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Revision 1.364 by root, Mon Aug 15 12:56:53 2011 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
		6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
		12	# if you prefer function calls, look at the AE manpage for
		13	# an alternative API.
		14
		15	# file handle or descriptor readable
11	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub {	16	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
		17
		18	# one-shot or repeating timers
		19	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
		20	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...);
		21
		22	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
		23	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
		24
		25	# POSIX signal
		26	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });
		27
		28	# child process exit
		29	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
		30	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
12	...	31	...
13	});	32	});
14		33
15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub {	34	# called when event loop idle (if applicable)
16	...	35	my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... });
17	});
18		36
19	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged	37	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
20	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's	38	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
21	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send	39	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
		40	# use a condvar in callback mode:
		41	$w->cb (sub { $_[0]->recv });
22		42
23	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL	43	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
24		44
25	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested	45	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
26	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	46	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
27	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	47	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
28		48
		49	=head1 SUPPORT
		50
		51	An FAQ document is available as L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		52
		53	There also is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		54	channel, too.
		55
		56	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		57	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
		58
29	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	59	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
30		60
31	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	61	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
32	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	62	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
33		63
34	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of	64	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of
35	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.	65	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.
36		66
37	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only	67	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only
38	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use in a	68	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use, in a
39	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,	69	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,
40	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,	70	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,
41	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent	71	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent
42	helps hiding the differences between those event loops.	72	cannot change this, but it can hide the differences between those event
		73	loops.
43		74
44	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event	75	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event
45	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a	76	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a
46	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your	77	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your
47	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	78	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
48	model you use.	79	model you use.
49		80
50	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	81	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
51	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	82	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
52	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	83	like joining a cult: After you join, you are dependent on them and you
53	cannot use anything else, as it is simply incompatible to everything that	84	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
54	isn't itself. What's worse, all the potential users of your module are	85	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
55	I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	86	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
56		87
57	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	88	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
58	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	89	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
59	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if	90	with the rest: POE + EV? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if your module
60	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	91	uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it, too. But if
61	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	92	your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all event models it
62	event models it supports (including stuff like POE and IO::Async, as long	93	supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those use one of the
63	as those use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new	94	supported event loops. It is easy to add new event loops to AnyEvent, too,
64	event loops to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	95	so it is future-proof).
65		96
66	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	97	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
67	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	98	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
68	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	99	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
69	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	100	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and to the point, by only
70	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as	101	offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as
71	technically possible.	102	technically possible.
72		103
73	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox	104	Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox
74	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%	105	of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100%
…		…
80	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event	111	useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event
81	model, you should I<not> use this module.	112	model, you should I<not> use this module.
82		113
83	=head1 DESCRIPTION	114	=head1 DESCRIPTION
84		115
85	L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This	116	L<AnyEvent> provides a uniform interface to various event loops. This
86	allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module	117	allows module authors to use event loop functionality without forcing
87	users to use the same event loop (as only a single event loop can coexist	118	module users to use a specific event loop implementation (since more
88	peacefully at any one time).	119	than one event loop cannot coexist peacefully).
89		120
90	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>	121	The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event>
91	module.	122	module.
92		123
93	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries	124	During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries
94	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the	125	to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the
95	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>,	126	following modules is already loaded: L<EV>, L<AnyEvent::Loop>,
96	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>,	127	L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>. The first one
97	L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries	128	found is used. If none are detected, the module tries to load the first
98	to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl	129	four modules in the order given; but note that if L<EV> is not
99	adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can	130	available, the pure-perl L<AnyEvent::Loop> should always work, so
100	be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be	131	the other two are not normally tried.
101	found, AnyEvent will fall back to a pure-perl event loop, which is not
102	very efficient, but should work everywhere.
103		132
104	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading	133	Because AnyEvent first checks for modules that are already loaded, loading
105	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make	134	an event model explicitly before first using AnyEvent will likely make
106	that model the default. For example:	135	that model the default. For example:
107		136
…		…
109	use AnyEvent;	138	use AnyEvent;
110		139
111	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk	140	# .. AnyEvent will likely default to Tk
112		141
113	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and	142	The I<likely> means that, if any module loads another event model and
114	starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to	143	starts using it, all bets are off - this case should be very rare though,
115	use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly...	144	as very few modules hardcode event loops without announcing this very
		145	loudly.
