ViewVC Help

View File | Revision Log | Show Annotations | Download File

/cvs/AnyEvent/lib/AnyEvent.pm

Comparing AnyEvent/lib/AnyEvent.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.157 by root, Fri Jun 6 11:01:17 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.297 by root, Thu Nov 19 01:55:57 2009 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
		6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
		12	# file descriptor readable
11	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub {	13	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
		14
		15	# one-shot or repeating timers
		16	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
		17	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...
		18
		19	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
		20	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
		21
		22	# POSIX signal
		23	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });
		24
		25	# child process exit
		26	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
		27	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
12	...	28	...
13	});	29	});
14		30
15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub {	31	# called when event loop idle (if applicable)
16	...	32	my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... });
17	});
18		33
19	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged	34	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
20	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's	35	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
21	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send	36	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
		37	# use a condvar in callback mode:
		38	$w->cb (sub { $_[0]->recv });
22		39
23	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL	40	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
24		41
25	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested	42	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
26	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
27	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
28		45
		46	=head1 SUPPORT
		47
		48	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		49	channel, too.
		50
		51	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		52	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
		53
29	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	54	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
30		55
31	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	56	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
32	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	57	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
33		58
34	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of	59	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of
35	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.	60	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.
36		61
37	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only	62	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only
38	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use in a	63	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use, in a
39	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,	64	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,
40	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,	65	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,
41	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent	66	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent
42	helps hiding the differences between those event loops.	67	cannot change this, but it can hide the differences between those event
		68	loops.
43		69
44	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event	70	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event
45	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a	71	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a
46	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your	72	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your
47	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	73	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
48	model you use.	74	model you use.
49		75
50	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	76	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
51	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	77	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
52	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	78	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you
53	cannot use anything else, as it is simply incompatible to everything that	79	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
54	isn't itself. What's worse, all the potential users of your module are	80	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
55	I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	81	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
56		82
57	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	83	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
58	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	84	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
59	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if	85	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if
60	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	86	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,
61	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	87	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all
62	event models it supports (including stuff like POE and IO::Async, as long	88	event models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those
63	as those use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new	89	use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops
64	event loops to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	90	to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).
65		91
66	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	92	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
67	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	93	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
68	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	94	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
69	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	95	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only
…		…
127	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After	153	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
128	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the	154	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
129	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	155	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
130	is in control).	156	is in control).
131		157
		158	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
		159	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
		160	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in
		161	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
		162	widely between event loops.
		163
132	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	164	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
133	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	165	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
134	to it).	166	to it).
135		167
136	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	168	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
…		…
149	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	181	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
150	declared.	182	declared.
151		183
152	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	184	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
153		185
		186	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		187	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		188	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		189	cb => <callback>,
		190	);
		191
154	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	192	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
155	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	193	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
156		194
157	C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	195	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
		196	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
		197	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
		198	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
		199	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
		200	or block devices.
		201
158	for events. C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>,	202	C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a
159	which creates a watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events,	203	watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively.
		204
160	respectively. C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle	205	C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
161	becomes ready.
162		206
163	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	207	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
164	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	208	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
165	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.	209	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
166		210
…		…
170		214
171	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	215	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should
172	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	216	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
173	handles.	217	handles.
174		218
175	Example:
176
177	# wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the watcher	219	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
		220	watcher.
		221
178	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {	222	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
179	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);	223	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);
180	warn "read: $input\n";	224	warn "read: $input\n";
181	undef $w;	225	undef $w;
182	});	226	});
183		227
184	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	228	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
185		229
		230	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		231
		232	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		233	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		234	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		235	cb => <callback>,
		236	);
		237
186	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	238	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
187	method with the following mandatory arguments:	239	method with the following mandatory arguments:
188		240
189	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	241	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
190	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	242	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
192		244
193	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	245	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
194	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	246	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
195	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	247	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
196		248
197	The timer callback will be invoked at most once: if you want a repeating	249	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another
198	timer you have to create a new watcher (this is a limitation by both Tk	250	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
199	and Glib).	251	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
		252	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
		253	false value, then it is treated as if it were missing.
200		254
201	Example:	255	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
		256	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
		257	only approximate.
202		258
203	# fire an event after 7.7 seconds	259	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
		260
204	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	261	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
205	warn "timeout\n";	262	warn "timeout\n";
206	});	263	});
207		264
208	# to cancel the timer:	265	# to cancel the timer:
209	undef $w;	266	undef $w;
210		267
211	Example 2:
212
213	# fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second	268	Example 2: fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second.
214	my $w;
215		269
216	my $cb = sub {
217	# cancel the old timer while creating a new one
218	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => $cb);	270	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, interval => 1, cb => sub {
		271	warn "timeout\n";
219	};	272	};
220
221	# start the "loop" by creating the first watcher
222	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, cb => $cb);
223		273
224	=head3 TIMING ISSUES	274	=head3 TIMING ISSUES
225		275
226	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire	276	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire
227	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12	277	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12
…		…
300	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you	350	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
301	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the	351	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
302	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into	352	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
303	account.	353	account.
304		354
		355	=item AnyEvent->now_update
		356
		357	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache
		358	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<
		359	AnyEvent->now >>, above).
		360
		361	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
		362	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
		363	might affect timers and time-outs.
