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Revision 1.132 by root, Sun May 25 01:05:27 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.331 by root, Tue Aug 31 01:00:48 2010 UTC

1	=head1 => NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
		6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
		12	# if you prefer function calls, look at the AE manpage for
		13	# an alternative API.
		14
		15	# file handle or descriptor readable
11	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub {	16	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
		17
		18	# one-shot or repeating timers
		19	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
		20	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...);
		21
		22	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
		23	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
		24
		25	# POSIX signal
		26	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });
		27
		28	# child process exit
		29	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
		30	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
12	...	31	...
13	});	32	});
14		33
15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub {	34	# called when event loop idle (if applicable)
16	...	35	my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... });
17	});
18		36
19	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged	37	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
20	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's	38	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
21	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send	39	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
		40	# use a condvar in callback mode:
		41	$w->cb (sub { $_[0]->recv });
		42
		43	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
		44
		45	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
		46	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
		47	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
		48
		49	=head1 SUPPORT
		50
		51	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		52	channel, too.
		53
		54	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		55	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
22		56
23	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	57	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
24		58
25	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	59	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
26	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	60	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
27		61
28	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of	62	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of
29	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.	63	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.
30		64
31	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only	65	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only
32	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use in a	66	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use, in a
33	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,	67	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,
34	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,	68	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,
35	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent	69	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent
36	helps hiding the differences between those event loops.	70	cannot change this, but it can hide the differences between those event
		71	loops.
37		72
38	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event	73	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event
39	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a	74	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a
40	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your	75	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your
41	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	76	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
42	model you use.	77	model you use.
43		78
44	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	79	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
45	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	80	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
46	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	81	like joining a cult: After you join, you are dependent on them and you
47	cannot use anything else, as it is simply incompatible to everything that	82	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
48	isn't itself. What's worse, all the potential users of your module are	83	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
49	I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	84	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
50		85
51	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	86	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
52	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	87	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
53	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? no go. Tk + Event? no go. Again: if	88	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if
54	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	89	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,
55	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	90	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all
56	event models it supports (including stuff like POE and IO::Async, as long	91	event models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those
57	as those use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new	92	use one of the supported event loops. It is easy to add new event loops
58	event loops to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	93	to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).
59		94
60	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	95	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
61	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	96	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
62	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	97	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
63	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	98	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and to the point, by only
64	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as	99	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
65	technically possible.	100	technically possible.
66		101
		102	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
		103	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
		104	non-blocking connects (even with TLS/SSL, IPv6 and on broken platforms
		105	such as Windows) and lots of real-world knowledge and workarounds for
		106	platform bugs and differences.
		107
67	Of course, if you want lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat	108	Now, if you I<do want> lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat
68	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	109	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
69	model, you should I<not> use this module.	110	model, you should I<not> use this module.
70		111
71	=head1 DESCRIPTION	112	=head1 DESCRIPTION
72		113
73	L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This	114	L<AnyEvent> provides a uniform interface to various event loops. This
74	allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module	115	allows module authors to use event loop functionality without forcing
75	users to use the same event loop (as only a single event loop can coexist	116	module users to use a specific event loop implementation (since more
76	peacefully at any one time).	117	than one event loop cannot coexist peacefully).
77		118
78	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>	119	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>
79	module.	120	module.
80		121
81	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries	122	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries
82	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the	123	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the
83	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>,	124	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
84	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>,	125	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>. The first one
85	L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries	126	found is used. If none are detected, the module tries to load the first
86	to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl	127	four modules in the order given; but note that if L<EV> is not
87	adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can	128	available, the pure-perl L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> should always work, so
88	be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be	129	the other two are not normally tried.
89	found, AnyEvent will fall back to a pure-perl event loop, which is not
90	very efficient, but should work everywhere.
91		130
92	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading	131	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading
93	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make	132	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make
94	that model the default. For example:	133	that model the default. For example:
95		134
…		…
97	use AnyEvent;	136	use AnyEvent;
98		137
99	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk	138	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk
100		139
101	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and	140	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and
102	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to	141	starts using it, all bets are off - this case should be very rare though,
103	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...	142	as very few modules hardcode event loops without announcing this very
		143	loudly.
104		144
105	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	145	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called
106	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	146	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it
107	explicitly.	147	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)
108		148
109	=head1 WATCHERS	149	=head1 WATCHERS
110		150
111	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	151	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
112	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	152	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
…		…
115	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After	155	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
116	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the	156	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
117	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	157	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
118	is in control).	158	is in control).
119		159
		160	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
		161	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
		162	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practice in
		163	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
		164	widely between event loops.
		165
120	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	166	To disable a watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
121	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	167	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
122	to it).	168	to it).
123		169
124	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	170	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
125		171
126	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for	172	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
127	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.	173	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
128		174
129	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:	175	One way to achieve that is this pattern:
130		176
131	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {	177	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
132	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it	178	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
133	undef $w;	179	undef $w;
134	});	180	});
135		181
136	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,	182	Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl,
137	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	183	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
138	declared.	184	declared.
139		185
140	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	186	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
141		187
		188	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		189	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		190	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		191	cb => <callback>,
		192	);
		193
142	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	194	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
143	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	195	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
144		196
145	C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	197	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
		198	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
		199	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
		200	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
		201	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
		202	or block devices.
		203
146	for events. C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>,	204	C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a
147	which creates a watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events,	205	watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively.
		206
148	respectively. C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle	207	C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
149	becomes ready.
150		208
151	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	209	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
152	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	210	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
153	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.	211	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
154		212
155	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.	213	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.
156	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the	214	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the
157	underlying file descriptor.	215	underlying file descriptor.
158		216
159	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	217	Some event loops issue spurious readiness notifications, so you should
160	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	218	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
161	handles.	219	handles.
162		220
163	Example:
164
165	# wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the watcher	221	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
		222	watcher.
		223
166	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {	224	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
167	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);	225	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);
168	warn "read: $input\n";	226	warn "read: $input\n";
169	undef $w;	227	undef $w;
170	});	228	});
171		229
172	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	230	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
173		231
		232	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		233
		234	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		235	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		236	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		237	cb => <callback>,
		238	);
		239
174	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	240	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
175	method with the following mandatory arguments:	241	method with the following mandatory arguments:
176		242
177	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	243	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
178	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	244	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
180		246
181	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	247	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
182	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	248	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
183	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	249	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
184		250
185	The timer callback will be invoked at most once: if you want a repeating	251	The callback will normally be invoked only once. If you specify another
186	timer you have to create a new watcher (this is a limitation by both Tk	252	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
187	and Glib).	253	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
		254	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
		255	false value, then it is treated as if it were not specified at all.
188		256
189	Example:	257	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
		258	attempt is made to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
		259	only approximate.
190		260
191	# fire an event after 7.7 seconds	261	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
		262
192	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	263	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
193	warn "timeout\n";	264	warn "timeout\n";
194	});	265	});
195		266
196	# to cancel the timer:	267	# to cancel the timer:
197	undef $w;	268	undef $w;
198		269
199	Example 2:
200
201	# fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second	270	Example 2: fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second.
