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Revision 1.299 by root, Tue Dec 1 17:53:48 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.408 by root, Thu Dec 6 12:04:23 2012 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt,
6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.	6	FLTK and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
7		7
8	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
9		9
10	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
11		11
		12	# if you prefer function calls, look at the AE manpage for
		13	# an alternative API.
		14
12	# file descriptor readable	15	# file handle or descriptor readable
13	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });	16	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
14		17
15	# one-shot or repeating timers	18	# one-shot or repeating timers
16	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });	19	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
17	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...	20	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...);
18		21
19	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time	22	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
20	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.	23	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
21		24
22	# POSIX signal	25	# POSIX signal
…		…
43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	46	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	47	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
45		48
46	=head1 SUPPORT	49	=head1 SUPPORT
47		50
		51	An FAQ document is available as L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		52
48	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC	53	There also is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
49	channel, too.	54	channel, too.
50		55
51	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software	56	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
52	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.	57	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
53		58
…		…
73	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	78	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
74	model you use.	79	model you use.
75		80
76	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	81	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
77	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	82	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
78	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	83	like joining a cult: After you join, you are dependent on them and you
79	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything	84	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
80	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your	85	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
81	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	86	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
82		87
83	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	88	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
84	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	89	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
85	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if	90	with the rest: POE + EV? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if your module
86	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	91	uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it, too. But if
87	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	92	your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all event models it
88	event models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those	93	supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those use one of the
89	use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops	94	supported event loops. It is easy to add new event loops to AnyEvent, too,
90	to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	95	so it is future-proof).
91		96
92	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	97	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
93	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	98	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
94	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	99	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
95	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	100	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and to the point, by only
96	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as	101	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
97	technically possible.	102	technically possible.
98		103
99	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox	104	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
100	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%	105	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
…		…
106	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	111	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
107	model, you should I<not> use this module.	112	model, you should I<not> use this module.
108		113
109	=head1 DESCRIPTION	114	=head1 DESCRIPTION
110		115
111	L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This	116	L<AnyEvent> provides a uniform interface to various event loops. This
112	allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module	117	allows module authors to use event loop functionality without forcing
113	users to use the same event loop (as only a single event loop can coexist	118	module users to use a specific event loop implementation (since more
114	peacefully at any one time).	119	than one event loop cannot coexist peacefully).
115		120
116	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>	121	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>
117	module.	122	module.
118		123
119	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries	124	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries
120	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the	125	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the
121	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>,	126	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>, L<AnyEvent::Loop>,
122	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>,	127	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>. The first one
123	L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries	128	found is used. If none are detected, the module tries to load the first
124	to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl	129	four modules in the order given; but note that if L<EV> is not
125	adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can	130	available, the pure-perl L<AnyEvent::Loop> should always work, so
126	be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be	131	the other two are not normally tried.
127	found, AnyEvent will fall back to a pure-perl event loop, which is not
128	very efficient, but should work everywhere.
129		132
130	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading	133	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading
131	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make	134	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make
132	that model the default. For example:	135	that model the default. For example:
133		136
…		…
135	use AnyEvent;	138	use AnyEvent;
136		139
137	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk	140	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk
138		141
139	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and	142	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and
140	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to	143	starts using it, all bets are off - this case should be very rare though,
141	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...	144	as very few modules hardcode event loops without announcing this very
		145	loudly.
142		146
143	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	147	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called C<AnyEvent::Loop>. Like
144	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	148	other event modules you can load it explicitly and enjoy the high
145	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)	149	availability of that event loop :)
146		150
147	=head1 WATCHERS	151	=head1 WATCHERS
148		152
149	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	153	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
150	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	154	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
…		…
155	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	159	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
156	is in control).	160	is in control).
157		161
158	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>	162	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
159	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<	163	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
160	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in	164	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practice in
161	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs	165	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
162	widely between event loops.	166	widely between event loops.
163		167
164	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	168	To disable a watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
165	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	169	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
166	to it).	170	to it).
167		171
168	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	172	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
169		173
170	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for	174	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
171	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.	175	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
172		176
173	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:	177	One way to achieve that is this pattern:
174		178
175	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {	179	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
176	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it	180	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
177	undef $w;	181	undef $w;
178	});	182	});
…		…
210		214
211	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.	215	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.
212	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the	216	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the
213	underlying file descriptor.	217	underlying file descriptor.
214		218
215	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	219	Some event loops issue spurious readiness notifications, so you should
216	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	220	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
217	handles.	221	handles.
218		222
219	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the	223	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
220	watcher.	224	watcher.
…		…
244		248
245	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	249	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
246	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	250	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
247	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	251	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
248		252
249	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another	253	The callback will normally be invoked only once. If you specify another
250	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the	254	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
251	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional	255	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
252	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a	256	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
253	false value, then it is treated as if it were missing.	257	false value, then it is treated as if it were not specified at all.
254		258
255	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no	259	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
256	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is	260	attempt is made to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
257	only approximate.	261	only approximate.
258		262
259	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.	263	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
260		264
261	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	265	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
…		…
279		283
280	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they	284	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they
281	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock	285	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock
282	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from	286	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from
283	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to	287	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to
284	fire "after" a second might actually take six years to finally fire.	288	fire "after a second" might actually take six years to finally fire.
285		289
286	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious	290	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious
287	about these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based	291	of these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based
288	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)	292	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)
289	timers.	293	timers.
290		294
291	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the	295	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
292	AnyEvent API.	296	AnyEvent API.
…		…
314	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the	318	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
315	function to call when you want to know the current time.>	319	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
316		320
317	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and	321	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
318	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,	322	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
319	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts).	323	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update its activity timeouts).
320		324
321	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact	325	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
322	with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.	326	with your timing; you can skip it without a bad conscience.
323		327
324	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>	328	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
325	and L<EV> and the following set-up:	329	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
326		330
327	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at	331	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callbacks at
328	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,	332	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
329	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a	333	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
330	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires	334	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
331	after three seconds.	335	after three seconds.
332		336
…		…
352	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into	356	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
353	account.	357	account.
354		358
355	=item AnyEvent->now_update	359	=item AnyEvent->now_update
356		360
357	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache	361	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Loop>) cache the current
358	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<	362	time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<< AnyEvent->now >>,
359	AnyEvent->now >>, above).	363	above).
360		364
361	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then	365	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
362	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which	366	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
363	might affect timers and time-outs.	367	might affect timers and time-outs.
364		368
…		…
411	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's	415	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's
412	pure perl implementation).	416	pure perl implementation).
413		417
414	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals	418	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals
415		419
416	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling) or	420	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling)
417	"unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might get delayed indefinitely, the	421	or "unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might delay signal delivery
418	latter might corrupt your memory.	422	indefinitely, the latter might corrupt your memory.
419		423
420	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,	424	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,
421	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be	425	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be
422	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.	426	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.
423	callbacks, too).	427	callbacks, too).
424		428
425	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds	429	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
426		430
427	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching	431	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support
428	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot	432	attaching callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity,
429	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for	433	as you cannot do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring
430	this. AnyEvent will try to do it's best, which means in some cases,	434	C libraries for this. AnyEvent will try to do its best, which
431	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is	435	means in some cases, signals will be delayed. The maximum time
432	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This	436	a signal might be delayed is 10 seconds by default, but can
433	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,	437	be overriden via C<$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY}> or
434	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often	438	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> - see the L<ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES>
435	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values	439	section for details.
436	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
437	saving.
438		440
439	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional	441	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
440	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not	442	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
441	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>	443	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
442	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does it's own workaround with	444	(and not with L<POE> currently). For those, you just have to suffer the
443	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.	445	delays.
444		446
445	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	447	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
446		448
447	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);	449	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
448		450
449	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	451	You can also watch for a child process exit and catch its exit status.
450		452
451	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (one some backends,	453	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (on some backends,
452	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will	454	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
453	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has	455	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
454	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events	456	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
455	(stopped/continued).	457	(stopped/continued).
456		458
…		…
478	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one	480	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
479	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call	481	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
480	C<AnyEvent::detect>).	482	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
481		483
482	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be	484	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
483	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems	485	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which case the latency and race
484	mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.	486	problems mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
485		487
486	Example: fork a process and wait for it	488	Example: fork a process and wait for it
487		489
488	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	490	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
489		491
…		…
503		505
504	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS	506	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
505		507
506	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);	508	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
507		509
508	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important	510	This will repeatedly invoke the callback after the process becomes idle,
509	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This	511	until either the watcher is destroyed or new events have been detected.
510	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
511	attention by the event loop".
