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Revision 1.117 by root, Sun May 11 17:54:13 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.317 by root, Wed Mar 24 21:22:57 2010 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
		6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
		12	# file descriptor readable
11	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub {	13	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
		14
		15	# one-shot or repeating timers
		16	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
		17	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...
		18
		19	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
		20	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
		21
		22	# POSIX signal
		23	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });
		24
		25	# child process exit
		26	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
		27	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
12	...	28	...
13	});	29	});
14		30
15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub {	31	# called when event loop idle (if applicable)
16	...	32	my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... });
17	});
18		33
19	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged	34	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
20	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's	35	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
21	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send	36	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
		37	# use a condvar in callback mode:
		38	$w->cb (sub { $_[0]->recv });
		39
		40	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
		41
		42	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
		43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
		44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
		45
		46	=head1 SUPPORT
		47
		48	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		49	channel, too.
		50
		51	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		52	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
22		53
23	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	54	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
24		55
25	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	56	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
26	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	57	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
27		58
28	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of	59	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of
29	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.	60	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.
30		61
31	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only	62	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only
32	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use in a	63	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use, in a
33	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,	64	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,
34	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,	65	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,
35	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent	66	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent
36	helps hiding the differences between those event loops.	67	cannot change this, but it can hide the differences between those event
		68	loops.
37		69
38	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event	70	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event
39	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a	71	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a
40	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your	72	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your
41	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	73	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
42	model you use.	74	model you use.
43		75
44	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	76	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
45	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	77	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
46	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	78	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you
47	cannot use anything else, as it is simply incompatible to everything that	79	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
48	isn't itself. What's worse, all the potential users of your module are	80	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
49	I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	81	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
50		82
51	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	83	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
52	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	84	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
53	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? no go. Tk + Event? no go. Again: if	85	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if
54	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	86	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,
55	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	87	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all
56	event models it supports (including stuff like POE and IO::Async, as long	88	event models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those
57	as those use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new	89	use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops
58	event loops to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	90	to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).
59		91
60	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	92	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
61	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	93	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
62	modules, you get an enourmous amount of code and strict rules you have to	94	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
63	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	95	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only
64	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as	96	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
65	technically possible.	97	technically possible.
66		98
		99	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
		100	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
		101	non-blocking connects (even with TLS/SSL, IPv6 and on broken platforms
		102	such as Windows) and lots of real-world knowledge and workarounds for
		103	platform bugs and differences.
		104
67	Of course, if you want lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat	105	Now, if you I<do want> lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat
68	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	106	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
69	model, you should I<not> use this module.	107	model, you should I<not> use this module.
70		108
71	=head1 DESCRIPTION	109	=head1 DESCRIPTION
72		110
…		…
102	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to	140	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to
103	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...	141	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...
104		142
105	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	143	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called
106	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	144	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it
107	explicitly.	145	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)
108		146
109	=head1 WATCHERS	147	=head1 WATCHERS
110		148
111	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	149	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
112	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	150	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
113	the callback to call, the filehandle to watch, etc.	151	the callback to call, the file handle to watch, etc.
114		152
115	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After	153	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
116	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the	154	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
117	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	155	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
118	is in control).	156	is in control).
119		157
		158	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
		159	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
		160	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in
		161	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
		162	widely between event loops.
		163
120	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	164	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
121	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	165	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
122	to it).	166	to it).
123		167
124	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	168	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
…		…
126	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for	170	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
127	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.	171	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
128		172
129	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:	173	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:
130		174
131	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {	175	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
132	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it	176	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
133	undef $w;	177	undef $w;
134	});	178	});
135		179
136	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,	180	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,
137	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	181	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
138	declared.	182	declared.
139		183
140	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	184	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
141		185
		186	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		187	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		188	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		189	cb => <callback>,
		190	);
		191
142	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	192	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
143	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	193	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
144		194
145	C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	195	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
		196	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
		197	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
		198	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
		199	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
		200	or block devices.
		201
146	for events. C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>,	202	C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a
147	which creates a watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events,	203	watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively.
		204
148	respectively. C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle	205	C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
149	becomes ready.
150		206
151	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	207	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
152	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	208	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
153	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.	209	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
154		210
…		…
158		214
159	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	215	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should
160	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	216	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
161	handles.	217	handles.
162		218
163	Example:
164
165	# wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the watcher	219	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
		220	watcher.
		221
166	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {	222	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
167	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);	223	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);
168	warn "read: $input\n";	224	warn "read: $input\n";
169	undef $w;	225	undef $w;
170	});	226	});
171		227
172	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	228	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
173		229
		230	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		231
		232	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		233	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		234	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		235	cb => <callback>,
		236	);
		237
174	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	238	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
175	method with the following mandatory arguments:	239	method with the following mandatory arguments:
176		240
177	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	241	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
178	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	242	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
180		244
181	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	245	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
182	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	246	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
183	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	247	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
184		248
185	The timer callback will be invoked at most once: if you want a repeating	249	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another
186	timer you have to create a new watcher (this is a limitation by both Tk	250	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
187	and Glib).	251	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
		252	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
		253	false value, then it is treated as if it were missing.
188		254
189	Example:	255	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
		256	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
		257	only approximate.
190		258
191	# fire an event after 7.7 seconds	259	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
		260
192	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	261	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
193	warn "timeout\n";	262	warn "timeout\n";
194	});	263	});
195		264
196	# to cancel the timer:	265	# to cancel the timer:
197	undef $w;	266	undef $w;
198		267
199	Example 2:
200
201	# fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second	268	Example 2: fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second.
202	my $w;
203		269
204	my $cb = sub {
205	# cancel the old timer while creating a new one
206	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => $cb);	270	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, interval => 1, cb => sub {
		271	warn "timeout\n";
207	};	272	};
208
209	# start the "loop" by creating the first watcher
210	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, cb => $cb);
211		273
212	=head3 TIMING ISSUES	274	=head3 TIMING ISSUES
213		275
214	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire	276	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire
215	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12	277	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12
…		…
227	timers.	289	timers.
228		290
229	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the	291	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
230	AnyEvent API.	292	AnyEvent API.
231		293
		294	AnyEvent has two additional methods that return the "current time":
		295
		296	=over 4
		297
		298	=item AnyEvent->time
		299
		300	This returns the "current wallclock time" as a fractional number of
		301	seconds since the Epoch (the same thing as C<time> or C<Time::HiRes::time>
		302	return, and the result is guaranteed to be compatible with those).
		303
		304	It progresses independently of any event loop processing, i.e. each call
		305	will check the system clock, which usually gets updated frequently.
		306
		307	=item AnyEvent->now
		308
		309	This also returns the "current wallclock time", but unlike C<time>, above,
		310	this value might change only once per event loop iteration, depending on
		311	the event loop (most return the same time as C<time>, above). This is the
		312	time that AnyEvent's timers get scheduled against.
		313
		314	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
		315	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
		316
		317	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
		318	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
		319	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts).
		320
		321	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
		322	with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.
		323
		324	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
		325	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
		326
		327	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at
		328	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
		329	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
		330	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
		331	after three seconds.
		332
		333	With L<Event::Lib>, C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> will
		334	both return C<501>, because that is the current time, and the timer will
		335	be scheduled to fire at time=504 (C<501> + C<3>).