202	my $w;
203		271
204	my $cb = sub {
205	# cancel the old timer while creating a new one
206	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => $cb);	272	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, interval => 1, cb => sub {
		273	warn "timeout\n";
207	};	274	};
208
209	# start the "loop" by creating the first watcher
210	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, cb => $cb);
211		275
212	=head3 TIMING ISSUES	276	=head3 TIMING ISSUES
213		277
214	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire	278	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire
215	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12	279	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12
…		…
217		281
218	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they	282	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they
219	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock	283	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock
220	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from	284	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from
221	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to	285	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to
222	fire "after" a second might actually take six years to finally fire.	286	fire "after a second" might actually take six years to finally fire.
223		287
224	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious	288	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious
225	about these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based	289	of these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based
226	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)	290	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)
227	timers.	291	timers.
228		292
229	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the	293	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
230	AnyEvent API.	294	AnyEvent API.
231		295
		296	AnyEvent has two additional methods that return the "current time":
		297
		298	=over 4
		299
		300	=item AnyEvent->time
		301
		302	This returns the "current wallclock time" as a fractional number of
		303	seconds since the Epoch (the same thing as C<time> or C<Time::HiRes::time>
		304	return, and the result is guaranteed to be compatible with those).
		305
		306	It progresses independently of any event loop processing, i.e. each call
		307	will check the system clock, which usually gets updated frequently.
		308
		309	=item AnyEvent->now
		310
		311	This also returns the "current wallclock time", but unlike C<time>, above,
		312	this value might change only once per event loop iteration, depending on
		313	the event loop (most return the same time as C<time>, above). This is the
		314	time that AnyEvent's timers get scheduled against.
		315
		316	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
		317	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
		318
		319	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
		320	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
		321	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update its activity timeouts).
		322
		323	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
		324	with your timing; you can skip it without a bad conscience.
		325
		326	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
		327	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
		328
		329	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callbacks at
		330	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
		331	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
		332	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
		333	after three seconds.
		334
		335	With L<Event::Lib>, C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> will
		336	both return C<501>, because that is the current time, and the timer will
		337	be scheduled to fire at time=504 (C<501> + C<3>).
		338
		339	With L<EV>, C<< AnyEvent->time >> returns C<501> (as that is the current
		340	time), but C<< AnyEvent->now >> returns C<500>, as that is the time the
		341	last event processing phase started. With L<EV>, your timer gets scheduled
		342	to run at time=503 (C<500> + C<3>).
		343
		344	In one sense, L<Event::Lib> is more exact, as it uses the current time
		345	regardless of any delays introduced by event processing. However, most
		346	callbacks do not expect large delays in processing, so this causes a
		347	higher drift (and a lot more system calls to get the current time).
		348
		349	In another sense, L<EV> is more exact, as your timer will be scheduled at
		350	the same time, regardless of how long event processing actually took.
		351
		352	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
		353	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
		354	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
		355	account.
		356
		357	=item AnyEvent->now_update
		358
		359	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache
		360	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<
		361	AnyEvent->now >>, above).
		362
		363	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
		364	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
		365	might affect timers and time-outs.
		366
		367	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
		368	event loop's idea of "current time".
		369
		370	A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) -
		371	when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong
		372	idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the
		373	script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<<
		374	AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again
		375	(e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler).
		376
		377	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
		378
		379	=back
		380
232	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	381	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
233		382
		383	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
		384
234	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	385	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
235	I<name> without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl callback to	386	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
236	be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	387	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
237		388
238	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	389	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
239	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	390	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
240	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.	391	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.
241		392
…		…
243	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	394	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
244	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	395	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
245	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	396	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
246		397
247	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	398	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
248	between multiple watchers.	399	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		400	interrupt your program at bad times.
249		401
250	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	402	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
251	directly will likely not work correctly.	403	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		404	correctly.
252		405
253	Example: exit on SIGINT	406	Example: exit on SIGINT
254		407
255	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	408	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
256		409
		410	=head3 Restart Behaviour
		411
		412	While restart behaviour is up to the event loop implementation, most will
		413	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's
		414	pure perl implementation).
		415
		416	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals
		417
		418	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling) or
		419	"unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might get delayed indefinitely, the
		420	latter might corrupt your memory.
		421
		422	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,
		423	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be
		424	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.
		425	callbacks, too).
		426
		427	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		428
		429	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		430	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		431	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		432	this. AnyEvent will try to do its best, which means in some cases,
		433	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		434	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		435	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		436	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		437	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		438	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		439	saving.
		440
		441	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		442	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		443	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		444	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does its own workaround with
		445	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		446
257	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	447	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
258		448
		449	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		450
259	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	451	You can also watch for a child process exit and catch its exit status.
260		452
261	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	453	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (on some backends,
262	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often	454	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
263	as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a	455	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
264	signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>. The callback will be called with the pid	456	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
265	and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types,	457	(stopped/continued).
266	you I<can> rely on child watcher callback arguments.	458
		459	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
		460	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
		461	callback arguments.
		462
		463	This watcher type works by installing a signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>,
		464	and since it cannot be shared, nothing else should use SIGCHLD or reap
		465	random child processes (waiting for specific child processes, e.g. inside
		466	C<system>, is just fine).
267		467
268	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	468	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
269	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	469	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
270	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	470	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
271		471
272	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	472	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		473	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
273	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	474	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
274	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	475	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		476	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		477	start the watcher.
275		478
276	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	479	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
277	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	480	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
278	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	481	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		482	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		483
		484	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		485	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems
		486	mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
279		487
280	Example: fork a process and wait for it	488	Example: fork a process and wait for it
281		489
282	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	490	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
283		491
284	my $pid = fork or exit 5;	492	my $pid = fork or exit 5;
285		493
286	my $w = AnyEvent->child (	494	my $w = AnyEvent->child (
287	pid => $pid,	495	pid => $pid,
288	cb => sub {	496	cb => sub {
289	my ($pid, $status) = @_;	497	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
290	warn "pid $pid exited with status $status";	498	warn "pid $pid exited with status $status";
291	$done->send;	499	$done->send;
292	},	500	},
293	);	501	);
294		502
295	# do something else, then wait for process exit	503	# do something else, then wait for process exit
296	$done->recv;	504	$done->recv;
		505
		506	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
		507
		508	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
		509
		510	This will repeatedly invoke the callback after the process becomes idle,
		511	until either the watcher is destroyed or new events have been detected.
		512
		513	Idle watchers are useful when there is a need to do something, but it
		514	is not so important (or wise) to do it instantly. The callback will be
		515	invoked only when there is "nothing better to do", which is usually
		516	defined as "all outstanding events have been handled and no new events
		517	have been detected". That means that idle watchers ideally get invoked
		518	when the event loop has just polled for new events but none have been
		519	detected. Instead of blocking to wait for more events, the idle watchers
		520	will be invoked.