512		512
513	Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing	513	Idle watchers are useful when there is a need to do something, but it
514	better to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new	514	is not so important (or wise) to do it instantly. The callback will be
515	events. Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.	515	invoked only when there is "nothing better to do", which is usually
		516	defined as "all outstanding events have been handled and no new events
		517	have been detected". That means that idle watchers ideally get invoked
		518	when the event loop has just polled for new events but none have been
		519	detected. Instead of blocking to wait for more events, the idle watchers
		520	will be invoked.
516		521
517	Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only	522	Unfortunately, most event loops do not really support idle watchers (only
518	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent	523	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
519	will simply call the callback "from time to time".	524	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
520		525
521	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the	526	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
522	program is otherwise idle:	527	program is otherwise idle:
…		…
550	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	555	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
551		556
552	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event	557	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
553	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	558	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
554		559
555	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	560	The tool to do that is called a "condition variable", so called because
556	because they represent a condition that must become true.	561	they represent a condition that must become true.
557		562
558	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.	563	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
559		564
560	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	565	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
561	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	566	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
…		…
566	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	571	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
567	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it	572	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
568	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<	573	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
569	->send >> method).	574	->send >> method).
570		575
571	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	576	Since condition variables are the most complex part of the AnyEvent API, here are
572	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	577	some different mental models of what they are - pick the ones you can connect to:
573	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	578
574	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	579	=over 4
575	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	580
576	a result. And yet some people know them as "futures" - a promise to	581	=item * Condition variables are like callbacks - you can call them (and pass them instead
577	compute/deliver something that you can wait for.	582	of callbacks). Unlike callbacks however, you can also wait for them to be called.
		583
		584	=item * Condition variables are signals - one side can emit or send them,
		585	the other side can wait for them, or install a handler that is called when
		586	the signal fires.
		587
		588	=item * Condition variables are like "Merge Points" - points in your program
		589	where you merge multiple independent results/control flows into one.
		590
		591	=item * Condition variables represent a transaction - functions that start
		592	some kind of transaction can return them, leaving the caller the choice
		593	between waiting in a blocking fashion, or setting a callback.
		594
		595	=item * Condition variables represent future values, or promises to deliver
		596	some result, long before the result is available.
		597
		598	=back
578		599
579	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	600	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
580	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	601	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
581	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	602	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
582	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	603	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
595		616
596	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys	617	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys
597	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing	618	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing
598	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of	619	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of
599	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call	620	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call
600	it's C<new> method in your own C<new> method.	621	its C<new> method in your own C<new> method.
601		622
602	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which	623	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which
603	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits	624	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
604	for the send to occur.	625	for the send to occur.
605		626
606	Example: wait for a timer.	627	Example: wait for a timer.
607		628
608	# wait till the result is ready	629	# condition: "wait till the timer is fired"
609	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	630	my $timer_fired = AnyEvent->condvar;
610		631
611	# do something such as adding a timer	632	# create the timer - we could wait for, say
612	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->send	633	# a handle becomign ready, or even an
613	# when the "result" is ready.	634	# AnyEvent::HTTP request to finish, but
614	# in this case, we simply use a timer:	635	# in this case, we simply use a timer:
615	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (	636	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (
616	after => 1,	637	after => 1,
617	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	638	cb => sub { $timer_fired->send },
618	);	639	);
619		640
620	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	641	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
621	# calls ->send	642	# calls ->send
622	$result_ready->recv;	643	$timer_fired->recv;
623		644
624	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition	645	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
625	variables are also callable directly.	646	variables are also callable directly.
626		647
627	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	648	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
…		…
670	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	691	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
671	C<send>.	692	C<send>.
672		693
673	=item $cv->croak ($error)	694	=item $cv->croak ($error)
674		695
675	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	696	Similar to send, but causes all calls to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
676	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	697	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
677		698
678	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	699	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
679	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly	700	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
680	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it	701	delays the error detection, but has the overwhelming advantage that it
681	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not	702	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
682	deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing	703	deep in some event callback with no connection to the actual code causing
683	the problem.	704	the problem.
684		705
685	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	706	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
686		707
687	=item $cv->end	708	=item $cv->end
…		…
725	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before	746	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
726	sending.	747	sending.
727		748
728	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the	749	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
729	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are	750	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
730	begung can potentially be zero:	751	begun can potentially be zero:
731		752
732	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	753	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
733		754
734	my %result;	755	my %result;
735	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });	756	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
…		…
742	};	763	};
743	}	764	}
744		765
745	$cv->end;	766	$cv->end;
746		767
		768	...
		769
		770	my $results = $cv->recv;
		771
747	This code fragment supposedly pings a number of hosts and calls	772	This code fragment supposedly pings a number of hosts and calls
748	C<send> after results for all then have have been gathered - in any	773	C<send> after results for all then have have been gathered - in any
749	order. To achieve this, the code issues a call to C<begin> when it starts	774	order. To achieve this, the code issues a call to C<begin> when it starts
750	each ping request and calls C<end> when it has received some result for	775	each ping request and calls C<end> when it has received some result for
751	it. Since C<begin> and C<end> only maintain a counter, the order in which	776	it. Since C<begin> and C<end> only maintain a counter, the order in which
…		…
756	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	781	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
757	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	782	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
758	doesn't execute once).	783	doesn't execute once).
759		784
760	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but	785	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
761	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set	786	potentially zero) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
762	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each	787	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
763	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,	788	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
764	call C<end>.	789	call C<end>.
765		790
766	=back	791	=back
…		…
773	=over 4	798	=over 4
774		799
775	=item $cv->recv	800	=item $cv->recv
776		801
777	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak	802	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak
778	>> methods have been called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers	803	>> methods have been called on C<$cv>, while servicing other watchers
779	normally.	804	normally.
780		805
781	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but	806	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but
782	will return immediately.	807	will return immediately.
783		808
…		…
800	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	825	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
801	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	826	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
802	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	827	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
803	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	828	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
804		829
805	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	830	You can ensure that C<< ->recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
806	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	831	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
807	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	832	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
808	waits otherwise.	833	waits otherwise.
809		834
810	=item $bool = $cv->ready	835	=item $bool = $cv->ready
…		…
815	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))	840	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
816		841
817	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	842	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
818	replaces it before doing so.	843	replaces it before doing so.
819		844
820	The callback will be called when the condition becomes (or already was)	845	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when
821	"true", i.e. when C<send> or C<croak> are called (or were called), with	846	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the
822	the only argument being the condition variable itself. Calling C<recv>	847	condition variable itself. If the condition is already true, the
		848	callback is called immediately when it is set. Calling C<recv> inside
823	inside the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.	849	the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
824		850
825	=back	851	=back
826		852
827	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS	853	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
828		854
…		…
836	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own	862	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
837	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with	863	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
838	AnyEvent itself.	864	AnyEvent itself.
839		865
840	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).	866	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
841	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.	867	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl AnyEvent::Loop, fast and portable.
842		868
843	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.	869	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
844		870
845	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher	871	These will be used if they are already loaded when the first watcher
846	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using	872	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
847	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend	873	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
848	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to	874	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
849	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.	875	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
850		876
…		…
852	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.	878	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
853	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.	879	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
854	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.	880	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
855	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.	881	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
856	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.	882	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		883	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async.
		884	AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa based on Cocoa::EventLoop.
		885	AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK based on FLTK (fltk 2 binding).
857		886
858	=item Backends with special needs.	887	=item Backends with special needs.
859		888
860	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will	889	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
861	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program	890	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
862	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,	891	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
863	everything should just work.	892	everything should just work.
864		893
865	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.	894	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
866		895
867	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
868	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
869	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
870	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
871	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
872
873	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
874
875	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.	896	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
876		897
877	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:	898	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
878		899
879	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.	900	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
…		…
904	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the	925	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
905	backend has been autodetected.	926	backend has been autodetected.
906		927
907	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the	928	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
908	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one	929	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
909	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the	930	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl::xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
910	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it	931	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
911	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).	932	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
912		933
913	=item AnyEvent::detect	934	=item AnyEvent::detect
914		935
915	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	936	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
916	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	937	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
917	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	938	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
918	runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.	939	runtime, and not e.g. during initialisation of your module.
		940
		941	The effect of calling this function is as if a watcher had been created
		942	(specifically, actions that happen "when the first watcher is created"
		943	happen when calling detetc as well).
919		944
920	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are	945	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
921	created, use C<post_detect>.	946	created, use C<post_detect>.
922		947
923	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	948	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
924		949
925	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	950	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
926	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	951	autodetected (or immediately if that has already happened).
927		952
928	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected	953	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
929	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been	954	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
930	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do	955	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
931	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or	956	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
…		…
940	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or	965	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
941	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for	966	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
942	a case where this is useful.	967	a case where this is useful.
943		968
944	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in	969	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
945	C<$WATCHER>. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though.	970	C<$WATCHER>, but do so only do so after the event loop is initialised.
