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Revision 1.263 by root, Wed Jul 29 12:39:21 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.391 by root, Wed Nov 16 20:04:05 2011 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt,
6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.	6	FLTK and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
7		7
8	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
9		9
10	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
11		11
		12	# if you prefer function calls, look at the AE manpage for
		13	# an alternative API.
		14
12	# file descriptor readable	15	# file handle or descriptor readable
13	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });	16	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
14		17
15	# one-shot or repeating timers	18	# one-shot or repeating timers
16	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });	19	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
17	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...	20	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...);
18		21
19	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time	22	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
20	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.	23	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
21		24
22	# POSIX signal	25	# POSIX signal
…		…
43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	46	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	47	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
45		48
46	=head1 SUPPORT	49	=head1 SUPPORT
47		50
		51	An FAQ document is available as L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		52
48	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC	53	There also is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
49	channel, too.	54	channel, too.
50		55
51	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software	56	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
52	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.	57	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
53		58
…		…
73	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	78	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
74	model you use.	79	model you use.
75		80
76	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	81	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
77	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	82	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
78	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	83	like joining a cult: After you join, you are dependent on them and you
79	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything	84	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
80	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your	85	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
81	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	86	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
82		87
83	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	88	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
84	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	89	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
85	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if	90	with the rest: POE + EV? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if your module
86	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	91	uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it, too. But if
87	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	92	your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all event models it
88	event models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those	93	supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those use one of the
89	use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops	94	supported event loops. It is easy to add new event loops to AnyEvent, too,
90	to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	95	so it is future-proof).
91		96
92	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	97	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
93	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	98	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
94	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	99	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
95	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	100	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and to the point, by only
96	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as	101	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
97	technically possible.	102	technically possible.
98		103
99	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox	104	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
100	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%	105	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
…		…
106	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	111	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
107	model, you should I<not> use this module.	112	model, you should I<not> use this module.
108		113
109	=head1 DESCRIPTION	114	=head1 DESCRIPTION
110		115
111	L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This	116	L<AnyEvent> provides a uniform interface to various event loops. This
112	allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module	117	allows module authors to use event loop functionality without forcing
113	users to use the same event loop (as only a single event loop can coexist	118	module users to use a specific event loop implementation (since more
114	peacefully at any one time).	119	than one event loop cannot coexist peacefully).
115		120
116	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>	121	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>
117	module.	122	module.
118		123
119	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries	124	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries
120	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the	125	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the
121	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>,	126	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>, L<AnyEvent::Loop>,
122	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>,	127	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>. The first one
123	L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries	128	found is used. If none are detected, the module tries to load the first
124	to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl	129	four modules in the order given; but note that if L<EV> is not
125	adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can	130	available, the pure-perl L<AnyEvent::Loop> should always work, so
126	be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be	131	the other two are not normally tried.
127	found, AnyEvent will fall back to a pure-perl event loop, which is not
128	very efficient, but should work everywhere.
129		132
130	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading	133	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading
131	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make	134	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make
132	that model the default. For example:	135	that model the default. For example:
133		136
…		…
135	use AnyEvent;	138	use AnyEvent;
136		139
137	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk	140	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk
138		141
139	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and	142	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and
140	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to	143	starts using it, all bets are off - this case should be very rare though,
141	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...	144	as very few modules hardcode event loops without announcing this very
		145	loudly.
142		146
143	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	147	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called C<AnyEvent::Loop>. Like
144	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	148	other event modules you can load it explicitly and enjoy the high
145	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)	149	availability of that event loop :)
146		150
147	=head1 WATCHERS	151	=head1 WATCHERS
148		152
149	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	153	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
150	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	154	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
…		…
155	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	159	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
156	is in control).	160	is in control).
157		161
158	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>	162	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
159	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<	163	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
160	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in	164	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practice in
161	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs	165	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
162	widely between event loops.	166	widely between event loops.
163		167
164	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	168	To disable a watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
165	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	169	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
166	to it).	170	to it).
167		171
168	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	172	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
169		173
170	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for	174	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
171	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.	175	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
172		176
173	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:	177	One way to achieve that is this pattern:
174		178
175	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {	179	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
176	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it	180	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
177	undef $w;	181	undef $w;
178	});	182	});
…		…
180	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,	184	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,
181	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	185	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
182	declared.	186	declared.
183		187
184	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	188	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
		189
		190	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		191	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		192	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		193	cb => <callback>,
		194	);
185		195
186	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	196	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
187	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	197	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
188		198
189	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch	199	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
…		…
204		214
205	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.	215	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.
206	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the	216	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the
207	underlying file descriptor.	217	underlying file descriptor.
208		218
209	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	219	Some event loops issue spurious readiness notifications, so you should
210	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	220	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
211	handles.	221	handles.
212		222
213	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the	223	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
214	watcher.	224	watcher.
…		…
219	undef $w;	229	undef $w;
220	});	230	});
221		231
222	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	232	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
223		233
		234	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		235
		236	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		237	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		238	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		239	cb => <callback>,
		240	);
		241
224	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	242	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
225	method with the following mandatory arguments:	243	method with the following mandatory arguments:
226		244
227	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	245	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
228	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	246	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
230		248
231	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	249	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
232	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	250	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
233	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	251	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
234		252
235	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another	253	The callback will normally be invoked only once. If you specify another
236	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the	254	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
237	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional	255	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
238	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a	256	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
239	false value, then it is treated as if it were missing.	257	false value, then it is treated as if it were not specified at all.
240		258
241	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no	259	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
242	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is	260	attempt is made to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
243	only approximate.	261	only approximate.
244		262
245	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.	263	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
246		264
247	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	265	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
…		…
265		283
266	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they	284	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they
267	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock	285	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock
268	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from	286	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from
269	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to	287	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to
270	fire "after" a second might actually take six years to finally fire.	288	fire "after a second" might actually take six years to finally fire.
271		289
272	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious	290	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious
273	about these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based	291	of these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based
274	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)	292	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)
275	timers.	293	timers.
276		294
277	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the	295	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
278	AnyEvent API.	296	AnyEvent API.
…		…
300	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the	318	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
301	function to call when you want to know the current time.>	319	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
302		320
303	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and	321	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
304	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,	322	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
305	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts).	323	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update its activity timeouts).
306		324
307	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact	325	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
308	with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.	326	with your timing; you can skip it without a bad conscience.
309		327
310	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>	328	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
311	and L<EV> and the following set-up:	329	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
312		330
313	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at	331	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callbacks at
314	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,	332	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
315	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a	333	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
316	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires	334	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
317	after three seconds.	335	after three seconds.
318		336
…		…
338	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into	356	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
339	account.	357	account.
340		358
341	=item AnyEvent->now_update	359	=item AnyEvent->now_update
342		360
343	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache	361	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Loop>) cache the current
344	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<	362	time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<< AnyEvent->now >>,
345	AnyEvent->now >>, above).	363	above).
346		364
347	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then	365	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
348	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which	366	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
349	might affect timers and time-outs.	367	might affect timers and time-outs.
350		368
351	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the	369	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
352	event loop's idea of "current time".	370	event loop's idea of "current time".
353		371
		372	A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) -
		373	when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong
		374	idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the
		375	script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<<
		376	AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again
		377	(e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler).
		378
354	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.	379	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
355		380
356	=back	381	=back
357		382
358	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	383	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
		384
		385	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
359		386
360	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	387	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
361	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl	388	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
362	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	389	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
363		390
…		…
380		407
381	Example: exit on SIGINT	408	Example: exit on SIGINT
382		409
383	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	410	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
384		411
		412	=head3 Restart Behaviour
		413
		414	While restart behaviour is up to the event loop implementation, most will
		415	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's
		416	pure perl implementation).
		417
		418	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals
		419
		420	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling)
		421	or "unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might delay signal delivery
		422	indefinitely, the latter might corrupt your memory.
		423
		424	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,
		425	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be
		426	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.
		427	callbacks, too).
		428
385	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds	429	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
386		430
387	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching	431	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support
388	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot do	432	attaching callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity,
389	race-free signal handling in perl. AnyEvent will try to do it's best, but	433	as you cannot do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring
		434	C libraries for this. AnyEvent will try to do its best, which
390	in some cases, signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might	435	means in some cases, signals will be delayed. The maximum time
391	be delayed is specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10	436	a signal might be delayed is 10 seconds by default, but can
392	seconds). This variable can be changed only before the first signal	437	be overriden via C<$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY}> or
393	watcher is created, and should be left alone otherwise. Higher values	438	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> - see the Ö<ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES>
394	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU	439	section for details.
		440
395	saving. All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional	441	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
396	L<Async::Interrupt> module. This will not work with inherently broken	442	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
397	event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib> (and not with L<POE>	443	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
398	currently, as POE does it's own workaround with one-second latency). With	444	(and not with L<POE> currently). For those, you just have to suffer the
399	those, you just have to suffer the delays.	445	delays.
400		446
401	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	447	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
402		448
		449	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		450
403	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	451	You can also watch for a child process exit and catch its exit status.
404		452
405	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (one some backends,	453	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (on some backends,
406	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will	454	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
407	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has	455	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
408	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events	456	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
409	(stopped/continued).	457	(stopped/continued).