		521
		522	Unfortunately, most event loops do not really support idle watchers (only
		523	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
		524	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
		525
		526	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
		527	program is otherwise idle:
		528
		529	my @lines; # read data
		530	my $idle_w;
		531	my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
		532	push @lines, scalar <STDIN>;
		533
		534	# start an idle watcher, if not already done
		535	$idle_w ||= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub {
		536	# handle only one line, when there are lines left
		537	if (my $line = shift @lines) {
		538	print "handled when idle: $line";
		539	} else {
		540	# otherwise disable the idle watcher again
		541	undef $idle_w;
		542	}
		543	});
		544	});
297		545
298	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	546	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
		547
		548	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		549
		550	$cv->send (<list>);
		551	my @res = $cv->recv;
299		552
300	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	553	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
301	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	554	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
302	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	555	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
303		556
304	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	557	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
305	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	558	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
306		559
307	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	560	The tool to do that is called a "condition variable", so called because
308	because they represent a condition that must become true.	561	they represent a condition that must become true.
		562
		563	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
309		564
310	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	565	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
311	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	566	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
312	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	567	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
313	becomes true.	568	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
		569	the results).
314		570
315	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	571	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
316	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it	572	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
317	were a callback).	573	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
		574	->send >> method).
318		575
319	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	576	Since condition variables are the most complex part of the AnyEvent API, here are
320	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	577	some different mental models of what they are - pick the ones you can connect to:
321	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	578
322	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	579	=over 4
323	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	580
324	a result.	581	=item * Condition variables are like callbacks - you can call them (and pass them instead
		582	of callbacks). Unlike callbacks however, you can also wait for them to be called.
		583
		584	=item * Condition variables are signals - one side can emit or send them,
		585	the other side can wait for them, or install a handler that is called when
		586	the signal fires.
		587
		588	=item * Condition variables are like "Merge Points" - points in your program
		589	where you merge multiple independent results/control flows into one.
		590
		591	=item * Condition variables represent a transaction - functions that start
		592	some kind of transaction can return them, leaving the caller the choice
		593	between waiting in a blocking fashion, or setting a callback.
		594
		595	=item * Condition variables represent future values, or promises to deliver
		596	some result, long before the result is available.
		597
		598	=back
325		599
326	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	600	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
327	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	601	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
328	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	602	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
329	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	603	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
342		616
343	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys	617	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys
344	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing	618	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing
345	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of	619	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of
346	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call	620	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call
347	it's C<new> method in your own C<new> method.	621	its C<new> method in your own C<new> method.
348		622
349	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which	623	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which
350	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits	624	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
351	for the send to occur.	625	for the send to occur.
352		626
353	Example: wait for a timer.	627	Example: wait for a timer.
354		628
355	# wait till the result is ready	629	# condition: "wait till the timer is fired"
356	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	630	my $timer_fired = AnyEvent->condvar;
357		631
358	# do something such as adding a timer	632	# create the timer - we could wait for, say
359	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->send	633	# a handle becomign ready, or even an
360	# when the "result" is ready.	634	# AnyEvent::HTTP request to finish, but
361	# in this case, we simply use a timer:	635	# in this case, we simply use a timer:
362	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (	636	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (
363	after => 1,	637	after => 1,
364	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	638	cb => sub { $timer_fired->send },
365	);	639	);
366		640
367	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	641	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
368	# calls send	642	# calls ->send
369	$result_ready->recv;	643	$timer_fired->recv;
370		644
371	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	645	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
372	condition variables are also code references.	646	variables are also callable directly.
373		647
374	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	648	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
375	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	649	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
376	$done->recv;	650	$done->recv;
		651
		652	Example: Imagine an API that returns a condvar and doesn't support
		653	callbacks. This is how you make a synchronous call, for example from
		654	the main program:
		655
		656	use AnyEvent::CouchDB;
		657
		658	...
		659
		660	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
		661
		662	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
		663	results are available:
		664
		665	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
		666	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
		667	});
377		668
378	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS	669	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS
379		670
380	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the	671	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the
381	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also	672	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also
…		…
394	immediately from within send.	685	immediately from within send.
395		686
396	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	687	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
397	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	688	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
398		689
399	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as a	690	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
400	code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling C<send>.	691	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
		692	C<send>.
401		693
402	=item $cv->croak ($error)	694	=item $cv->croak ($error)
403		695
404	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	696	Similar to send, but causes all calls to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
405	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	697	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
406		698
407	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	699	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
408	user/consumer.	700	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		701	delays the error detection, but has the overwhelming advantage that it
		702	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		703	deep in some event callback with no connection to the actual code causing
		704	the problem.
409		705
410	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	706	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
411		707
412	=item $cv->end	708	=item $cv->end
413
414	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
415		709
416	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	710	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
417	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	711	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
418	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	712	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
419		713
420	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	714	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
421	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	715	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
422	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	716	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
423	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	717	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
424	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	718	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		719	be called without any arguments.
425		720
426	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	721	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		722	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		723	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		724
		725	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		726	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		727	close before activating a condvar:
427		728
428	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	729	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
429		730
		731	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		732	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		733	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		734	or $cv->end;
		735	});
		736
		737	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		738	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		739	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		740	or $cv->end;
		741	});
		742
		743	$cv->recv;
		744
		745	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		746	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		747	sending.
		748
		749	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		750	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		751	begun can potentially be zero:
		752
		753	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		754
430	my %result;	755	my %result;
431	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	756	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
432		757
433	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	758	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
434	$cv->begin;	759	$cv->begin;
435	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	760	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
436	$result{$host} = ...;	761	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
451	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	776	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
452	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	777	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
453	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	778	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
454	doesn't execute once).	779	doesn't execute once).
455		780
456	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	781	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
457	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	782	potentially zero) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
458	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	783	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
459	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	784	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		785	call C<end>.
460		786
461	=back	787	=back
462		788
463	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	789	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
464		790
…		…
468	=over 4	794	=over 4
469		795
470	=item $cv->recv	796	=item $cv->recv
471		797
472	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak	798	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak
473	>> methods have been called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers	799	>> methods have been called on C<$cv>, while servicing other watchers
474	normally.	800	normally.
475		801
476	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but	802	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but
477	will return immediately.	803	will return immediately.
478		804
…		…
480	function will call C<croak>.	806	function will call C<croak>.
481		807
482	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	808	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
483	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	809	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
484		810
		811	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		812	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		813	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		814	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		815	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		816	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		817
485	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	818	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
486	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	819	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
487	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	820	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
488	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	821	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
489	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	822	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
490	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	823	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
491	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	824	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
492		825
493	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
494	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
495	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
496	can supply.
497
498	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
499	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
500	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
501	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
502	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
503
504	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	826	You can ensure that C<< ->recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
505	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	827	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
506	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	828	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
507	waits otherwise.	829	waits otherwise.
508		830
509	=item $bool = $cv->ready	831	=item $bool = $cv->ready
510		832
511	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or	833	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or
512	C<croak> have been called.	834	C<croak> have been called.
513		835
514	=item $cb = $cv->cb ([new callback])	836	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
515		837
516	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	838	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
517	replaces it before doing so.	839	replaces it before doing so.
