvent };
		1008	}
772		1009
773	=back	1010	=back
774		1011
775	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	1012	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
776		1013
…		…
787	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using	1024	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using
788	events is to stay interactive.	1025	events is to stay interactive.
789		1026
790	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module	1027	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module
791	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method	1028	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method
792	called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->recv >>	1029	called C<results> that returns the results, it may call C<< ->recv >>
793	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always).	1030	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. Always).
794		1031
795	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM	1032	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM
796		1033
797	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should	1034	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should
798	dictate which event model to use.	1035	dictate which event model to use.
799		1036
800	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not	1037	If the program is not event-based, it need not do anything special, even
801	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent	1038	when it depends on a module that uses an AnyEvent. If the program itself
802	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.	1039	uses AnyEvent, but does not care which event loop is used, all it needs
		1040	to do is C<use AnyEvent>. In either case, AnyEvent will choose the best
		1041	available loop implementation.
803		1042
804	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in	1043	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in
805	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the	1044	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the
806	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally	1045	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally
807	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that	1046	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that
808	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will	1047	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will
809	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it	1048	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it
810	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.	1049	might choose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.
811		1050
812	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the	1051	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the
813	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar behaviour	1052	C<AnyEvent::Loop> module, which gives you similar behaviour
814	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.	1053	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.
815		1054
816	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION	1055	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION
817		1056
818	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who	1057	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who
…		…
831		1070
832		1071
833	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1072	=head1 OTHER MODULES
834		1073
835	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1074	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
836	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1075	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
837	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1076	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
838	available via CPAN.	1077	come as part of AnyEvent, the others are available via CPAN.
839		1078
840	=over 4	1079	=over 4
841		1080
842	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1081	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
843		1082
844	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	1083	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used blocking
845	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	1084	functions such as C<inet_aton> with event/callback-based versions.
846		1085
847	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	1086	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
848		1087
849	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	1088	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
850	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp	1089	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
…		…
852		1091
853	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>	1092	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
854		1093
855	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,	1094	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
856	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and	1095	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
857	non-blocking SSL/TLS.	1096	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>).
858		1097
859	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1098	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
860		1099
861	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1100	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
862		1101
		1102	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>, L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IGS>, L<AnyEvent::FCP>
		1103
		1104	Implement event-based interfaces to the protocols of the same name (for
		1105	the curious, IGS is the International Go Server and FCP is the Freenet
		1106	Client Protocol).
		1107
		1108	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle::UDP>
		1109
		1110	Here be danger!
		1111
		1112	As Pauli would put it, "Not only is it not right, it's not even wrong!" -
		1113	there are so many things wrong with AnyEvent::Handle::UDP, most notably
		1114	its use of a stream-based API with a protocol that isn't streamable, that
		1115	the only way to improve it is to delete it.
		1116
		1117	It features data corruption (but typically only under load) and general
		1118	confusion. On top, the author is not only clueless about UDP but also
		1119	fact-resistant - some gems of his understanding: "connect doesn't work
		1120	with UDP", "UDP packets are not IP packets", "UDP only has datagrams, not
		1121	packets", "I don't need to implement proper error checking as UDP doesn't
		1122	support error checking" and so on - he doesn't even understand what's
		1123	wrong with his module when it is explained to him.
		1124
863	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>	1125	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
864		1126
865	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent	1127	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process for you,
866	HTTP requests.	1128	notifying you in an event-based way when the operation is finished.
		1129
		1130	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		1131
		1132	Truly asynchronous (as opposed to non-blocking) I/O, should be in the
		1133	toolbox of every event programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
		1134	L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent together, giving AnyEvent access to event-based
		1135	file I/O, and much more.
867		1136
868	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	1137	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
869		1138
870	Provides a simple web application server framework.	1139	A simple embedded webserver.
871		1140
872	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	1141	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
873		1142
874	The fastest ping in the west.	1143	The fastest ping in the west.
875		1144
876	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
877
878	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
879
880	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
881
882	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
883	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent
884	together.
885
886	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>
887
888	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses
889	L<BDB> and AnyEvent together.
890
891	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
892
893	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
894
895	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
896
897	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
898	L<App::IGS>).
899
900	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
901
902	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
903
904	=item L<Net::XMPP2>
905
906	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
907
908	=item L<Net::FCP>
909
910	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
911	of AnyEvent.