946		971
947	our WATCHER;	972	our WATCHER;
948		973
949	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {	974	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
950	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	975	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
…		…
958	$WATCHER ||= $guard;	983	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
959		984
960	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	985	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
961		986
962	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	987	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
963	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	988	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will be called directly
964	the event loop has been chosen.	989	after the event loop has been chosen.
965		990
966	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	991	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
967	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the	992	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
968	array will be ignored.	993	array will be ignored.
969		994
970	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows	995	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
971	it,as it takes care of these details.	996	it, as it takes care of these details.
972		997
973	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful	998	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
974	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do	999	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
975	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook	1000	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
976	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.	1001	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
977		1002
		1003	Example: To load Coro::AnyEvent whenever Coro and AnyEvent are used
		1004	together, you could put this into Coro (this is the actual code used by
		1005	Coro to accomplish this):
		1006
		1007	if (defined $AnyEvent::MODEL) {
		1008	# AnyEvent already initialised, so load Coro::AnyEvent
		1009	require Coro::AnyEvent;
		1010	} else {
		1011	# AnyEvent not yet initialised, so make sure to load Coro::AnyEvent
		1012	# as soon as it is
		1013	push @AnyEvent::post_detect, sub { require Coro::AnyEvent };
		1014	}
		1015
		1016	=item AnyEvent::postpone { BLOCK }
		1017
		1018	Arranges for the block to be executed as soon as possible, but not before
		1019	the call itself returns. In practise, the block will be executed just
		1020	before the event loop polls for new events, or shortly afterwards.
		1021
		1022	This function never returns anything (to make the C<return postpone { ...
		1023	}> idiom more useful.
		1024
		1025	To understand the usefulness of this function, consider a function that
		1026	asynchronously does something for you and returns some transaction
		1027	object or guard to let you cancel the operation. For example,
		1028	C<AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect>:
		1029
		1030	# start a conenction attempt unless one is active
		1031	$self->{connect_guard} ||= AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect "www.example.net", 80, sub {
		1032	delete $self->{connect_guard};
		1033	...
		1034	};
		1035
		1036	Imagine that this function could instantly call the callback, for
		1037	example, because it detects an obvious error such as a negative port
		1038	number. Invoking the callback before the function returns causes problems
		1039	however: the callback will be called and will try to delete the guard
		1040	object. But since the function hasn't returned yet, there is nothing to
		1041	delete. When the function eventually returns it will assign the guard
		1042	object to C<< $self->{connect_guard} >>, where it will likely never be
		1043	deleted, so the program thinks it is still trying to connect.
		1044
		1045	This is where C<AnyEvent::postpone> should be used. Instead of calling the
		1046	callback directly on error:
		1047
		1048	$cb->(undef), return # signal error to callback, BAD!
		1049	if $some_error_condition;
		1050
		1051	It should use C<postpone>:
		1052
		1053	AnyEvent::postpone { $cb->(undef) }, return # signal error to callback, later
		1054	if $some_error_condition;
		1055
		1056	=item AnyEvent::log $level, $msg[, @args]
		1057
		1058	Log the given C<$msg> at the given C<$level>.
		1059
		1060	If L<AnyEvent::Log> is not loaded then this function makes a simple test
		1061	to see whether the message will be logged. If the test succeeds it will
		1062	load AnyEvent::Log and call C<AnyEvent::Log::log> - consequently, look at
		1063	the L<AnyEvent::Log> documentation for details.
		1064
		1065	If the test fails it will simply return. Right now this happens when a
		1066	numerical loglevel is used and it is larger than the level specified via
		1067	C<$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}>.
		1068
		1069	If you want to sprinkle loads of logging calls around your code, consider
		1070	creating a logger callback with the C<AnyEvent::Log::logger> function,
		1071	which can reduce typing, codesize and can reduce the logging overhead
		1072	enourmously.
		1073
978	=back	1074	=back
979		1075
980	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	1076	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
981		1077
982	As a module author, you should C<use AnyEvent> and call AnyEvent methods	1078	As a module author, you should C<use AnyEvent> and call AnyEvent methods
…		…
992	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using	1088	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using
993	events is to stay interactive.	1089	events is to stay interactive.
994		1090
995	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module	1091	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module
996	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method	1092	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method
997	called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->recv >>	1093	called C<results> that returns the results, it may call C<< ->recv >>
998	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always).	1094	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. Always).
999		1095
1000	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM	1096	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM
1001		1097
1002	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should	1098	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should
1003	dictate which event model to use.	1099	dictate which event model to use.
1004		1100
1005	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not	1101	If the program is not event-based, it need not do anything special, even
1006	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent	1102	when it depends on a module that uses an AnyEvent. If the program itself
1007	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.	1103	uses AnyEvent, but does not care which event loop is used, all it needs
		1104	to do is C<use AnyEvent>. In either case, AnyEvent will choose the best
		1105	available loop implementation.
1008		1106
1009	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in	1107	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in
1010	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the	1108	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the
1011	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally	1109	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally
1012	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that	1110	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that
1013	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will	1111	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will
1014	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it	1112	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it
1015	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.	1113	might choose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.
1016		1114
1017	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the	1115	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the
1018	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar behaviour	1116	C<AnyEvent::Loop> module, which gives you similar behaviour
1019	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.	1117	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.
1020		1118
1021	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION	1119	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION
1022		1120
1023	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who	1121	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who
…		…
1036		1134
1037		1135
1038	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1136	=head1 OTHER MODULES
1039		1137
1040	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1138	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
1041	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent	1139	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other
1042	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules	1140	AnyEvent modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the
1043	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.	1141	modules come as part of AnyEvent, the others are available via CPAN (see
		1142	L<http://search.cpan.org/search?m=module&q=anyevent%3A%3A*> for
		1143	a longer non-exhaustive list), and the list is heavily biased towards
		1144	modules of the AnyEvent author himself :)
1044		1145
1045	=over 4	1146	=over 4
1046		1147
1047	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1148	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
1048		1149
1049	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	1150	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used blocking
1050	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	1151	functions such as C<inet_aton> with event/callback-based versions.
1051		1152
1052	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	1153	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
1053		1154
1054	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	1155	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
1055	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp	1156	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
…		…
1057		1158
1058	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>	1159	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
1059		1160
1060	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,	1161	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
1061	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and	1162	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
1062	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.	1163	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>).
1063		1164
1064	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1165	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
1065		1166
1066	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1167	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
1067		1168
		1169	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>, L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IGS>, L<AnyEvent::FCP>
		1170
		1171	Implement event-based interfaces to the protocols of the same name (for
		1172	the curious, IGS is the International Go Server and FCP is the Freenet
		1173	Client Protocol).
		1174
1068	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>	1175	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
1069		1176
1070	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent	1177	Truly asynchronous (as opposed to non-blocking) I/O, should be in the
1071	HTTP requests.	1178	toolbox of every event programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
		1179	L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent together, giving AnyEvent access to event-based
		1180	file I/O, and much more.
		1181
		1182	=item L<AnyEvent::Filesys::Notify>
		1183
		1184	AnyEvent is good for non-blocking stuff, but it can't detect file or
		1185	path changes (e.g. "watch this directory for new files", "watch this
		1186	file for changes"). The L<AnyEvent::Filesys::Notify> module promises to
		1187	do just that in a portbale fashion, supporting inotify on GNU/Linux and
		1188	some weird, without doubt broken, stuff on OS X to monitor files. It can
		1189	fall back to blocking scans at regular intervals transparently on other
		1190	platforms, so it's about as portable as it gets.
		1191
		1192	(I haven't used it myself, but I haven't heard anybody complaining about
		1193	it yet).
		1194
		1195	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
		1196
		1197	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process for you,
		1198	notifying you in an event-based way when the operation is finished.
1072		1199
1073	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	1200	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
1074		1201
1075	Provides a simple web application server framework.	1202	A simple embedded webserver.
1076		1203
1077	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	1204	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
1078		1205
1079	The fastest ping in the west.	1206	The fastest ping in the west.
1080		1207
1081	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
1082
1083	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
1084
1085	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
1086
1087	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
1088	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent
1089	together.
1090
1091	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>
1092
1093	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses
1094	L<BDB> and AnyEvent together.
1095
1096	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
1097
1098	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
1099
1100	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
1101
1102	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
1103
1104	=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
1105
1106	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
1107	Net::XMPP2>.
1108
1109	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
1110
1111	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
1112	L<App::IGS>).
1113
1114	=item L<Net::FCP>
1115
1116	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
1117	of AnyEvent.