116		146
117	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called	147	The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called C<AnyEvent::Loop>. Like
118	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it	148	other event modules you can load it explicitly and enjoy the high
119	explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :)	149	availability of that event loop :)
120		150
121	=head1 WATCHERS	151	=head1 WATCHERS
122		152
123	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that	153	AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that
124	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as	154	stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as
…		…
127	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After	157	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
128	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the	158	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
129	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	159	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
130	is in control).	160	is in control).
131		161
		162	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
		163	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
		164	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practice in
		165	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
		166	widely between event loops.
		167
132	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	168	To disable a watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
133	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	169	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
134	to it).	170	to it).
135		171
136	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	172	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
137		173
138	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for	174	Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for
139	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.	175	example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways.
140		176
141	An any way to achieve that is this pattern:	177	One way to achieve that is this pattern:
142		178
143	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {	179	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub {
144	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it	180	# you can use $w here, for example to undef it
145	undef $w;	181	undef $w;
146	});	182	});
…		…
149	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	185	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
150	declared.	186	declared.
151		187
152	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	188	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
153		189
		190	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		191	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		192	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		193	cb => <callback>,
		194	);
		195
154	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	196	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
155	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	197	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
156		198
157	C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	199	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
		200	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
		201	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
		202	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
		203	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
		204	or block devices.
		205
158	for events. C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>,	206	C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a
159	which creates a watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events,	207	watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively.
		208
160	respectively. C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle	209	C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
161	becomes ready.
162		210
163	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	211	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
164	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	212	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
165	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.	213	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
166		214
167	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.	215	The I/O watcher might use the underlying file descriptor or a copy of it.
168	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the	216	You must not close a file handle as long as any watcher is active on the
169	underlying file descriptor.	217	underlying file descriptor.
170		218
171	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	219	Some event loops issue spurious readiness notifications, so you should
172	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	220	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
173	handles.	221	handles.
174		222
175	Example:
176
177	# wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the watcher	223	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
		224	watcher.
		225
178	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {	226	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
179	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);	227	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);
180	warn "read: $input\n";	228	warn "read: $input\n";
181	undef $w;	229	undef $w;
182	});	230	});
183		231
184	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	232	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
185		233
		234	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		235
		236	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		237	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		238	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		239	cb => <callback>,
		240	);
		241
186	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	242	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
187	method with the following mandatory arguments:	243	method with the following mandatory arguments:
188		244
189	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	245	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
190	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	246	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
192		248
193	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	249	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
194	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	250	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
195	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	251	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
196		252
197	The timer callback will be invoked at most once: if you want a repeating	253	The callback will normally be invoked only once. If you specify another
198	timer you have to create a new watcher (this is a limitation by both Tk	254	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
199	and Glib).	255	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
		256	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
		257	false value, then it is treated as if it were not specified at all.
200		258
201	Example:	259	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
		260	attempt is made to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
		261	only approximate.
202		262
203	# fire an event after 7.7 seconds	263	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
		264
204	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	265	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
205	warn "timeout\n";	266	warn "timeout\n";
206	});	267	});
207		268
208	# to cancel the timer:	269	# to cancel the timer:
209	undef $w;	270	undef $w;
210		271
211	Example 2:
212
213	# fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second	272	Example 2: fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second.
214	my $w;
215		273
216	my $cb = sub {
217	# cancel the old timer while creating a new one
218	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => $cb);	274	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, interval => 1, cb => sub {
		275	warn "timeout\n";
219	};	276	};
220
221	# start the "loop" by creating the first watcher
222	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, cb => $cb);
223		277
224	=head3 TIMING ISSUES	278	=head3 TIMING ISSUES
225		279
226	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire	280	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire
227	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12	281	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12
…		…
229		283
230	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they	284	While most event loops expect timers to specified in a relative way, they
231	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock	285	use absolute time internally. This makes a difference when your clock
232	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from	286	"jumps", for example, when ntp decides to set your clock backwards from
233	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to	287	the wrong date of 2014-01-01 to 2008-01-01, a watcher that is supposed to
234	fire "after" a second might actually take six years to finally fire.	288	fire "after a second" might actually take six years to finally fire.