912
913	=item L<Event::ExecFlow>
914
915	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
916
917	=item L<Coro>	1145	=item L<Coro>
918		1146
919	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1147	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
920		1148
921	=item L<IO::Lambda>
922
923	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
924
925	=back	1149	=back
926		1150
927	=cut	1151	=cut
928		1152
929	package AnyEvent;	1153	package AnyEvent;
930		1154
931	no warnings;	1155	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
932	use strict qw(vars subs);	1156	sub common_sense {
		1157	# from common:.sense 3.4
		1158	${^WARNING_BITS} ^= ${^WARNING_BITS} ^ "\x3c\x3f\x33\x00\x0f\xf0\x0f\xc0\xf0\xfc\x33\x00";
		1159	# use strict vars subs - NO UTF-8, as Util.pm doesn't like this atm. (uts46data.pl)
		1160	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1161	}
933		1162
		1163	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1164
934	use Carp;	1165	use Carp ();
935		1166
936	our $VERSION = 4.411;	1167	our $VERSION = '5.34';
937	our $MODEL;	1168	our $MODEL;
938		1169
939	our $AUTOLOAD;	1170	our $AUTOLOAD;
940	our @ISA;	1171	our @ISA;
941		1172
942	our @REGISTRY;	1173	our @REGISTRY;
943		1174
944	our $WIN32;	1175	our $VERBOSE;
945		1176
946	BEGIN {	1177	BEGIN {
947	my $win32 = ! ! ($^O =~ /mswin32/i);	1178	require "AnyEvent/constants.pl";
948	eval "sub WIN32(){ $win32 }";
949	}
950		1179
		1180	eval "sub TAINT (){" . (${^TAINT}*1) . "}";
		1181
		1182	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1183	if ${^TAINT};
		1184
951	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1185	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1186
		1187	}
		1188
		1189	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
952		1190
953	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1191	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
954		1192
955	{	1193	{
956	my $idx;	1194	my $idx;
…		…
958	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1196	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
959	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1197	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
960	}	1198	}
961		1199
962	my @models = (	1200	my @models = (
963	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1201	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
964	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],	1202	[AnyEvent::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
965	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],
966	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1203	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
967	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1204	# as the pure perl backend should work everywhere
968	# and is usually faster	1205	# and is usually faster
		1206	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1207	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1208	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1209	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
969	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1210	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
970	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
971	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
972	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1211	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
973	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1212	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
974	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1213	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
975	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1214	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1215	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::],
		1216	[Cocoa::EventLoop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa::],
		1217	[FLTK:: => AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK::],
976	);	1218	);
977		1219
978	our %method = map +($_ => 1),	1220	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
979	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);	1221	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar DESTROY);
980		1222
981	our @post_detect;	1223	our @post_detect;
982		1224
983	sub post_detect(&) {	1225	sub post_detect(&) {
984	my ($cb) = @_;	1226	my ($cb) = @_;
985		1227
986	if ($MODEL) {
987	$cb->();
988
989	1
990	} else {
991	push @post_detect, $cb;	1228	push @post_detect, $cb;
992		1229
993	defined wantarray	1230	defined wantarray
994	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"	1231	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
995	: ()	1232	: ()
996	}
997	}	1233	}
998		1234
999	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {	1235	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
1000	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;	1236	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
1001	}	1237	}
1002		1238
1003	sub detect() {	1239	sub detect() {
		1240	# free some memory
		1241	*detect = sub () { $MODEL };
		1242
		1243	local $!; # for good measure
		1244	local $SIG{__DIE__};
		1245
		1246	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
		1247	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
		1248	if (eval "require $model") {
		1249	$MODEL = $model;
		1250	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
		1251	} else {
		1252	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
		1253	}
		1254	}
		1255
		1256	# check for already loaded models
1004	unless ($MODEL) {	1257	unless ($MODEL) {