		336
		337	With L<EV>, C<< AnyEvent->time >> returns C<501> (as that is the current
		338	time), but C<< AnyEvent->now >> returns C<500>, as that is the time the
		339	last event processing phase started. With L<EV>, your timer gets scheduled
		340	to run at time=503 (C<500> + C<3>).
		341
		342	In one sense, L<Event::Lib> is more exact, as it uses the current time
		343	regardless of any delays introduced by event processing. However, most
		344	callbacks do not expect large delays in processing, so this causes a
		345	higher drift (and a lot more system calls to get the current time).
		346
		347	In another sense, L<EV> is more exact, as your timer will be scheduled at
		348	the same time, regardless of how long event processing actually took.
		349
		350	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
		351	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
		352	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
		353	account.
		354
		355	=item AnyEvent->now_update
		356
		357	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache
		358	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<
		359	AnyEvent->now >>, above).
		360
		361	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
		362	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
		363	might affect timers and time-outs.
		364
		365	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
		366	event loop's idea of "current time".
		367
		368	A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) -
		369	when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong
		370	idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the
		371	script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<<
		372	AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again
		373	(e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler).
		374
		375	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
		376
		377	=back
		378
232	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	379	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
233		380
		381	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
		382
234	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	383	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
235	I<name> without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl callback to	384	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
236	be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	385	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
237		386
238	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	387	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
239	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	388	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
240	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.	389	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.
241		390
242	Multiple signal occurances can be clumped together into one callback	391	Multiple signal occurrences can be clumped together into one callback
243	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. synchronous means	392	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
244	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	393	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
245	but it is guarenteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	394	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
246		395
247	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	396	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
248	between multiple watchers.	397	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		398	interrupt your program at bad times.
249		399
250	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	400	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
251	directly will likely not work correctly.	401	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		402	correctly.
252		403
253	Example: exit on SIGINT	404	Example: exit on SIGINT
254		405
255	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	406	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
256		407
		408	=head3 Restart Behaviour
		409
		410	While restart behaviour is up to the event loop implementation, most will
		411	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's
		412	pure perl implementation).
		413
		414	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals
		415
		416	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling) or
		417	"unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might get delayed indefinitely, the
		418	latter might corrupt your memory.
		419
		420	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,
		421	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be
		422	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.
		423	callbacks, too).
		424
		425	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		426
		427	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		428	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		429	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		430	this. AnyEvent will try to do it's best, which means in some cases,
		431	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		432	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		433	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		434	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		435	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		436	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		437	saving.
		438
		439	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		440	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		441	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		442	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does it's own workaround with
		443	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		444
257	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	445	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
258		446
		447	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		448
259	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	449	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
260		450
261	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	451	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (one some backends,
262	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often	452	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
263	as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a	453	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
264	signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>. The callback will be called with the pid	454	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
265	and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types,	455	(stopped/continued).
266	you I<can> rely on child watcher callback arguments.	456
		457	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
		458	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
		459	callback arguments.
		460
		461	This watcher type works by installing a signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>,
		462	and since it cannot be shared, nothing else should use SIGCHLD or reap
		463	random child processes (waiting for specific child processes, e.g. inside
		464	C<system>, is just fine).
267		465
268	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	466	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
269	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	467	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
270	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	468	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
271		469
272	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	470	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		471	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
273	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	472	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
274	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	473	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		474	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		475	start the watcher.
275		476
276	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	477	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
277	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	478	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
278	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	479	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		480	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		481
		482	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		483	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems
		484	mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
279		485
280	Example: fork a process and wait for it	486	Example: fork a process and wait for it
281		487
282	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	488	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
283		489
284	my $pid = fork or exit 5;	490	my $pid = fork or exit 5;
285		491
286	my $w = AnyEvent->child (	492	my $w = AnyEvent->child (
287	pid => $pid,	493	pid => $pid,
288	cb => sub {	494	cb => sub {
289	my ($pid, $status) = @_;	495	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
290	warn "pid $pid exited with status $status";	496	warn "pid $pid exited with status $status";
291	$done->send;	497	$done->send;
292	},	498	},
293	);	499	);
294		500
295	# do something else, then wait for process exit	501	# do something else, then wait for process exit
296	$done->recv;	502	$done->recv;
		503
		504	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
		505
		506	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
		507
		508	Repeatedly invoke the callback after the process becomes idle, until
		509	either the watcher is destroyed or new events have been detected.
		510
		511	Idle watchers are useful when there is a need to do something, but it
		512	is not so important (or wise) to do it instantly. The callback will be
		513	invoked only when there is "nothing better to do", which is usually
		514	defined as "all outstanding events have been handled and no new events
		515	have been detected". That means that idle watchers ideally get invoked
		516	when the event loop has just polled for new events but none have been
		517	detected. Instead of blocking to wait for more events, the idle watchers
		518	will be invoked.
		519
		520	Unfortunately, most event loops do not really support idle watchers (only
		521	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
		522	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
		523
		524	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
		525	program is otherwise idle:
		526
		527	my @lines; # read data
		528	my $idle_w;
		529	my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
		530	push @lines, scalar <STDIN>;
		531
		532	# start an idle watcher, if not already done
		533	$idle_w ||= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub {
		534	# handle only one line, when there are lines left
		535	if (my $line = shift @lines) {
		536	print "handled when idle: $line";
		537	} else {
		538	# otherwise disable the idle watcher again
		539	undef $idle_w;
		540	}
		541	});
		542	});
297		543
298	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	544	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
		545
		546	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		547
		548	$cv->send (<list>);
		549	my @res = $cv->recv;
299		550
300	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	551	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
301	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	552	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
302	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	553	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
303		554
304	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	555	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
305	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	556	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
306		557
307	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	558	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called
308	because they represent a condition that must become true.	559	because they represent a condition that must become true.
		560
		561	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
309		562
310	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	563	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
311	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	564	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
312	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	565	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
313	becomes true.	566	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
		567	the results).
314		568
315	After creation, the conditon variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	569	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
316	by calling the C<send> method.	570	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
		571	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
		572	->send >> method).
317		573
318	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	574	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can
319	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	575	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points
320	in time where multiple outstandign events have been processed. And yet	576	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet
321	another way to call them is transations - each condition variable can be	577	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be
322	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	578	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers
323	a result.	579	a result. And yet some people know them as "futures" - a promise to
		580	compute/deliver something that you can wait for.
324		581
325	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	582	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
326	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	583	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
327	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	584	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
328	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	585	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
332	you can block your main program until an event occurs - for example, you	589	you can block your main program until an event occurs - for example, you
333	could C<< ->recv >> in your main program until the user clicks the Quit	590	could C<< ->recv >> in your main program until the user clicks the Quit
334	button of your app, which would C<< ->send >> the "quit" event.	591	button of your app, which would C<< ->send >> the "quit" event.
335		592
336	Note that condition variables recurse into the event loop - if you have	593	Note that condition variables recurse into the event loop - if you have
337	two pieces of code that call C<< ->recv >> in a round-robbin fashion, you	594	two pieces of code that call C<< ->recv >> in a round-robin fashion, you
338	lose. Therefore, condition variables are good to export to your caller, but	595	lose. Therefore, condition variables are good to export to your caller, but
339	you should avoid making a blocking wait yourself, at least in callbacks,	596	you should avoid making a blocking wait yourself, at least in callbacks,
340	as this asks for trouble.	597	as this asks for trouble.