		364
		365	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
		366	event loop's idea of "current time".
		367
		368	A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) -
		369	when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong
		370	idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the
		371	script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<<
		372	AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again
		373	(e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler).
		374
		375	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
		376
305	=back	377	=back
306		378
307	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	379	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
308		380
		381	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
		382
309	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	383	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
310	I<name> without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl callback to	384	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
311	be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	385	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
312		386
313	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	387	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
314	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	388	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
315	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.	389	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.
316		390
…		…
318	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	392	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
319	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	393	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
320	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	394	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
321		395
322	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	396	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
323	between multiple watchers.	397	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		398	interrupt your program at bad times.
324		399
325	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	400	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
326	directly will likely not work correctly.	401	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		402	correctly.
327		403
328	Example: exit on SIGINT	404	Example: exit on SIGINT
329		405
330	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	406	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
331		407
		408	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		409
		410	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		411	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		412	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		413	this. AnyEvent will try to do it's best, which means in some cases,
		414	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		415	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		416	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		417	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		418	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		419	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		420	saving.
		421
		422	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		423	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		424	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		425	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does it's own workaround with
		426	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		427
332	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	428	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
333		429
		430	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		431
334	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	432	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
335		433
336	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	434	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (one some backends,
337	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often	435	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
338	as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a	436	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
339	signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>. The callback will be called with the pid	437	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
340	and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types,	438	(stopped/continued).
341	you I<can> rely on child watcher callback arguments.	439
		440	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
		441	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
		442	callback arguments.
		443
		444	This watcher type works by installing a signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>,
		445	and since it cannot be shared, nothing else should use SIGCHLD or reap
		446	random child processes (waiting for specific child processes, e.g. inside
		447	C<system>, is just fine).
342		448
343	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	449	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
344	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	450	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
345	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	451	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
346		452
347	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	453	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		454	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
348	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	455	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
349	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	456	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		457	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		458	start the watcher.
350		459
351	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	460	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
352	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	461	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
353	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	462	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		463	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		464
		465	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		466	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems
		467	mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
354		468
355	Example: fork a process and wait for it	469	Example: fork a process and wait for it
356		470
357	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	471	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
358		472
…		…
368	);	482	);
369		483
370	# do something else, then wait for process exit	484	# do something else, then wait for process exit
371	$done->recv;	485	$done->recv;
372		486
		487	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
		488
		489	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
		490
		491	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important
		492	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
		493	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
		494	attention by the event loop".
		495
		496	Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing
		497	better to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new
		498	events. Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.
		499
		500	Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only
		501	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
		502	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
		503
		504	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
		505	program is otherwise idle:
		506
		507	my @lines; # read data
		508	my $idle_w;
		509	my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
		510	push @lines, scalar <STDIN>;
		511
		512	# start an idle watcher, if not already done
		513	$idle_w ||= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub {
		514	# handle only one line, when there are lines left
		515	if (my $line = shift @lines) {
		516	print "handled when idle: $line";
		517	} else {
		518	# otherwise disable the idle watcher again
		519	undef $idle_w;
		520	}
		521	});
		522	});
		523
373	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	524	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
		525
		526	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		527
		528	$cv->send (<list>);
		529	my @res = $cv->recv;
374		530
375	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	531	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
376	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	532	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
377	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	533	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
378		534
379	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	535	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
380	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	536	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
381		537
382	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	538	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called
383	because they represent a condition that must become true.	539	because they represent a condition that must become true.
		540
		541	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
384		542
385	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	543	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
386	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	544	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
387	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	545	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
388	becomes true.	546	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
		547	the results).
389		548
390	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	549	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
391	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it	550	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
392	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<	551	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
393	->send >> method).	552	->send >> method).
…		…
395	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	554	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can
396	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	555	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points
397	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	556	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet
398	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	557	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be
399	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	558	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers
400	a result.	559	a result. And yet some people know them as "futures" - a promise to
		560	compute/deliver something that you can wait for.
401		561
402	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	562	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
403	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	563	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
404	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	564	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
405	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	565	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
439	after => 1,	599	after => 1,
440	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	600	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },
441	);	601	);
442		602
443	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	603	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
444	# calls send	604	# calls ->send
445	$result_ready->recv;	605	$result_ready->recv;
446		606
447	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	607	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
448	condition variables are also code references.	608	variables are also callable directly.
449		609
450	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	610	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
451	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	611	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
452	$done->recv;	612	$done->recv;
		613
		614	Example: Imagine an API that returns a condvar and doesn't support
		615	callbacks. This is how you make a synchronous call, for example from
		616	the main program:
		617
		618	use AnyEvent::CouchDB;
		619
		620	...
		621
		622	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
		623
		624	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
		625	results are available:
		626
		627	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
		628	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
		629	});
453		630
454	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS	631	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS
455		632
456	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the	633	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the
457	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also	634	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also
…		…
470	immediately from within send.	647	immediately from within send.
471		648
472	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	649	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
473	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	650	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
474		651
475	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	652	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
476	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	653	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
477	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	654	C<send>.
478	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
479	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
480	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
481	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
482	example).
483		655
484	=item $cv->croak ($error)	656	=item $cv->croak ($error)
485		657
486	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	658	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
487	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	659	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
488		660
489	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	661	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
490	user/consumer.	662	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		663	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it
		664	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		665	deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing
		666	the problem.