1005	no strict 'refs';	1258	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1006	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1259	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
1007		1260	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
1008	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
1009	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
1010	if (eval "require $model") {	1261	if (eval "require $model") {
1011	$MODEL = $model;	1262	$MODEL = $model;
1012	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1263	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1013	} else {	1264	last;
1014	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1265	}
1015	}	1266	}
1016	}	1267	}
1017		1268
1018	# check for already loaded models
1019	unless ($MODEL) {	1269	unless ($MODEL) {
		1270	# try to autoload a model
1020	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1271	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1021	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1272	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1273	if (
		1274	$autoload
		1275	and eval "require $package"
1022	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1276	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1023	if (eval "require $model") {	1277	and eval "require $model"
		1278	) {
1024	$MODEL = $model;	1279	$MODEL = $model;
1025	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1280	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1026	last;	1281	last;
1027	}
1028	}	1282	}
1029	}	1283	}
1030		1284
1031	unless ($MODEL) {
1032	# try to load a model
1033
1034	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1035	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
1036	if (eval "require $package"
1037	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1038	and eval "require $model") {
1039	$MODEL = $model;
1040	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
1041	last;
1042	}
1043	}
1044
1045	$MODEL	1285	$MODEL
1046	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";	1286	or die "AnyEvent: backend autodetection failed - did you properly install AnyEvent?\n";
1047	}
1048	}	1287	}
1049
1050	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
1051
1052	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
1053
1054	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
1055
1056	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
1057	}	1288	}
		1289
		1290	@models = (); # free probe data
		1291
		1292	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
		1293	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
		1294
		1295	# now nuke some methods that are overridden by the backend.
		1296	# SUPER is not allowed.
		1297	for (qw(time signal child idle)) {
		1298	undef &{"AnyEvent::Base::$_"}
		1299	if defined &{"$MODEL\::$_"};
		1300	}
		1301
		1302	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}) {
		1303	eval { require AnyEvent::Strict };
		1304	warn "AnyEvent: cannot load AnyEvent::Strict: $@"
		1305	if $@ && $VERBOSE;
		1306	}
		1307
		1308	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
		1309
		1310	*post_detect = sub(&) {
		1311	shift->();
		1312
		1313	undef
		1314	};
1058		1315
1059	$MODEL	1316	$MODEL
1060	}	1317	}
1061		1318
1062	sub AUTOLOAD {	1319	sub AUTOLOAD {
1063	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1320	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
1064		1321
1065	$method{$func}	1322	$method{$func}
1066	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1323	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid AnyEvent class method";
1067		1324
1068	detect unless $MODEL;	1325	detect;
1069		1326
1070	my $class = shift;	1327	my $class = shift;
1071	$class->$func (@_);	1328	$class->$func (@_);
1072	}	1329	}
1073		1330
1074	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends	1331	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
1075	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually	1332	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
1076	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).	1333	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
1077	sub _dupfh($$$$) {	1334	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
1078	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;	1335	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
1079		1336
1080	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't	1337	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
1081	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<")	1338	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
1082	: $poll eq "w" ? ($w, ">")
1083	: Carp::croak "AnyEvent->io requires poll set to either 'r' or 'w'";
1084		1339
1085	open my $fh2, "$mode&" . fileno $fh	1340	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
1086	or die "cannot dup() filehandle: $!,";	1341	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
1087		1342
1088	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases	1343	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
1089		1344
1090	($fh2, $rw)	1345	($fh2, $rw)
1091	}	1346	}
1092		1347
		1348	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1349
		1350	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1351	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1352	overhead by using function call syntax and a fixed number of parameters.
		1353
		1354	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1355
		1356	=cut
		1357
		1358	package AE;
		1359
		1360	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1361
		1362	# fall back to the main API by default - backends and AnyEvent::Base
		1363	# implementations can overwrite these.