410		458
…		…
432	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one	480	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
433	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call	481	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
434	C<AnyEvent::detect>).	482	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
435		483
436	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be	484	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
437	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems	485	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which case the latency and race
438	mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.	486	problems mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
439		487
440	Example: fork a process and wait for it	488	Example: fork a process and wait for it
441		489
442	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	490	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
443		491
…		…
455	# do something else, then wait for process exit	503	# do something else, then wait for process exit
456	$done->recv;	504	$done->recv;
457		505
458	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS	506	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
459		507
460	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important	508	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
461	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
462	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
463	attention by the event loop".
464		509
465	Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing	510	This will repeatedly invoke the callback after the process becomes idle,
466	better to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new	511	until either the watcher is destroyed or new events have been detected.
467	events. Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.
468		512
469	Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only	513	Idle watchers are useful when there is a need to do something, but it
		514	is not so important (or wise) to do it instantly. The callback will be
		515	invoked only when there is "nothing better to do", which is usually
		516	defined as "all outstanding events have been handled and no new events
		517	have been detected". That means that idle watchers ideally get invoked
		518	when the event loop has just polled for new events but none have been
		519	detected. Instead of blocking to wait for more events, the idle watchers
		520	will be invoked.
		521
		522	Unfortunately, most event loops do not really support idle watchers (only
470	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent	523	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
471	will simply call the callback "from time to time".	524	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
472		525
473	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the	526	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
474	program is otherwise idle:	527	program is otherwise idle:
…		…
490	});	543	});
491	});	544	});
492		545
493	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	546	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
494		547
		548	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		549
		550	$cv->send (<list>);
		551	my @res = $cv->recv;
		552
495	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	553	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
496	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	554	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
497	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	555	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
498		556
499	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event	557	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
500	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	558	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
501		559
502	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	560	The tool to do that is called a "condition variable", so called because
503	because they represent a condition that must become true.	561	they represent a condition that must become true.
504		562
505	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.	563	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
506		564
507	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	565	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
508	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	566	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
…		…
513	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	571	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
514	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it	572	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
515	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<	573	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
516	->send >> method).	574	->send >> method).
517		575
518	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	576	Since condition variables are the most complex part of the AnyEvent API, here are
519	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	577	some different mental models of what they are - pick the ones you can connect to:
520	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	578
521	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	579	=over 4
522	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	580
523	a result. And yet some people know them as "futures" - a promise to	581	=item * Condition variables are like callbacks - you can call them (and pass them instead
524	compute/deliver something that you can wait for.	582	of callbacks). Unlike callbacks however, you can also wait for them to be called.
		583
		584	=item * Condition variables are signals - one side can emit or send them,
		585	the other side can wait for them, or install a handler that is called when
		586	the signal fires.
		587
		588	=item * Condition variables are like "Merge Points" - points in your program
		589	where you merge multiple independent results/control flows into one.
		590
		591	=item * Condition variables represent a transaction - functions that start
		592	some kind of transaction can return them, leaving the caller the choice
		593	between waiting in a blocking fashion, or setting a callback.
		594
		595	=item * Condition variables represent future values, or promises to deliver
		596	some result, long before the result is available.
		597
		598	=back
525		599
526	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	600	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
527	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	601	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
528	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	602	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
529	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	603	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
542		616
543	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys	617	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys
544	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing	618	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing
545	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of	619	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of
546	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call	620	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call
547	it's C<new> method in your own C<new> method.	621	its C<new> method in your own C<new> method.
548		622
549	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which	623	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which
550	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits	624	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
551	for the send to occur.	625	for the send to occur.
552		626
553	Example: wait for a timer.	627	Example: wait for a timer.
554		628
555	# wait till the result is ready	629	# condition: "wait till the timer is fired"
556	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	630	my $timer_fired = AnyEvent->condvar;
557		631
558	# do something such as adding a timer	632	# create the timer - we could wait for, say
559	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->send	633	# a handle becomign ready, or even an
560	# when the "result" is ready.	634	# AnyEvent::HTTP request to finish, but
561	# in this case, we simply use a timer:	635	# in this case, we simply use a timer:
562	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (	636	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (
563	after => 1,	637	after => 1,
564	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	638	cb => sub { $timer_fired->send },
565	);	639	);
566		640
567	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	641	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
568	# calls -<send	642	# calls ->send
569	$result_ready->recv;	643	$timer_fired->recv;
570		644
571	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition	645	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
572	variables are also callable directly.	646	variables are also callable directly.
573		647
574	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	648	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
…		…
617	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	691	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
618	C<send>.	692	C<send>.
619		693
620	=item $cv->croak ($error)	694	=item $cv->croak ($error)
621		695
622	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	696	Similar to send, but causes all calls to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
623	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	697	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
624		698
625	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	699	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
626	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly	700	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
627	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it	701	delays the error detection, but has the overwhelming advantage that it
628	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not	702	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
629	deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing	703	deep in some event callback with no connection to the actual code causing
630	the problem.	704	the problem.
631		705
632	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	706	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
633		707
634	=item $cv->end	708	=item $cv->end
…		…
637	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	711	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
638	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	712	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
639		713
640	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	714	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
641	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	715	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
642	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	716	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
643	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	717	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
644	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	718	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		719	be called without any arguments.
645		720
646	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call	721	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
647	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND	722	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
648	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).	723	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
649		724
…		…
671	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before	746	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
672	sending.	747	sending.
673		748
674	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the	749	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
675	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are	750	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
676	begung can potentially be zero:	751	begun can potentially be zero:
677		752
678	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	753	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
679		754
680	my %result;	755	my %result;
681	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	756	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
682		757
683	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	758	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
684	$cv->begin;	759	$cv->begin;
685	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	760	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
686	$result{$host} = ...;	761	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
702	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	777	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
703	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	778	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
704	doesn't execute once).	779	doesn't execute once).
705		780
706	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but	781	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
707	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set	782	potentially zero) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
708	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each	783	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
709	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,	784	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
710	call C<end>.	785	call C<end>.
711		786
712	=back	787	=back
…		…
719	=over 4	794	=over 4
720		795
721	=item $cv->recv	796	=item $cv->recv
722		797
723	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak	798	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak
724	>> methods have been called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers	799	>> methods have been called on C<$cv>, while servicing other watchers
725	normally.	800	normally.
726		801
727	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but	802	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but
728	will return immediately.	803	will return immediately.
729		804
…		…
746	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	821	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
747	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	822	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
748	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	823	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
749	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	824	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
750		825
751	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	826	You can ensure that C<< ->recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
752	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	827	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
753	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	828	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
754	waits otherwise.	829	waits otherwise.
755		830
756	=item $bool = $cv->ready	831	=item $bool = $cv->ready
…		…
762		837
763	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	838	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
764	replaces it before doing so.	839	replaces it before doing so.
765		840
766	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	841	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when
767	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	842	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the
768	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	843	condition variable itself. If the condition is already true, the
769	is guaranteed not to block.	844	callback is called immediately when it is set. Calling C<recv> inside
		845	the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
770		846
771	=back	847	=back
772		848
773	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS	849	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
774		850
…		…
777	=over 4	853	=over 4
778		854
779	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.	855	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
780		856
781	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in	857	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
782	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will try Event, and, failing	858	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
783	that, will fall back to its own pure-perl implementation, which is	859	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
784	available everywhere as it comes with AnyEvent itself.	860	AnyEvent itself.
785		861
786	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).	862	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
787	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
788	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.	863	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl AnyEvent::Loop, fast and portable.
789		864
790	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.	865	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
791		866
792	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher	867	These will be used if they are already loaded when the first watcher
793	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using	868	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
794	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend	869	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
795	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to	870	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
796	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.	871	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
797		872
		873	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
798	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.	874	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
799	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.	875	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
800	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.	876	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
801	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.	877	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
802	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.	878	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		879	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async.
		880	AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa based on Cocoa::EventLoop.
		881	AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK based on FLTK (fltk 2 binding).
803		882
804	=item Backends with special needs.	883	=item Backends with special needs.
805		884
806	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will	885	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
807	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program	886	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
808	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,	887	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
809	everything should just work.	888	everything should just work.
810		889
811	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.	890	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
812		891
813	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
814	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
815	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
816	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
817	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
818
819	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
820
821	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.	892	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
822		893
823	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:	894	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
824		895
825	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.	896	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
…		…
850	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the	921	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
851	backend has been autodetected.	922	backend has been autodetected.
852		923
853	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the	924	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
854	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one	925	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
855	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the	926	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl::xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
856	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it	927	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
857	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).	928	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
858		929
859	=item AnyEvent::detect	930	=item AnyEvent::detect
860		931
861	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	932	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
862	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	933	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
863	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	934	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
864	runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.	935	runtime, and not e.g. during initialisation of your module.
		936
		937	The effect of calling this function is as if a watcher had been created
		938	(specifically, actions that happen "when the first watcher is created"
		939	happen when calling detetc as well).
865		940
866	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are	941	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
867	created, use C<post_detect>.	942	created, use C<post_detect>.
868		943
869	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	944	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
870		945
871	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	946	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
872	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	947	autodetected (or immediately if that has already happened).
873		948
874	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected	949	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
875	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been	950	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
876	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do	951	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
877	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or	952	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
…		…
886	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or	961	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
887	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for	962	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
888	a case where this is useful.	963	a case where this is useful.
889		964
890	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in	965	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
891	C<$WATCHER>. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though.	966	C<$WATCHER>, but do so only do so after the event loop is initialised.