518		840
519	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	841	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when
520	C<send> or C<croak> are called. Calling C<recv> inside the callback	842	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the
		843	condition variable itself. If the condition is already true, the
		844	callback is called immediately when it is set. Calling C<recv> inside
521	or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.	845	the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
522		846
523	=back	847	=back
524		848
		849	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		850
		851	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		852
		853	=over 4
		854
		855	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		856
		857	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		858	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		859	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		860	AnyEvent itself.
		861
		862	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		863	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
		864
		865	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		866
		867	These will be used if they are already loaded when the first watcher
		868	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		869	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		870	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		871	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		872
		873	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		874	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		875	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		876	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		877	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		878	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		879
		880	=item Backends with special needs.
		881
		882	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		883	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		884	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		885	everything should just work.
		886
		887	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		888
		889	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
		890	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
		891	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
		892	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
		893	L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync> for the gory details.
		894
		895	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
		896
		897	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		898
		899	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		900
		901	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		902
		903	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		904	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		905	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		906	consider for AnyEvent.
		907
		908	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		909	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		910
		911	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		912	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		913	in which case everything will be automatic.
		914
		915	=back
		916
525	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	917	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
526		918
		919	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		920	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		921
527	=over 4	922	=over 4
528		923
529	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	924	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
530		925
531	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	926	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		927	backend has been autodetected.
		928
532	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	929	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
533	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	930	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
534	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	931	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl::xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
535	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	932	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
536		933	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
537	The known classes so far are:
538
539	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
540	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
541	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
542	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
543	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
544	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
545	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
546	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
547
548	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
549	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
550	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
551	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
552	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
553	it's adaptor.
554
555	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
556	autodetecting them.
557		934
558	=item AnyEvent::detect	935	=item AnyEvent::detect
559		936
560	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	937	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
561	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	938	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
562	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	939	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
563	runtime.	940	runtime, and not e.g. during initialisation of your module.
		941
		942	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		943	created, use C<post_detect>.
564		944
565	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	945	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
566		946
567	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	947	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
568	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	948	autodetected (or immediately if that has already happened).
		949
		950	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		951	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		952	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		953	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		954	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		955
		956	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		957	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		958	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		959	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
569		960
570	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	961	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
571	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	962	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		963	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
572	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	964	a case where this is useful.
		965
		966	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		967	C<$WATCHER>, but do so only do so after the event loop is initialised.
		968
		969	our WATCHER;
		970
		971	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		972	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		973	};
		974
		975	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		976	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		977	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		978	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		979
		980	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
573		981
574	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	982	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
575		983
576	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	984	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
577	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	985	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will be called directly
578	the event loop has been chosen.	986	after the event loop has been chosen.
579		987
580	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	988	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
581	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	989	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
582	and the array will be ignored.	990	array will be ignored.
583		991
584	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	992	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		993	it, as it takes care of these details.
		994
		995	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		996	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		997	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		998	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
		999
		1000	Example: To load Coro::AnyEvent whenever Coro and AnyEvent are used
		1001	together, you could put this into Coro (this is the actual code used by
		1002	Coro to accomplish this):
		1003
		1004	if (defined $AnyEvent::MODEL) {
		1005	# AnyEvent already initialised, so load Coro::AnyEvent
		1006	require Coro::AnyEvent;
		1007	} else {
		1008	# AnyEvent not yet initialised, so make sure to load Coro::AnyEvent
		1009	# as soon as it is
		1010	push @AnyEvent::post_detect, sub { require Coro::AnyEvent };
		1011	}
585		1012
586	=back	1013	=back
587		1014
588	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	1015	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
589		1016
…		…
600	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using	1027	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using
601	events is to stay interactive.	1028	events is to stay interactive.
602		1029
603	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module	1030	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module
604	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method	1031	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method
605	called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->recv >>	1032	called C<results> that returns the results, it may call C<< ->recv >>
606	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always).	1033	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. Always).
607		1034
608	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM	1035	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM
609		1036
610	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should	1037	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should
611	dictate which event model to use.	1038	dictate which event model to use.
612		1039
613	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not	1040	If the program is not event-based, it need not do anything special, even
614	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent	1041	when it depends on a module that uses an AnyEvent. If the program itself
615	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.	1042	uses AnyEvent, but does not care which event loop is used, all it needs
		1043	to do is C<use AnyEvent>. In either case, AnyEvent will choose the best
		1044	available loop implementation.
616		1045
617	If the main program relies on a specific event model. For example, in	1046	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in
618	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module. You should load the	1047	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the
619	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally	1048	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally
620	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that	1049	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that
621	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will	1050	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will
622	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it	1051	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it
623	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.	1052	might choose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.
624		1053
625	You can chose to use a rather inefficient pure-perl implementation by	1054	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the
626	loading the C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar	1055	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar behaviour
627	behaviour everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose is generally better.	1056	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.
		1057
		1058	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION
		1059
		1060	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who
		1061	only want to use AnyEvent), you do not want to run a specific event loop.
		1062
		1063	In that case, you can use a condition variable like this:
		1064
		1065	AnyEvent->condvar->recv;
		1066
		1067	This has the effect of entering the event loop and looping forever.
		1068
		1069	Note that usually your program has some exit condition, in which case
		1070	it is better to use the "traditional" approach of storing a condition
		1071	variable somewhere, waiting for it, and sending it when the program should
		1072	exit cleanly.
		1073
628		1074
629	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1075	=head1 OTHER MODULES
630		1076
631	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1077	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
632	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1078	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
633	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1079	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
634	available via CPAN.	1080	come as part of AnyEvent, the others are available via CPAN.
635		1081
636	=over 4	1082	=over 4
637		1083
638	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1084	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
639		1085
640	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	1086	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used blocking
641	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	1087	functions such as C<inet_aton> with event/callback-based versions.
642
643	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
644
645	Provide read and write buffers and manages watchers for reads and writes.
646		1088
647	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	1089	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
648		1090
649	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	1091	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
650	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp	1092	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
651	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.	1093	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.
652		1094
		1095	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
		1096
		1097	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
		1098	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
		1099	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>).
		1100
		1101	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
		1102
		1103	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
		1104
		1105	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>, L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IGS>, L<AnyEvent::FCP>
		1106
		1107	Implement event-based interfaces to the protocols of the same name (for
		1108	the curious, IGS is the International Go Server and FCP is the Freenet
		1109	Client Protocol).
		1110
		1111	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle::UDP>
		1112
		1113	Here be danger!
		1114
		1115	As Pauli would put it, "Not only is it not right, it's not even wrong!" -
		1116	there are so many things wrong with AnyEvent::Handle::UDP, most notably
		1117	its use of a stream-based API with a protocol that isn't streamable, that
		1118	the only way to improve it is to delete it.
		1119
		1120	It features data corruption (but typically only under load) and general
		1121	confusion. On top, the author is not only clueless about UDP but also
		1122	fact-resistant - some gems of his understanding: "connect doesn't work
		1123	with UDP", "UDP packets are not IP packets", "UDP only has datagrams, not
		1124	packets", "I don't need to implement proper error checking as UDP doesn't
		1125	support error checking" and so on - he doesn't even understand what's
		1126	wrong with his module when it is explained to him.
		1127
		1128	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
		1129
		1130	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process for you,
		1131	notifying you in an event-based way when the operation is finished.