		1364
		1365	sub io($$$) {
		1366	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1367	}
		1368
		1369	sub timer($$$) {
		1370	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1371	}
		1372
		1373	sub signal($$) {
		1374	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1375	}
		1376
		1377	sub child($$) {
		1378	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1379	}
		1380
		1381	sub idle($) {
		1382	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])
		1383	}
		1384
		1385	sub cv(;&) {
		1386	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1387	}
		1388
		1389	sub now() {
		1390	AnyEvent->now
		1391	}
		1392
		1393	sub now_update() {
		1394	AnyEvent->now_update
		1395	}
		1396
		1397	sub time() {
		1398	AnyEvent->time
		1399	}
		1400
1093	package AnyEvent::Base;	1401	package AnyEvent::Base;
1094		1402
1095	# default implementations for many methods	1403	# default implementations for many methods
1096		1404
1097	BEGIN {	1405	sub time {
		1406	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1407	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
1098	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {	1408	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1409	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1099	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;	1410	*AE::time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
1100	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...	1411	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
1101	} else {	1412	} else {
		1413	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
1102	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail	1414	*AE::time = sub (){ time }; # epic fail
		1415	}
		1416
		1417	*time = sub { AE::time }; # different prototypes
		1418	};
		1419	die if $@;
		1420
		1421	&time
		1422	}
		1423
		1424	*now = \&time;
		1425
		1426	sub now_update { }
		1427
		1428	sub _poll {
		1429	Carp::croak "$AnyEvent::MODEL does not support blocking waits. Caught";
		1430	}
		1431
		1432	# default implementation for ->condvar
		1433	# in fact,t he default should not be overwritten
		1434
		1435	sub condvar {
		1436	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1437	*condvar = sub {
		1438	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1439	};
		1440
		1441	*AE::cv = sub (;&) {
		1442	bless { @_ ? (_ae_cb => shift) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1443	};
		1444	};
		1445	die if $@;
		1446
		1447	&condvar
		1448	}
		1449
		1450	# default implementation for ->signal
		1451
		1452	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1453
		1454	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1455	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1456	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
		1457	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1458
		1459	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1460	}
		1461
		1462	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1463	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1464	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
		1465
		1466	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1467	# used by Impls
		1468	sub _sig_add() {
		1469	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1470	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1471	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1472
		1473	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1474	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1475	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1476	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1477	;
1103	}	1478	}
1104	}	1479	}
1105		1480
1106	sub time { _time }	1481	sub _sig_del {
1107	sub now { _time }	1482	undef $SIG_TW
1108	sub now_update { }	1483	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
1109
1110	# default implementation for ->condvar
1111
1112	sub condvar {
1113	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
1114	}	1484	}
1115		1485
1116	# default implementation for ->signal	1486	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1487	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1488	undef $_sig_name_init;
1117		1489
1118	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);	1490	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1491	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1492	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1493	} else {
		1494	require Config;
1119		1495
1120	sub _signal_exec {	1496	my %signame2num;
1121	sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 4;	1497	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1498	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
1122		1499
1123	while (%SIG_EV) {	1500	my @signum2name;
1124	for (keys %SIG_EV) {	1501	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
1125	delete $SIG_EV{$_};	1502
1126	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };	1503	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1504	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1505	};
		1506	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1507	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1508	};
1127	}	1509	}
1128	}	1510	};
1129	}	1511	die if $@;
		1512	};
		1513
		1514	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1515	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
1130		1516
1131	sub signal {	1517	sub signal {
1132	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1518	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1519	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1520	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1521	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1133		1522
1134	unless ($SIGPIPE_R) {	1523	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
1135	require Fcntl;	1524	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1136		1525
1137	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
1138	require AnyEvent::Util;
1139
1140	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
1141	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R) if $SIGPIPE_R;
1142	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1143	} else {	1526	} else {
		1527	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1528
		1529	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1530	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1531
		1532	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1533	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1534	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1535	} else {
1144	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;	1536	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
1145	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;	1537	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
1146	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case	1538	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1147		1539
1148	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...	1540	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
1149	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;	1541	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
1150	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;	1542	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1543	}
		1544
		1545	$SIGPIPE_R
		1546	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1547
		1548	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1151	}	1549	}
1152		1550
1153	$SIGPIPE_R	1551	*signal = $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
1154	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";	1552	? sub {
		1553	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1155		1554
1156	$SIG_IO = AnyEvent->io (fh => $SIGPIPE_R, poll => "r", cb => \&_signal_exec);	1555	# async::interrupt
1157	}
1158
1159	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1556	my $signal = sig2num $arg{signal};
1160	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
1161
1162	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1557	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1558
		1559	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1560	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1561	signal => $signal,
		1562	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1563	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1564	;
		1565
		1566	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1567	}
		1568	: sub {
		1569	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1570
		1571	# pure perl
		1572	my $signal = sig2name $arg{signal};
		1573	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1574
1163	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1575	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
1164	local $!;	1576	local $!;
1165	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;	1577	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
1166	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};	1578	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1579	};
		1580
		1581	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1582	# so limit the signal latency.