235		289
236	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious	290	AnyEvent cannot compensate for this. The only event loop that is conscious
237	about these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based	291	of these issues is L<EV>, which offers both relative (ev_timer, based
238	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)	292	on true relative time) and absolute (ev_periodic, based on wallclock time)
239	timers.	293	timers.
240		294
241	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the	295	AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the
242	AnyEvent API.	296	AnyEvent API.
…		…
264	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the	318	I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the
265	function to call when you want to know the current time.>	319	function to call when you want to know the current time.>
266		320
267	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and	321	This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and
268	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,	322	thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example,
269	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts).	323	L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update its activity timeouts).
270		324
271	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact	325	The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact
272	with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience.	326	with your timing; you can skip it without a bad conscience.
273		327
274	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>	328	For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib>
275	and L<EV> and the following set-up:	329	and L<EV> and the following set-up:
276		330
277	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at	331	The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callbacks at
278	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,	332	time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback,
279	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a	333	you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a
280	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires	334	second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires
281	after three seconds.	335	after three seconds.
282		336
…		…
300	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you	354	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
301	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the	355	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
302	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into	356	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
303	account.	357	account.
304		358
		359	=item AnyEvent->now_update
		360
		361	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Loop>) cache the current
		362	time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<< AnyEvent->now >>,
		363	above).
		364
		365	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
		366	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
		367	might affect timers and time-outs.
		368
		369	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
		370	event loop's idea of "current time".
		371
		372	A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) -
		373	when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong
		374	idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the
		375	script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<<
		376	AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again
		377	(e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler).
		378
		379	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
		380
305	=back	381	=back
306		382
307	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	383	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
308		384
		385	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
		386
309	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	387	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
310	I<name> without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl callback to	388	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
311	be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	389	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
312		390
313	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	391	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
314	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	392	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
315	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.	393	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.
316		394
…		…
318	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	396	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
319	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	397	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
320	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	398	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
321		399
322	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	400	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
323	between multiple watchers.	401	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		402	interrupt your program at bad times.
324		403
325	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	404	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
326	directly will likely not work correctly.	405	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		406	correctly.
327		407
328	Example: exit on SIGINT	408	Example: exit on SIGINT
329		409
330	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	410	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
331		411
		412	=head3 Restart Behaviour
		413
		414	While restart behaviour is up to the event loop implementation, most will
		415	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's
		416	pure perl implementation).
		417
		418	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals
		419
		420	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling) or
		421	"unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might get delayed indefinitely, the
		422	latter might corrupt your memory.
		423
		424	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,
		425	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be
		426	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.
		427	callbacks, too).
		428
		429	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		430
		431	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		432	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		433	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		434	this. AnyEvent will try to do its best, which means in some cases,
		435	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		436	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		437	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		438	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		439	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		440	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		441	saving.
		442
		443	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		444	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		445	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		446	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does its own workaround with
		447	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		448
332	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	449	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
333		450
		451	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		452
334	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	453	You can also watch for a child process exit and catch its exit status.
335		454
336	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	455	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (on some backends,
337	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often	456	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
338	as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a	457	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
339	signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>. The callback will be called with the pid	458	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
340	and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types,	459	(stopped/continued).
341	you I<can> rely on child watcher callback arguments.	460
		461	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
		462	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
		463	callback arguments.
		464
		465	This watcher type works by installing a signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>,
		466	and since it cannot be shared, nothing else should use SIGCHLD or reap
		467	random child processes (waiting for specific child processes, e.g. inside
		468	C<system>, is just fine).
342		469
343	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	470	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
344	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	471	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
345	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	472	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
346		473
347	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	474	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		475	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
348	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	476	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
349	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	477	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		478	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		479	start the watcher.