341		598
342	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys	599	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys
…		…
347		604
348	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which	605	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which
349	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits	606	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
350	for the send to occur.	607	for the send to occur.
351		608
352	Example:	609	Example: wait for a timer.
353		610
354	# wait till the result is ready	611	# wait till the result is ready
355	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	612	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;
356		613
357	# do something such as adding a timer	614	# do something such as adding a timer
…		…
362	after => 1,	619	after => 1,
363	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	620	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },
364	);	621	);
365		622
366	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	623	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
367	# calls send	624	# calls ->send
368	$result_ready->recv;	625	$result_ready->recv;
		626
		627	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
		628	variables are also callable directly.
		629
		630	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
		631	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
		632	$done->recv;
		633
		634	Example: Imagine an API that returns a condvar and doesn't support
		635	callbacks. This is how you make a synchronous call, for example from
		636	the main program:
		637
		638	use AnyEvent::CouchDB;
		639
		640	...
		641
		642	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
		643
		644	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
		645	results are available:
		646
		647	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
		648	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
		649	});
369		650
370	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS	651	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS
371		652
372	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the	653	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the
373	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also	654	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also
…		…
386	immediately from within send.	667	immediately from within send.
387		668
388	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	669	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
389	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	670	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
390		671
		672	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
		673	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
		674	C<send>.
		675
391	=item $cv->croak ($error)	676	=item $cv->croak ($error)
392		677
393	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	678	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
394	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	679	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
395		680
396	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	681	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
397	user/consumer.	682	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		683	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it
		684	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		685	deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing
		686	the problem.
398		687
399	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	688	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
400		689
401	=item $cv->end	690	=item $cv->end
402
403	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
404		691
405	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	692	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
406	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	693	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
407	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	694	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
408		695
409	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	696	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
410	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	697	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
411	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	698	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
412	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	699	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
413	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	700	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		701	be called without any arguments.
414		702
415	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	703	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		704	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		705	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		706
		707	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		708	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		709	close before activating a condvar:
416		710
417	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	711	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
418		712
		713	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		714	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		715	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		716	or $cv->end;
		717	});
		718
		719	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		720	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		721	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		722	or $cv->end;
		723	});
		724
		725	$cv->recv;
		726
		727	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		728	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		729	sending.
		730
		731	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		732	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		733	begung can potentially be zero:
		734
		735	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		736
419	my %result;	737	my %result;
420	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	738	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
421		739
422	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	740	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
423	$cv->begin;	741	$cv->begin;
424	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	742	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
425	$result{$host} = ...;	743	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
440	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	758	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
441	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	759	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
442	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	760	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
443	doesn't execute once).	761	doesn't execute once).
444		762
445	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	763	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
446	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	764	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
447	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	765	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
448	C<begin> and for eahc subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	766	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		767	call C<end>.
449		768
450	=back	769	=back
451		770
452	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	771	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
453		772
…		…
469	function will call C<croak>.	788	function will call C<croak>.
470		789
471	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	790	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
472	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	791	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
473		792
		793	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		794	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		795	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		796	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		797	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		798	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		799
474	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	800	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
475	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	801	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
476	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	802	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
477	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	803	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
478	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	804	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
479	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	805	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
480	while still suppporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	806	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
481
482	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
483	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
484	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
485	can supply.
486
487	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
488	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
489	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
490	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
491	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
492		807
493	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	808	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
494	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	809	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
495	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	810	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
496	waits otherwise.	811	waits otherwise.
…		…
498	=item $bool = $cv->ready	813	=item $bool = $cv->ready
499		814
500	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or	815	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or
501	C<croak> have been called.	816	C<croak> have been called.
502		817
503	=item $cb = $cv->cb ([new callback])	818	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
504		819
505	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	820	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
506	replaces it before doing so.	821	replaces it before doing so.
507		822
508	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	823	The callback will be called when the condition becomes (or already was)
509	C<send> or C<croak> are called. Calling C<recv> inside the callback	824	"true", i.e. when C<send> or C<croak> are called (or were called), with
		825	the only argument being the condition variable itself. Calling C<recv>
510	or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.	826	inside the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
511		827
512	=back	828	=back
513		829
		830	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		831
		832	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		833
		834	=over 4
		835
		836	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		837
		838	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		839	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		840	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		841	AnyEvent itself.
		842
		843	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		844	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
		845
		846	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		847
		848	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher
		849	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		850	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		851	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		852	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		853
		854	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		855	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		856	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		857	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		858	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		859	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		860
		861	=item Backends with special needs.
		862
		863	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		864	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		865	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		866	everything should just work.
		867
		868	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		869
		870	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
		871	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
		872	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
		873	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
		874	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
		875
		876	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
		877
		878	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		879
		880	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		881
		882	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		883
		884	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		885	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		886	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		887	consider for AnyEvent.
		888
		889	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		890	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		891
		892	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		893	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		894	in which case everything will be automatic.
		895
		896	=back
		897
514	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	898	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
515		899
		900	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		901	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		902
516	=over 4	903	=over 4
517		904
518	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	905	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
519		906
520	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	907	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		908	backend has been autodetected.
		909
521	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	910	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
522	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	911	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
523	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	912	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
524	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	913	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
525		914	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
526	The known classes so far are:
527
528	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
529	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
530	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
531	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
532	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
533	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
534	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
535	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
536
537	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
538	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
539	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
540	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
541	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
542	it's adaptor.
543
544	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
545	autodetecting them.
546		915
547	=item AnyEvent::detect	916	=item AnyEvent::detect
548		917
549	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	918	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
550	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	919	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
551	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	920	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
552	runtime.	921	runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.
		922
		923	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		924	created, use C<post_detect>.
553		925
554	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	926	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
555		927
556	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	928	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
557	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	929	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).
558		930
		931	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		932	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		933	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		934	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		935	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		936
		937	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		938	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		939	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		940	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
		941
559	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	942	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
560	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	943	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		944	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
561	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	945	a case where this is useful.
		946
		947	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		948	C<$WATCHER>. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though.
		949
		950	our WATCHER;
		951
		952	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		953	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		954	};
		955
		956	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		957	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		958	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		959	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		960
		961	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
562		962
563	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	963	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
564		964
565	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	965	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
566	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	966	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after
567	the event loop has been chosen.	967	the event loop has been chosen.
568		968
569	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	969	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
570	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	970	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
571	and the array will be ignored.	971	array will be ignored.
572		972
573	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	973	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		974	it, as it takes care of these details.
		975
		976	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		977	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		978	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		979	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
		980
		981	Example: To load Coro::AnyEvent whenever Coro and AnyEvent are used
		982	together, you could put this into Coro (this is the actual code used by
		983	Coro to accomplish this):
		984
		985	if (defined $AnyEvent::MODEL) {
		986	# AnyEvent already initialised, so load Coro::AnyEvent
		987	require Coro::AnyEvent;
		988	} else {
		989	# AnyEvent not yet initialised, so make sure to load Coro::AnyEvent
		990	# as soon as it is
		991	push @AnyEvent::post_detect, sub { require Coro::AnyEvent };
		992	}
574		993
575	=back	994	=back
576		995
577	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	996	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
578		997
…		…
601		1020
602	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not	1021	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not
603	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent	1022	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent
604	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.	1023	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.
605		1024
606	If the main program relies on a specific event model. For example, in	1025	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in
607	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module. You should load the	1026	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the
608	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally	1027	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally
609	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that	1028	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that
610	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will	1029	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will
611	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it	1030	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it
612	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.	1031	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.