		1583	_sig_add;
		1584
		1585	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1586	}
		1587	;
		1588
		1589	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1590	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1591
		1592	_sig_del;
		1593
		1594	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1595
		1596	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1597	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1598	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1599	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1600	# instead of getting the default action.
		1601	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1602	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1603	};
		1604
		1605	*_signal_exec = sub {
		1606	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1607	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1608	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
		1609
		1610	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1611	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1612	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
		1613	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
		1614	}
		1615	}
		1616	};
1167	};	1617	};
		1618	die if $@;
1168		1619
1169	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"	1620	&signal
1170	}
1171
1172	sub AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY {
1173	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1174
1175	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
1176
1177	# delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
1178	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
1179	# instead of getting the default action.
1180	undef $SIG{$signal} unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
1181	}	1621	}
1182		1622
1183	# default implementation for ->child	1623	# default implementation for ->child
1184		1624
1185	our %PID_CB;	1625	our %PID_CB;
1186	our $CHLD_W;	1626	our $CHLD_W;
1187	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1627	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1188	our $WNOHANG;
1189		1628
1190	sub _sigchld {	1629	# used by many Impl's
1191	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1630	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
		1631	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1632
		1633	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
1192	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1634	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
1193	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1635	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
1194	}
1195	}	1636	}
1196		1637
1197	sub child {	1638	sub child {
		1639	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1640	*_sigchld = sub {
		1641	my $pid;
		1642
		1643	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
		1644	while ($pid = waitpid -1, WNOHANG) > 0;
		1645	};
		1646
		1647	*child = sub {
1198	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1648	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1199		1649
1200	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1650	my $pid = $arg{pid};
1201	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1651	my $cb = $arg{cb};
1202		1652
1203	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1653	$PID_CB{$pid}{$cb+0} = $cb;
1204		1654
1205	$WNOHANG ||= eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1206
1207	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1655	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1208	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1656	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1209	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1657	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1210	&_sigchld;	1658	&_sigchld;
1211	}	1659	}
1212		1660
1213	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"	1661	bless [$pid, $cb+0], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1214	}	1662	};
1215		1663
1216	sub AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY {	1664	*AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY = sub {
1217	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1665	my ($pid, $icb) = @{$_[0]};
1218		1666
1219	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1667	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$icb};
1220	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1668	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1221		1669
1222	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1670	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
		1671	};
		1672	};
		1673	die if $@;
		1674
		1675	&child
1223	}	1676	}
1224		1677
1225	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless	1678	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
1226	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting	1679	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
1227	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.	1680	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
1228	sub idle {	1681	sub idle {
		1682	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1683	*idle = sub {
1229	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1684	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1230		1685
1231	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};	1686	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
1232		1687
1233	$rcb = sub {	1688	$rcb = sub {
1234	if ($cb) {	1689	if ($cb) {
1235	$w = _time;	1690	$w = _time;
1236	&$cb;	1691	&$cb;
1237	$w = _time - $w;	1692	$w = _time - $w;
1238		1693
1239	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,	1694	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
1240	# within some limits	1695	# within some limits
1241	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;	1696	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
1242	$w = 5 if $w > 5;	1697	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
1243		1698
1244	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $w, cb => $rcb);	1699	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
1245	} else {	1700	} else {
1246	# clean up...	1701	# clean up...