892		967
893	our WATCHER;	968	our WATCHER;
894		969
895	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {	970	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
896	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	971	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
…		…
904	$WATCHER ||= $guard;	979	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
905		980
906	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	981	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
907		982
908	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	983	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
909	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	984	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will be called directly
910	the event loop has been chosen.	985	after the event loop has been chosen.
911		986
912	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	987	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
913	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the	988	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
914	array will be ignored.	989	array will be ignored.
915		990
916	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows	991	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
917	it,as it takes care of these details.	992	it, as it takes care of these details.
918		993
919	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful	994	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
920	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do	995	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
921	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook	996	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
922	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.	997	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
923		998
		999	Example: To load Coro::AnyEvent whenever Coro and AnyEvent are used
		1000	together, you could put this into Coro (this is the actual code used by
		1001	Coro to accomplish this):
		1002
		1003	if (defined $AnyEvent::MODEL) {
		1004	# AnyEvent already initialised, so load Coro::AnyEvent
		1005	require Coro::AnyEvent;
		1006	} else {
		1007	# AnyEvent not yet initialised, so make sure to load Coro::AnyEvent
		1008	# as soon as it is
		1009	push @AnyEvent::post_detect, sub { require Coro::AnyEvent };
		1010	}
		1011
		1012	=item AnyEvent::postpone { BLOCK }
		1013
		1014	Arranges for the block to be executed as soon as possible, but not before
		1015	the call itself returns. In practise, the block will be executed just
		1016	before the event loop polls for new events, or shortly afterwards.
		1017
		1018	This function never returns anything (to make the C<return postpone { ...
		1019	}> idiom more useful.
		1020
		1021	To understand the usefulness of this function, consider a function that
		1022	asynchronously does something for you and returns some transaction
		1023	object or guard to let you cancel the operation. For example,
		1024	C<AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect>:
		1025
		1026	# start a conenction attempt unless one is active
		1027	$self->{connect_guard} ||= AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect "www.example.net", 80, sub {
		1028	delete $self->{connect_guard};
		1029	...
		1030	};
		1031
		1032	Imagine that this function could instantly call the callback, for
		1033	example, because it detects an obvious error such as a negative port
		1034	number. Invoking the callback before the function returns causes problems
		1035	however: the callback will be called and will try to delete the guard
		1036	object. But since the function hasn't returned yet, there is nothing to
		1037	delete. When the function eventually returns it will assign the guard
		1038	object to C<< $self->{connect_guard} >>, where it will likely never be
		1039	deleted, so the program thinks it is still trying to connect.
		1040
		1041	This is where C<AnyEvent::postpone> should be used. Instead of calling the
		1042	callback directly on error:
		1043
		1044	$cb->(undef), return # signal error to callback, BAD!
		1045	if $some_error_condition;
		1046
		1047	It should use C<postpone>:
		1048
		1049	AnyEvent::postpone { $cb->(undef) }, return # signal error to callback, later
		1050	if $some_error_condition;
		1051
		1052	=item AnyEvent::log $level, $msg[, @args]
		1053
		1054	Log the given C<$msg> at the given C<$level>.
		1055
		1056	If L<AnyEvent::Log> is not loaded then this function makes a simple test
		1057	to see whether the message will be logged. If the test succeeds it will
		1058	load AnyEvent::Log and call C<AnyEvent::Log::log> - consequently, look at
		1059	the L<AnyEvent::Log> documentation for details.
		1060
		1061	If the test fails it will simply return. Right now this happens when a
		1062	numerical loglevel is used and it is larger than the level specified via
		1063	C<$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}>.
		1064
		1065	If you want to sprinkle loads of logging calls around your code, consider
		1066	creating a logger callback with the C<AnyEvent::Log::logger> function,
		1067	which can reduce typing, codesize and can reduce the logging overhead
		1068	enourmously.
		1069
924	=back	1070	=back
925		1071
926	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	1072	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
927		1073
928	As a module author, you should C<use AnyEvent> and call AnyEvent methods	1074	As a module author, you should C<use AnyEvent> and call AnyEvent methods
…		…
938	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using	1084	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using
939	events is to stay interactive.	1085	events is to stay interactive.
940		1086
941	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module	1087	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module
942	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method	1088	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method
943	called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->recv >>	1089	called C<results> that returns the results, it may call C<< ->recv >>
944	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always).	1090	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. Always).
945		1091
946	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM	1092	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM
947		1093
948	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should	1094	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should
949	dictate which event model to use.	1095	dictate which event model to use.
950		1096
951	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not	1097	If the program is not event-based, it need not do anything special, even
952	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent	1098	when it depends on a module that uses an AnyEvent. If the program itself
953	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.	1099	uses AnyEvent, but does not care which event loop is used, all it needs
		1100	to do is C<use AnyEvent>. In either case, AnyEvent will choose the best
		1101	available loop implementation.
954		1102
955	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in	1103	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in
956	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the	1104	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the
957	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally	1105	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally
958	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that	1106	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that
959	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will	1107	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will
960	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it	1108	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it
961	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.	1109	might choose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.
962		1110
963	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the	1111	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the
964	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar behaviour	1112	C<AnyEvent::Loop> module, which gives you similar behaviour
965	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.	1113	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.
966		1114
967	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION	1115	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION
968		1116
969	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who	1117	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who
…		…
982		1130
983		1131
984	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1132	=head1 OTHER MODULES
985		1133
986	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1134	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
987	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent	1135	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other
988	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules	1136	AnyEvent modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the
989	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.	1137	modules come as part of AnyEvent, the others are available via CPAN (see
		1138	L<http://search.cpan.org/search?m=module&q=anyevent%3A%3A*> for
		1139	a longer non-exhaustive list), and the list is heavily biased towards
		1140	modules of the AnyEvent author himself :)
990		1141
991	=over 4	1142	=over 4
992		1143
993	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1144	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
994		1145
995	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	1146	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used blocking
996	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	1147	functions such as C<inet_aton> with event/callback-based versions.
997		1148
998	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	1149	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
999		1150
1000	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	1151	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
1001	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp	1152	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
…		…
1003		1154
1004	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>	1155	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
1005		1156
1006	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,	1157	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
1007	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and	1158	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
1008	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.	1159	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>).
1009		1160
1010	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1161	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
1011		1162
1012	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1163	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
1013		1164
		1165	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>, L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IGS>, L<AnyEvent::FCP>
		1166
		1167	Implement event-based interfaces to the protocols of the same name (for
		1168	the curious, IGS is the International Go Server and FCP is the Freenet
		1169	Client Protocol).
		1170
1014	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>	1171	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
1015		1172
1016	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent	1173	Truly asynchronous (as opposed to non-blocking) I/O, should be in the
1017	HTTP requests.	1174	toolbox of every event programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
		1175	L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent together, giving AnyEvent access to event-based
		1176	file I/O, and much more.
		1177
		1178	=item L<AnyEvent::Filesys::Notify>
		1179
		1180	AnyEvent is good for non-blocking stuff, but it can't detect file or
		1181	path changes (e.g. "watch this directory for new files", "watch this
		1182	file for changes"). The L<AnyEvent::Filesys::Notify> module promises to
		1183	do just that in a portbale fashion, supporting inotify on GNU/Linux and
		1184	some weird, without doubt broken, stuff on OS X to monitor files. It can
		1185	fall back to blocking scans at regular intervals transparently on other
		1186	platforms, so it's about as portable as it gets.
		1187
		1188	(I haven't used it myself, but I haven't heard anybody complaining about
		1189	it yet).
		1190
		1191	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
		1192
		1193	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process for you,
		1194	notifying you in an event-based way when the operation is finished.
1018		1195
1019	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	1196	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
1020		1197
1021	Provides a simple web application server framework.	1198	A simple embedded webserver.
1022		1199
1023	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	1200	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
1024		1201
1025	The fastest ping in the west.	1202	The fastest ping in the west.
1026		1203
1027	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
1028
1029	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
1030
1031	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
1032
1033	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
1034	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent
1035	together.
1036
1037	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>
1038
1039	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses
1040	L<BDB> and AnyEvent together.
1041
1042	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
1043
1044	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
1045
1046	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
1047
1048	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
1049
1050	=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
1051
1052	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
1053	Net::XMPP2>.
1054
1055	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
1056
1057	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
1058	L<App::IGS>).
1059
1060	=item L<Net::FCP>
1061
1062	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
1063	of AnyEvent.