613		1032
614	You can chose to use a rather inefficient pure-perl implementation by	1033	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the
615	loading the C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar	1034	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar behaviour
616	behaviour everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose is generally better.	1035	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.
		1036
		1037	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION
		1038
		1039	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who
		1040	only want to use AnyEvent), you do not want to run a specific event loop.
		1041
		1042	In that case, you can use a condition variable like this:
		1043
		1044	AnyEvent->condvar->recv;
		1045
		1046	This has the effect of entering the event loop and looping forever.
		1047
		1048	Note that usually your program has some exit condition, in which case
		1049	it is better to use the "traditional" approach of storing a condition
		1050	variable somewhere, waiting for it, and sending it when the program should
		1051	exit cleanly.
		1052
617		1053
618	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1054	=head1 OTHER MODULES
619		1055
620	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1056	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
621	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1057	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
622	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1058	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
623	available via CPAN.	1059	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.
624		1060
625	=over 4	1061	=over 4
626		1062
627	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1063	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
628		1064
629	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	1065	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking
630	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	1066	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.
631		1067
		1068	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
		1069
		1070	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
		1071	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
		1072	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.
		1073
632	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>	1074	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
633		1075
634	Provide read and write buffers and manages watchers for reads and writes.	1076	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
		1077	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
		1078	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
		1079
		1080	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
		1081
		1082	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
		1083
		1084	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>
		1085
		1086	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent
		1087	HTTP requests.
635		1088
636	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	1089	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
637		1090
638	Provides a simple web application server framework.	1091	Provides a simple web application server framework.
639		1092
640	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
641
642	Provides asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities, beyond what
643	L<AnyEvent::Util> offers.
644
645	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	1093	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
646		1094
647	The fastest ping in the west.	1095	The fastest ping in the west.
648		1096
		1097	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
		1098
		1099	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
		1100
		1101	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		1102
		1103	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
		1104	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent
		1105	together.
		1106
		1107	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>
		1108
		1109	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses
		1110	L<BDB> and AnyEvent together.
		1111
		1112	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
		1113
		1114	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
		1115
649	=item L<Net::IRC3>	1116	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
650		1117
651	AnyEvent based IRC client module family.	1118	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
652		1119
653	=item L<Net::XMPP2>	1120	=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
654		1121
655	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.	1122	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
		1123	Net::XMPP2>.
		1124
		1125	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
		1126
		1127	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
		1128	L<App::IGS>).
656		1129
657	=item L<Net::FCP>	1130	=item L<Net::FCP>
658		1131
659	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace	1132	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
660	of AnyEvent.	1133	of AnyEvent.
…		…
665		1138
666	=item L<Coro>	1139	=item L<Coro>
667		1140
668	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1141	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
669		1142
670	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>, L<IO::AIO>
671
672	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
673	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses IO::AIO and AnyEvent
674	together.
675
676	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>, L<BDB>
677
678	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
679	IO::AIO and AnyEvent together.
680
681	=item L<IO::Lambda>
682
683	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
684
685	=back	1143	=back
686		1144
687	=cut	1145	=cut
688		1146
689	package AnyEvent;	1147	package AnyEvent;
690		1148
691	no warnings;	1149	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
692	use strict;	1150	sub common_sense {
		1151	# from common:.sense 1.0
		1152	${^WARNING_BITS} = "\xfc\x3f\x33\x00\x0f\xf3\xcf\xc0\xf3\xfc\x33\x00";
		1153	# use strict vars subs - NO UTF-8, as Util.pm doesn't like this atm. (uts46data.pl)
		1154	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1155	}
693		1156
		1157	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1158
694	use Carp;	1159	use Carp ();
695		1160
696	our $VERSION = '3.41';	1161	our $VERSION = '5.251';
697	our $MODEL;	1162	our $MODEL;
698		1163
699	our $AUTOLOAD;	1164	our $AUTOLOAD;
700	our @ISA;	1165	our @ISA;
701		1166
702	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
703
704	our @REGISTRY;	1167	our @REGISTRY;
705		1168
		1169	our $VERBOSE;
		1170
		1171	BEGIN {
		1172	require "AnyEvent/constants.pl";
		1173
		1174	eval "sub TAINT (){" . (${^TAINT}*1) . "}";
		1175
		1176	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1177	if ${^TAINT};
		1178
		1179	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1180
		1181	}
		1182
		1183	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
		1184
		1185	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
		1186
		1187	{
		1188	my $idx;
		1189	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx
		1190	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
		1191	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
		1192	}
		1193
706	my @models = (	1194	my @models = (
707	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1195	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
		1196	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
		1197	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
		1198	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
		1199	# and is usually faster
708	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],	1200	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1201	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1202	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1203	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
709	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::],	1204	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
		1205	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
		1206	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
710	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1207	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
711	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1208	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
712	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],	1209	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its
713	# everything below here will not be autoprobed as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1210	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.
714	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::],	1211	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any
715	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy	1212	# obvious default class.
716	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1213	[IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
717	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1214	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1215	[IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1216	[AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
718	);	1217	);
719		1218
720	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);	1219	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
		1220	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);
721		1221
722	our @post_detect;	1222	our @post_detect;
723		1223
724	sub post_detect(&) {	1224	sub post_detect(&) {
725	my ($cb) = @_;	1225	my ($cb) = @_;
726		1226
727	if ($MODEL) {
728	$cb->();
729
730	1
731	} else {
732	push @post_detect, $cb;	1227	push @post_detect, $cb;
733		1228
734	defined wantarray	1229	defined wantarray
735	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::Guard"	1230	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
736	: ()	1231	: ()
		1232	}
		1233
		1234	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
		1235	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
		1236	}
		1237
		1238	sub detect() {
		1239	# free some memory
		1240	*detect = sub () { $MODEL };
		1241
		1242	local $!; # for good measure
		1243	local $SIG{__DIE__};
		1244
		1245	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
		1246	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
		1247	if (eval "require $model") {
		1248	$MODEL = $model;
		1249	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
		1250	} else {
		1251	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
		1252	}
737	}	1253	}
738	}
739		1254
740	sub AnyEvent::Util::Guard::DESTROY {	1255	# check for already loaded models
741	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
742	}
743
744	sub detect() {
745	unless ($MODEL) {	1256	unless ($MODEL) {
746	no strict 'refs';	1257	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
747		1258	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
748	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {	1259	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
749	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
750	if (eval "require $model") {	1260	if (eval "require $model") {
751	$MODEL = $model;	1261	$MODEL = $model;
752	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1262	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
753	} else {	1263	last;
754	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1264	}
755	}	1265	}
756	}	1266	}
757		1267
758	# check for already loaded models
759	unless ($MODEL) {	1268	unless ($MODEL) {
		1269	# try to autoload a model
760	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1270	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
761	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1271	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1272	if (
		1273	$autoload
		1274	and eval "require $package"
762	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1275	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
763	if (eval "require $model") {	1276	and eval "require $model"
		1277	) {
764	$MODEL = $model;	1278	$MODEL = $model;
765	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1279	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
766	last;	1280	last;
767	}
768	}	1281	}
769	}	1282	}
770		1283
771	unless ($MODEL) {
772	# try to load a model
773
774	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
775	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
776	if (eval "require $package"
777	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
778	and eval "require $model") {
779	$MODEL = $model;
780	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
781	last;
782	}
783	}
784
785	$MODEL	1284	$MODEL
786	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.";	1285	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";
787	}
788	}	1286	}
789
790	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
791	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
792
793	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
794	}	1287	}
		1288
		1289	@models = (); # free probe data
		1290
		1291	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
		1292	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
		1293
		1294	# now nuke some methods that are overriden by the backend.