1247	undef $w;	1702	undef $w;
1248	undef $rcb;	1703	undef $rcb;
		1704	}
		1705	};
		1706
		1707	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1708
		1709	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1249	}	1710	};
		1711
		1712	*AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY = sub {
		1713	undef $${$_[0]};
		1714	};
1250	};	1715	};
		1716	die if $@;
1251		1717
1252	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.05, cb => $rcb);	1718	&idle
1253
1254	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1255	}
1256
1257	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
1258	undef $${$_[0]};
1259	}	1719	}
1260		1720
1261	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1721	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1262		1722
1263	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1723	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
1264		1724
		1725	# only to be used for subclassing
		1726	sub new {
		1727	my $class = shift;
		1728	bless AnyEvent->condvar (@_), $class
		1729	}
		1730
1265	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1731	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1266		1732
1267	use overload	1733	#use overload
1268	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1734	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
1269	fallback => 1;	1735	# fallback => 1;
		1736
		1737	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1738	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1739	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1740	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1741	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1742
		1743	our $WAITING;
1270		1744
1271	sub _send {	1745	sub _send {
1272	# nop	1746	# nop
		1747	}
		1748
		1749	sub _wait {
		1750	AnyEvent->_poll until $_[0]{_ae_sent};
1273	}	1751	}
1274		1752
1275	sub send {	1753	sub send {
1276	my $cv = shift;	1754	my $cv = shift;
1277	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];	1755	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];
…		…
1286		1764
1287	sub ready {	1765	sub ready {
1288	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1766	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1289	}	1767	}
1290		1768
1291	sub _wait {
1292	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1293	}
1294
1295	sub recv {	1769	sub recv {
		1770	unless ($_[0]{_ae_sent}) {
		1771	$WAITING
		1772	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait attempted";
		1773
		1774	local $WAITING = 1;
1296	$_[0]->_wait;	1775	$_[0]->_wait;
		1776	}
1297		1777
1298	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1778	$_[0]{_ae_croak}
1299	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1779	and Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak};
		1780
		1781	wantarray
		1782	? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} }
		1783	: $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1300	}	1784	}
1301		1785
1302	sub cb {	1786	sub cb {
1303	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1787	my $cv = shift;
		1788
		1789	@_
		1790	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1791	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1792	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1793
1304	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1794	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1305	}	1795	}
1306		1796
1307	sub begin {	1797	sub begin {
1308	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1798	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1309	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1799	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1314	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };	1804	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };
1315	}	1805	}
1316		1806
1317	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	1807	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
1318	*broadcast = \&send;	1808	*broadcast = \&send;
1319	*wait = \&_wait;	1809	*wait = \&recv;
1320		1810
1321	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING	1811	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
1322		1812
1323	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the	1813	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
1324	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also	1814	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
…		…
1337	so on.	1827	so on.
1338		1828
1339	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES	1829	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1340		1830
1341	The following environment variables are used by this module or its	1831	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
1342	submodules:	1832	submodules.
		1833
		1834	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1835	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1836	enabled.
1343		1837
1344	=over 4	1838	=over 4
1345		1839
1346	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>	1840	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1347		1841
…		…
1354	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.	1848	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1355		1849
1356	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event	1850	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1357	model it chooses.	1851	model it chooses.
1358		1852
		1853	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1854	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1855
1359	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>	1856	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
1360		1857
1361	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough	1858	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
1362	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value	1859	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
1363	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly	1860	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
1364	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems	1861	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
1365	it will croak.	1862	it will croak.
1366		1863
1367	In other words, enables "strict" mode.	1864	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
1368		1865
1369	Unlike C<use strict>, it is definitely recommended ot keep it off in	1866	Unlike C<use strict> (or its modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
1370	production. Keeping C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while	1867	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
1371	developing programs can be very useful, however.	1868	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1869	can be very useful, however.
1372		1870
1373	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>	1871	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1374		1872
1375	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before	1873	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1376	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting	1874	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
…		…
1379	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with	1877	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
1380	auto detection and -probing.	1878	auto detection and -probing.
1381		1879
1382	This functionality might change in future versions.	1880	This functionality might change in future versions.
1383		1881
1384	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you	1882	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Loop::Perl>) you
1385	could start your program like this:	1883	could start your program like this:
1386		1884
1387	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...	1885	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1388		1886
1389	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>	1887	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
…		…
1419		1917
1420	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>	1918	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
1421		1919
1422	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>	1920	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
1423	will create in parallel.	1921	will create in parallel.
		1922
		1923	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		1924
		1925	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		1926	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		1927	sent to the DNS server.
		1928
		1929	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		1930
		1931	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		1932	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		1933	default config will be used.