		1132
		1133	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		1134
		1135	Truly asynchronous (as opposed to non-blocking) I/O, should be in the
		1136	toolbox of every event programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
		1137	L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent together, giving AnyEvent access to event-based
		1138	file I/O, and much more.
		1139
653	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	1140	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
654		1141
655	Provides a simple web application server framework.	1142	A simple embedded webserver.
656
657	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
658
659	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
660		1143
661	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	1144	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
662		1145
663	The fastest ping in the west.	1146	The fastest ping in the west.
664		1147
665	=item L<Net::IRC3>
666
667	AnyEvent based IRC client module family.
668
669	=item L<Net::XMPP2>
670
671	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
672
673	=item L<Net::FCP>
674
675	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
676	of AnyEvent.
677
678	=item L<Event::ExecFlow>
679
680	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
681
682	=item L<Coro>	1148	=item L<Coro>
683		1149
684	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1150	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
685		1151
686	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>, L<IO::AIO>
687
688	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
689	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses IO::AIO and AnyEvent
690	together.
691
692	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>, L<BDB>
693
694	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
695	IO::AIO and AnyEvent together.
696
697	=item L<IO::Lambda>
698
699	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
700
701	=back	1152	=back
702		1153
703	=cut	1154	=cut
704		1155
705	package AnyEvent;	1156	package AnyEvent;
706		1157
707	no warnings;	1158	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
708	use strict;	1159	sub common_sense {
		1160	# from common:.sense 1.0
		1161	${^WARNING_BITS} = "\xfc\x3f\x33\x00\x0f\xf3\xcf\xc0\xf3\xfc\x33\x00";
		1162	# use strict vars subs - NO UTF-8, as Util.pm doesn't like this atm. (uts46data.pl)
		1163	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1164	}
709		1165
		1166	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1167
710	use Carp;	1168	use Carp ();
711		1169
712	our $VERSION = '4.03';	1170	our $VERSION = '5.271';
713	our $MODEL;	1171	our $MODEL;
714		1172
715	our $AUTOLOAD;	1173	our $AUTOLOAD;
716	our @ISA;	1174	our @ISA;
717		1175
718	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
719
720	our @REGISTRY;	1176	our @REGISTRY;
721		1177
722	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2)	1178	our $VERBOSE;
		1179
		1180	BEGIN {
		1181	require "AnyEvent/constants.pl";
		1182
		1183	eval "sub TAINT (){" . (${^TAINT}*1) . "}";
		1184
		1185	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1186	if ${^TAINT};
		1187
		1188	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1189
		1190	}
		1191
		1192	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
		1193
		1194	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
723		1195
724	{	1196	{
725	my $idx;	1197	my $idx;
726	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx	1198	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx
		1199	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
727	for split /\s*,\s*/, $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1200	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
728	}	1201	}
729		1202
730	my @models = (	1203	my @models = (
731	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1204	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
		1205	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
		1206	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
		1207	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
		1208	# and is usually faster
732	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],	1209	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1210	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1211	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1212	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
733	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::],	1213	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
		1214	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
		1215	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
734	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1216	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
735	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1217	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
736	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],	1218	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its
737	# everything below here will not be autoprobed as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1219	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.
738	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::],	1220	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any
739	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy	1221	# obvious default class.
740	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1222	[IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
741	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1223	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1224	[IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1225	[AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
742	);	1226	);
743		1227
744	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);	1228	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
		1229	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);
745		1230
746	our @post_detect;	1231	our @post_detect;
747		1232
748	sub post_detect(&) {	1233	sub post_detect(&) {
749	my ($cb) = @_;	1234	my ($cb) = @_;
750		1235
751	if ($MODEL) {
752	$cb->();
753
754	1
755	} else {
756	push @post_detect, $cb;	1236	push @post_detect, $cb;
757		1237
758	defined wantarray	1238	defined wantarray
759	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect"	1239	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
760	: ()	1240	: ()
		1241	}
		1242
		1243	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
		1244	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
		1245	}
		1246
		1247	sub detect() {
		1248	# free some memory
		1249	*detect = sub () { $MODEL };
		1250
		1251	local $!; # for good measure
		1252	local $SIG{__DIE__};
		1253
		1254	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
		1255	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
		1256	if (eval "require $model") {
		1257	$MODEL = $model;
		1258	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
		1259	} else {
		1260	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
		1261	}
761	}	1262	}
762	}
763		1263
764	sub AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect::DESTROY {	1264	# check for already loaded models
765	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
766	}
767
768	sub detect() {
769	unless ($MODEL) {	1265	unless ($MODEL) {
770	no strict 'refs';	1266	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
771		1267	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
772	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {	1268	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
773	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
774	if (eval "require $model") {	1269	if (eval "require $model") {
775	$MODEL = $model;	1270	$MODEL = $model;
776	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1271	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
777	} else {	1272	last;
778	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1273	}
779	}	1274	}
780	}	1275	}
781		1276
782	# check for already loaded models
783	unless ($MODEL) {	1277	unless ($MODEL) {
		1278	# try to autoload a model
784	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1279	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
785	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1280	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1281	if (
		1282	$autoload
		1283	and eval "require $package"
786	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1284	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
787	if (eval "require $model") {	1285	and eval "require $model"
		1286	) {
788	$MODEL = $model;	1287	$MODEL = $model;
789	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1288	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
790	last;	1289	last;
791	}
792	}	1290	}
793	}	1291	}
794		1292
795	unless ($MODEL) {
796	# try to load a model
797
798	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
799	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
800	if (eval "require $package"
801	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
802	and eval "require $model") {
803	$MODEL = $model;
804	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;
805	last;
806	}
807	}
808
809	$MODEL	1293	$MODEL
810	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.";	1294	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";
811	}
812	}	1295	}
813
814	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
815	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
816
817	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
818	}	1296	}
		1297
		1298	@models = (); # free probe data
		1299
		1300	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
		1301	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
		1302
		1303	# now nuke some methods that are overriden by the backend.
		1304	# SUPER is not allowed.
		1305	for (qw(time signal child idle)) {
		1306	undef &{"AnyEvent::Base::$_"}
		1307	if defined &{"$MODEL\::$_"};
		1308	}
		1309
		1310	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
		1311
		1312	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
		1313
		1314	*post_detect = sub(&) {
		1315	shift->();
		1316
		1317	undef
		1318	};
819		1319
820	$MODEL	1320	$MODEL
821	}	1321	}
822		1322
823	sub AUTOLOAD {	1323	sub AUTOLOAD {
824	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1324	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
825		1325
826	$method{$func}	1326	$method{$func}
827	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1327	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid AnyEvent class method";
828		1328
829	detect unless $MODEL;	1329	detect;
830		1330
831	my $class = shift;	1331	my $class = shift;
832	$class->$func (@_);	1332	$class->$func (@_);
833	}	1333	}
834		1334
		1335	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
		1336	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
		1337	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
		1338	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
		1339	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
		1340
		1341	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
		1342	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
		1343
		1344	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
		1345	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
		1346
		1347	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
		1348
		1349	($fh2, $rw)
		1350	}
		1351
		1352	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1353
		1354	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1355	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1356	overhead by using function call syntax and a fixed number of parameters.