		1295	# SUPER is not allowed.
		1296	for (qw(time signal child idle)) {
		1297	undef &{"AnyEvent::Base::$_"}
		1298	if defined &{"$MODEL\::$_"};
		1299	}
		1300
		1301	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
		1302
		1303	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
		1304
		1305	*post_detect = sub(&) {
		1306	shift->();
		1307
		1308	undef
		1309	};
795		1310
796	$MODEL	1311	$MODEL
797	}	1312	}
798		1313
799	sub AUTOLOAD {	1314	sub AUTOLOAD {
800	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1315	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
801		1316
802	$method{$func}	1317	$method{$func}
803	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1318	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid AnyEvent class method";
804		1319
805	detect unless $MODEL;	1320	detect;
806		1321
807	my $class = shift;	1322	my $class = shift;
808	$class->$func (@_);	1323	$class->$func (@_);
809	}	1324	}
810		1325
		1326	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
		1327	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
		1328	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
		1329	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
		1330	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
		1331
		1332	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
		1333	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
		1334
		1335	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
		1336	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
		1337
		1338	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
		1339
		1340	($fh2, $rw)
		1341	}
		1342
		1343	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1344
		1345	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1346	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1347	overhead.
		1348
		1349	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1350
		1351	=cut
		1352
		1353	package AE;
		1354
		1355	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1356
		1357	sub io($$$) {
		1358	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1359	}
		1360
		1361	sub timer($$$) {
		1362	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1363	}
		1364
		1365	sub signal($$) {
		1366	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1367	}
		1368
		1369	sub child($$) {
		1370	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1371	}
		1372
		1373	sub idle($) {
		1374	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])
		1375	}
		1376
		1377	sub cv(;&) {
		1378	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1379	}
		1380
		1381	sub now() {
		1382	AnyEvent->now
		1383	}
		1384
		1385	sub now_update() {
		1386	AnyEvent->now_update
		1387	}
		1388
		1389	sub time() {
		1390	AnyEvent->time
		1391	}
		1392
811	package AnyEvent::Base;	1393	package AnyEvent::Base;
812		1394
		1395	# default implementations for many methods
		1396
		1397	sub time {
		1398	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1399	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
		1400	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1401	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1402	*AE::time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
		1403	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
		1404	} else {
		1405	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
		1406	*AE::time = sub (){ time }; # epic fail
		1407	}
		1408
		1409	*time = sub { AE::time }; # different prototypes
		1410	};
		1411	die if $@;
		1412
		1413	&time
		1414	}
		1415
		1416	*now = \&time;
		1417
		1418	sub now_update { }
		1419
813	# default implementation for ->condvar	1420	# default implementation for ->condvar
814		1421
815	sub condvar {	1422	sub condvar {
816	bless {}, AnyEvent::CondVar::	1423	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1424	*condvar = sub {
		1425	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1426	};
		1427
		1428	*AE::cv = sub (;&) {
		1429	bless { @_ ? (_ae_cb => shift) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1430	};
		1431	};
		1432	die if $@;
		1433
		1434	&condvar
817	}	1435	}
818		1436
819	# default implementation for ->signal	1437	# default implementation for ->signal
820		1438
821	our %SIG_CB;	1439	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1440
		1441	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1442	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1443	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
		1444	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1445
		1446	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1447	}
		1448
		1449	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1450	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1451	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
		1452
		1453	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1454	# used by Impls
		1455	sub _sig_add() {
		1456	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1457	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1458	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1459
		1460	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1461	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1462	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1463	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1464	;
		1465	}
		1466	}
		1467
		1468	sub _sig_del {
		1469	undef $SIG_TW
		1470	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
		1471	}
		1472
		1473	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1474	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1475	undef $_sig_name_init;
		1476
		1477	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1478	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1479	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1480	} else {
		1481	require Config;
		1482
		1483	my %signame2num;
		1484	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1485	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
		1486
		1487	my @signum2name;
		1488	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
		1489
		1490	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1491	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1492	};
		1493	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1494	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1495	};
		1496	}
		1497	};
		1498	die if $@;
		1499	};
		1500
		1501	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1502	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
822		1503
823	sub signal {	1504	sub signal {
		1505	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1506	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1507	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1508	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1509
		1510	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
		1511	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1512
		1513	} else {
		1514	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1515
		1516	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1517	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1518
		1519	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1520	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1521	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1522	} else {
		1523	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
		1524	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1525	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1526
		1527	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1528	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1529	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1530	}
		1531
		1532	$SIGPIPE_R
		1533	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1534
		1535	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1536	}
		1537
		1538	*signal = $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1539	? sub {
824	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1540	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
825		1541
		1542	# async::interrupt
826	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1543	my $signal = sig2num $arg{signal};
827	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
828
829	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1544	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1545
		1546	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1547	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1548	signal => $signal,
		1549	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1550	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1551	;
		1552
		1553	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1554	}
		1555	: sub {
		1556	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1557
		1558	# pure perl
		1559	my $signal = sig2name $arg{signal};
		1560	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1561
830	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1562	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
		1563	local $!;
		1564	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
		1565	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1566	};
		1567
		1568	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1569	# so limit the signal latency.
		1570	_sig_add;
		1571
		1572	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1573	}
		1574	;
		1575
		1576	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1577	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1578
		1579	_sig_del;
		1580
		1581	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1582
		1583	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1584	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1585	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1586	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1587	# instead of getting the default action.
		1588	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1589	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1590	};
		1591
		1592	*_signal_exec = sub {
		1593	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1594	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1595	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
		1596
		1597	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1598	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1599	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
831	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} || {} };	1600	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
		1601	}
		1602	}
		1603	};
832	};	1604	};
		1605	die if $@;
833		1606
834	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal"	1607	&signal
835	}
836
837	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {
838	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
839
840	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
841
842	$SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT' unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
843	}	1608	}
844		1609
845	# default implementation for ->child	1610	# default implementation for ->child
846		1611
847	our %PID_CB;	1612	our %PID_CB;
848	our $CHLD_W;	1613	our $CHLD_W;
849	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1614	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
850	our $PID_IDLE;
851	our $WNOHANG;	1615	our $WNOHANG;
852		1616
853	sub _child_wait {	1617	# used by many Impl's
854	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1618	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
		1619	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1620
		1621	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
855	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1622	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
856	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1623	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
857	}
858
859	undef $PID_IDLE;
860	}
861
862	sub _sigchld {
863	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.