		1934
		1935	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		1936
		1937	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		1938	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		1939	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		1940	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1941
		1942	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		1943
		1944	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		1945	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
1424		1946
1425	=back	1947	=back
1426		1948
1427	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1949	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1428		1950
…		…
1486	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	2008	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1487	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	2009	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1488	},	2010	},
1489	);	2011	);
1490		2012
1491	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1492
1493	sub new_timer {
1494	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	2013	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1495	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	2014	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1496	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1497	});	2015	});
1498	}
1499
1500	new_timer; # create first timer
1501		2016
1502	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i	2017	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1503		2018
1504	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	2019	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1505		2020
…		…
1578		2093
1579	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	2094	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
1580	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects	2095	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
1581	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	2096	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
1582	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	2097	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
1583	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	2098	problems get reported to the code that tries to use the result, not in a
1584	random callback.	2099	random callback.
1585		2100
1586	All of this enables the following usage styles:	2101	All of this enables the following usage styles:
1587		2102
1588	1. Blocking:	2103	1. Blocking:
…		…
1636	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2151	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1637	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2152	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1638	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2153	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1639		2154
1640	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2155	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1641	distribution.	2156	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2157	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1642		2158
1643	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2159	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1644		2160
1645	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2161	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1646	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2162	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1667	watcher.	2183	watcher.
1668		2184
1669	=head3 Results	2185	=head3 Results
1670		2186
1671	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2187	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1672	EV/EV 400000 224 0.47 0.35 0.27 EV native interface	2188	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1673	EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2189	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1674	CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2190	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1675	Perl/Any 100000 452 4.13 0.73 0.95 pure perl implementation	2191	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1676	Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface	2192	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1677	Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2193	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2194	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2195	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1678	Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour	2196	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1679	Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2197	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1680	POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event	2198	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1681	POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select	2199	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1682		2200
1683	=head3 Discussion	2201	=head3 Discussion
1684		2202
1685	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2203	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1686	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2204	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1698	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2216	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1699	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2217	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1700	cycles with POE.	2218	cycles with POE.
1701		2219
1702	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2220	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1703	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2221	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2222	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2223	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1704	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2224	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1705	natively.
1706		2225
1707	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2226	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1708	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2227	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1709	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2228	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1710	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2229	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
1711	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2230	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1712	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2231	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1713		2232
1714	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2233	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1715	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2234	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2235
		2236	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2237	when using its pure perl backend.
1716		2238
1717	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2239	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1718	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2240	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1719	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2241	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1720	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2242	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1781	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2303	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1782	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2304	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1783	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2305	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1784		2306
1785	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2307	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1786	distribution.	2308	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2309	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1787		2310
1788	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2311	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1789		2312
1790	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2313	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1791	each server has a read and write socket end).	2314	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1798	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2321	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1799	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2322	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1800		2323
1801	=head3 Results	2324	=head3 Results
1802		2325
1803	name sockets create request	2326	name sockets create request
1804	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2327	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1805	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2328	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1806	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2329	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1807	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2330	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
		2331	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
		2332	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1808	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2333	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1809		2334
1810	=head3 Discussion	2335	=head3 Discussion
1811		2336
1812	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2337	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1813	particular event loop.	2338	particular event loop.
…		…
1815	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2340	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1816	is relatively high, though.	2341	is relatively high, though.
1817		2342
1818	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2343	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1819	loops Event and Glib.	2344	loops Event and Glib.
		2345
		2346	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2347	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1820		2348
1821	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2349	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1822	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2350	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1823	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2351	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1824	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2352	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1887	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2415	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1888	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2416	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1889		2417
1890	=back	2418	=back
1891		2419
		2420	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2421
		2422	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2423	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2424	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2425	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2426	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2427	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2428	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2429
		2430	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2431	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2432	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2433	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2434	benchmark nevertheless.
		2435
		2436	name runtime
		2437	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2438	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2439	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2440	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2441	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2442	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2443	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2444	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2445
		2446	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2447	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2448	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2449
		2450	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2451	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2452	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2453	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2454	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2455	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2456	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2457	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2458
		2459	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2460	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2461	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2462	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2463
		2464	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2465	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2466	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2467
		2468	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2469	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
		2470	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
		2471	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
		2472
		2473	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2474	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2475	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2476
1892		2477
1893	=head1 SIGNALS	2478	=head1 SIGNALS
1894		2479
1895	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:	2480	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
1896		2481
…		…
1899	=item SIGCHLD	2484	=item SIGCHLD
1900		2485
1901	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher	2486	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
1902	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some	2487	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
1903	event loops install a similar handler.	2488	event loops install a similar handler.