491		667
492	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	668	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
493		669
494	=item $cv->end	670	=item $cv->end
495
496	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
497		671
498	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	672	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
499	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	673	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
500	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	674	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
501		675
502	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	676	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
503	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	677	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
504	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	678	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
505	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	679	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
506	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	680	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		681	be called without any arguments.
507		682
508	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	683	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		684	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		685	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		686
		687	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		688	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		689	close before activating a condvar:
509		690
510	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	691	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
511		692
		693	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		694	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		695	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		696	or $cv->end;
		697	});
		698
		699	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		700	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		701	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		702	or $cv->end;
		703	});
		704
		705	$cv->recv;
		706
		707	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		708	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		709	sending.
		710
		711	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		712	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		713	begung can potentially be zero:
		714
		715	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		716
512	my %result;	717	my %result;
513	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	718	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
514		719
515	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	720	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
516	$cv->begin;	721	$cv->begin;
517	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	722	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
518	$result{$host} = ...;	723	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
533	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	738	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
534	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	739	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
535	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	740	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
536	doesn't execute once).	741	doesn't execute once).
537		742
538	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	743	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
539	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	744	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
540	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	745	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
541	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	746	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		747	call C<end>.
542		748
543	=back	749	=back
544		750
545	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	751	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
546		752
…		…
562	function will call C<croak>.	768	function will call C<croak>.
563		769
564	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	770	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
565	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	771	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
566		772
		773	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		774	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		775	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		776	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		777	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		778	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		779
567	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	780	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
568	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	781	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
569	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	782	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
570	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	783	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
571	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	784	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
572	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	785	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
573	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	786	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
574		787
575	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
576	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
577	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
578	can supply.
579
580	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
581	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
582	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
583	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
584	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
585
586	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	788	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
587	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	789	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
588	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	790	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
589	waits otherwise.	791	waits otherwise.
590		792
591	=item $bool = $cv->ready	793	=item $bool = $cv->ready
592		794
593	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or	795	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or
594	C<croak> have been called.	796	C<croak> have been called.
595		797
596	=item $cb = $cv->cb ([new callback])	798	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
597		799
598	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	800	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
599	replaces it before doing so.	801	replaces it before doing so.
600		802
601	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	803	The callback will be called when the condition becomes (or already was)
602	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	804	"true", i.e. when C<send> or C<croak> are called (or were called), with
603	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	805	the only argument being the condition variable itself. Calling C<recv>
604	is guaranteed not to block.	806	inside the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
605		807
606	=back	808	=back
607		809
		810	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		811
		812	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		813
		814	=over 4
		815
		816	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		817
		818	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		819	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		820	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		821	AnyEvent itself.
		822
		823	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		824	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
		825
		826	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		827
		828	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher
		829	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		830	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		831	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		832	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		833
		834	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		835	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		836	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		837	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		838	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		839	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		840
		841	=item Backends with special needs.
		842
		843	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		844	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		845	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		846	everything should just work.
		847
		848	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		849
		850	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
		851	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
		852	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
		853	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
		854	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
		855
		856	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
		857
		858	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		859
		860	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		861
		862	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		863
		864	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		865	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		866	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		867	consider for AnyEvent.
		868
		869	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		870	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		871
		872	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		873	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		874	in which case everything will be automatic.
		875
		876	=back
		877
608	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	878	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
609		879
		880	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		881	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		882
610	=over 4	883	=over 4
611		884
612	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	885	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
613		886
614	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	887	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		888	backend has been autodetected.
		889
615	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	890	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
616	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	891	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
617	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	892	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
618	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	893	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
619		894	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
620	The known classes so far are:
621
622	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
623	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
624	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
625	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
626	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
627	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
628	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
629	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
630
631	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
632	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
633	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
634	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
635	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
636	it's adaptor.
637
638	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
639	autodetecting them.
640		895
641	=item AnyEvent::detect	896	=item AnyEvent::detect
642		897
643	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	898	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
644	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	899	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
645	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	900	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
646	runtime.	901	runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.
		902
		903	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		904	created, use C<post_detect>.
647		905
648	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	906	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
649		907
650	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	908	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
651	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	909	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).
652		910
		911	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		912	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		913	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		914	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		915	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		916
		917	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		918	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		919	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		920	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
		921
653	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	922	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
654	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	923	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		924	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
655	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	925	a case where this is useful.
		926
		927	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		928	C<$WATCHER>. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though.
		929
		930	our WATCHER;
		931
		932	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		933	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		934	};
		935
		936	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		937	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		938	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		939	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		940
		941	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
656		942
657	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	943	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
658		944
659	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	945	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
660	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	946	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after
661	the event loop has been chosen.	947	the event loop has been chosen.
662		948
663	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	949	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
664	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	950	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
665	and the array will be ignored.	951	array will be ignored.
666		952
667	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	953	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		954	it,as it takes care of these details.
		955
		956	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		957	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		958	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		959	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
668		960
669	=back	961	=back
670		962
671	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	963	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
672		964
…		…
727		1019
728		1020
729	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1021	=head1 OTHER MODULES
730		1022
731	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1023	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
732	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1024	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
733	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1025	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
734	available via CPAN.	1026	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.
735		1027
736	=over 4	1028	=over 4
737		1029
738	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1030	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
739		1031
740	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	1032	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking
741	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	1033	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.