864	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {
865	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;
866	&_child_wait;
867	});
868	}	1624	}
869		1625
870	sub child {	1626	sub child {
		1627	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1628	*_sigchld = sub {
		1629	my $pid;
		1630
		1631	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
		1632	while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0;
		1633	};
		1634
		1635	*child = sub {
871	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1636	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
872		1637
873	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1638	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)
874	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1639	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
875		1640
876	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1641	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
877		1642
878	unless ($WNOHANG) {	1643	# WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere
879	$WNOHANG = eval { require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;	1644	$WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/
880	}	1645	? 1
		1646	: eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
881		1647
882	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1648	unless ($CHLD_W) {
883	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1649	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
884	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1650	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
885	&_sigchld;	1651	&_sigchld;
886	}	1652	}
887		1653
888	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"	1654	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
889	}	1655	};
890		1656
891	sub AnyEvent::Base::Child::DESTROY {	1657	*AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY = sub {
892	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1658	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
893		1659
894	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1660	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};
895	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1661	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
896		1662
897	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1663	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
		1664	};
		1665	};
		1666	die if $@;
		1667
		1668	&child
		1669	}
		1670
		1671	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
		1672	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
		1673	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
		1674	sub idle {
		1675	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1676	*idle = sub {
		1677	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1678
		1679	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
		1680
		1681	$rcb = sub {
		1682	if ($cb) {
		1683	$w = _time;
		1684	&$cb;
		1685	$w = _time - $w;
		1686
		1687	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
		1688	# within some limits
		1689	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
		1690	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
		1691
		1692	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
		1693	} else {
		1694	# clean up...
		1695	undef $w;
		1696	undef $rcb;
		1697	}
		1698	};
		1699
		1700	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1701
		1702	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
		1703	};
		1704
		1705	*AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY = sub {
		1706	undef $${$_[0]};
		1707	};
		1708	};
		1709	die if $@;
		1710
		1711	&idle
898	}	1712	}
899		1713
900	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1714	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
901		1715
902	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1716	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
903		1717
904	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1718	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
		1719
		1720	#use overload
		1721	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
		1722	# fallback => 1;
		1723
		1724	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1725	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1726	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1727	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1728	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1729
		1730	our $WAITING;
905		1731
906	sub _send {	1732	sub _send {
907	# nop	1733	# nop
908	}	1734	}
909		1735
…		…
922	sub ready {	1748	sub ready {
923	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1749	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
924	}	1750	}
925		1751
926	sub _wait {	1752	sub _wait {
		1753	$WAITING
		1754	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
		1755	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
		1756
		1757	local $WAITING = 1;
927	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};	1758	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
928	}	1759	}
929		1760
930	sub recv {	1761	sub recv {
931	$_[0]->_wait;	1762	$_[0]->_wait;
…		…
933	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1764	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};
934	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1765	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
935	}	1766	}
936		1767
937	sub cb {	1768	sub cb {
938	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1769	my $cv = shift;
		1770
		1771	@_
		1772	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1773	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1774	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1775
939	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1776	$cv->{_ae_cb}
940	}	1777	}
941		1778
942	sub begin {	1779	sub begin {
943	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1780	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
944	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1781	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
945	}	1782	}
946		1783
947	sub end {	1784	sub end {
948	return if --$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1785	return if --$_[0]{_ae_counter};
949	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} } if $_[0]{_ae_end_cb};	1786	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };
950	}	1787	}
951		1788
952	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	1789	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
953	*broadcast = \&send;	1790	*broadcast = \&send;
954	*wait = \&_wait;	1791	*wait = \&_wait;
		1792
		1793	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
		1794
		1795	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
		1796	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
		1797	the C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT> environment variable, below) provides strict
		1798	checking of all AnyEvent methods, however, which is highly useful during
		1799	development.
		1800
		1801	As for exception handling (i.e. runtime errors and exceptions thrown while
		1802	executing a callback), this is not only highly event-loop specific, but
		1803	also not in any way wrapped by this module, as this is the job of the main
		1804	program.
		1805
		1806	The pure perl event loop simply re-throws the exception (usually
		1807	within C<< condvar->recv >>), the L<Event> and L<EV> modules call C<<
		1808	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and
		1809	so on.
		1810
		1811	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
		1812
		1813	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
		1814	submodules.
		1815
		1816	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1817	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1818	enabled.
		1819
		1820	=over 4
		1821
		1822	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
		1823
		1824	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
		1825	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
		1826	talkative.
		1827
		1828	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
		1829	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
		1830	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
		1831
		1832	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
		1833	model it chooses.
		1834
		1835	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1836	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1837
		1838	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
		1839
		1840	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
		1841	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
		1842	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
		1843	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
		1844	it will croak.
		1845
		1846	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
		1847
		1848	Unlike C<use strict> (or it's modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
		1849	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
		1850	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1851	can be very useful, however.
		1852
		1853	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
		1854
		1855	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
		1856	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
		1857	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
		1858	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
		1859	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
		1860	auto detection and -probing.
		1861
		1862	This functionality might change in future versions.
		1863
		1864	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
		1865	could start your program like this:
		1866
		1867	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
		1868
		1869	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
		1870
		1871	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
		1872	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
		1873	of auto probing).
		1874
		1875	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
		1876	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
		1877	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
		1878	list.
		1879
		1880	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
		1881	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
		1882	small, as the program has to handle conenction and other failures anyways.
		1883
		1884	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
		1885	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
		1886	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
		1887	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
		1888	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
		1889
		1890	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
		1891
		1892	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
		1893	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
		1894	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
		1895	default.
		1896
		1897	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
		1898	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
		1899
		1900	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
		1901
		1902	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
		1903	will create in parallel.
		1904
		1905	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		1906
		1907	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		1908	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		1909	sent to the DNS server.
		1910
		1911	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		1912
		1913	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		1914	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		1915	default config will be used.
		1916
		1917	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		1918
		1919	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		1920	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		1921	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		1922	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1923
		1924	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		1925
		1926	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		1927	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
		1928
		1929	=back
955		1930
956	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1931	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
957		1932
958	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in	1933	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in
959	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to	1934	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to
…		…
993		1968
994	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to	1969	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to
995	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will	1970	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will
996	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must	1971	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must
997	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.	1972	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.
998
999	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1000
1001	The following environment variables are used by this module:
1002
1003	=over 4
1004
1005	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1006
1007	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
1008	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
1009	talkative.
1010
1011	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
1012	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
1013	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1014
1015	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1016	model it chooses.
1017
1018	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1019
1020	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1021	autodetection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
1022	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
1023	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
1024	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
1025	autodetection and -probing.