		1357
		1358	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1359
		1360	=cut
		1361
		1362	package AE;
		1363
		1364	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1365
		1366	# fall back to the main API by default - backends and AnyEvent::Base
		1367	# implementations can overwrite these.
		1368
		1369	sub io($$$) {
		1370	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1371	}
		1372
		1373	sub timer($$$) {
		1374	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1375	}
		1376
		1377	sub signal($$) {
		1378	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1379	}
		1380
		1381	sub child($$) {
		1382	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1383	}
		1384
		1385	sub idle($) {
		1386	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])
		1387	}
		1388
		1389	sub cv(;&) {
		1390	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1391	}
		1392
		1393	sub now() {
		1394	AnyEvent->now
		1395	}
		1396
		1397	sub now_update() {
		1398	AnyEvent->now_update
		1399	}
		1400
		1401	sub time() {
		1402	AnyEvent->time
		1403	}
		1404
835	package AnyEvent::Base;	1405	package AnyEvent::Base;
836		1406
		1407	# default implementations for many methods
		1408
		1409	sub time {
		1410	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1411	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
		1412	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1413	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1414	*AE::time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
		1415	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
		1416	} else {
		1417	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
		1418	*AE::time = sub (){ time }; # epic fail
		1419	}
		1420
		1421	*time = sub { AE::time }; # different prototypes
		1422	};
		1423	die if $@;
		1424
		1425	&time
		1426	}
		1427
		1428	*now = \&time;
		1429
		1430	sub now_update { }
		1431
837	# default implementation for ->condvar	1432	# default implementation for ->condvar
838		1433
839	sub condvar {	1434	sub condvar {
		1435	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1436	*condvar = sub {
840	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar::	1437	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1438	};
		1439
		1440	*AE::cv = sub (;&) {
		1441	bless { @_ ? (_ae_cb => shift) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1442	};
		1443	};
		1444	die if $@;
		1445
		1446	&condvar
841	}	1447	}
842		1448
843	# default implementation for ->signal	1449	# default implementation for ->signal
844		1450
845	our %SIG_CB;	1451	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1452
		1453	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1454	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1455	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
		1456	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1457
		1458	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1459	}
		1460
		1461	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1462	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1463	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
		1464
		1465	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1466	# used by Impls
		1467	sub _sig_add() {
		1468	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1469	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1470	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1471
		1472	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1473	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1474	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1475	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1476	;
		1477	}
		1478	}
		1479
		1480	sub _sig_del {
		1481	undef $SIG_TW
		1482	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
		1483	}
		1484
		1485	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1486	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1487	undef $_sig_name_init;
		1488
		1489	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1490	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1491	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1492	} else {
		1493	require Config;
		1494
		1495	my %signame2num;
		1496	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1497	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
		1498
		1499	my @signum2name;
		1500	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
		1501
		1502	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1503	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1504	};
		1505	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1506	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1507	};
		1508	}
		1509	};
		1510	die if $@;
		1511	};
		1512
		1513	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1514	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
846		1515
847	sub signal {	1516	sub signal {
		1517	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1518	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1519	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1520	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1521
		1522	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
		1523	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1524
		1525	} else {
		1526	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1527
		1528	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1529	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1530
		1531	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1532	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1533	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1534	} else {
		1535	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
		1536	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1537	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1538
		1539	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1540	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1541	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1542	}
		1543
		1544	$SIGPIPE_R
		1545	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1546
		1547	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1548	}
		1549
		1550	*signal = $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1551	? sub {
848	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1552	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
849		1553
		1554	# async::interrupt
850	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1555	my $signal = sig2num $arg{signal};
851	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
852
853	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1556	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1557
		1558	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1559	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1560	signal => $signal,
		1561	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1562	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1563	;
		1564
		1565	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1566	}
		1567	: sub {
		1568	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1569
		1570	# pure perl
		1571	my $signal = sig2name $arg{signal};
		1572	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1573
854	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1574	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
		1575	local $!;
		1576	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
		1577	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1578	};
		1579
		1580	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1581	# so limit the signal latency.
		1582	_sig_add;
		1583
		1584	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1585	}
		1586	;
		1587
		1588	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1589	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1590
		1591	_sig_del;
		1592
		1593	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1594
		1595	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1596	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1597	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1598	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1599	# instead of getting the default action.
		1600	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1601	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1602	};
		1603
		1604	*_signal_exec = sub {
		1605	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1606	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1607	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
		1608
		1609	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1610	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1611	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
855	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} || {} };	1612	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
		1613	}
		1614	}
		1615	};
856	};	1616	};
		1617	die if $@;
857		1618
858	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal"	1619	&signal
859	}
860
861	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {
862	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
863
864	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
865
866	$SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT' unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
867	}	1620	}
868		1621
869	# default implementation for ->child	1622	# default implementation for ->child
870		1623
871	our %PID_CB;	1624	our %PID_CB;
872	our $CHLD_W;	1625	our $CHLD_W;
873	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1626	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
874	our $PID_IDLE;
875	our $WNOHANG;	1627	our $WNOHANG;
876		1628
877	sub _child_wait {	1629	# used by many Impl's
878	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1630	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
		1631	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1632
		1633	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
879	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1634	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
880	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1635	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
881	}
882
883	undef $PID_IDLE;
884	}
885
886	sub _sigchld {
887	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.
888	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {
889	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;
890	&_child_wait;
891	});
892	}	1636	}
893		1637
894	sub child {	1638	sub child {
		1639	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1640	*_sigchld = sub {
		1641	my $pid;
		1642
		1643	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
		1644	while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0;
		1645	};
		1646
		1647	*child = sub {
895	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1648	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
896		1649
897	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1650	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)
898	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1651	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
899		1652
900	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1653	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
901		1654
902	unless ($WNOHANG) {	1655	# WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere
903	$WNOHANG = eval { require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;	1656	$WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/
904	}	1657	? 1
		1658	: eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
905		1659
906	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1660	unless ($CHLD_W) {
907	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1661	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
908	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1662	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
909	&_sigchld;	1663	&_sigchld;
910	}	1664	}
911		1665
912	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"	1666	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
913	}	1667	};
914		1668
915	sub AnyEvent::Base::Child::DESTROY {	1669	*AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY = sub {
916	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1670	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
917		1671
918	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1672	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};
919	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1673	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
920		1674
921	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1675	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
		1676	};
		1677	};
		1678	die if $@;
		1679
		1680	&child
		1681	}
		1682
		1683	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
		1684	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
		1685	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
		1686	sub idle {
		1687	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1688	*idle = sub {
		1689	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1690
		1691	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
		1692
		1693	$rcb = sub {
		1694	if ($cb) {
		1695	$w = _time;
		1696	&$cb;
		1697	$w = _time - $w;
		1698
		1699	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
		1700	# within some limits
		1701	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
		1702	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
		1703
		1704	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
		1705	} else {
		1706	# clean up...