742
743	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
744
745	Provide read and write buffers and manages watchers for reads and writes.
746		1034
747	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	1035	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
748		1036
749	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	1037	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
750	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp	1038	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
751	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.	1039	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.
752		1040
		1041	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
		1042
		1043	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
		1044	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
		1045	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
		1046
753	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1047	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
754		1048
755	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1049	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
756		1050
757	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>	1051	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>
…		…
765		1059
766	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	1060	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
767		1061
768	The fastest ping in the west.	1062	The fastest ping in the west.
769		1063
		1064	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
		1065
		1066	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
		1067
		1068	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		1069
		1070	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
		1071	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent
		1072	together.
		1073
		1074	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>
		1075
		1076	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses
		1077	L<BDB> and AnyEvent together.
		1078
		1079	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
		1080
		1081	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
		1082
770	=item L<Net::IRC3>	1083	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
771		1084
772	AnyEvent based IRC client module family.	1085	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
773		1086
774	=item L<Net::XMPP2>	1087	=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
775		1088
776	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.	1089	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
		1090	Net::XMPP2>.
		1091
		1092	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
		1093
		1094	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
		1095	L<App::IGS>).
777		1096
778	=item L<Net::FCP>	1097	=item L<Net::FCP>
779		1098
780	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace	1099	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
781	of AnyEvent.	1100	of AnyEvent.
…		…
786		1105
787	=item L<Coro>	1106	=item L<Coro>
788		1107
789	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1108	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
790		1109
791	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>, L<IO::AIO>
792
793	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
794	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses IO::AIO and AnyEvent
795	together.
796
797	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>, L<BDB>
798
799	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
800	IO::AIO and AnyEvent together.
801
802	=item L<IO::Lambda>
803
804	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
805
806	=back	1110	=back
807		1111
808	=cut	1112	=cut
809		1113
810	package AnyEvent;	1114	package AnyEvent;
811		1115
812	no warnings;	1116	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
813	use strict;	1117	sub common_sense {
		1118	# from common:.sense 1.0
		1119	${^WARNING_BITS} = "\xfc\x3f\xf3\x00\x0f\xf3\xcf\xc0\xf3\xfc\x33\x03";
		1120	# use strict vars subs
		1121	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1122	}
814		1123
		1124	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1125
815	use Carp;	1126	use Carp ();
816		1127
817	our $VERSION = 4.15;	1128	our $VERSION = '5.21';
818	our $MODEL;	1129	our $MODEL;
819		1130
820	our $AUTOLOAD;	1131	our $AUTOLOAD;
821	our @ISA;	1132	our @ISA;
822		1133
823	our @REGISTRY;	1134	our @REGISTRY;
824		1135
825	our $WIN32;	1136	our $VERBOSE;
826		1137
827	BEGIN {	1138	BEGIN {
828	my $win32 = ! ! ($^O =~ /mswin32/i);	1139	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";
829	eval "sub WIN32(){ $win32 }";	1140	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";
830	}
831		1141
		1142	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1143	if ${^TAINT};
		1144
832	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1145	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1146
		1147	}
		1148
		1149	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
833		1150
834	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1151	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
835		1152
836	{	1153	{
837	my $idx;	1154	my $idx;
…		…
839	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1156	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
840	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1157	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
841	}	1158	}
842		1159
843	my @models = (	1160	my @models = (
844	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1161	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
845	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],
846	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],	1162	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
847	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1163	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
848	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1164	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
849	# and is usually faster	1165	# and is usually faster
		1166	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1167	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1168	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1169	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
850	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1170	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
851	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
852	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
853	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1171	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
854	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1172	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
855	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1173	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
856	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1174	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1175	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its
		1176	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.
		1177	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any
		1178	# obvious default class.