		2489
		2490	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2491	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
1904		2492
1905	=item SIGPIPE	2493	=item SIGPIPE
1906		2494
1907	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>	2495	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
1908	when AnyEvent gets loaded.	2496	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
…		…
1920		2508
1921	=back	2509	=back
1922		2510
1923	=cut	2511	=cut
1924		2512
		2513	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2514	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2515
1925	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }	2516	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
1926	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};	2517	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
1927		2518
		2519	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2520
		2521	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2522	its built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2523
		2524	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2525	modules if they are installed.
		2526
		2527	This section explains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2528	affect AnyEvent's operation.
		2529
		2530	=over 4
		2531
		2532	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2533
		2534	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2535	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2536	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2537	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2538	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2539	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2540
		2541	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2542	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2543	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for
		2544	battery life on laptops).
		2545
		2546	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2547	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2548
		2549	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2550	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2551	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2552	does nothing for those backends.
		2553
		2554	=item L<EV>
		2555
		2556	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2557	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2558	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2559	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2560	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2561	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2562	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2563	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2564
		2565	If you only use backends that rely on another event loop (e.g. C<Tk>),
		2566	then this module will do nothing for you.
		2567
		2568	=item L<Guard>
		2569
		2570	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2571	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2572	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2573	purely used for performance.
		2574
		2575	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2576
		2577	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
		2578	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. L<JSON> is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2579	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2580
		2581	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2582
		2583	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2584	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2585	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2586
		2587	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2588
		2589	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2590	chosen event library does not come with a timing source of its own. The
		2591	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Loop>) will additionally load it to
		2592	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2593
		2594	=back
		2595
1928		2596
1929	=head1 FORK	2597	=head1 FORK
1930		2598
1931	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2599	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1932	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2600	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> calls
1933	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2601	- higher performance APIs such as BSD's kqueue or the dreaded Linux epoll
		2602	are usually badly thought-out hacks that are incompatible with fork in
		2603	one way or another. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware and ensures that you
		2604	continue event-processing in both parent and child (or both, if you know
		2605	what you are doing).
		2606
		2607	This means that, in general, you cannot fork and do event processing in
		2608	the child if the event library was initialised before the fork (which
		2609	usually happens when the first AnyEvent watcher is created, or the library
		2610	is loaded).
1934		2611
1935	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2612	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1936	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2613	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2614	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
		2615
		2616	The problem of doing event processing in the parent I<and> the child
		2617	is much more complicated: even for backends that I<are> fork-aware or
		2618	fork-safe, their behaviour is not usually what you want: fork clones all
		2619	watchers, that means all timers, I/O watchers etc. are active in both
		2620	parent and child, which is almost never what you want. USing C<exec>
		2621	to start worker children from some kind of manage rprocess is usually
		2622	preferred, because it is much easier and cleaner, at the expense of having
		2623	to have another binary.
1937		2624
1938		2625
1939	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2626	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1940		2627
1941	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2628	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
1955	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2642	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1956	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2643	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1957	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and	2644	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
1958	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.	2645	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
1959		2646
		2647	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2648	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2649	enabled.
		2650
1960		2651
1961	=head1 BUGS	2652	=head1 BUGS
1962		2653
1963	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard	2654	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
1964	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10	2655	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
…		…
1967	pronounced).	2658	pronounced).
1968		2659
1969		2660
1970	=head1 SEE ALSO	2661	=head1 SEE ALSO
1971		2662
		2663	Tutorial/Introduction: L<AnyEvent::Intro>.
		2664
		2665	FAQ: L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		2666
1972	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.	2667	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.
1973		2668
1974	Event modules: L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>,	2669	Event modules: L<AnyEvent::Loop>, L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>,
1975	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2670	L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1976		2671
1977	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2672	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1978	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2673	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1979	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2674	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1980	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2675	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
1981		2676
1982	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2677	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
1983	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2678	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
1984		2679
1985	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2680	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
1986		2681
1987	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2682	Thread support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>.
1988		2683
1989	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2684	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>,
		2685	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1990		2686
1991		2687
1992	=head1 AUTHOR	2688	=head1 AUTHOR
1993		2689
1994	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2690	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>

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