1026
1027	This functionality might change in future versions.
1028
1029	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
1030	could start your program like this:
1031
1032	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1033
1034	=back
1035		1973
1036	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	1974	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
1037		1975
1038	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer	1976	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer
1039	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the	1977	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the
…		…
1048	poll => 'r',	1986	poll => 'r',
1049	cb => sub {	1987	cb => sub {
1050	warn "io event <$_[0]>\n"; # will always output <r>	1988	warn "io event <$_[0]>\n"; # will always output <r>
1051	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>); # read a line	1989	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>); # read a line
1052	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	1990	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1053	$cv->broadcast if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	1991	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1054	},	1992	},
1055	);	1993	);
1056		1994
1057	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1058
1059	sub new_timer {
1060	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	1995	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1061	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	1996	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1062	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1063	});	1997	});
1064	}
1065		1998
1066	new_timer; # create first timer
1067
1068	$cv->wait; # wait until user enters /^q/i	1999	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1069		2000
1070	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	2001	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1071		2002
1072	Consider the L<Net::FCP> module. It features (among others) the following	2003	Consider the L<Net::FCP> module. It features (among others) the following
1073	API calls, which are to freenet what HTTP GET requests are to http:	2004	API calls, which are to freenet what HTTP GET requests are to http:
…		…
1123	syswrite $txn->{fh}, $txn->{request}	2054	syswrite $txn->{fh}, $txn->{request}
1124	or die "connection or write error";	2055	or die "connection or write error";
1125	$txn->{w} = AnyEvent->io (fh => $txn->{fh}, poll => 'r', cb => sub { $txn->fh_ready_r });	2056	$txn->{w} = AnyEvent->io (fh => $txn->{fh}, poll => 'r', cb => sub { $txn->fh_ready_r });
1126		2057
1127	Again, C<fh_ready_r> waits till all data has arrived, and then stores the	2058	Again, C<fh_ready_r> waits till all data has arrived, and then stores the
1128	result and signals any possible waiters that the request ahs finished:	2059	result and signals any possible waiters that the request has finished:
1129		2060
1130	sysread $txn->{fh}, $txn->{buf}, length $txn->{$buf};	2061	sysread $txn->{fh}, $txn->{buf}, length $txn->{$buf};
1131		2062
1132	if (end-of-file or data complete) {	2063	if (end-of-file or data complete) {
1133	$txn->{result} = $txn->{buf};	2064	$txn->{result} = $txn->{buf};
1134	$txn->{finished}->broadcast;	2065	$txn->{finished}->send;
1135	$txb->{cb}->($txn) of $txn->{cb}; # also call callback	2066	$txb->{cb}->($txn) of $txn->{cb}; # also call callback
1136	}	2067	}
1137		2068
1138	The C<result> method, finally, just waits for the finished signal (if the	2069	The C<result> method, finally, just waits for the finished signal (if the
1139	request was already finished, it doesn't wait, of course, and returns the	2070	request was already finished, it doesn't wait, of course, and returns the
1140	data:	2071	data:
1141		2072
1142	$txn->{finished}->wait;	2073	$txn->{finished}->recv;
1143	return $txn->{result};	2074	return $txn->{result};
1144		2075
1145	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	2076	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
1146	that occured during request processing. The C<result> method detects	2077	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
1147	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	2078	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
1148	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	2079	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
1149	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	2080	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a
1150	random callback.	2081	random callback.
1151		2082
…		…
1182		2113
1183	my $quit = AnyEvent->condvar;	2114	my $quit = AnyEvent->condvar;
1184		2115
1185	$fcp->txn_client_get ($url)->cb (sub {	2116	$fcp->txn_client_get ($url)->cb (sub {
1186	...	2117	...
1187	$quit->broadcast;	2118	$quit->send;
1188	});	2119	});
1189		2120
1190	$quit->wait;	2121	$quit->recv;
1191		2122
1192		2123
1193	=head1 BENCHMARKS	2124	=head1 BENCHMARKS
1194		2125
1195	To give you an idea of the performance and overheads that AnyEvent adds	2126	To give you an idea of the performance and overheads that AnyEvent adds
…		…
1197	of various event loops I prepared some benchmarks.	2128	of various event loops I prepared some benchmarks.
1198		2129
1199	=head2 BENCHMARKING ANYEVENT OVERHEAD	2130	=head2 BENCHMARKING ANYEVENT OVERHEAD
1200		2131
1201	Here is a benchmark of various supported event models used natively and	2132	Here is a benchmark of various supported event models used natively and
1202	through anyevent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2133	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1203	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2134	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1204	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2135	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1205		2136
1206	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2137	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1207	distribution.	2138	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2139	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1208		2140
1209	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2141	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1210		2142
1211	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2143	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1212	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2144	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1224	all watchers, to avoid adding memory overhead. That means closure creation	2156	all watchers, to avoid adding memory overhead. That means closure creation
1225	and memory usage is not included in the figures.	2157	and memory usage is not included in the figures.
1226		2158
1227	I<invoke> is the time, in microseconds, used to invoke a simple	2159	I<invoke> is the time, in microseconds, used to invoke a simple
1228	callback. The callback simply counts down a Perl variable and after it was	2160	callback. The callback simply counts down a Perl variable and after it was
1229	invoked "watcher" times, it would C<< ->broadcast >> a condvar once to	2161	invoked "watcher" times, it would C<< ->send >> a condvar once to
1230	signal the end of this phase.	2162	signal the end of this phase.
1231		2163
1232	I<destroy> is the time, in microseconds, that it takes to destroy a single	2164	I<destroy> is the time, in microseconds, that it takes to destroy a single
1233	watcher.	2165	watcher.
1234		2166
1235	=head3 Results	2167	=head3 Results
1236		2168
1237	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2169	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1238	EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface	2170	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1239	EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2171	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1240	CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2172	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1241	Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation	2173	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1242	Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface	2174	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1243	Event/Any 16000 590 35.75 31.42 1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2175	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2176	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2177	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1244	Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour	2178	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1245	Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2179	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1246	POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event	2180	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1247	POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select	2181	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1248		2182
1249	=head3 Discussion	2183	=head3 Discussion
1250		2184
1251	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2185	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1252	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2186	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1264	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2198	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1265	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2199	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1266	cycles with POE.	2200	cycles with POE.
1267		2201
1268	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2202	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1269	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2203	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2204	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2205	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1270	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2206	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1271	natively.
1272		2207
1273	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2208	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1274	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2209	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1275	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2210	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1276	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2211	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
1277	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2212	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1278	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2213	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1279		2214
1280	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2215	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1281	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2216	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2217
		2218	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2219	when using its pure perl backend.
1282		2220
1283	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2221	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1284	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2222	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1285	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2223	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1286	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2224	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1330		2268
1331	=back	2269	=back
1332		2270
1333	=head2 BENCHMARKING THE LARGE SERVER CASE	2271	=head2 BENCHMARKING THE LARGE SERVER CASE
1334		2272
1335	This benchmark atcually benchmarks the event loop itself. It works by	2273	This benchmark actually benchmarks the event loop itself. It works by
1336	creating a number of "servers": each server consists of a socketpair, a	2274	creating a number of "servers": each server consists of a socket pair, a
1337	timeout watcher that gets reset on activity (but never fires), and an I/O	2275	timeout watcher that gets reset on activity (but never fires), and an I/O
1338	watcher waiting for input on one side of the socket. Each time the socket	2276	watcher waiting for input on one side of the socket. Each time the socket
1339	watcher reads a byte it will write that byte to a random other "server".	2277	watcher reads a byte it will write that byte to a random other "server".
1340		2278
1341	The effect is that there will be a lot of I/O watchers, only part of which	2279	The effect is that there will be a lot of I/O watchers, only part of which
1342	are active at any one point (so there is a constant number of active	2280	are active at any one point (so there is a constant number of active
1343	fds for each loop iterstaion, but which fds these are is random). The	2281	fds for each loop iteration, but which fds these are is random). The
1344	timeout is reset each time something is read because that reflects how	2282	timeout is reset each time something is read because that reflects how
1345	most timeouts work (and puts extra pressure on the event loops).	2283	most timeouts work (and puts extra pressure on the event loops).
1346		2284
1347	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socketpairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2285	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1348	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2286	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1349	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2287	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1350		2288
1351	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2289	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1352	distribution.	2290	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2291	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1353		2292
1354	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2293	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1355		2294
1356	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2295	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1357	each server has a read and write socket end).	2296	each server has a read and write socket end).
1358		2297
1359	I<create> is the time it takes to create a socketpair (which is	2298	I<create> is the time it takes to create a socket pair (which is
1360	nontrivial) and two watchers: an I/O watcher and a timeout watcher.	2299	nontrivial) and two watchers: an I/O watcher and a timeout watcher.