		1179	[IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1180	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1181	[IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1182	[AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
857	);	1183	);
858		1184
859	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer time now signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);	1185	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
		1186	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);
860		1187
861	our @post_detect;	1188	our @post_detect;
862		1189
863	sub post_detect(&) {	1190	sub post_detect(&) {
864	my ($cb) = @_;	1191	my ($cb) = @_;
865		1192
866	if ($MODEL) {	1193	if ($MODEL) {
867	$cb->();	1194	$cb->();
868		1195
869	1	1196	undef
870	} else {	1197	} else {
871	push @post_detect, $cb;	1198	push @post_detect, $cb;
872		1199
873	defined wantarray	1200	defined wantarray
874	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect"	1201	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
875	: ()	1202	: ()
876	}	1203	}
877	}	1204	}
878		1205
879	sub AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect::DESTROY {	1206	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
880	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;	1207	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
881	}	1208	}
882		1209
883	sub detect() {	1210	sub detect() {
884	unless ($MODEL) {	1211	unless ($MODEL) {
885	no strict 'refs';
886	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1212	local $SIG{__DIE__};
887		1213
888	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {	1214	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
889	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";	1215	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
890	if (eval "require $model") {	1216	if (eval "require $model") {
891	$MODEL = $model;	1217	$MODEL = $model;
892	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1218	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
893	} else {	1219	} else {
894	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1220	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
895	}	1221	}
896	}	1222	}
897		1223
898	# check for already loaded models	1224	# check for already loaded models
899	unless ($MODEL) {	1225	unless ($MODEL) {
900	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1226	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
901	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1227	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
902	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1228	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
903	if (eval "require $model") {	1229	if (eval "require $model") {
904	$MODEL = $model;	1230	$MODEL = $model;
905	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1231	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
906	last;	1232	last;
907	}	1233	}
908	}	1234	}
909	}	1235	}
910		1236
911	unless ($MODEL) {	1237	unless ($MODEL) {
912	# try to load a model	1238	# try to autoload a model
913
914	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1239	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
915	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1240	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1241	if (
		1242	$autoload
916	if (eval "require $package"	1243	and eval "require $package"
917	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0	1244	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
918	and eval "require $model") {	1245	and eval "require $model"
		1246	) {
919	$MODEL = $model;	1247	$MODEL = $model;
920	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1248	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
921	last;	1249	last;
922	}	1250	}
923	}	1251	}
924		1252
925	$MODEL	1253	$MODEL
926	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.";	1254	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";
927	}	1255	}
928	}	1256	}
929		1257
		1258	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
		1259
930	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;	1260	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
931	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";	1261
		1262	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
932		1263
933	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;	1264	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
934	}	1265	}
935		1266
936	$MODEL	1267	$MODEL
…		…
938		1269
939	sub AUTOLOAD {	1270	sub AUTOLOAD {
940	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1271	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
941		1272
942	$method{$func}	1273	$method{$func}
943	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1274	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";
944		1275
945	detect unless $MODEL;	1276	detect unless $MODEL;
946		1277
947	my $class = shift;	1278	my $class = shift;
948	$class->$func (@_);	1279	$class->$func (@_);
949	}	1280	}
950		1281
		1282	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
		1283	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
		1284	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
		1285	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
		1286	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
		1287
		1288	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
		1289	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
		1290
		1291	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
		1292	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
		1293
		1294	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
		1295
		1296	($fh2, $rw)
		1297	}
		1298
		1299	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1300
		1301	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1302	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1303	overhead.
		1304
		1305	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1306
		1307	=cut
		1308
		1309	package AE;
		1310
		1311	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1312
		1313	sub io($$$) {
		1314	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1315	}
		1316
		1317	sub timer($$$) {
		1318	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1319	}
		1320
		1321	sub signal($$) {
		1322	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1323	}
		1324
		1325	sub child($$) {
		1326	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1327	}
		1328
		1329	sub idle($) {
		1330	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])
		1331	}
		1332
		1333	sub cv(;&) {
		1334	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1335	}
		1336
		1337	sub now() {
		1338	AnyEvent->now
		1339	}
		1340
		1341	sub now_update() {
		1342	AnyEvent->now_update
		1343	}
		1344
		1345	sub time() {
		1346	AnyEvent->time
		1347	}
		1348
951	package AnyEvent::Base;	1349	package AnyEvent::Base;
952		1350
953	# default implementation for now and time	1351	# default implementations for many methods
954		1352
955	use Time::HiRes ();	1353	sub _time() {
		1354	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
		1355	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1356	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1357	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
		1358	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
		1359	} else {
		1360	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
		1361	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail
		1362	}
956		1363
957	sub time { Time::HiRes::time }	1364	&_time
958	sub now { Time::HiRes::time }	1365	}
		1366
		1367	sub time { _time }
		1368	sub now { _time }
		1369	sub now_update { }
959		1370
960	# default implementation for ->condvar	1371	# default implementation for ->condvar
961		1372
962	sub condvar {	1373	sub condvar {
963	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar::	1374	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
964	}	1375	}
965		1376
966	# default implementation for ->signal	1377	# default implementation for ->signal
967		1378
968	our %SIG_CB;	1379	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1380
		1381	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1382	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1383	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
		1384	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1385
		1386	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1387	}
		1388
		1389	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1390	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1391	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
		1392
		1393	sub _signal_exec {
		1394	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1395	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1396	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
		1397
		1398	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1399	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1400	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
		1401	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
		1402	}
		1403	}
		1404	}
		1405
		1406	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1407	sub _sig_add() {
		1408	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1409	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1410	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1411
		1412	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1413	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1414	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1415	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1416	;
		1417	}
		1418	}
		1419
		1420	sub _sig_del {
		1421	undef $SIG_TW
		1422	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
		1423	}
		1424
		1425	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1426	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading
		1427	undef $_sig_name_init;
		1428
		1429	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1430	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1431	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1432	} else {
		1433	require Config;
		1434
		1435	my %signame2num;
		1436	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1437	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
		1438
		1439	my @signum2name;
		1440	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
		1441
		1442	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1443	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1444	};
		1445	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1446	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1447	};
		1448	}
		1449	};
		1450	die if $@;
		1451	};
		1452
		1453	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1454	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
969		1455
970	sub signal {	1456	sub signal {
		1457	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1458	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1459	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1460	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1461
		1462	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
		1463	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1464
		1465	} else {
		1466	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1467
		1468	require Fcntl;
		1469
		1470	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1471	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1472
		1473	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1474	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1475	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1476	} else {
		1477	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
		1478	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1479	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1480
		1481	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1482	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1483	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1484	}
		1485
		1486	$SIGPIPE_R
		1487	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1488
		1489	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1490	}
		1491
		1492	*signal = sub {
971	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1493	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
972		1494
973	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1495	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
974	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";	1496	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
975		1497
		1498	if ($HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT) {
		1499	# async::interrupt
		1500
		1501	$signal = sig2num $signal;
976	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1502	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1503
		1504	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1505	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1506	signal => $signal,
		1507	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1508	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1509	;
		1510
		1511	} else {
		1512	# pure perl
		1513
		1514	# AE::Util has been loaded in signal
		1515	$signal = sig2name $signal;
		1516	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1517
977	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1518	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
978	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} || {} };	1519	local $!;
		1520	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
		1521	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1522	};
		1523
		1524	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1525	# so limit the signal latency.