1064
1065	=item L<Event::ExecFlow>
1066
1067	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
1068
1069	=item L<Coro>	1204	=item L<Coro>
1070		1205
1071	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1206	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you
		1207	to simply invert the flow control - don't call us, we will call you:
		1208
		1209	async {
		1210	Coro::AnyEvent::sleep 5; # creates a 5s timer and waits for it
		1211	print "5 seconds later!\n";
		1212
		1213	Coro::AnyEvent::readable *STDIN; # uses an I/O watcher
		1214	my $line = <STDIN>; # works for ttys
		1215
		1216	AnyEvent::HTTP::http_get "url", Coro::rouse_cb;
		1217	my ($body, $hdr) = Coro::rouse_wait;
		1218	};
1072		1219
1073	=back	1220	=back
1074		1221
1075	=cut	1222	=cut
1076		1223
1077	package AnyEvent;	1224	package AnyEvent;
1078		1225
1079	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense	1226	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
1080	sub common_sense {	1227	sub common_sense {
1081	# no warnings	1228	# from common:.sense 3.4
1082	${^WARNING_BITS} ^= ${^WARNING_BITS};	1229	${^WARNING_BITS} ^= ${^WARNING_BITS} ^ "\x3c\x3f\x33\x00\x0f\xf0\x0f\xc0\xf0\xfc\x33\x00";
1083	# use strict vars subs	1230	# use strict vars subs - NO UTF-8, as Util.pm doesn't like this atm. (uts46data.pl)
1084	$^H |= 0x00000600;	1231	$^H |= 0x00000600;
1085	}	1232	}
1086		1233
1087	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }	1234	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
1088		1235
1089	use Carp ();	1236	use Carp ();
1090		1237
1091	our $VERSION = 4.881;	1238	our $VERSION = '6.1';
1092	our $MODEL;	1239	our $MODEL;
1093
1094	our $AUTOLOAD;
1095	our @ISA;	1240	our @ISA;
1096
1097	our @REGISTRY;	1241	our @REGISTRY;
1098
1099	our $WIN32;
1100
1101	our $VERBOSE;	1242	our $VERBOSE;
		1243	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
		1244	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY} || 10; # executes after the BEGIN block below (tainting!)
1102		1245
1103	BEGIN {	1246	BEGIN {
1104	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";	1247	require "AnyEvent/constants.pl";
		1248
1105	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";	1249	eval "sub TAINT (){" . (${^TAINT}*1) . "}";
1106		1250
1107	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}	1251	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
1108	if ${^TAINT};	1252	if ${^TAINT};
1109		1253
1110	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1254	$ENV{"PERL_ANYEVENT_$_"} = $ENV{"AE_$_"}
		1255	for grep s/^AE_// && !exists $ENV{"PERL_ANYEVENT_$_"}, keys %ENV;
1111		1256
1112	}	1257	@ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV} = ()
		1258	if ${^TAINT};
1113		1259
1114	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;	1260	# $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_xxx} now valid
1115		1261
1116	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1262	$VERBOSE = length $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE} ? $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1 : 4;
1117		1263
1118	{
1119	my $idx;	1264	my $idx;
1120	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx	1265	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx
1121	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1266	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
1122	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1267	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
1123	}	1268	}
1124		1269
		1270	our @post_detect;
		1271
		1272	sub post_detect(&) {
		1273	my ($cb) = @_;
		1274
		1275	push @post_detect, $cb;
		1276
		1277	defined wantarray
		1278	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
		1279	: ()
		1280	}
		1281
		1282	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
		1283	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
		1284	}
		1285
		1286	our $POSTPONE_W;
		1287	our @POSTPONE;
		1288
		1289	sub _postpone_exec {
		1290	undef $POSTPONE_W;
		1291
		1292	&{ shift @POSTPONE }
		1293	while @POSTPONE;
		1294	}
		1295
		1296	sub postpone(&) {
		1297	push @POSTPONE, shift;
		1298
		1299	$POSTPONE_W ||= AE::timer (0, 0, \&_postpone_exec);
		1300
		1301	()
		1302	}
		1303
		1304	sub log($$;@) {
		1305	# only load the big bloated module when we actually are about to log something
		1306	if ($_[0] <= ($VERBOSE || 1)) { # also catches non-numeric levels(!) and fatal
		1307	local ($!, $@);
		1308	require AnyEvent::Log; # among other things, sets $VERBOSE to 9
		1309	# AnyEvent::Log overwrites this function
		1310	goto &log;
		1311	}
		1312
		1313	0 # not logged
		1314	}
		1315
		1316	sub _logger($;$) {
		1317	my ($level, $renabled) = @_;
		1318
		1319	$$renabled = $level <= $VERBOSE;
		1320
		1321	my $logger = [(caller)[0], $level, $renabled];
		1322
		1323	$AnyEvent::Log::LOGGER{$logger+0} = $logger;
		1324
		1325	# return unless defined wantarray;
		1326	#
		1327	# require AnyEvent::Util;
		1328	# my $guard = AnyEvent::Util::guard (sub {
		1329	# # "clean up"
		1330	# delete $LOGGER{$logger+0};
		1331	# });
		1332	#
		1333	# sub {
		1334	# return 0 unless $$renabled;
		1335	#
		1336	# $guard if 0; # keep guard alive, but don't cause runtime overhead
		1337	# require AnyEvent::Log unless $AnyEvent::Log::VERSION;
		1338	# package AnyEvent::Log;
		1339	# _log ($logger->[0], $level, @_) # logger->[0] has been converted at load time
		1340	# }
		1341	}
		1342
		1343	if (length $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_LOG}) {
		1344	require AnyEvent::Log; # AnyEvent::Log does the thing for us
		1345	}
		1346
1125	my @models = (	1347	our @models = (
1126	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],	1348	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],
1127	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],	1349	[AnyEvent::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],
1128	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
1129	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed	1350	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
1130	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1351	# as the pure perl backend should work everywhere
1131	# and is usually faster	1352	# and is usually faster
		1353	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package, so msut be near the top
		1354	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::], # slow, stable
1132	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers	1355	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1356	# everything below here should not be autoloaded
1133	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy	1357	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
1134	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
1135	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1358	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
1136	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1359	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
1137	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1360	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
1138	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1361	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
1139	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1362	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
1140	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its	1363	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # a bitch to autodetect
1141	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.	1364	[Cocoa::EventLoop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa::],
1142	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any	1365	[FLTK:: => AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK::],
1143	# obvious default class.
1144	# [0, IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1145	# [0, IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1146	# [0, IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1147	);	1366	);
1148		1367
1149	our %method = map +($_ => 1),	1368	our @isa_hook;
		1369
		1370	sub _isa_set {
		1371	my @pkg = ("AnyEvent", (map $_->[0], grep defined, @isa_hook), $MODEL);
		1372
		1373	@{"$pkg[$_-1]::ISA"} = $pkg[$_]
		1374	for 1 .. $#pkg;
		1375
		1376	grep $_ && $_->[1], @isa_hook
		1377	and AE::_reset ();
		1378	}
		1379
		1380	# used for hooking AnyEvent::Strict and AnyEvent::Debug::Wrap into the class hierarchy
		1381	sub _isa_hook($$;$) {
		1382	my ($i, $pkg, $reset_ae) = @_;
		1383
		1384	$isa_hook[$i] = $pkg ? [$pkg, $reset_ae] : undef;
		1385
		1386	_isa_set;
		1387	}
		1388
		1389	# all autoloaded methods reserve the complete glob, not just the method slot.
		1390	# due to bugs in perls method cache implementation.
1150	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);	1391	our @methods = qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar);
1151		1392
1152	our @post_detect;
1153
1154	sub post_detect(&) {	1393	sub detect() {
1155	my ($cb) = @_;	1394	return $MODEL if $MODEL; # some programs keep references to detect
1156		1395
1157	if ($MODEL) {	1396	# IO::Async::Loop::AnyEvent is extremely evil, refuse to work with it
1158	$cb->();	1397	# the author knows about the problems and what it does to AnyEvent as a whole
		1398	# (and the ability of others to use AnyEvent), but simply wants to abuse AnyEvent
		1399	# anyway.
		1400	AnyEvent::log fatal => "AnyEvent: IO::Async::Loop::AnyEvent detected - this module is broken by design,\n"
		1401	. "abuses internals and breaks AnyEvent, will not continue."
		1402	if exists $INC{"IO/Async/Loop/AnyEvent.pm"};
1159		1403
1160	undef	1404	local $!; # for good measure
		1405	local $SIG{__DIE__}; # we use eval
		1406
		1407	# free some memory
		1408	*detect = sub () { $MODEL };
		1409	# undef &func doesn't correctly update the method cache. grmbl.
		1410	# so we delete the whole glob. grmbl.
		1411	# otoh, perl doesn't let me undef an active usb, but it lets me free
		1412	# a glob with an active sub. hrm. i hope it works, but perl is
		1413	# usually buggy in this department. sigh.