1118
1119	=item L<Event::ExecFlow>
1120
1121	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
1122
1123	=item L<Coro>	1208	=item L<Coro>
1124		1209
1125	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1210	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you
		1211	to simply invert the flow control - don't call us, we will call you:
		1212
		1213	async {
		1214	Coro::AnyEvent::sleep 5; # creates a 5s timer and waits for it
		1215	print "5 seconds later!\n";
		1216
		1217	Coro::AnyEvent::readable *STDIN; # uses an I/O watcher
		1218	my $line = <STDIN>; # works for ttys
		1219
		1220	AnyEvent::HTTP::http_get "url", Coro::rouse_cb;
		1221	my ($body, $hdr) = Coro::rouse_wait;
		1222	};
1126		1223
1127	=back	1224	=back
1128		1225
1129	=cut	1226	=cut
1130		1227
1131	package AnyEvent;	1228	package AnyEvent;
1132		1229
1133	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense	1230	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
1134	sub common_sense {	1231	sub common_sense {
1135	# from common:.sense 1.0	1232	# from common:.sense 3.5
		1233	local $^W;
1136	${^WARNING_BITS} = "\xfc\x3f\xf3\x00\x0f\xf3\xcf\xc0\xf3\xfc\x33\x03";	1234	${^WARNING_BITS} ^= ${^WARNING_BITS} ^ "\x3c\x3f\x33\x00\x0f\xf0\x0f\xc0\xf0\xfc\x33\x00";
1137	# use strict vars subs	1235	# use strict vars subs - NO UTF-8, as Util.pm doesn't like this atm. (uts46data.pl)
1138	$^H |= 0x00000600;	1236	$^H |= 0x00000600;
1139	}	1237	}
1140		1238
1141	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }	1239	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
1142		1240
1143	use Carp ();	1241	use Carp ();
1144		1242
1145	our $VERSION = '5.21';	1243	our $VERSION = '7.04';
1146	our $MODEL;	1244	our $MODEL;
1147
1148	our $AUTOLOAD;
1149	our @ISA;	1245	our @ISA;
1150
1151	our @REGISTRY;	1246	our @REGISTRY;
1152
1153	our $VERBOSE;	1247	our $VERBOSE;
		1248	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
		1249	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY} || 10; # executes after the BEGIN block below (tainting!)
1154		1250
1155	BEGIN {	1251	BEGIN {
1156	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";	1252	require "AnyEvent/constants.pl";
		1253
1157	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";	1254	eval "sub TAINT (){" . (${^TAINT}*1) . "}";
1158		1255
1159	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}	1256	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
1160	if ${^TAINT};	1257	if ${^TAINT};
1161		1258
1162	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1259	$ENV{"PERL_ANYEVENT_$_"} = $ENV{"AE_$_"}
		1260	for grep s/^AE_// && !exists $ENV{"PERL_ANYEVENT_$_"}, keys %ENV;
1163		1261
1164	}	1262	@ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV} = ()
		1263	if ${^TAINT};
1165		1264
1166	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;	1265	# $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_xxx} now valid
1167		1266
1168	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1267	$VERBOSE = length $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE} ? $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1 : 4;
1169		1268
1170	{
1171	my $idx;	1269	my $idx;
1172	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx	1270	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx
1173	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1271	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
1174	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1272	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
1175	}	1273	}
1176		1274
		1275	our @post_detect;
		1276
		1277	sub post_detect(&) {
		1278	my ($cb) = @_;
		1279
		1280	push @post_detect, $cb;
		1281
		1282	defined wantarray
		1283	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
		1284	: ()
		1285	}
		1286
		1287	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
		1288	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
		1289	}
		1290
		1291	our $POSTPONE_W;
		1292	our @POSTPONE;
		1293
		1294	sub _postpone_exec {
		1295	undef $POSTPONE_W;
		1296
		1297	&{ shift @POSTPONE }
		1298	while @POSTPONE;
		1299	}
		1300
		1301	sub postpone(&) {
		1302	push @POSTPONE, shift;
		1303
		1304	$POSTPONE_W ||= AE::timer (0, 0, \&_postpone_exec);
		1305
		1306	()
		1307	}
		1308
		1309	sub log($$;@) {
		1310	# only load the big bloated module when we actually are about to log something
		1311	if ($_[0] <= ($VERBOSE || 1)) { # also catches non-numeric levels(!) and fatal
		1312	local ($!, $@);
		1313	require AnyEvent::Log; # among other things, sets $VERBOSE to 9
		1314	# AnyEvent::Log overwrites this function
		1315	goto &log;
		1316	}
		1317
		1318	0 # not logged
		1319	}
		1320
		1321	sub _logger($;$) {
		1322	my ($level, $renabled) = @_;
		1323
		1324	$$renabled = $level <= $VERBOSE;
		1325
		1326	my $logger = [(caller)[0], $level, $renabled];
		1327
		1328	$AnyEvent::Log::LOGGER{$logger+0} = $logger;
		1329
		1330	# return unless defined wantarray;
		1331	#
		1332	# require AnyEvent::Util;
		1333	# my $guard = AnyEvent::Util::guard (sub {
		1334	# # "clean up"
		1335	# delete $LOGGER{$logger+0};
		1336	# });
		1337	#
		1338	# sub {
		1339	# return 0 unless $$renabled;
		1340	#
		1341	# $guard if 0; # keep guard alive, but don't cause runtime overhead
		1342	# require AnyEvent::Log unless $AnyEvent::Log::VERSION;
		1343	# package AnyEvent::Log;
		1344	# _log ($logger->[0], $level, @_) # logger->[0] has been converted at load time
		1345	# }
		1346	}
		1347
		1348	if (length $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_LOG}) {
		1349	require AnyEvent::Log; # AnyEvent::Log does the thing for us
		1350	}
		1351
1177	my @models = (	1352	our @models = (
1178	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],	1353	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],
1179	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],	1354	[AnyEvent::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],
1180	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed	1355	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
1181	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1356	# as the pure perl backend should work everywhere
1182	# and is usually faster	1357	# and is usually faster
		1358	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package, so msut be near the top
1183	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],	1359	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::], # slow, stable
1184	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers	1360	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1361	# everything below here should not be autoloaded
1185	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy	1362	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
1186	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
1187	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1363	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
1188	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1364	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
1189	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1365	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
1190	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1366	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
1191	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1367	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
1192	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its	1368	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # a bitch to autodetect
1193	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.	1369	[Cocoa::EventLoop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa::],
1194	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any	1370	[FLTK:: => AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK::],
1195	# obvious default class.
1196	[IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1197	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1198	[IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1199	[AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
1200	);	1371	);
1201		1372
1202	our %method = map +($_ => 1),	1373	our @isa_hook;
		1374
		1375	sub _isa_set {
		1376	my @pkg = ("AnyEvent", (map $_->[0], grep defined, @isa_hook), $MODEL);
		1377
		1378	@{"$pkg[$_-1]::ISA"} = $pkg[$_]
		1379	for 1 .. $#pkg;
		1380
		1381	grep $_ && $_->[1], @isa_hook
		1382	and AE::_reset ();
		1383	}
		1384
		1385	# used for hooking AnyEvent::Strict and AnyEvent::Debug::Wrap into the class hierarchy
		1386	sub _isa_hook($$;$) {
		1387	my ($i, $pkg, $reset_ae) = @_;
		1388
		1389	$isa_hook[$i] = $pkg ? [$pkg, $reset_ae] : undef;
		1390
		1391	_isa_set;
		1392	}
		1393
		1394	# all autoloaded methods reserve the complete glob, not just the method slot.
		1395	# due to bugs in perls method cache implementation.
1203	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);	1396	our @methods = qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar);
1204		1397
1205	our @post_detect;
1206
1207	sub post_detect(&) {	1398	sub detect() {
1208	my ($cb) = @_;	1399	return $MODEL if $MODEL; # some programs keep references to detect
1209		1400
1210	if ($MODEL) {	1401	# IO::Async::Loop::AnyEvent is extremely evil, refuse to work with it
1211	$cb->();	1402	# the author knows about the problems and what it does to AnyEvent as a whole
		1403	# (and the ability of others to use AnyEvent), but simply wants to abuse AnyEvent
		1404	# anyway.
		1405	AnyEvent::log fatal => "IO::Async::Loop::AnyEvent detected - that module is broken by\n"
		1406	. "design, abuses internals and breaks AnyEvent - will not continue."
		1407	if exists $INC{"IO/Async/Loop/AnyEvent.pm"};
1212		1408
1213	undef	1409	local $!; # for good measure
		1410	local $SIG{__DIE__}; # we use eval
		1411
		1412	# free some memory
		1413	*detect = sub () { $MODEL };
		1414	# undef &func doesn't correctly update the method cache. grmbl.
		1415	# so we delete the whole glob. grmbl.