		1526	_sig_add;
		1527	}
		1528
		1529	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1530	};
		1531
		1532	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1533	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1534
		1535	_sig_del;
		1536
		1537	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1538
		1539	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1540	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1541	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1542	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1543	# instead of getting the default action.
		1544	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1545	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1546	};
979	};	1547	};
980		1548	die if $@;
981	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal"	1549	&signal
982	}
983
984	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {
985	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
986
987	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
988
989	$SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT' unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
990	}	1550	}
991		1551
992	# default implementation for ->child	1552	# default implementation for ->child
993		1553
994	our %PID_CB;	1554	our %PID_CB;
995	our $CHLD_W;	1555	our $CHLD_W;
996	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1556	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
997	our $PID_IDLE;
998	our $WNOHANG;	1557	our $WNOHANG;
999		1558
1000	sub _child_wait {	1559	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
1001	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1560	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1561
		1562	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
1002	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1563	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
1003	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1564	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
1004	}
1005
1006	undef $PID_IDLE;
1007	}	1565	}
1008		1566
1009	sub _sigchld {	1567	sub _sigchld {
1010	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.	1568	my $pid;
1011	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {	1569
1012	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1570	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
1013	&_child_wait;	1571	while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0;
1014	});
1015	}	1572	}
1016		1573
1017	sub child {	1574	sub child {
1018	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1575	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1019		1576
1020	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1577	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)
1021	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1578	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
1022		1579
1023	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1580	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1024		1581
1025	unless ($WNOHANG) {	1582	# WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere
		1583	$WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/
		1584	? 1
1026	$WNOHANG = eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;	1585	: eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1027	}
1028		1586
1029	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1587	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1030	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1588	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1031	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1589	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1032	&_sigchld;	1590	&_sigchld;
1033	}	1591	}
1034		1592
1035	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"	1593	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1036	}	1594	}
1037		1595
1038	sub AnyEvent::Base::Child::DESTROY {	1596	sub AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY {
1039	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1597	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1040		1598
1041	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1599	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};
1042	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1600	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1043		1601
1044	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1602	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
1045	}	1603	}
1046		1604
		1605	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
		1606	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
		1607	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
		1608	sub idle {
		1609	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1610
		1611	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
		1612
		1613	$rcb = sub {
		1614	if ($cb) {
		1615	$w = _time;
		1616	&$cb;
		1617	$w = _time - $w;
		1618
		1619	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
		1620	# within some limits
		1621	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
		1622	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
		1623
		1624	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
		1625	} else {
		1626	# clean up...
		1627	undef $w;
		1628	undef $rcb;
		1629	}
		1630	};
		1631
		1632	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1633
		1634	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
		1635	}
		1636
		1637	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
		1638	undef $${$_[0]};
		1639	}
		1640
1047	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1641	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1048		1642
1049	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1643	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
1050		1644
1051	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1645	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1052		1646
1053	use overload	1647	#use overload
1054	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1648	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
1055	fallback => 1;	1649	# fallback => 1;
		1650
		1651	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1652	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1653	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1654	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1655	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1656
		1657	our $WAITING;
1056		1658
1057	sub _send {	1659	sub _send {
1058	# nop	1660	# nop
1059	}	1661	}
1060		1662
…		…
1073	sub ready {	1675	sub ready {
1074	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1676	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1075	}	1677	}
1076		1678
1077	sub _wait {	1679	sub _wait {
		1680	$WAITING
		1681	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
		1682	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
		1683
		1684	local $WAITING = 1;
1078	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};	1685	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1079	}	1686	}
1080		1687
1081	sub recv {	1688	sub recv {
1082	$_[0]->_wait;	1689	$_[0]->_wait;
…		…
1084	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1691	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};
1085	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1692	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1086	}	1693	}
1087		1694
1088	sub cb {	1695	sub cb {
1089	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1696	my $cv = shift;
		1697
		1698	@_
		1699	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1700	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1701	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1702
1090	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1703	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1091	}	1704	}
1092		1705
1093	sub begin {	1706	sub begin {
1094	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1707	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1095	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1708	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1101	}	1714	}
1102		1715
1103	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	1716	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
1104	*broadcast = \&send;	1717	*broadcast = \&send;
1105	*wait = \&_wait;	1718	*wait = \&_wait;
		1719
		1720	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
		1721
		1722	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
		1723	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
		1724	the C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT> environment variable, below) provides strict
		1725	checking of all AnyEvent methods, however, which is highly useful during
		1726	development.
		1727
		1728	As for exception handling (i.e. runtime errors and exceptions thrown while
		1729	executing a callback), this is not only highly event-loop specific, but
		1730	also not in any way wrapped by this module, as this is the job of the main
		1731	program.