		1414	delete @{"AnyEvent::"}{@methods};
		1415	undef @methods;
		1416
		1417	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z0-9:]+)$/) {
		1418	my $model = $1;
		1419	$model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$model" unless $model =~ s/::$//;
		1420	if (eval "require $model") {
		1421	AnyEvent::log 7 => "loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.";
		1422	$MODEL = $model;
1161	} else {	1423	} else {
1162	push @post_detect, $cb;	1424	AnyEvent::log 4 => "unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@";
1163		1425	}
1164	defined wantarray
1165	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
1166	: ()
1167	}	1426	}
1168	}
1169		1427
1170	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {	1428	# check for already loaded models
1171	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
1172	}
1173
1174	sub detect() {
1175	unless ($MODEL) {	1429	unless ($MODEL) {
1176	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1430	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1177		1431	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
1178	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {	1432	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
1179	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
1180	if (eval "require $model") {	1433	if (eval "require $model") {
		1434	AnyEvent::log 7 => "autodetected model '$model', using it.";
1181	$MODEL = $model;	1435	$MODEL = $model;
1182	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;	1436	last;
1183	} else {	1437	} else {
1184	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;	1438	AnyEvent::log 8 => "detected event loop $package, but cannot load '$model', skipping: $@";
		1439	}
1185	}	1440	}
1186	}	1441	}
1187		1442
1188	# check for already loaded models
1189	unless ($MODEL) {	1443	unless ($MODEL) {
		1444	# try to autoload a model
1190	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1445	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1191	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1446	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
		1447	if (
		1448	eval "require $package"
1192	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1449	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1193	if (eval "require $model") {	1450	and eval "require $model"
		1451	) {
		1452	AnyEvent::log 7 => "autoloaded model '$model', using it.";
1194	$MODEL = $model;	1453	$MODEL = $model;
1195	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1196	last;	1454	last;
1197	}
1198	}	1455	}
1199	}	1456	}
1200		1457
1201	unless ($MODEL) {
1202	# try to autoload a model
1203	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1204	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
1205	if (
1206	$autoload
1207	and eval "require $package"
1208	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1209	and eval "require $model"
1210	) {
1211	$MODEL = $model;
1212	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1213	last;
1214	}
1215	}
1216
1217	$MODEL	1458	$MODEL
1218	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";	1459	or AnyEvent::log fatal => "AnyEvent: backend autodetection failed - did you properly install AnyEvent?";
1219	}
1220	}	1460	}
1221
1222	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
1223
1224	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
1225
1226	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
1227
1228	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
1229	}	1461	}
1230		1462
		1463	# free memory only needed for probing
		1464	undef @models;
		1465	undef @REGISTRY;
		1466
		1467	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
		1468
		1469	# now nuke some methods that are overridden by the backend.
		1470	# SUPER usage is not allowed in these.
		1471	for (qw(time signal child idle)) {
		1472	undef &{"AnyEvent::Base::$_"}
		1473	if defined &{"$MODEL\::$_"};
		1474	}
		1475
		1476	_isa_set;
		1477
		1478	# we're officially open!
		1479
		1480	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}) {
		1481	require AnyEvent::Strict;
		1482	}
		1483
		1484	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP}) {
		1485	require AnyEvent::Debug;
		1486	AnyEvent::Debug::wrap ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP});
		1487	}
		1488
		1489	if (length $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL}) {
		1490	require AnyEvent::Socket;
		1491	require AnyEvent::Debug;
		1492
		1493	my $shell = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL};
		1494	$shell =~ s/\$\$/$$/g;
		1495
		1496	my ($host, $service) = AnyEvent::Socket::parse_hostport ($shell);
		1497	$AnyEvent::Debug::SHELL = AnyEvent::Debug::shell ($host, $service);
		1498	}
		1499
		1500	# now the anyevent environment is set up as the user told us to, so
		1501	# call the actual user code - post detects
		1502
		1503	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
		1504	undef @post_detect;
		1505
		1506	*post_detect = sub(&) {
		1507	shift->();
		1508
		1509	undef
		1510	};
		1511
1231	$MODEL	1512	$MODEL
1232	}	1513	}
1233		1514
1234	sub AUTOLOAD {	1515	for my $name (@methods) {
1235	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1516	*$name = sub {
1236		1517	detect;
1237	$method{$func}	1518	# we use goto because
1238	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1519	# a) it makes the thunk more transparent
1239		1520	# b) it allows us to delete the thunk later
1240	detect unless $MODEL;	1521	goto &{ UNIVERSAL::can AnyEvent => "SUPER::$name" }
1241		1522	};
1242	my $class = shift;
1243	$class->$func (@_);
1244	}	1523	}
1245		1524
1246	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends	1525	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
1247	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually	1526	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
1248	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).	1527	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
…		…
1258	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases	1537	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
1259		1538
1260	($fh2, $rw)	1539	($fh2, $rw)
1261	}	1540	}
1262		1541
		1542	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1543
		1544	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1545	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1546	overhead by using function call syntax and a fixed number of parameters.
		1547
		1548	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1549
		1550	=cut
		1551
		1552	package AE;
		1553
		1554	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1555
		1556	sub _reset() {
		1557	eval q{
		1558	# fall back to the main API by default - backends and AnyEvent::Base
		1559	# implementations can overwrite these.
		1560
		1561	sub io($$$) {
		1562	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1563	}
		1564
		1565	sub timer($$$) {
		1566	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1567	}
		1568
		1569	sub signal($$) {
		1570	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1571	}
		1572
		1573	sub child($$) {
		1574	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1575	}
		1576
		1577	sub idle($) {
		1578	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0]);
		1579	}
		1580
		1581	sub cv(;&) {
		1582	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1583	}
		1584
		1585	sub now() {
		1586	AnyEvent->now
		1587	}
		1588
		1589	sub now_update() {
		1590	AnyEvent->now_update
		1591	}
		1592
		1593	sub time() {
		1594	AnyEvent->time
		1595	}
		1596
		1597	*postpone = \&AnyEvent::postpone;
		1598	*log = \&AnyEvent::log;
		1599	};
		1600	die if $@;
		1601	}
		1602
		1603	BEGIN { _reset }
		1604
1263	package AnyEvent::Base;	1605	package AnyEvent::Base;
1264		1606
1265	# default implementations for many methods	1607	# default implementations for many methods
1266		1608
1267	sub _time {	1609	sub time {
		1610	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
1268	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes	1611	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
1269	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {	1612	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
1270	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;	1613	*time = sub { Time::HiRes::time () };
1271	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;	1614	*AE::time = \& Time::HiRes::time ;
		1615	*now = \&time;
		1616	AnyEvent::log 8 => "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.";
1272	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...	1617	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
1273	} else {	1618	} else {
		1619	*time = sub { CORE::time };
		1620	*AE::time = sub (){ CORE::time };
		1621	*now = \&time;
1274	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;	1622	AnyEvent::log 3 => "using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!";
1275	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail	1623	}
1276	}	1624	};
		1625	die if $@;
1277		1626
1278	&_time	1627	&time
1279	}	1628	}
1280		1629
1281	sub time { _time }	1630	*now = \&time;
1282	sub now { _time }
1283	sub now_update { }	1631	sub now_update { }
1284		1632
		1633	sub _poll {
		1634	Carp::croak "$AnyEvent::MODEL does not support blocking waits. Caught";
		1635	}
		1636
1285	# default implementation for ->condvar	1637	# default implementation for ->condvar
		1638	# in fact, the default should not be overwritten
1286		1639
1287	sub condvar {	1640	sub condvar {
		1641	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1642	*condvar = sub {
1288	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"	1643	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1644	};
		1645
		1646	*AE::cv = sub (;&) {
		1647	bless { @_ ? (_ae_cb => shift) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1648	};
		1649	};
		1650	die if $@;
		1651
		1652	&condvar
1289	}	1653	}
1290		1654
1291	# default implementation for ->signal	1655	# default implementation for ->signal
1292		1656
1293	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;	1657	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
1294		1658
1295	sub _have_async_interrupt() {	1659	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
1296	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}	1660	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
1297	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.0 (); 1")	1661	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
1298	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;	1662	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
1299		1663
1300	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT	1664	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
1301	}	1665	}
1302		1666
1303	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);	1667	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
1304	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);	1668	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
1305	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);	1669	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
1306		1670
1307	sub _signal_exec {
1308	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
1309	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
1310	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 9;
1311
1312	while (%SIG_EV) {
1313	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
1314	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
1315	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
1316	}
1317	}
1318	}
1319
1320	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency	1671	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1672	# used by Impls
1321	sub _sig_add() {	1673	sub _sig_add() {
1322	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {	1674	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
1323	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible	1675	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
1324	my $NOW = AnyEvent->now;	1676	my $NOW = AE::now;
1325		1677
1326	$SIG_TW = AnyEvent->timer (	1678	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
1327	after => $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),	1679	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
1328	interval => $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,	1680	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
1329	cb => sub { }, # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK	1681	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
1330	);	1682	;
1331	}	1683	}
1332	}	1684	}
1333		1685
1334	sub _sig_del {	1686	sub _sig_del {
1335	undef $SIG_TW	1687	undef $SIG_TW
1336	unless --$SIG_COUNT;	1688	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
1337	}	1689	}
1338		1690
1339	our %SIGNAME2NUM;
1340	our @SIGNUM2NAME;
1341	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {	1691	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1692	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
1342	undef $_sig_name_init;	1693	undef $_sig_name_init;
1343		1694
1344	if (_have_async_interrupt) {	1695	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
1345	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;	1696	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
1346	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;	1697	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
1347	} else {	1698	} else {
1348	require Config;	1699	require Config;
1349		1700
		1701	my %signame2num;
1350	@SIGNAME2NUM{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }	1702	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
1351	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};	1703	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
1352	@SIGNUM2NAME[values %SIGNAME2NUM] = keys %SIGNAME2NUM;
1353		1704
		1705	my @signum2name;
		1706	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
		1707
1354	*sig2num = sub($) {	1708	*sig2num = sub($) {
1355	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $SIGNAME2NUM{+shift}	1709	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
1356	};	1710	};
1357	*sig2name = sub ($) {	1711	*sig2name = sub ($) {
1358	$_[0] > 0 ? $SIGNUM2NAME[+shift] : shift	1712	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1713	};
1359	};	1714	}
1360	}	1715	};
		1716	die if $@;
1361	};	1717	};
1362		1718
1363	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }	1719	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
1364	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }	1720	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
1365		1721
1366	sub _signal {	1722	sub signal {
		1723	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1724	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1725	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1726	AnyEvent::log 8 => "using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.";
		1727
		1728	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
		1729	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1730
		1731	} else {
		1732	AnyEvent::log 8 => "using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.";
		1733
		1734	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1735	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1736
		1737	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1738	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1739	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1740	} else {
		1741	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
		1742	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1743	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1744
		1745	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1746	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1747	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1748	}
		1749
		1750	$SIGPIPE_R
		1751	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1752
		1753	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1754	}
		1755
		1756	*signal = $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1757	? sub {
1367	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1758	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1368		1759
1369	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
1370	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
1371
1372	if ($HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT) {
1373	# async::interrupt	1760	# async::interrupt
1374
1375	$signal = sig2num $signal;	1761	my $signal = sig2num $arg{signal};
1376	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1762	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1377		1763
1378	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt	1764	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
1379	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },	1765	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
1380	signal => $signal,	1766	signal => $signal,
1381	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],	1767	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
1382	pipe_autodrain => 0,	1768	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1769	;
		1770
		1771	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1772	}
		1773	: sub {
		1774	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1775
		1776	# pure perl
		1777	my $signal = sig2name $arg{signal};
		1778	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1779
		1780	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
		1781	local $!;
		1782	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
		1783	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1784	};
		1785
		1786	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1787	# so limit the signal latency.