		1416	# otoh, perl doesn't let me undef an active usb, but it lets me free
		1417	# a glob with an active sub. hrm. i hope it works, but perl is
		1418	# usually buggy in this department. sigh.
		1419	delete @{"AnyEvent::"}{@methods};
		1420	undef @methods;
		1421
		1422	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z0-9:]+)$/) {
		1423	my $model = $1;
		1424	$model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$model" unless $model =~ s/::$//;
		1425	if (eval "require $model") {
		1426	AnyEvent::log 7 => "Loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.";
		1427	$MODEL = $model;
1214	} else {	1428	} else {
1215	push @post_detect, $cb;	1429	AnyEvent::log 4 => "Unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@";
1216		1430	}
1217	defined wantarray
1218	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
1219	: ()
1220	}	1431	}
1221	}
1222		1432
1223	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {	1433	# check for already loaded models
1224	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
1225	}
1226
1227	sub detect() {
1228	unless ($MODEL) {	1434	unless ($MODEL) {
1229	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1435	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1230		1436	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
1231	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {	1437	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
1232	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
1233	if (eval "require $model") {	1438	if (eval "require $model") {
		1439	AnyEvent::log 7 => "Autodetected model '$model', using it.";
1234	$MODEL = $model;	1440	$MODEL = $model;
1235	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;	1441	last;
1236	} else {	1442	} else {
1237	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;	1443	AnyEvent::log 8 => "Detected event loop $package, but cannot load '$model', skipping: $@";
		1444	}
1238	}	1445	}
1239	}	1446	}
1240		1447
1241	# check for already loaded models
1242	unless ($MODEL) {	1448	unless ($MODEL) {
		1449	# try to autoload a model
1243	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1450	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1244	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1451	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
		1452	if (
		1453	eval "require $package"
1245	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1454	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1246	if (eval "require $model") {	1455	and eval "require $model"
		1456	) {
		1457	AnyEvent::log 7 => "Autoloaded model '$model', using it.";
1247	$MODEL = $model;	1458	$MODEL = $model;
1248	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1249	last;	1459	last;
1250	}
1251	}	1460	}
1252	}	1461	}
1253		1462
1254	unless ($MODEL) {
1255	# try to autoload a model
1256	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1257	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
1258	if (
1259	$autoload
1260	and eval "require $package"
1261	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1262	and eval "require $model"
1263	) {
1264	$MODEL = $model;
1265	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1266	last;
1267	}
1268	}
1269
1270	$MODEL	1463	$MODEL
1271	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";	1464	or AnyEvent::log fatal => "Backend autodetection failed - did you properly install AnyEvent?";
1272	}
1273	}	1465	}
1274
1275	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
1276
1277	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
1278
1279	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
1280
1281	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
1282	}	1466	}
1283		1467
		1468	# free memory only needed for probing
		1469	undef @models;
		1470	undef @REGISTRY;
		1471
		1472	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
		1473
		1474	# now nuke some methods that are overridden by the backend.
		1475	# SUPER usage is not allowed in these.
		1476	for (qw(time signal child idle)) {
		1477	undef &{"AnyEvent::Base::$_"}
		1478	if defined &{"$MODEL\::$_"};
		1479	}
		1480
		1481	_isa_set;
		1482
		1483	# we're officially open!
		1484
		1485	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}) {
		1486	require AnyEvent::Strict;
		1487	}
		1488
		1489	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP}) {
		1490	require AnyEvent::Debug;
		1491	AnyEvent::Debug::wrap ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP});
		1492	}
		1493
		1494	if (length $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL}) {
		1495	require AnyEvent::Socket;
		1496	require AnyEvent::Debug;
		1497
		1498	my $shell = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL};
		1499	$shell =~ s/\$\$/$$/g;
		1500
		1501	my ($host, $service) = AnyEvent::Socket::parse_hostport ($shell);
		1502	$AnyEvent::Debug::SHELL = AnyEvent::Debug::shell ($host, $service);
		1503	}
		1504
		1505	# now the anyevent environment is set up as the user told us to, so
		1506	# call the actual user code - post detects
		1507
		1508	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
		1509	undef @post_detect;
		1510
		1511	*post_detect = sub(&) {
		1512	shift->();
		1513
		1514	undef
		1515	};
		1516
1284	$MODEL	1517	$MODEL
1285	}	1518	}
1286		1519
1287	sub AUTOLOAD {	1520	for my $name (@methods) {
1288	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1521	*$name = sub {
1289		1522	detect;
1290	$method{$func}	1523	# we use goto because
1291	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1524	# a) it makes the thunk more transparent
1292		1525	# b) it allows us to delete the thunk later
1293	detect unless $MODEL;	1526	goto &{ UNIVERSAL::can AnyEvent => "SUPER::$name" }
1294		1527	};
1295	my $class = shift;
1296	$class->$func (@_);
1297	}	1528	}
1298		1529
1299	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends	1530	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
1300	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually	1531	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
1301	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).	1532	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
…		…
1315		1546
1316	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API	1547	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
1317		1548
1318	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much	1549	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
1319	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory	1550	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
1320	overhead.	1551	overhead by using function call syntax and a fixed number of parameters.
1321		1552
1322	See the L<AE> manpage for details.	1553	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
1323		1554
1324	=cut	1555	=cut
1325		1556
1326	package AE;	1557	package AE;
1327		1558
1328	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;	1559	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
1329		1560
		1561	sub _reset() {
		1562	eval q{
		1563	# fall back to the main API by default - backends and AnyEvent::Base
		1564	# implementations can overwrite these.
		1565
1330	sub io($$$) {	1566	sub io($$$) {
1331	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])	1567	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
1332	}	1568	}
1333		1569
1334	sub timer($$$) {	1570	sub timer($$$) {
1335	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])	1571	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
1336	}	1572	}
1337		1573
1338	sub signal($$) {	1574	sub signal($$) {
1339	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])	1575	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
1340	}	1576	}
1341		1577
1342	sub child($$) {	1578	sub child($$) {
1343	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])	1579	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
1344	}	1580	}
1345		1581
1346	sub idle($) {	1582	sub idle($) {
1347	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])	1583	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0]);
1348	}	1584	}
1349		1585
1350	sub cv(;&) {	1586	sub cv(;&) {
1351	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())	1587	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
1352	}	1588	}
1353		1589
1354	sub now() {	1590	sub now() {
1355	AnyEvent->now	1591	AnyEvent->now
1356	}	1592	}
1357		1593
1358	sub now_update() {	1594	sub now_update() {
1359	AnyEvent->now_update	1595	AnyEvent->now_update
1360	}	1596	}
1361		1597
1362	sub time() {	1598	sub time() {
1363	AnyEvent->time	1599	AnyEvent->time
		1600	}
		1601
		1602	*postpone = \&AnyEvent::postpone;
		1603	*log = \&AnyEvent::log;
		1604	};
		1605	die if $@;
1364	}	1606	}
		1607
		1608	BEGIN { _reset }
1365		1609
1366	package AnyEvent::Base;	1610	package AnyEvent::Base;
1367		1611
1368	# default implementations for many methods	1612	# default implementations for many methods
1369		1613
1370	sub _time() {	1614	sub time {
		1615	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
1371	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes	1616	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
1372	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {	1617	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
1373	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;	1618	*time = sub { Time::HiRes::time () };
1374	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;	1619	*AE::time = \& Time::HiRes::time ;
		1620	*now = \&time;
		1621	AnyEvent::log 8 => "using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.";
1375	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...	1622	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
1376	} else {	1623	} else {
1377	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;	1624	*time = sub { CORE::time };
1378	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail	1625	*AE::time = sub (){ CORE::time };
		1626	*now = \&time;
		1627	AnyEvent::log 3 => "Using built-in time(), no sub-second resolution!";
		1628	}
1379	}	1629	};
		1630	die if $@;
1380		1631
1381	&_time	1632	&time
1382	}	1633	}
1383		1634
1384	sub time { _time }	1635	*now = \&time;
1385	sub now { _time }
1386	sub now_update { }	1636	sub now_update { }
1387		1637
		1638	sub _poll {
		1639	Carp::croak "$AnyEvent::MODEL does not support blocking waits. Caught";
		1640	}
		1641
1388	# default implementation for ->condvar	1642	# default implementation for ->condvar
		1643	# in fact, the default should not be overwritten
1389		1644
1390	sub condvar {	1645	sub condvar {
		1646	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1647	*condvar = sub {
1391	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"	1648	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1649	};
		1650
		1651	*AE::cv = sub (;&) {
		1652	bless { @_ ? (_ae_cb => shift) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1653	};
		1654	};
		1655	die if $@;
		1656
		1657	&condvar
1392	}	1658	}
1393		1659
1394	# default implementation for ->signal	1660	# default implementation for ->signal
1395		1661
1396	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;	1662	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
…		…
1405		1671
1406	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);	1672	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
1407	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);	1673	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
1408	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);	1674	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
1409		1675
1410	sub _signal_exec {
1411	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
1412	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
1413	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
1414
1415	while (%SIG_EV) {
1416	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
1417	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
1418	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
1419	}
1420	}
1421	}
1422
1423	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency	1676	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1677	# used by Impls
1424	sub _sig_add() {	1678	sub _sig_add() {
1425	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {	1679	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
1426	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible	1680	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
1427	my $NOW = AE::now;	1681	my $NOW = AE::now;
1428		1682
…		…
1438	undef $SIG_TW	1692	undef $SIG_TW
1439	unless --$SIG_COUNT;	1693	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
1440	}	1694	}
1441		1695
1442	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {	1696	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
1443	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading	1697	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
1444	undef $_sig_name_init;	1698	undef $_sig_name_init;
1445		1699
1446	if (_have_async_interrupt) {	1700	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
1447	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;	1701	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
1448	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;	1702	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
…		…
1472		1726
1473	sub signal {	1727	sub signal {
1474	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}	1728	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
1475	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt	1729	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
1476	if (_have_async_interrupt) {	1730	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
1477	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;	1731	AnyEvent::log 8 => "Using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.";
1478		1732
1479	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;	1733	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
1480	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;	1734	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1481		1735
1482	} else {	1736	} else {
1483	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;	1737	AnyEvent::log 8 => "Using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.";