		1707	undef $w;
		1708	undef $rcb;
		1709	}
		1710	};
		1711
		1712	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1713
		1714	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
		1715	};
		1716
		1717	*AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY = sub {
		1718	undef $${$_[0]};
		1719	};
		1720	};
		1721	die if $@;
		1722
		1723	&idle
922	}	1724	}
923		1725
924	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1726	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
925		1727
926	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1728	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
927		1729
928	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1730	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
929		1731
930	use overload	1732	#use overload
931	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1733	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
932	fallback => 1;	1734	# fallback => 1;
		1735
		1736	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1737	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1738	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1739	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1740	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1741
		1742	our $WAITING;
933		1743
934	sub _send {	1744	sub _send {
935	# nop	1745	# nop
936	}	1746	}
937		1747
…		…
950	sub ready {	1760	sub ready {
951	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1761	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
952	}	1762	}
953		1763
954	sub _wait {	1764	sub _wait {
		1765	$WAITING
		1766	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
		1767	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
		1768
		1769	local $WAITING = 1;
955	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};	1770	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
956	}	1771	}
957		1772
958	sub recv {	1773	sub recv {
959	$_[0]->_wait;	1774	$_[0]->_wait;
…		…
961	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1776	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};
962	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1777	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
963	}	1778	}
964		1779
965	sub cb {	1780	sub cb {
966	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1781	my $cv = shift;
		1782
		1783	@_
		1784	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1785	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1786	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1787
967	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1788	$cv->{_ae_cb}
968	}	1789	}
969		1790
970	sub begin {	1791	sub begin {
971	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1792	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
972	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1793	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
978	}	1799	}
979		1800
980	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	1801	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
981	*broadcast = \&send;	1802	*broadcast = \&send;
982	*wait = \&_wait;	1803	*wait = \&_wait;
		1804
		1805	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
		1806
		1807	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
		1808	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
		1809	the C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT> environment variable, below) provides strict
		1810	checking of all AnyEvent methods, however, which is highly useful during
		1811	development.
		1812
		1813	As for exception handling (i.e. runtime errors and exceptions thrown while
		1814	executing a callback), this is not only highly event-loop specific, but
		1815	also not in any way wrapped by this module, as this is the job of the main
		1816	program.
		1817
		1818	The pure perl event loop simply re-throws the exception (usually
		1819	within C<< condvar->recv >>), the L<Event> and L<EV> modules call C<<
		1820	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and
		1821	so on.
		1822
		1823	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
		1824
		1825	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
		1826	submodules.
		1827
		1828	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1829	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1830	enabled.
		1831
		1832	=over 4
		1833
		1834	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
		1835
		1836	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
		1837	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
		1838	talkative.
		1839
		1840	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
		1841	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
		1842	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
		1843
		1844	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
		1845	model it chooses.
		1846
		1847	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1848	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1849
		1850	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
		1851
		1852	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
		1853	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
		1854	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
		1855	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
		1856	it will croak.
		1857
		1858	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
		1859
		1860	Unlike C<use strict> (or its modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
		1861	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
		1862	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1863	can be very useful, however.
		1864
		1865	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
		1866
		1867	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
		1868	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
		1869	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
		1870	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
		1871	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
		1872	auto detection and -probing.
		1873
		1874	This functionality might change in future versions.
		1875
		1876	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
		1877	could start your program like this:
		1878
		1879	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
		1880
		1881	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
		1882
		1883	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
		1884	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
		1885	of auto probing).
		1886
		1887	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
		1888	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
		1889	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
		1890	list.
		1891
		1892	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
		1893	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
		1894	small, as the program has to handle conenction and other failures anyways.
		1895
		1896	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
		1897	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
		1898	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
		1899	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
		1900	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
		1901
		1902	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
		1903
		1904	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
		1905	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
		1906	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
		1907	default.
		1908
		1909	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
		1910	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
		1911
		1912	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
		1913
		1914	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
		1915	will create in parallel.
		1916
		1917	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		1918
		1919	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		1920	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		1921	sent to the DNS server.
		1922
		1923	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		1924
		1925	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		1926	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		1927	default config will be used.
		1928
		1929	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		1930
		1931	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		1932	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		1933	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		1934	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1935
		1936	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		1937
		1938	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		1939	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
		1940
		1941	=back
983		1942
984	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1943	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
985		1944
986	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in	1945	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in
987	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to	1946	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to
…		…
1021		1980
1022	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to	1981	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to
1023	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will	1982	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will
1024	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must	1983	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must
1025	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.	1984	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.
1026
1027	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1028
1029	The following environment variables are used by this module:
1030
1031	=over 4
1032
1033	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1034
1035	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
1036	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
1037	talkative.
1038
1039	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
1040	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
1041	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1042
1043	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1044	model it chooses.
1045
1046	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1047
1048	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1049	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
1050	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
1051	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
1052	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
1053	auto detection and -probing.
1054
1055	This functionality might change in future versions.
1056
1057	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
1058	could start your program like this:
1059
1060	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1061
1062	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
1063
1064	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
1065	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
1066	of auto probing).
1067
1068	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
1069	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
1070	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
1071	list.
1072
1073	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
1074	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
1075	small, as the program has to handle connection errors already-
1076
1077	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
1078	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
1079	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
1080	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
1081	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
1082
1083	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
1084
1085	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
1086	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
1087	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
1088	default.
1089
1090	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
1091	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
1092
1093	=back
1094		1985
1095	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	1986	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
1096		1987
1097	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer	1988	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer
1098	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the	1989	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the
…		…
1111	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	2002	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1112	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	2003	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1113	},	2004	},
1114	);	2005	);
1115		2006
1116	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1117
1118	sub new_timer {
1119	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	2007	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1120	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	2008	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1121	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1122	});	2009	});
1123	}
1124
1125	new_timer; # create first timer
1126		2010
1127	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i	2011	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1128		2012
1129	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	2013	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1130		2014
…		…
1203		2087
1204	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	2088	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
1205	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects	2089	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
1206	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	2090	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
1207	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	2091	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
1208	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	2092	problems get reported to the code that tries to use the result, not in a
1209	random callback.	2093	random callback.
1210		2094
1211	All of this enables the following usage styles:	2095	All of this enables the following usage styles:
1212		2096
1213	1. Blocking:	2097	1. Blocking:
…		…
1261	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2145	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1262	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2146	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1263	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2147	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1264		2148
1265	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2149	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1266	distribution.	2150	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2151	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1267		2152
1268	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2153	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1269		2154
1270	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2155	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1271	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2156	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1292	watcher.	2177	watcher.
1293		2178
1294	=head3 Results	2179	=head3 Results
1295		2180
1296	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2181	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1297	EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface	2182	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1298	EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2183	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1299	CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2184	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1300	Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation	2185	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1301	Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface	2186	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1302	Event/Any 16000 590 35.75 31.42 1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2187	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2188	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2189	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1303	Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour	2190	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1304	Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2191	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1305	POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event	2192	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1306	POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select	2193	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1307		2194
1308	=head3 Discussion	2195	=head3 Discussion
1309		2196
1310	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2197	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1311	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2198	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1323	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2210	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1324	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2211	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1325	cycles with POE.	2212	cycles with POE.