350		480
351	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	481	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
352	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	482	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
353	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	483	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		484	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		485
		486	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		487	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which case the latency and race
		488	problems mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
354		489
355	Example: fork a process and wait for it	490	Example: fork a process and wait for it
356		491
357	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	492	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
358		493
…		…
368	);	503	);
369		504
370	# do something else, then wait for process exit	505	# do something else, then wait for process exit
371	$done->recv;	506	$done->recv;
372		507
		508	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
		509
		510	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
		511
		512	This will repeatedly invoke the callback after the process becomes idle,
		513	until either the watcher is destroyed or new events have been detected.
		514
		515	Idle watchers are useful when there is a need to do something, but it
		516	is not so important (or wise) to do it instantly. The callback will be
		517	invoked only when there is "nothing better to do", which is usually
		518	defined as "all outstanding events have been handled and no new events
		519	have been detected". That means that idle watchers ideally get invoked
		520	when the event loop has just polled for new events but none have been
		521	detected. Instead of blocking to wait for more events, the idle watchers
		522	will be invoked.
		523
		524	Unfortunately, most event loops do not really support idle watchers (only
		525	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
		526	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
		527
		528	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
		529	program is otherwise idle:
		530
		531	my @lines; # read data
		532	my $idle_w;
		533	my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
		534	push @lines, scalar <STDIN>;
		535
		536	# start an idle watcher, if not already done
		537	$idle_w ||= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub {
		538	# handle only one line, when there are lines left
		539	if (my $line = shift @lines) {
		540	print "handled when idle: $line";
		541	} else {
		542	# otherwise disable the idle watcher again
		543	undef $idle_w;
		544	}
		545	});
		546	});
		547
373	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	548	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
		549
		550	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		551
		552	$cv->send (<list>);
		553	my @res = $cv->recv;
374		554
375	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	555	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
376	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	556	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
377	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	557	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
378		558
379	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	559	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
380	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	560	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
381		561
382	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	562	The tool to do that is called a "condition variable", so called because
383	because they represent a condition that must become true.	563	they represent a condition that must become true.
		564
		565	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
384		566
385	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	567	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
386	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	568	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
387	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	569	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
388	becomes true.	570	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
		571	the results).
389		572
390	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	573	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
391	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it	574	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
392	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<	575	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
393	->send >> method).	576	->send >> method).
394		577
395	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	578	Since condition variables are the most complex part of the AnyEvent API, here are
396	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	579	some different mental models of what they are - pick the ones you can connect to:
397	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	580
398	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	581	=over 4
399	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	582
400	a result.	583	=item * Condition variables are like callbacks - you can call them (and pass them instead
		584	of callbacks). Unlike callbacks however, you can also wait for them to be called.
		585
		586	=item * Condition variables are signals - one side can emit or send them,
		587	the other side can wait for them, or install a handler that is called when
		588	the signal fires.
		589
		590	=item * Condition variables are like "Merge Points" - points in your program
		591	where you merge multiple independent results/control flows into one.
		592
		593	=item * Condition variables represent a transaction - functions that start
		594	some kind of transaction can return them, leaving the caller the choice
		595	between waiting in a blocking fashion, or setting a callback.
		596
		597	=item * Condition variables represent future values, or promises to deliver
		598	some result, long before the result is available.
		599
		600	=back
401		601
402	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	602	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
403	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	603	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
404	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	604	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
405	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	605	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
418		618
419	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys	619	Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys
420	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing	620	used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing
421	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of	621	easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of
422	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call	622	AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call
423	it's C<new> method in your own C<new> method.	623	its C<new> method in your own C<new> method.
424		624
425	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which	625	There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which
426	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits	626	eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits
427	for the send to occur.	627	for the send to occur.
428		628
429	Example: wait for a timer.	629	Example: wait for a timer.
430		630
431	# wait till the result is ready	631	# condition: "wait till the timer is fired"
432	my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar;	632	my $timer_fired = AnyEvent->condvar;
433		633
434	# do something such as adding a timer	634	# create the timer - we could wait for, say
435	# or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->send	635	# a handle becomign ready, or even an
436	# when the "result" is ready.	636	# AnyEvent::HTTP request to finish, but
437	# in this case, we simply use a timer:	637	# in this case, we simply use a timer:
438	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (	638	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (
439	after => 1,	639	after => 1,
440	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	640	cb => sub { $timer_fired->send },
441	);	641	);
442		642
443	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	643	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
444	# calls send	644	# calls ->send
445	$result_ready->recv;	645	$timer_fired->recv;
446		646
447	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	647	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
448	condition variables are also code references.	648	variables are also callable directly.