1361		2300
1362	I<request>, the most important value, is the time it takes to handle a	2301	I<request>, the most important value, is the time it takes to handle a
1363	single "request", that is, reading the token from the pipe and forwarding	2302	single "request", that is, reading the token from the pipe and forwarding
1364	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2303	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1365	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2304	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1366		2305
1367	=head3 Results	2306	=head3 Results
1368		2307
1369	name sockets create request	2308	name sockets create request
1370	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2309	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1371	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2310	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1372	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2311	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1373	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2312	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
		2313	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
		2314	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1374	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2315	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1375		2316
1376	=head3 Discussion	2317	=head3 Discussion
1377		2318
1378	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2319	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1379	particular event loop.	2320	particular event loop.
…		…
1381	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2322	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1382	is relatively high, though.	2323	is relatively high, though.
1383		2324
1384	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2325	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1385	loops Event and Glib.	2326	loops Event and Glib.
		2327
		2328	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2329	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1386		2330
1387	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2331	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1388	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2332	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1389	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2333	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1390	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2334	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1437	speed most when you have lots of watchers, not when you only have a few of	2381	speed most when you have lots of watchers, not when you only have a few of
1438	them).	2382	them).
1439		2383
1440	EV is again fastest.	2384	EV is again fastest.
1441		2385
1442	Perl again comes second. It is noticably faster than the C-based event	2386	Perl again comes second. It is noticeably faster than the C-based event
1443	loops Event and Glib, although the difference is too small to really	2387	loops Event and Glib, although the difference is too small to really
1444	matter.	2388	matter.
1445		2389
1446	POE also performs much better in this case, but is is still far behind the	2390	POE also performs much better in this case, but is is still far behind the
1447	others.	2391	others.
…		…
1453	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2397	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1454	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2398	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1455		2399
1456	=back	2400	=back
1457		2401
		2402	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2403
		2404	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2405	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2406	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2407	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2408	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2409	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2410	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2411
		2412	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2413	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2414	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2415	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2416	benchmark nevertheless.
		2417
		2418	name runtime
		2419	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2420	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2421	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2422	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2423	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2424	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2425	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2426	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2427
		2428	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2429	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2430	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2431
		2432	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2433	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2434	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2435	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2436	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2437	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2438	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2439	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2440
		2441	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2442	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2443	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2444	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2445
		2446	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2447	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2448	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2449
		2450	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2451	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
		2452	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
		2453	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
		2454
		2455	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2456	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2457	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2458
		2459
		2460	=head1 SIGNALS
		2461
		2462	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
		2463
		2464	=over 4
		2465
		2466	=item SIGCHLD
		2467
		2468	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
		2469	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
		2470	event loops install a similar handler.
		2471
		2472	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2473	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
		2474
		2475	=item SIGPIPE
		2476
		2477	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
		2478	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
		2479
		2480	The rationale for this is that AnyEvent users usually do not really depend
		2481	on SIGPIPE delivery (which is purely an optimisation for shell use, or
		2482	badly-written programs), but C<SIGPIPE> can cause spurious and rare
		2483	program exits as a lot of people do not expect C<SIGPIPE> when writing to
		2484	some random socket.
		2485
		2486	The rationale for installing a no-op handler as opposed to ignoring it is
		2487	that this way, the handler will be restored to defaults on exec.
		2488
		2489	Feel free to install your own handler, or reset it to defaults.
		2490
		2491	=back
		2492
		2493	=cut
		2494
		2495	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2496	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2497
		2498	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
		2499	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
		2500
		2501	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2502
		2503	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2504	it's built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2505
		2506	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2507	modules if they are installed.
		2508
		2509	This section explains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2510	affect AnyEvent's operation.
		2511
		2512	=over 4
		2513
		2514	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2515
		2516	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2517	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2518	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2519	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2520	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2521	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2522
		2523	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2524	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2525	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for
		2526	battery life on laptops).
		2527
		2528	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2529	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2530
		2531	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2532	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2533	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2534	does nothing for those backends.
		2535
		2536	=item L<EV>
		2537
		2538	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2539	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2540	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2541	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2542	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2543	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2544	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2545	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2546
		2547	If you only use backends that rely on another event loop (e.g. C<Tk>),
		2548	then this module will do nothing for you.
		2549
		2550	=item L<Guard>
		2551
		2552	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2553	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2554	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2555	purely used for performance.
		2556
		2557	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2558
		2559	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
		2560	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. L<JSON> is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2561	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2562
		2563	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2564
		2565	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2566	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2567	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2568
		2569	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2570
		2571	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2572	chosen event library does not come with a timing source on it's own. The
		2573	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to
		2574	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2575
		2576	=back
		2577
1458		2578
1459	=head1 FORK	2579	=head1 FORK
1460		2580
1461	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2581	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1462	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2582	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> calls
1463	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2583	- higher performance APIs such as BSD's kqueue or the dreaded Linux epoll
		2584	are usually badly thought-out hacks that are incompatible with fork in
		2585	one way or another. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware and ensures that you
		2586	continue event-processing in both parent and child (or both, if you know
		2587	what you are doing).
		2588
		2589	This means that, in general, you cannot fork and do event processing in
		2590	the child if the event library was initialised before the fork (which
		2591	usually happens when the first AnyEvent watcher is created, or the library
		2592	is loaded).
1464		2593
1465	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2594	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1466	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2595	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2596	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
		2597
		2598	The problem of doing event processing in the parent I<and> the child
		2599	is much more complicated: even for backends that I<are> fork-aware or
		2600	fork-safe, their behaviour is not usually what you want: fork clones all
		2601	watchers, that means all timers, I/O watchers etc. are active in both
		2602	parent and child, which is almost never what you want. USing C<exec>
		2603	to start worker children from some kind of manage rprocess is usually
		2604	preferred, because it is much easier and cleaner, at the expense of having
		2605	to have another binary.
1467		2606
1468		2607
1469	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2608	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1470		2609
1471	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2610	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
1476	specified in the variable.	2615	specified in the variable.
1477		2616
1478	You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it	2617	You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it
1479	before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a C<BEGIN> block:	2618	before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a C<BEGIN> block:
1480		2619
1481	BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} }	2620	BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} }
1482		2621
1483	use AnyEvent;	2622	use AnyEvent;
1484		2623
1485	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2624	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1486	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2625	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1487	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL).	2626	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
		2627	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2628
		2629	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2630	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2631	enabled.
		2632
		2633
		2634	=head1 BUGS
		2635
		2636	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
		2637	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
		2638	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
		2639	memleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
		2640	pronounced).
1488		2641
1489		2642
1490	=head1 SEE ALSO	2643	=head1 SEE ALSO
		2644
		2645	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.
1491		2646
1492	Event modules: L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>,	2647	Event modules: L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>,
1493	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2648	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1494		2649
1495	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2650	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1496	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2651	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1497	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2652	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1498	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2653	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
1499		2654
		2655	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
		2656	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
		2657
		2658	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
		2659
1500	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2660	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,
		2661	L<Coro::Event>,
1501		2662
1502	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>.	2663	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,
		2664	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1503		2665
1504		2666
1505	=head1 AUTHOR	2667	=head1 AUTHOR
1506		2668
1507	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2669	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1508	http://home.schmorp.de/	2670	http://home.schmorp.de/
1509		2671
1510	=cut	2672	=cut
1511		2673
1512	1	2674	1
1513		2675

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