		1732
		1733	The pure perl event loop simply re-throws the exception (usually
		1734	within C<< condvar->recv >>), the L<Event> and L<EV> modules call C<<
		1735	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and
		1736	so on.
		1737
		1738	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
		1739
		1740	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
		1741	submodules.
		1742
		1743	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1744	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1745	enabled.
		1746
		1747	=over 4
		1748
		1749	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
		1750
		1751	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
		1752	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
		1753	talkative.
		1754
		1755	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
		1756	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
		1757	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
		1758
		1759	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
		1760	model it chooses.
		1761
		1762	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1763	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1764
		1765	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
		1766
		1767	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
		1768	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
		1769	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
		1770	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
		1771	it will croak.
		1772
		1773	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
		1774
		1775	Unlike C<use strict> (or it's modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
		1776	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
		1777	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1778	can be very useful, however.
		1779
		1780	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
		1781
		1782	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
		1783	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
		1784	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
		1785	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
		1786	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
		1787	auto detection and -probing.
		1788
		1789	This functionality might change in future versions.
		1790
		1791	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
		1792	could start your program like this:
		1793
		1794	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
		1795
		1796	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
		1797
		1798	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
		1799	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
		1800	of auto probing).
		1801
		1802	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
		1803	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
		1804	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
		1805	list.
		1806
		1807	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
		1808	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
		1809	small, as the program has to handle conenction and other failures anyways.
		1810
		1811	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
		1812	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
		1813	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
		1814	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
		1815	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
		1816
		1817	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
		1818
		1819	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
		1820	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
		1821	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
		1822	default.
		1823
		1824	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
		1825	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
		1826
		1827	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
		1828
		1829	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
		1830	will create in parallel.
		1831
		1832	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		1833
		1834	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		1835	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		1836	sent to the DNS server.
		1837
		1838	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		1839
		1840	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		1841	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		1842	default config will be used.
		1843
		1844	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		1845
		1846	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		1847	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		1848	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		1849	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1850
		1851	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		1852
		1853	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		1854	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
		1855
		1856	=back
1106		1857
1107	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1858	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1108		1859
1109	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in	1860	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in
1110	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to	1861	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to
…		…
1144		1895
1145	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to	1896	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to
1146	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will	1897	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will
1147	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must	1898	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must
1148	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.	1899	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.
1149
1150	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1151
1152	The following environment variables are used by this module:
1153
1154	=over 4
1155
1156	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1157
1158	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
1159	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
1160	talkative.
1161
1162	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
1163	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
1164	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1165
1166	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1167	model it chooses.
1168
1169	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1170
1171	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1172	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
1173	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
1174	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
1175	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
1176	auto detection and -probing.
1177
1178	This functionality might change in future versions.
1179
1180	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
1181	could start your program like this:
1182
1183	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1184
1185	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
1186
1187	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
1188	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
1189	of auto probing).
1190
1191	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
1192	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
1193	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
1194	list.
1195
1196	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
1197	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
1198	small, as the program has to handle connection errors already-
1199
1200	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
1201	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
1202	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
1203	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
1204	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
1205
1206	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
1207
1208	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
1209	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
1210	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
1211	default.
1212
1213	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
1214	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
1215
1216	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
1217
1218	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
1219	will create in parallel.
1220
1221	=back
1222		1900
1223	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	1901	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
1224		1902
1225	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer	1903	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer
1226	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the	1904	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the
…		…
1239	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	1917	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1240	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	1918	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1241	},	1919	},
1242	);	1920	);
1243		1921
1244	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1245
1246	sub new_timer {
1247	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	1922	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1248	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	1923	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1249	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1250	});	1924	});
1251	}
1252
1253	new_timer; # create first timer
1254		1925
1255	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i	1926	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1256		1927
1257	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	1928	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1258		1929
…		…
1389	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2060	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1390	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2061	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1391	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2062	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1392		2063
1393	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2064	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1394	distribution.	2065	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2066	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1395		2067
1396	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2068	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1397		2069
1398	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2070	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1399	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2071	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1420	watcher.	2092	watcher.
1421		2093
1422	=head3 Results	2094	=head3 Results
1423		2095
1424	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2096	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1425	EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface	2097	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1426	EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2098	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1427	CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2099	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1428	Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation	2100	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1429	Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface	2101	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1430	Event/Any 16000 590 35.75 31.42 1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2102	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2103	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2104	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1431	Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour	2105	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1432	Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2106	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1433	POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event	2107	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1434	POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select	2108	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1435		2109
1436	=head3 Discussion	2110	=head3 Discussion
1437		2111
1438	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2112	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1439	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2113	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1451	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2125	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1452	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2126	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1453	cycles with POE.	2127	cycles with POE.
1454		2128
1455	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2129	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1456	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2130	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2131	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2132	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1457	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2133	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1458	natively.
1459		2134
1460	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2135	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1461	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2136	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1462	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2137	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1463	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2138	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
1464	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2139	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1465	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2140	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1466		2141
1467	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2142	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1468	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2143	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2144
		2145	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2146	when using its pure perl backend.