		1788	_sig_add;
		1789
		1790	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1791	}
1383	;	1792	;
1384		1793
1385	} else {	1794	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
1386	# pure perl	1795	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1387		1796
1388	# AE::Util has been loaded in signal	1797	_sig_del;
1389	$signal = sig2name $signal;
1390	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1391		1798
1392	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1799	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
1393	local $!;	1800
1394	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;	1801	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1802	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1803	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1804	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1805	# instead of getting the default action.
1395	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};	1806	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1807	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
1396	};	1808	};
1397		1809
1398	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,	1810	*_signal_exec = sub {
1399	# so limit the signal latency.	1811	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
1400	_sig_add;	1812	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
1401	}	1813	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
1402		1814
1403	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"	1815	while (%SIG_EV) {
1404	}	1816	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
1405		1817	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
1406	sub signal {	1818	&$_ for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
1407	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt	1819	}
1408	if (_have_async_interrupt) {	1820	}
1409	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1410
1411	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
1412	$SIG_IO = AnyEvent->io (fh => $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, poll => "r", cb => \&_signal_exec);
1413
1414	} else {
1415	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1416
1417	require Fcntl;
1418
1419	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
1420	require AnyEvent::Util;
1421
1422	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
1423	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R) if $SIGPIPE_R;
1424	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1425	} else {
1426	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
1427	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
1428	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1429
1430	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
1431	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
1432	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
1433	}	1821	};
1434
1435	$SIGPIPE_R
1436	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
1437
1438	$SIG_IO = AnyEvent->io (fh => $SIGPIPE_R, poll => "r", cb => \&_signal_exec);
1439	}	1822	};
		1823	die if $@;
1440		1824
1441	*signal = \&_signal;
1442	&signal	1825	&signal
1443	}
1444
1445	sub AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY {
1446	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1447
1448	_sig_del;
1449
1450	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
1451
1452	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
1453	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
1454	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
1455	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
1456	# instead of getting the default action.
1457	undef $SIG{$signal}
1458	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
1459	}	1826	}
1460		1827
1461	# default implementation for ->child	1828	# default implementation for ->child
1462		1829
1463	our %PID_CB;	1830	our %PID_CB;
1464	our $CHLD_W;	1831	our $CHLD_W;
1465	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1832	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1466	our $WNOHANG;
1467		1833
		1834	# used by many Impl's
1468	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {	1835	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
1469	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;	1836	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
1470		1837
1471	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)	1838	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
1472	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },	1839	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
1473	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };	1840	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
1474	}	1841	}
1475		1842
1476	sub _sigchld {
1477	my $pid;
1478
1479	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
1480	while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0;
1481	}
1482
1483	sub child {	1843	sub child {
		1844	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1845	*_sigchld = sub {
		1846	my $pid;
		1847
		1848	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
		1849	while ($pid = waitpid -1, WNOHANG) > 0;
		1850	};
		1851
		1852	*child = sub {
1484	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1853	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1485		1854
1486	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1855	my $pid = $arg{pid};
1487	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1856	my $cb = $arg{cb};
1488		1857
1489	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1858	$PID_CB{$pid}{$cb+0} = $cb;
1490		1859
1491	# WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere
1492	$WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/
1493	? 1
1494	: eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1495
1496	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1860	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1497	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1861	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1498	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1862	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1499	&_sigchld;	1863	&_sigchld;
1500	}	1864	}
1501		1865
1502	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"	1866	bless [$pid, $cb+0], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1503	}	1867	};
1504		1868
1505	sub AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY {	1869	*AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY = sub {
1506	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1870	my ($pid, $icb) = @{$_[0]};
1507		1871
1508	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1872	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$icb};
1509	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1873	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1510		1874
1511	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1875	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
		1876	};
		1877	};
		1878	die if $@;
		1879
		1880	&child
1512	}	1881	}
1513		1882
1514	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless	1883	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
1515	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting	1884	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
1516	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.	1885	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
1517	sub idle {	1886	sub idle {
		1887	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1888	*idle = sub {
1518	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1889	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1519		1890
1520	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};	1891	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
1521		1892
1522	$rcb = sub {	1893	$rcb = sub {
1523	if ($cb) {	1894	if ($cb) {
1524	$w = _time;	1895	$w = AE::time;
1525	&$cb;	1896	&$cb;
1526	$w = _time - $w;	1897	$w = AE::time - $w;
1527		1898
1528	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,	1899	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
1529	# within some limits	1900	# within some limits
1530	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;	1901	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
1531	$w = 5 if $w > 5;	1902	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
1532		1903
1533	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $w, cb => $rcb);	1904	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
1534	} else {	1905	} else {
1535	# clean up...	1906	# clean up...
1536	undef $w;	1907	undef $w;
1537	undef $rcb;	1908	undef $rcb;
		1909	}
		1910	};
		1911
		1912	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1913
		1914	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1538	}	1915	};
		1916
		1917	*AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY = sub {
		1918	undef $${$_[0]};
		1919	};
1539	};	1920	};
		1921	die if $@;
1540		1922
1541	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.05, cb => $rcb);	1923	&idle
1542
1543	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1544	}
1545
1546	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
1547	undef $${$_[0]};
1548	}	1924	}
1549		1925
1550	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1926	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1551		1927
1552	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1928	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
		1929
		1930	# only to be used for subclassing
		1931	sub new {
		1932	my $class = shift;
		1933	bless AnyEvent->condvar (@_), $class
		1934	}
1553		1935
1554	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1936	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1555		1937
1556	#use overload	1938	#use overload
1557	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1939	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
…		…
1567		1949
1568	sub _send {	1950	sub _send {
1569	# nop	1951	# nop
1570	}	1952	}
1571		1953
		1954	sub _wait {
		1955	AnyEvent->_poll until $_[0]{_ae_sent};
		1956	}
		1957
1572	sub send {	1958	sub send {
1573	my $cv = shift;	1959	my $cv = shift;
1574	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];	1960	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];
1575	(delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv) if $cv->{_ae_cb};	1961	(delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv) if $cv->{_ae_cb};
1576	$cv->_send;	1962	$cv->_send;
…		…
1583		1969
1584	sub ready {	1970	sub ready {
1585	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1971	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1586	}	1972	}
1587		1973
1588	sub _wait {
1589	$WAITING
1590	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1591	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
1592
1593	local $WAITING = 1;
1594	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1595	}
1596
1597	sub recv {	1974	sub recv {
		1975	unless ($_[0]{_ae_sent}) {
		1976	$WAITING
		1977	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait attempted";
		1978
		1979	local $WAITING = 1;
1598	$_[0]->_wait;	1980	$_[0]->_wait;
		1981	}
1599		1982
1600	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1983	$_[0]{_ae_croak}
1601	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1984	and Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak};
		1985
		1986	wantarray
		1987	? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} }
		1988	: $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1602	}	1989	}
1603		1990
1604	sub cb {	1991	sub cb {
1605	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1992	my $cv = shift;
		1993
		1994	@_
		1995	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1996	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1997	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1998
1606	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1999	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1607	}	2000	}
1608		2001
1609	sub begin {	2002	sub begin {
1610	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	2003	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1611	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	2004	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1616	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };	2009	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };
1617	}	2010	}
1618		2011
1619	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	2012	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
1620	*broadcast = \&send;	2013	*broadcast = \&send;
1621	*wait = \&_wait;	2014	*wait = \&recv;
1622		2015
1623	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING	2016	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
1624		2017
1625	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the	2018	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
1626	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also	2019	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
…		…
1638	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and	2031	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and
1639	so on.	2032	so on.
1640		2033
1641	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES	2034	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1642		2035
1643	The following environment variables are used by this module or its	2036	AnyEvent supports a number of environment variables that tune the
1644	submodules.	2037	runtime behaviour. They are usually evaluated when AnyEvent is
		2038	loaded, initialised, or a submodule that uses them is loaded. Many of
		2039	them also cause AnyEvent to load additional modules - for example,
		2040	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP> causes the L<AnyEvent::Debug> module to be
		2041	loaded.