1484
1485	require Fcntl;
1486		1738
1487	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {	1739	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
1488	require AnyEvent::Util;	1740	require AnyEvent::Util;
1489		1741
1490	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();	1742	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
1491	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;	1743	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
1492	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case	1744	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1493	} else {	1745	} else {
1494	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;	1746	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
1495	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;	1747	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
1496	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case	1748	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1497		1749
1498	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...	1750	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
1499	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;	1751	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
1500	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;	1752	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
1501	}	1753	}
1502		1754
1503	$SIGPIPE_R	1755	$SIGPIPE_R
1504	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";	1756	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
1505		1757
1506	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;	1758	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1507	}	1759	}
1508		1760
1509	*signal = sub {	1761	*signal = $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1762	? sub {
1510	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1763	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1511		1764
1512	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
1513	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
1514
1515	if ($HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT) {
1516	# async::interrupt	1765	# async::interrupt
1517
1518	$signal = sig2num $signal;	1766	my $signal = sig2num $arg{signal};
1519	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1767	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1520		1768
1521	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt	1769	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
1522	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },	1770	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
1523	signal => $signal,	1771	signal => $signal,
1524	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],	1772	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
1525	pipe_autodrain => 0,	1773	pipe_autodrain => 0,
1526	;	1774	;
1527		1775
1528	} else {	1776	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1777	}
		1778	: sub {
		1779	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1780
1529	# pure perl	1781	# pure perl
1530
1531	# AE::Util has been loaded in signal
1532	$signal = sig2name $signal;	1782	my $signal = sig2name $arg{signal};
1533	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1783	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1534		1784
1535	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1785	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
1536	local $!;	1786	local $!;
1537	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;	1787	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
1538	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};	1788	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
1539	};	1789	};
1540		1790
1541	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,	1791	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
1542	# so limit the signal latency.	1792	# so limit the signal latency.
1543	_sig_add;	1793	_sig_add;
1544	}
1545		1794
1546	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"	1795	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1796	}
1547	};	1797	;
1548		1798
1549	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {	1799	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
1550	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1800	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1551		1801
1552	_sig_del;	1802	_sig_del;
…		…
1559	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit	1809	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
1560	# instead of getting the default action.	1810	# instead of getting the default action.
1561	undef $SIG{$signal}	1811	undef $SIG{$signal}
1562	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };	1812	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
1563	};	1813	};
		1814
		1815	*_signal_exec = sub {
		1816	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1817	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1818	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
		1819
		1820	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1821	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1822	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
		1823	&$_ for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
		1824	}
		1825	}
		1826	};
1564	};	1827	};
1565	die if $@;	1828	die if $@;
		1829
1566	&signal	1830	&signal
1567	}	1831	}
1568		1832
1569	# default implementation for ->child	1833	# default implementation for ->child
1570		1834
1571	our %PID_CB;	1835	our %PID_CB;
1572	our $CHLD_W;	1836	our $CHLD_W;
1573	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1837	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1574	our $WNOHANG;
1575		1838
		1839	# used by many Impl's
1576	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {	1840	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
1577	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;	1841	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
1578		1842
1579	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)	1843	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
1580	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },	1844	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
1581	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };	1845	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
1582	}	1846	}
1583		1847
1584	sub _sigchld {
1585	my $pid;
1586
1587	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
1588	while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0;
1589	}
1590
1591	sub child {	1848	sub child {
		1849	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1850	*_sigchld = sub {
		1851	my $pid;
		1852
		1853	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
		1854	while ($pid = waitpid -1, WNOHANG) > 0;
		1855	};
		1856
		1857	*child = sub {
1592	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1858	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1593		1859
1594	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1860	my $pid = $arg{pid};
1595	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1861	my $cb = $arg{cb};
1596		1862
1597	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1863	$PID_CB{$pid}{$cb+0} = $cb;
1598		1864
1599	# WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere
1600	$WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/
1601	? 1
1602	: eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1603
1604	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1865	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1605	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;	1866	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1606	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1867	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1607	&_sigchld;	1868	&_sigchld;
1608	}	1869	}
1609		1870
1610	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"	1871	bless [$pid, $cb+0], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1611	}	1872	};
1612		1873
1613	sub AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY {	1874	*AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY = sub {
1614	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1875	my ($pid, $icb) = @{$_[0]};
1615		1876
1616	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1877	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$icb};
1617	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1878	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1618		1879
1619	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1880	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
		1881	};
		1882	};
		1883	die if $@;
		1884
		1885	&child
1620	}	1886	}
1621		1887
1622	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless	1888	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
1623	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting	1889	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
1624	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.	1890	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
1625	sub idle {	1891	sub idle {
		1892	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1893	*idle = sub {
1626	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1894	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1627		1895
1628	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};	1896	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
1629		1897
1630	$rcb = sub {	1898	$rcb = sub {
1631	if ($cb) {	1899	if ($cb) {
1632	$w = _time;	1900	$w = AE::time;
1633	&$cb;	1901	&$cb;
1634	$w = _time - $w;	1902	$w = AE::time - $w;
1635		1903
1636	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,	1904	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
1637	# within some limits	1905	# within some limits
1638	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;	1906	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
1639	$w = 5 if $w > 5;	1907	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
1640		1908
1641	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;	1909	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
1642	} else {	1910	} else {
1643	# clean up...	1911	# clean up...
1644	undef $w;	1912	undef $w;
1645	undef $rcb;	1913	undef $rcb;
		1914	}
		1915	};
		1916
		1917	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1918
		1919	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1646	}	1920	};
		1921
		1922	*AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY = sub {
		1923	undef $${$_[0]};
		1924	};
1647	};	1925	};
		1926	die if $@;
1648		1927
1649	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;	1928	&idle
1650
1651	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1652	}
1653
1654	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
1655	undef $${$_[0]};
1656	}	1929	}
1657		1930
1658	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1931	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1659		1932
1660	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1933	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
		1934
		1935	# only to be used for subclassing
		1936	sub new {
		1937	my $class = shift;
		1938	bless AnyEvent->condvar (@_), $class
		1939	}
1661		1940
1662	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1941	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1663		1942
1664	#use overload	1943	#use overload
1665	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1944	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
…		…
1675		1954
1676	sub _send {	1955	sub _send {
1677	# nop	1956	# nop
1678	}	1957	}
1679		1958
		1959	sub _wait {
		1960	AnyEvent->_poll until $_[0]{_ae_sent};
		1961	}
		1962
1680	sub send {	1963	sub send {
1681	my $cv = shift;	1964	my $cv = shift;
1682	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];	1965	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];
1683	(delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv) if $cv->{_ae_cb};	1966	(delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv) if $cv->{_ae_cb};
1684	$cv->_send;	1967	$cv->_send;
…		…
1691		1974
1692	sub ready {	1975	sub ready {
1693	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1976	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1694	}	1977	}
1695		1978
1696	sub _wait {
1697	$WAITING
1698	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1699	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
1700
1701	local $WAITING = 1;
1702	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1703	}
1704
1705	sub recv {	1979	sub recv {
		1980	unless ($_[0]{_ae_sent}) {
		1981	$WAITING
		1982	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait attempted";
		1983
		1984	local $WAITING = 1;
1706	$_[0]->_wait;	1985	$_[0]->_wait;
		1986	}
1707		1987
1708	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1988	$_[0]{_ae_croak}
1709	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1989	and Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak};
		1990
		1991	wantarray
		1992	? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} }
		1993	: $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1710	}	1994	}
1711		1995
1712	sub cb {	1996	sub cb {
1713	my $cv = shift;	1997	my $cv = shift;
1714		1998
…		…
1730	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };	2014	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };
1731	}	2015	}
1732		2016
1733	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	2017	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
1734	*broadcast = \&send;	2018	*broadcast = \&send;
1735	*wait = \&_wait;	2019	*wait = \&recv;
1736		2020
1737	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING	2021	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
1738		2022
1739	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the	2023	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
1740	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also	2024	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
…		…
1752	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and	2036	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and
1753	so on.	2037	so on.