1469		2147
1470	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2148	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1471	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2149	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1472	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2150	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1473	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2151	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1534	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2212	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1535	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2213	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1536	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2214	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1537		2215
1538	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2216	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1539	distribution.	2217	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2218	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1540		2219
1541	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2220	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1542		2221
1543	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2222	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1544	each server has a read and write socket end).	2223	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1551	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2230	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1552	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2231	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1553		2232
1554	=head3 Results	2233	=head3 Results
1555		2234
1556	name sockets create request	2235	name sockets create request
1557	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2236	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1558	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2237	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1559	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2238	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1560	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2239	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
		2240	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
		2241	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1561	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2242	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1562		2243
1563	=head3 Discussion	2244	=head3 Discussion
1564		2245
1565	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2246	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1566	particular event loop.	2247	particular event loop.
…		…
1568	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2249	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1569	is relatively high, though.	2250	is relatively high, though.
1570		2251
1571	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2252	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1572	loops Event and Glib.	2253	loops Event and Glib.
		2254
		2255	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2256	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1573		2257
1574	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2258	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1575	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2259	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1576	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2260	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1577	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2261	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1640	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2324	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1641	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2325	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1642		2326
1643	=back	2327	=back
1644		2328
		2329	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2330
		2331	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2332	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2333	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2334	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2335	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2336	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2337	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2338
		2339	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2340	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2341	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2342	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2343	benchmark nevertheless.
		2344
		2345	name runtime
		2346	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2347	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2348	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2349	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2350	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2351	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2352	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2353	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2354
		2355	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2356	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2357	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2358
		2359	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2360	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2361	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2362	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2363	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2364	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2365	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2366	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2367
		2368	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2369	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2370	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2371	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2372
		2373	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2374	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2375	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2376
		2377	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2378	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
		2379	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
		2380	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
		2381
		2382	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2383	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2384	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2385
		2386
		2387	=head1 SIGNALS
		2388
		2389	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
		2390
		2391	=over 4
		2392
		2393	=item SIGCHLD
		2394
		2395	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
		2396	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
		2397	event loops install a similar handler.
		2398
		2399	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2400	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
		2401
		2402	=item SIGPIPE
		2403
		2404	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
		2405	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
		2406
		2407	The rationale for this is that AnyEvent users usually do not really depend
		2408	on SIGPIPE delivery (which is purely an optimisation for shell use, or
		2409	badly-written programs), but C<SIGPIPE> can cause spurious and rare
		2410	program exits as a lot of people do not expect C<SIGPIPE> when writing to
		2411	some random socket.
		2412
		2413	The rationale for installing a no-op handler as opposed to ignoring it is
		2414	that this way, the handler will be restored to defaults on exec.
		2415
		2416	Feel free to install your own handler, or reset it to defaults.
		2417
		2418	=back
		2419
		2420	=cut
		2421
		2422	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2423	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2424
		2425	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
		2426	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
		2427
		2428	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2429
		2430	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2431	it's built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2432
		2433	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2434	modules if they are installed.
		2435
		2436	This section epxlains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2437	affect AnyEvent's operetion.
		2438
		2439	=over 4
		2440
		2441	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2442
		2443	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2444	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2445	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2446	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2447	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2448	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2449
		2450	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2451	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2452	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (And good for
		2453	battery life on laptops).
		2454
		2455	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2456	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2457
		2458	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2459	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2460	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2461	does nothing for those backends.
		2462
		2463	=item L<EV>
		2464
		2465	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2466	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2467	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2468	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2469	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2470	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2471	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2472	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2473
		2474	=item L<Guard>
		2475
		2476	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2477	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2478	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2479	purely used for performance.
		2480
		2481	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2482
		2483	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
		2484	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. It is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2485	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2486
		2487	In fact, L<AnyEvent::Handle> will use L<JSON::XS> by default if it is
		2488	installed.
		2489
		2490	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2491
		2492	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2493	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2494	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2495
		2496	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2497
		2498	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2499	chosen event library does not come with a timing source on it's own. The
		2500	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to
		2501	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2502
		2503	=back
		2504
1645		2505
1646	=head1 FORK	2506	=head1 FORK
1647		2507
1648	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2508	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1649	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2509	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>
1650	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2510	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.
1651		2511
1652	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2512	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1653	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2513	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2514	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
1654		2515
1655		2516
1656	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2517	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1657		2518
1658	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2519	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
1669		2530
1670	use AnyEvent;	2531	use AnyEvent;
1671		2532
1672	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2533	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1673	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2534	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1674	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL).	2535	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
		2536	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2537
		2538	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2539	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2540	enabled.
1675		2541
1676		2542
1677	=head1 BUGS	2543	=head1 BUGS
1678		2544
1679	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard	2545	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
1680	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10	2546	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
1681	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying	2547	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
1682	mamleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as	2548	memleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
1683	pronounced).	2549	pronounced).
1684		2550
1685		2551
1686	=head1 SEE ALSO	2552	=head1 SEE ALSO
1687		2553
…		…
1691	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2557	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1692		2558
1693	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2559	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1694	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2560	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1695	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2561	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1696	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2562	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
1697		2563
1698	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2564	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
1699	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2565	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
1700		2566
1701	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2567	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
1702		2568
1703	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2569	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,
		2570	L<Coro::Event>,
1704		2571
1705	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2572	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,
		2573	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1706		2574
1707		2575
1708	=head1 AUTHOR	2576	=head1 AUTHOR
1709		2577
1710	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2578	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>

Diff Legend

–	Removed lines
+	Added lines
<	Changed lines
>	Changed lines