1645		2042
1646	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with	2043	All the environment variables documented here start with
1647	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is	2044	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_>, which is what AnyEvent considers its own
1648	enabled.	2045	namespace. Other modules are encouraged (but by no means required) to use
		2046	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_SUBMODULE> if they have registered the AnyEvent::Submodule
		2047	namespace on CPAN, for any submodule. For example, L<AnyEvent::HTTP> could
		2048	be expected to use C<PERL_ANYEVENT_HTTP_PROXY> (it should not access env
		2049	variables starting with C<AE_>, see below).
		2050
		2051	All variables can also be set via the C<AE_> prefix, that is, instead
		2052	of setting C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE> you can also set C<AE_VERBOSE>. In
		2053	case there is a clash btween anyevent and another program that uses
		2054	C<AE_something> you can set the corresponding C<PERL_ANYEVENT_something>
		2055	variable to the empty string, as those variables take precedence.
		2056
		2057	When AnyEvent is first loaded, it copies all C<AE_xxx> env variables
		2058	to their C<PERL_ANYEVENT_xxx> counterpart unless that variable already
		2059	exists. If taint mode is on, then AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment
		2060	variables starting with C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> (or replace them
		2061	with C<undef> or the empty string, if the corresaponding C<AE_> variable
		2062	is set).
		2063
		2064	The exact algorithm is currently:
		2065
		2066	1. if taint mode enabled, delete all PERL_ANYEVENT_xyz variables from %ENV
		2067	2. copy over AE_xyz to PERL_ANYEVENT_xyz unless the latter alraedy exists
		2068	3. if taint mode enabled, set all PERL_ANYEVENT_xyz variables to undef.
		2069
		2070	This ensures that child processes will not see the C<AE_> variables.
		2071
		2072	The following environment variables are currently known to AnyEvent:
1649		2073
1650	=over 4	2074	=over 4
1651		2075
1652	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>	2076	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1653		2077
1654	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal	2078	By default, AnyEvent will only log messages with loglevel C<3>
1655	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more	2079	(C<critical>) or higher (see L<AnyEvent::Log>). You can set this
		2080	environment variable to a numerical loglevel to make AnyEvent more (or
1656	talkative.	2081	less) talkative.
1657		2082
		2083	If you want to do more than just set the global logging level
		2084	you should have a look at C<PERL_ANYEVENT_LOG>, which allows much more
		2085	complex specifications.
		2086
		2087	When set to C<0> (C<off>), then no messages whatsoever will be logged with
		2088	the default logging settings.
		2089
1658	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected	2090	When set to C<5> or higher (C<warn>), causes AnyEvent to warn about
1659	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by	2091	unexpected conditions, such as not being able to load the event model
1660	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.	2092	specified by C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>, or a guard callback throwing an
		2093	exception - this is the minimum recommended level.
1661		2094
1662	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event	2095	When set to C<7> or higher (info), cause AnyEvent to report which event model it
1663	model it chooses.	2096	chooses.
1664		2097
1665	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on	2098	When set to C<8> or higher (debug), then AnyEvent will report extra information on
1666	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.	2099	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		2100
		2101	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_LOG>
		2102
		2103	Accepts rather complex logging specifications. For example, you could log
		2104	all C<debug> messages of some module to stderr, warnings and above to
		2105	stderr, and errors and above to syslog, with:
		2106
		2107	PERL_ANYEVENT_LOG=Some::Module=debug,+log:filter=warn,+%syslog:%syslog=error,syslog
		2108
		2109	For the rather extensive details, see L<AnyEvent::Log>.
		2110
		2111	This variable is evaluated when AnyEvent (or L<AnyEvent::Log>) is loaded,
		2112	so will take effect even before AnyEvent has initialised itself.
		2113
		2114	Note that specifying this environment variable causes the L<AnyEvent::Log>
		2115	module to be loaded, while C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE> does not, so only
		2116	using the latter saves a few hundred kB of memory until the first message
		2117	is being logged.
1667		2118
1668	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>	2119	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
1669		2120
1670	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough	2121	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
1671	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value	2122	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
…		…
1673	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,	2124	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
1674	it will croak.	2125	it will croak.
1675		2126
1676	In other words, enables "strict" mode.	2127	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
1677		2128
1678	Unlike C<use strict> (or it's modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>	2129	Unlike C<use strict> (or its modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
1679	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping	2130	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
1680	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs	2131	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
1681	can be very useful, however.	2132	can be very useful, however.
1682		2133
		2134	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL>
		2135
		2136	If this env variable is nonempty, then its contents will be interpreted by
		2137	C<AnyEvent::Socket::parse_hostport> and C<AnyEvent::Debug::shell> (after
		2138	replacing every occurance of C<$$> by the process pid). The shell object
		2139	is saved in C<$AnyEvent::Debug::SHELL>.
		2140
		2141	This happens when the first watcher is created.
		2142
		2143	For example, to bind a debug shell on a unix domain socket in
		2144	F<< /tmp/debug<pid>.sock >>, you could use this:
		2145
		2146	PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL=/tmp/debug\$\$.sock perlprog
		2147	# connect with e.g.: socat readline /tmp/debug123.sock
		2148
		2149	Or to bind to tcp port 4545 on localhost:
		2150
		2151	PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL=127.0.0.1:4545 perlprog
		2152	# connect with e.g.: telnet localhost 4545
		2153
		2154	Note that creating sockets in F</tmp> or on localhost is very unsafe on
		2155	multiuser systems.
		2156
		2157	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP>
		2158
		2159	Can be set to C<0>, C<1> or C<2> and enables wrapping of all watchers for
		2160	debugging purposes. See C<AnyEvent::Debug::wrap> for details.
		2161
1683	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>	2162	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1684		2163
1685	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before	2164	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1686	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting	2165	auto detection and -probing kicks in.
1687	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended	2166
		2167	It normally is a string consisting entirely of ASCII letters (e.g. C<EV>
		2168	or C<IOAsync>). The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended and the
1688	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,	2169	resulting module name is loaded and - if the load was successful - used as
1689	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with	2170	event model backend. If it fails to load then AnyEvent will proceed with
1690	auto detection and -probing.	2171	auto detection and -probing.
1691		2172
1692	This functionality might change in future versions.	2173	If the string ends with C<::> instead (e.g. C<AnyEvent::Impl::EV::>) then
		2174	nothing gets prepended and the module name is used as-is (hint: C<::> at
		2175	the end of a string designates a module name and quotes it appropriately).
1693		2176
1694	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you	2177	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Loop::Perl>) you
1695	could start your program like this:	2178	could start your program like this:
1696		2179
1697	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...	2180	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1698		2181
1699	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>	2182	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
…		…
1715	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>	2198	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
1716	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6	2199	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
1717	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or	2200	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
1718	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.	2201	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
1719		2202
		2203	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_HOSTS>
		2204
		2205	This variable, if specified, overrides the F</etc/hosts> file used by
		2206	L<AnyEvent::Socket>C<::resolve_sockaddr>, i.e. hosts aliases will be read
		2207	from that file instead.
		2208
1720	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>	2209	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
1721		2210
1722	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension	2211	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension for
1723	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but	2212	DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, especially
1724	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by	2213	when DNSSEC is involved, but some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS
1725	default.	2214	packets, which is why it is off by default.
1726		2215
1727	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce	2216	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
1728	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.	2217	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
1729		2218
1730	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>	2219	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
…		…
1736		2225
1737	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS	2226	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
1738	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are	2227	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
1739	sent to the DNS server.	2228	sent to the DNS server.
1740		2229
		2230	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>
		2231
		2232	Perl has inherently racy signal handling (you can basically choose between
		2233	losing signals and memory corruption) - pure perl event loops (including
		2234	C<AnyEvent::Loop>, when C<Async::Interrupt> isn't available) therefore
		2235	have to poll regularly to avoid losing signals.
		2236
		2237	Some event loops are racy, but don't poll regularly, and some event loops
		2238	are written in C but are still racy. For those event loops, AnyEvent
		2239	installs a timer that regularly wakes up the event loop.
		2240
		2241	By default, the interval for this timer is C<10> seconds, but you can
		2242	override this delay with this environment variable (or by setting
		2243	the C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> variable before creating signal
		2244	watchers).
		2245
		2246	Lower values increase CPU (and energy) usage, higher values can introduce
		2247	long delays when reaping children or waiting for signals.
		2248
		2249	The L<AnyEvent::Async> module, if available, will be used to avoid this
		2250	polling (with most event loops).
		2251
1741	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>	2252	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
1742		2253
1743	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific	2254	The absolute path to a F<resolv.conf>-style file to use instead of
1744	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no	2255	F</etc/resolv.conf> (or the OS-specific configuration) in the default
1745	default config will be used.	2256	resolver, or the empty string to select the default configuration.
1746		2257
1747	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.	2258	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
1748		2259
1749	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during	2260	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
1750	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment	2261	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
1751	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations	2262	variables are nonempty, they will be used to specify CA certificate
1752	instead of a system-dependent default.	2263	locations instead of a system-dependent default.