1326		2213
1327	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2214	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1328	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2215	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2216	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2217	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1329	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2218	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1330	natively.
1331		2219
1332	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2220	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1333	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2221	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1334	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2222	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1335	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2223	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
1336	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2224	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1337	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2225	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1338		2226
1339	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2227	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1340	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2228	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2229
		2230	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2231	when using its pure perl backend.
1341		2232
1342	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2233	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1343	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2234	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1344	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2235	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1345	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2236	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1406	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2297	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1407	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2298	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1408	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2299	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1409		2300
1410	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2301	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1411	distribution.	2302	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2303	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1412		2304
1413	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2305	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1414		2306
1415	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2307	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1416	each server has a read and write socket end).	2308	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1423	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2315	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1424	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2316	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1425		2317
1426	=head3 Results	2318	=head3 Results
1427		2319
1428	name sockets create request	2320	name sockets create request
1429	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2321	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1430	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2322	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1431	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2323	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1432	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2324	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
		2325	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
		2326	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1433	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2327	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1434		2328
1435	=head3 Discussion	2329	=head3 Discussion
1436		2330
1437	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2331	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1438	particular event loop.	2332	particular event loop.
…		…
1440	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2334	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1441	is relatively high, though.	2335	is relatively high, though.
1442		2336
1443	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2337	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1444	loops Event and Glib.	2338	loops Event and Glib.
		2339
		2340	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2341	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1445		2342
1446	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2343	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1447	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2344	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1448	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2345	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1449	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2346	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1512	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2409	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1513	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2410	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1514		2411
1515	=back	2412	=back
1516		2413
		2414	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2415
		2416	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2417	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2418	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2419	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2420	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2421	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2422	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2423
		2424	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2425	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2426	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2427	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2428	benchmark nevertheless.
		2429
		2430	name runtime
		2431	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2432	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2433	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2434	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2435	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2436	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2437	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2438	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2439
		2440	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2441	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2442	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2443
		2444	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2445	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2446	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2447	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2448	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2449	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2450	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2451	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2452
		2453	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2454	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2455	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2456	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2457
		2458	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2459	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2460	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2461
		2462	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2463	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
		2464	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
		2465	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
		2466
		2467	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2468	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2469	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2470
		2471
		2472	=head1 SIGNALS
		2473
		2474	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
		2475
		2476	=over 4
		2477
		2478	=item SIGCHLD
		2479
		2480	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
		2481	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
		2482	event loops install a similar handler.
		2483
		2484	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2485	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
		2486
		2487	=item SIGPIPE
		2488
		2489	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
		2490	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
		2491
		2492	The rationale for this is that AnyEvent users usually do not really depend
		2493	on SIGPIPE delivery (which is purely an optimisation for shell use, or
		2494	badly-written programs), but C<SIGPIPE> can cause spurious and rare
		2495	program exits as a lot of people do not expect C<SIGPIPE> when writing to
		2496	some random socket.
		2497
		2498	The rationale for installing a no-op handler as opposed to ignoring it is
		2499	that this way, the handler will be restored to defaults on exec.
		2500
		2501	Feel free to install your own handler, or reset it to defaults.
		2502
		2503	=back
		2504
		2505	=cut
		2506
		2507	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2508	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2509
		2510	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
		2511	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
		2512
		2513	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2514
		2515	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2516	its built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2517
		2518	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2519	modules if they are installed.
		2520
		2521	This section explains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2522	affect AnyEvent's operation.
		2523
		2524	=over 4
		2525
		2526	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2527
		2528	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2529	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2530	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2531	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2532	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2533	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2534
		2535	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2536	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2537	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for
		2538	battery life on laptops).
		2539
		2540	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2541	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2542
		2543	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2544	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2545	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2546	does nothing for those backends.
		2547
		2548	=item L<EV>
		2549
		2550	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2551	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2552	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2553	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2554	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2555	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2556	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2557	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2558
		2559	If you only use backends that rely on another event loop (e.g. C<Tk>),
		2560	then this module will do nothing for you.
		2561
		2562	=item L<Guard>
		2563
		2564	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2565	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2566	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2567	purely used for performance.
		2568
		2569	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2570
		2571	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
		2572	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. L<JSON> is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2573	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2574
		2575	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2576
		2577	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2578	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2579	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2580
		2581	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2582
		2583	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2584	chosen event library does not come with a timing source of its own. The
		2585	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to
		2586	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2587
		2588	=back
		2589
1517		2590
1518	=head1 FORK	2591	=head1 FORK
1519		2592
1520	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2593	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1521	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2594	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> calls
1522	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2595	- higher performance APIs such as BSD's kqueue or the dreaded Linux epoll
		2596	are usually badly thought-out hacks that are incompatible with fork in
		2597	one way or another. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware and ensures that you
		2598	continue event-processing in both parent and child (or both, if you know
		2599	what you are doing).
		2600
		2601	This means that, in general, you cannot fork and do event processing in
		2602	the child if the event library was initialised before the fork (which
		2603	usually happens when the first AnyEvent watcher is created, or the library
		2604	is loaded).
1523		2605
1524	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2606	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1525	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2607	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2608	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
		2609
		2610	The problem of doing event processing in the parent I<and> the child
		2611	is much more complicated: even for backends that I<are> fork-aware or
		2612	fork-safe, their behaviour is not usually what you want: fork clones all
		2613	watchers, that means all timers, I/O watchers etc. are active in both
		2614	parent and child, which is almost never what you want. USing C<exec>
		2615	to start worker children from some kind of manage rprocess is usually
		2616	preferred, because it is much easier and cleaner, at the expense of having
		2617	to have another binary.
1526		2618
1527		2619
1528	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2620	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1529		2621
1530	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2622	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
1535	specified in the variable.	2627	specified in the variable.
1536		2628
1537	You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it	2629	You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it
1538	before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a C<BEGIN> block:	2630	before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a C<BEGIN> block:
1539		2631
1540	BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} }	2632	BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} }
1541		2633
1542	use AnyEvent;	2634	use AnyEvent;
1543		2635
1544	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2636	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1545	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2637	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1546	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL).	2638	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
		2639	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2640
		2641	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2642	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2643	enabled.
		2644
		2645
		2646	=head1 BUGS
		2647
		2648	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
		2649	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
		2650	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
		2651	memleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
		2652	pronounced).
1547		2653
1548		2654
1549	=head1 SEE ALSO	2655	=head1 SEE ALSO
1550		2656
1551	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.	2657	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.
…		…
1554	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2660	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1555		2661
1556	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2662	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1557	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2663	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1558	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2664	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1559	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2665	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
1560		2666
1561	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2667	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
1562	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2668	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
1563		2669
1564	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2670	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
1565		2671
1566	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2672	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,
		2673	L<Coro::Event>,
1567		2674
1568	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2675	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,
		2676	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1569		2677
1570		2678
1571	=head1 AUTHOR	2679	=head1 AUTHOR
1572		2680
1573	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2681	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1574	http://home.schmorp.de/	2682	http://home.schmorp.de/
1575		2683
1576	=cut	2684	=cut
1577		2685
1578	1	2686	1
1579		2687

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