1754		2038
1755	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES	2039	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1756		2040
1757	The following environment variables are used by this module or its	2041	AnyEvent supports a number of environment variables that tune the
1758	submodules.	2042	runtime behaviour. They are usually evaluated when AnyEvent is
		2043	loaded, initialised, or a submodule that uses them is loaded. Many of
		2044	them also cause AnyEvent to load additional modules - for example,
		2045	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP> causes the L<AnyEvent::Debug> module to be
		2046	loaded.
1759		2047
1760	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with	2048	All the environment variables documented here start with
1761	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is	2049	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_>, which is what AnyEvent considers its own
1762	enabled.	2050	namespace. Other modules are encouraged (but by no means required) to use
		2051	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_SUBMODULE> if they have registered the AnyEvent::Submodule
		2052	namespace on CPAN, for any submodule. For example, L<AnyEvent::HTTP> could
		2053	be expected to use C<PERL_ANYEVENT_HTTP_PROXY> (it should not access env
		2054	variables starting with C<AE_>, see below).
		2055
		2056	All variables can also be set via the C<AE_> prefix, that is, instead
		2057	of setting C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE> you can also set C<AE_VERBOSE>. In
		2058	case there is a clash btween anyevent and another program that uses
		2059	C<AE_something> you can set the corresponding C<PERL_ANYEVENT_something>
		2060	variable to the empty string, as those variables take precedence.
		2061
		2062	When AnyEvent is first loaded, it copies all C<AE_xxx> env variables
		2063	to their C<PERL_ANYEVENT_xxx> counterpart unless that variable already
		2064	exists. If taint mode is on, then AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment
		2065	variables starting with C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> (or replace them
		2066	with C<undef> or the empty string, if the corresaponding C<AE_> variable
		2067	is set).
		2068
		2069	The exact algorithm is currently:
		2070
		2071	1. if taint mode enabled, delete all PERL_ANYEVENT_xyz variables from %ENV
		2072	2. copy over AE_xyz to PERL_ANYEVENT_xyz unless the latter alraedy exists
		2073	3. if taint mode enabled, set all PERL_ANYEVENT_xyz variables to undef.
		2074
		2075	This ensures that child processes will not see the C<AE_> variables.
		2076
		2077	The following environment variables are currently known to AnyEvent:
1763		2078
1764	=over 4	2079	=over 4
1765		2080
1766	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>	2081	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1767		2082
1768	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal	2083	By default, AnyEvent will log messages with loglevel C<4> (C<error>) or
1769	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more	2084	higher (see L<AnyEvent::Log>). You can set this environment variable to a
1770	talkative.	2085	numerical loglevel to make AnyEvent more (or less) talkative.
1771		2086
		2087	If you want to do more than just set the global logging level
		2088	you should have a look at C<PERL_ANYEVENT_LOG>, which allows much more
		2089	complex specifications.
		2090
		2091	When set to C<0> (C<off>), then no messages whatsoever will be logged with
		2092	everything else at defaults.
		2093
1772	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected	2094	When set to C<5> or higher (C<warn>), AnyEvent warns about unexpected
1773	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by	2095	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
1774	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.	2096	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>, or a guard callback throwing an exception - this
		2097	is the minimum recommended level for use during development.
1775		2098
1776	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event	2099	When set to C<7> or higher (info), AnyEvent reports which event model it
1777	model it chooses.	2100	chooses.
1778		2101
1779	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on	2102	When set to C<8> or higher (debug), then AnyEvent will report extra
1780	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.	2103	information on which optional modules it loads and how it implements
		2104	certain features.
		2105
		2106	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_LOG>
		2107
		2108	Accepts rather complex logging specifications. For example, you could log
		2109	all C<debug> messages of some module to stderr, warnings and above to
		2110	stderr, and errors and above to syslog, with:
		2111
		2112	PERL_ANYEVENT_LOG=Some::Module=debug,+log:filter=warn,+%syslog:%syslog=error,syslog
		2113
		2114	For the rather extensive details, see L<AnyEvent::Log>.
		2115
		2116	This variable is evaluated when AnyEvent (or L<AnyEvent::Log>) is loaded,
		2117	so will take effect even before AnyEvent has initialised itself.
		2118
		2119	Note that specifying this environment variable causes the L<AnyEvent::Log>
		2120	module to be loaded, while C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE> does not, so only
		2121	using the latter saves a few hundred kB of memory unless a module
		2122	explicitly needs the extra features of AnyEvent::Log.
1781		2123
1782	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>	2124	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
1783		2125
1784	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough	2126	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
1785	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value	2127	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
…		…
1787	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,	2129	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
1788	it will croak.	2130	it will croak.
1789		2131
1790	In other words, enables "strict" mode.	2132	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
1791		2133
1792	Unlike C<use strict> (or it's modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>	2134	Unlike C<use strict> (or its modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
1793	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping	2135	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
1794	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs	2136	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
1795	can be very useful, however.	2137	can be very useful, however.
1796		2138
		2139	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL>
		2140
		2141	If this env variable is nonempty, then its contents will be interpreted by
		2142	C<AnyEvent::Socket::parse_hostport> and C<AnyEvent::Debug::shell> (after
		2143	replacing every occurance of C<$$> by the process pid). The shell object
		2144	is saved in C<$AnyEvent::Debug::SHELL>.
		2145
		2146	This happens when the first watcher is created.
		2147
		2148	For example, to bind a debug shell on a unix domain socket in
		2149	F<< /tmp/debug<pid>.sock >>, you could use this:
		2150
		2151	PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL=/tmp/debug\$\$.sock perlprog
		2152	# connect with e.g.: socat readline /tmp/debug123.sock
		2153
		2154	Or to bind to tcp port 4545 on localhost:
		2155
		2156	PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL=127.0.0.1:4545 perlprog
		2157	# connect with e.g.: telnet localhost 4545
		2158
		2159	Note that creating sockets in F</tmp> or on localhost is very unsafe on
		2160	multiuser systems.
		2161
		2162	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP>
		2163
		2164	Can be set to C<0>, C<1> or C<2> and enables wrapping of all watchers for
		2165	debugging purposes. See C<AnyEvent::Debug::wrap> for details.
		2166
1797	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>	2167	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1798		2168
1799	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before	2169	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1800	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting	2170	auto detection and -probing kicks in.
1801	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended	2171
		2172	It normally is a string consisting entirely of ASCII letters (e.g. C<EV>
		2173	or C<IOAsync>). The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended and the
1802	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,	2174	resulting module name is loaded and - if the load was successful - used as
1803	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with	2175	event model backend. If it fails to load then AnyEvent will proceed with
1804	auto detection and -probing.	2176	auto detection and -probing.
1805		2177
1806	This functionality might change in future versions.	2178	If the string ends with C<::> instead (e.g. C<AnyEvent::Impl::EV::>) then
		2179	nothing gets prepended and the module name is used as-is (hint: C<::> at
		2180	the end of a string designates a module name and quotes it appropriately).
1807		2181
1808	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you	2182	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Loop::Perl>) you
1809	could start your program like this:	2183	could start your program like this:
1810		2184
1811	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...	2185	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
		2186
		2187	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_IO_MODEL>
		2188
		2189	The current file I/O model - see L<AnyEvent::IO> for more info.
		2190
		2191	At the moment, only C<Perl> (small, pure-perl, synchronous) and
		2192	C<IOAIO> (truly asynchronous) are supported. The default is C<IOAIO> if
		2193	L<AnyEvent::AIO> can be loaded, otherwise it is C<Perl>.
1812		2194
1813	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>	2195	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
1814		2196
1815	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences	2197	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
1816	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result	2198	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
…		…
1829	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>	2211	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
1830	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6	2212	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
1831	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or	2213	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
1832	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.	2214	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
1833		2215
		2216	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_HOSTS>
		2217
		2218	This variable, if specified, overrides the F</etc/hosts> file used by
		2219	L<AnyEvent::Socket>C<::resolve_sockaddr>, i.e. hosts aliases will be read
		2220	from that file instead.