1753		2264
1754	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>	2265	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
1755		2266
1756	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not	2267	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
1757	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.	2268	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
…		…
1820	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	2331	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1821	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	2332	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1822	},	2333	},
1823	);	2334	);
1824		2335
1825	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1826
1827	sub new_timer {
1828	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	2336	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1829	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	2337	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1830	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1831	});	2338	});
1832	}
1833
1834	new_timer; # create first timer
1835		2339
1836	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i	2340	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1837		2341
1838	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	2342	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1839		2343
…		…
1912		2416
1913	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	2417	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
1914	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects	2418	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
1915	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	2419	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
1916	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	2420	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
1917	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	2421	problems get reported to the code that tries to use the result, not in a
1918	random callback.	2422	random callback.
1919		2423
1920	All of this enables the following usage styles:	2424	All of this enables the following usage styles:
1921		2425
1922	1. Blocking:	2426	1. Blocking:
…		…
1970	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2474	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1971	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2475	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1972	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2476	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1973		2477
1974	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2478	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1975	distribution.	2479	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2480	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1976		2481
1977	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2482	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1978		2483
1979	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2484	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1980	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2485	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
2001	watcher.	2506	watcher.
2002		2507
2003	=head3 Results	2508	=head3 Results
2004		2509
2005	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2510	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
2006	EV/EV 400000 224 0.47 0.35 0.27 EV native interface	2511	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
2007	EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2512	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
2008	CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2513	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
2009	Perl/Any 100000 452 4.13 0.73 0.95 pure perl implementation	2514	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
2010	Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface	2515	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
2011	Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2516	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
2012	IOAsync/Any 16000 989 38.10 32.77 11.13 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll	2517	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
2013	IOAsync/Any 16000 990 37.59 29.50 10.61 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll	2518	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
2014	Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour	2519	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
2015	Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2520	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
2016	POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event	2521	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
2017	POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select	2522	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
2018		2523
2019	=head3 Discussion	2524	=head3 Discussion
2020		2525
2021	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2526	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
2022	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2527	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
2034	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2539	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
2035	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2540	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
2036	cycles with POE.	2541	cycles with POE.
2037		2542
2038	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2543	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
2039	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2544	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2545	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2546	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
2040	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2547	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
2041	natively.
2042		2548
2043	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2549	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
2044	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2550	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
2045	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2551	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
2046	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2552	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
…		…
2094	(even when used without AnyEvent), but most event loops have acceptable	2600	(even when used without AnyEvent), but most event loops have acceptable
2095	performance with or without AnyEvent.	2601	performance with or without AnyEvent.
2096		2602
2097	=item * The overhead AnyEvent adds is usually much smaller than the overhead of	2603	=item * The overhead AnyEvent adds is usually much smaller than the overhead of
2098	the actual event loop, only with extremely fast event loops such as EV	2604	the actual event loop, only with extremely fast event loops such as EV
2099	adds AnyEvent significant overhead.	2605	does AnyEvent add significant overhead.
2100		2606
2101	=item * You should avoid POE like the plague if you want performance or	2607	=item * You should avoid POE like the plague if you want performance or
2102	reasonable memory usage.	2608	reasonable memory usage.
2103		2609
2104	=back	2610	=back
…		…
2120	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2626	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
2121	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2627	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
2122	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2628	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
2123		2629
2124	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2630	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
2125	distribution.	2631	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2632	for the EV and Perl backends only.
2126		2633
2127	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2634	=head3 Explanation of the columns
2128		2635
2129	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2636	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
2130	each server has a read and write socket end).	2637	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
2138	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2645	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
2139		2646
2140	=head3 Results	2647	=head3 Results
2141		2648
2142	name sockets create request	2649	name sockets create request
2143	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2650	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
2144	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2651	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
2145	IOAsync 20000 157.00 98.14 epoll	2652	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
2146	IOAsync 20000 159.31 616.06 poll	2653	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
2147	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2654	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
2148	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2655	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
2149	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2656	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
2150		2657
2151	=head3 Discussion	2658	=head3 Discussion
2152		2659
2153	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2660	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
2154	particular event loop.	2661	particular event loop.
…		…
2280	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the	2787	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
2281	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl	2788	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
2282	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.	2789	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
2283		2790
2284	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and	2791	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
2285	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda by a	2792	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
2286	large margin, even though it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O	2793	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
2287	in a non-blocking way.	2794	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
2288		2795
2289	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and	2796	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
2290	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are	2797	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
2291	part of the IO::lambda distribution and were used without any changes.	2798	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
2292		2799
2293		2800
2294	=head1 SIGNALS	2801	=head1 SIGNALS
2295		2802
2296	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:	2803	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
…		…
2333	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};	2840	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
2334		2841
2335	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES	2842	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
2336		2843
2337	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and	2844	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
2338	it's built-in modules) are required to use it.	2845	its built-in modules) are required to use it.
2339		2846
2340	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional	2847	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
2341	modules if they are installed.	2848	modules if they are installed.
2342		2849
2343	This section epxlains which additional modules will be used, and how they	2850	This section explains which additional modules will be used, and how they
2344	affect AnyEvent's operetion.	2851	affect AnyEvent's operation.
2345		2852
2346	=over 4	2853	=over 4
2347		2854
2348	=item L<Async::Interrupt>	2855	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
2349		2856
…		…
2354	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for	2861	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
2355	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).	2862	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
2356		2863
2357	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal	2864	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
2358	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop	2865	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
2359	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (And good for	2866	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for
2360	battery life on laptops).	2867	battery life on laptops).
2361		2868
2362	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops	2869	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
2363	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).	2870	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
2364		2871
…		…
2376	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,	2883	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
2377	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and	2884	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
2378	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed	2885	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
2379	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).	2886	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
2380		2887
		2888	If you only use backends that rely on another event loop (e.g. C<Tk>),
		2889	then this module will do nothing for you.
		2890
2381	=item L<Guard>	2891	=item L<Guard>
2382		2892
2383	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement	2893	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
2384	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a	2894	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
2385	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is	2895	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
2386	purely used for performance.	2896	purely used for performance.
2387		2897
2388	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>	2898	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
2389		2899
2390	This module is required when you want to read or write JSON data via	2900	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
2391	L<AnyEvent::Handle>. It is also written in pure-perl, but can take	2901	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. L<JSON> is also written in pure-perl, but can take
2392	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.	2902	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
2393
2394	In fact, L<AnyEvent::Handle> will use L<JSON::XS> by default if it is
2395	installed.
2396		2903
2397	=item L<Net::SSLeay>	2904	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
2398		2905
2399	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very	2906	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
2400	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with	2907	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
2401	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.	2908	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
2402		2909
2403	=item L<Time::HiRes>	2910	=item L<Time::HiRes>
2404		2911
2405	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the	2912	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
2406	chosen event library does not come with a timing source on it's own. The	2913	chosen event library does not come with a timing source of its own. The
2407	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to	2914	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Loop>) will additionally load it to
2408	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.	2915	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
2409		2916
2410	=back	2917	=back
2411		2918
2412		2919
2413	=head1 FORK	2920	=head1 FORK
2414		2921
2415	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2922	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
2416	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2923	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> calls
2417	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2924	- higher performance APIs such as BSD's kqueue or the dreaded Linux epoll
		2925	are usually badly thought-out hacks that are incompatible with fork in
		2926	one way or another. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware and ensures that you
		2927	continue event-processing in both parent and child (or both, if you know
		2928	what you are doing).
		2929
		2930	This means that, in general, you cannot fork and do event processing in
		2931	the child if the event library was initialised before the fork (which
		2932	usually happens when the first AnyEvent watcher is created, or the library
		2933	is loaded).
2418		2934
2419	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2935	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
2420	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do	2936	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
2421	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.	2937	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
		2938
		2939	The problem of doing event processing in the parent I<and> the child
		2940	is much more complicated: even for backends that I<are> fork-aware or
		2941	fork-safe, their behaviour is not usually what you want: fork clones all
		2942	watchers, that means all timers, I/O watchers etc. are active in both
		2943	parent and child, which is almost never what you want. USing C<exec>
		2944	to start worker children from some kind of manage rprocess is usually
		2945	preferred, because it is much easier and cleaner, at the expense of having
		2946	to have another binary.
2422		2947
2423		2948
2424	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2949	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
2425		2950
2426	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2951	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
2456	pronounced).	2981	pronounced).
2457		2982
2458		2983
2459	=head1 SEE ALSO	2984	=head1 SEE ALSO
2460		2985
2461	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.	2986	Tutorial/Introduction: L<AnyEvent::Intro>.
2462		2987
2463	Event modules: L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>,	2988	FAQ: L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
2464	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2989
		2990	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util> (misc. grab-bag), L<AnyEvent::Log>
		2991	(simply logging).
		2992
		2993	Development/Debugging: L<AnyEvent::Strict> (stricter checking),
		2994	L<AnyEvent::Debug> (interactive shell, watcher tracing).
		2995
		2996	Supported event modules: L<AnyEvent::Loop>, L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>,
		2997	L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>,
		2998	L<Qt>, L<POE>, L<FLTK>.
2465		2999
2466	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	3000	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
2467	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	3001	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
2468	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	3002	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
2469	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.	3003	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>,
		3004	L<AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK>.
2470		3005
2471	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	3006	Non-blocking handles, pipes, stream sockets, TCP clients and
2472	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.	3007	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
2473		3008
2474	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	3009	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
2475		3010
2476	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,	3011	Thread support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>.
2477	L<Coro::Event>,
2478		3012
2479	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,	3013	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>,
2480	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.	3014	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
2481		3015
2482		3016
2483	=head1 AUTHOR	3017	=head1 AUTHOR
2484		3018

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