		2221
1834	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>	2222	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
1835		2223
1836	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension	2224	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension for
1837	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but	2225	DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, especially
1838	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by	2226	when DNSSEC is involved, but some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS
1839	default.	2227	packets, which is why it is off by default.
1840		2228
1841	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce	2229	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
1842	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.	2230	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
1843		2231
1844	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>	2232	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
…		…
1850		2238
1851	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS	2239	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
1852	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are	2240	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
1853	sent to the DNS server.	2241	sent to the DNS server.
1854		2242
		2243	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>
		2244
		2245	Perl has inherently racy signal handling (you can basically choose between
		2246	losing signals and memory corruption) - pure perl event loops (including
		2247	C<AnyEvent::Loop>, when C<Async::Interrupt> isn't available) therefore
		2248	have to poll regularly to avoid losing signals.
		2249
		2250	Some event loops are racy, but don't poll regularly, and some event loops
		2251	are written in C but are still racy. For those event loops, AnyEvent
		2252	installs a timer that regularly wakes up the event loop.
		2253
		2254	By default, the interval for this timer is C<10> seconds, but you can
		2255	override this delay with this environment variable (or by setting
		2256	the C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> variable before creating signal
		2257	watchers).
		2258
		2259	Lower values increase CPU (and energy) usage, higher values can introduce
		2260	long delays when reaping children or waiting for signals.
		2261
		2262	The L<AnyEvent::Async> module, if available, will be used to avoid this
		2263	polling (with most event loops).
		2264
1855	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>	2265	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
1856		2266
1857	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific	2267	The absolute path to a F<resolv.conf>-style file to use instead of
1858	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no	2268	F</etc/resolv.conf> (or the OS-specific configuration) in the default
1859	default config will be used.	2269	resolver, or the empty string to select the default configuration.
1860		2270
1861	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.	2271	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
1862		2272
1863	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during	2273	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
1864	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment	2274	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
1865	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations	2275	variables are nonempty, they will be used to specify CA certificate
1866	instead of a system-dependent default.	2276	locations instead of a system-dependent default.
1867		2277
1868	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>	2278	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
1869		2279
1870	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not	2280	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
1871	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.	2281	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
…		…
2019		2429
2020	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	2430	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
2021	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects	2431	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
2022	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	2432	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
2023	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	2433	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
2024	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	2434	problems get reported to the code that tries to use the result, not in a
2025	random callback.	2435	random callback.
2026		2436
2027	All of this enables the following usage styles:	2437	All of this enables the following usage styles:
2028		2438
2029	1. Blocking:	2439	1. Blocking:
…		…
2203	(even when used without AnyEvent), but most event loops have acceptable	2613	(even when used without AnyEvent), but most event loops have acceptable
2204	performance with or without AnyEvent.	2614	performance with or without AnyEvent.
2205		2615
2206	=item * The overhead AnyEvent adds is usually much smaller than the overhead of	2616	=item * The overhead AnyEvent adds is usually much smaller than the overhead of
2207	the actual event loop, only with extremely fast event loops such as EV	2617	the actual event loop, only with extremely fast event loops such as EV
2208	adds AnyEvent significant overhead.	2618	does AnyEvent add significant overhead.
2209		2619
2210	=item * You should avoid POE like the plague if you want performance or	2620	=item * You should avoid POE like the plague if you want performance or
2211	reasonable memory usage.	2621	reasonable memory usage.
2212		2622
2213	=back	2623	=back
…		…
2443	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};	2853	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
2444		2854
2445	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES	2855	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
2446		2856
2447	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and	2857	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
2448	it's built-in modules) are required to use it.	2858	its built-in modules) are required to use it.
2449		2859
2450	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional	2860	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
2451	modules if they are installed.	2861	modules if they are installed.
2452		2862
2453	This section epxlains which additional modules will be used, and how they	2863	This section explains which additional modules will be used, and how they
2454	affect AnyEvent's operation.	2864	affect AnyEvent's operation.
2455		2865
2456	=over 4	2866	=over 4
2457		2867
2458	=item L<Async::Interrupt>	2868	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
…		…
2464	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for	2874	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
2465	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).	2875	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
2466		2876
2467	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal	2877	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
2468	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop	2878	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
2469	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (And good for	2879	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for
2470	battery life on laptops).	2880	battery life on laptops).
2471		2881
2472	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops	2882	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
2473	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).	2883	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
2474		2884
…		…
2486	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,	2896	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
2487	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and	2897	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
2488	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed	2898	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
2489	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).	2899	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
2490		2900
		2901	If you only use backends that rely on another event loop (e.g. C<Tk>),
		2902	then this module will do nothing for you.
		2903
2491	=item L<Guard>	2904	=item L<Guard>
2492		2905
2493	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement	2906	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
2494	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a	2907	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
2495	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is	2908	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
2496	purely used for performance.	2909	purely used for performance.
2497		2910
2498	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>	2911	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
2499		2912
2500	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data	2913	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
2501	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. It is also written in pure-perl, but can take	2914	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. L<JSON> is also written in pure-perl, but can take
2502	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.	2915	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
2503
2504	In fact, L<AnyEvent::Handle> will use L<JSON::XS> by default if it is
2505	installed.
2506		2916
2507	=item L<Net::SSLeay>	2917	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
2508		2918
2509	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very	2919	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
2510	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with	2920	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
2511	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.	2921	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
2512		2922
2513	=item L<Time::HiRes>	2923	=item L<Time::HiRes>
2514		2924
2515	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the	2925	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
2516	chosen event library does not come with a timing source on it's own. The	2926	chosen event library does not come with a timing source of its own. The
2517	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to	2927	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Loop>) will additionally load it to
2518	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.	2928	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
2519		2929
2520	=back	2930	=back
2521		2931
2522		2932
2523	=head1 FORK	2933	=head1 FORK
2524		2934
2525	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2935	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
2526	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2936	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> calls
2527	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2937	- higher performance APIs such as BSD's kqueue or the dreaded Linux epoll
		2938	are usually badly thought-out hacks that are incompatible with fork in
		2939	one way or another. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware and ensures that you
		2940	continue event-processing in both parent and child (or both, if you know
		2941	what you are doing).
		2942
		2943	This means that, in general, you cannot fork and do event processing in
		2944	the child if the event library was initialised before the fork (which
		2945	usually happens when the first AnyEvent watcher is created, or the library
		2946	is loaded).
2528		2947
2529	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2948	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
2530	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do	2949	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
2531	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.	2950	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
		2951
		2952	The problem of doing event processing in the parent I<and> the child
		2953	is much more complicated: even for backends that I<are> fork-aware or
		2954	fork-safe, their behaviour is not usually what you want: fork clones all
		2955	watchers, that means all timers, I/O watchers etc. are active in both
		2956	parent and child, which is almost never what you want. USing C<exec>
		2957	to start worker children from some kind of manage rprocess is usually
		2958	preferred, because it is much easier and cleaner, at the expense of having
		2959	to have another binary.
2532		2960
2533		2961
2534	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2962	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
2535		2963
2536	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2964	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
2566	pronounced).	2994	pronounced).
2567		2995
2568		2996
2569	=head1 SEE ALSO	2997	=head1 SEE ALSO
2570		2998
2571	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.	2999	Tutorial/Introduction: L<AnyEvent::Intro>.
2572		3000
2573	Event modules: L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>,	3001	FAQ: L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
2574	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	3002
		3003	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util> (misc. grab-bag), L<AnyEvent::Log>
		3004	(simply logging).
		3005
		3006	Development/Debugging: L<AnyEvent::Strict> (stricter checking),
		3007	L<AnyEvent::Debug> (interactive shell, watcher tracing).
		3008
		3009	Supported event modules: L<AnyEvent::Loop>, L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>,
		3010	L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>,
		3011	L<Qt>, L<POE>, L<FLTK>.
2575		3012
2576	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	3013	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
2577	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	3014	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
2578	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	3015	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
2579	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.	3016	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>,
		3017	L<AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK>.
2580		3018
2581	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	3019	Non-blocking handles, pipes, stream sockets, TCP clients and
2582	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.	3020	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
2583		3021
		3022	Asynchronous File I/O: L<AnyEvent::IO>.
		3023
2584	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	3024	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
2585		3025
2586	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,	3026	Thread support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>.
2587	L<Coro::Event>,
2588		3027
2589	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,	3028	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>,
2590	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.	3029	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
2591		3030
2592		3031
2593	=head1 AUTHOR	3032	=head1 AUTHOR
2594		3033
2595	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	3034	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
2596	http://home.schmorp.de/	3035	http://anyevent.schmorp.de
2597		3036
2598	=cut	3037	=cut
2599		3038
2600	1	3039	1
2601		3040

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