449		649
450	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	650	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
451	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	651	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
452	$done->recv;	652	$done->recv;
		653
		654	Example: Imagine an API that returns a condvar and doesn't support
		655	callbacks. This is how you make a synchronous call, for example from
		656	the main program:
		657
		658	use AnyEvent::CouchDB;
		659
		660	...
		661
		662	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
		663
		664	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
		665	results are available:
		666
		667	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
		668	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
		669	});
453		670
454	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS	671	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS
455		672
456	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the	673	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the
457	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also	674	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also
…		…
470	immediately from within send.	687	immediately from within send.
471		688
472	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	689	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
473	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	690	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
474		691
475	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	692	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
476	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	693	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
477	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	694	C<send>.
478	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
479	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
480	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
481	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
482	example).
483		695
484	=item $cv->croak ($error)	696	=item $cv->croak ($error)
485		697
486	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	698	Similar to send, but causes all calls to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
487	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	699	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
488		700
489	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	701	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
490	user/consumer.	702	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		703	delays the error detection, but has the overwhelming advantage that it
		704	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		705	deep in some event callback with no connection to the actual code causing
		706	the problem.
491		707
492	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	708	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
493		709
494	=item $cv->end	710	=item $cv->end
495
496	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
497		711
498	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	712	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
499	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	713	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
500	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	714	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
501		715
502	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	716	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
503	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	717	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
504	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	718	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
505	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	719	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
506	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	720	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		721	be called without any arguments.
507		722
508	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	723	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		724	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		725	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		726
		727	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		728	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		729	close before activating a condvar:
509		730
510	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	731	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
511		732
		733	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		734	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		735	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		736	or $cv->end;
		737	});
		738
		739	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		740	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		741	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		742	or $cv->end;
		743	});
		744
		745	$cv->recv;
		746
		747	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		748	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		749	sending.
		750
		751	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		752	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		753	begun can potentially be zero:
		754
		755	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		756
512	my %result;	757	my %result;
513	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	758	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
514		759
515	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	760	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
516	$cv->begin;	761	$cv->begin;
517	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	762	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
518	$result{$host} = ...;	763	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
533	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	778	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
534	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	779	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
535	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	780	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
536	doesn't execute once).	781	doesn't execute once).
537		782
538	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	783	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
539	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	784	potentially zero) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
540	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	785	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
541	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	786	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		787	call C<end>.
542		788
543	=back	789	=back
544		790
545	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	791	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
546		792
…		…
550	=over 4	796	=over 4
551		797
552	=item $cv->recv	798	=item $cv->recv
553		799
554	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak	800	Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak
555	>> methods have been called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers	801	>> methods have been called on C<$cv>, while servicing other watchers
556	normally.	802	normally.
557		803
558	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but	804	You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but
559	will return immediately.	805	will return immediately.
560		806
…		…
562	function will call C<croak>.	808	function will call C<croak>.
563		809
564	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	810	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
565	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	811	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
566		812
		813	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		814	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		815	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		816	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		817	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		818	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		819
567	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	820	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
568	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	821	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
569	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	822	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
570	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	823	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
571	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	824	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
572	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	825	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
573	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	826	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
574		827
575	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
576	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
577	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
578	can supply.
579
580	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
581	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
582	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
583	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
584	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
585
586	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	828	You can ensure that C<< ->recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
587	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	829	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
588	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	830	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
589	waits otherwise.	831	waits otherwise.
590		832
591	=item $bool = $cv->ready	833	=item $bool = $cv->ready
592		834
593	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or	835	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or
594	C<croak> have been called.	836	C<croak> have been called.
595		837
596	=item $cb = $cv->cb ([new callback])	838	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
597		839
598	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	840	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
599	replaces it before doing so.	841	replaces it before doing so.
600		842
601	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	843	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when
602	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	844	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the
603	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	845	condition variable itself. If the condition is already true, the
604	is guaranteed not to block.	846	callback is called immediately when it is set. Calling C<recv> inside
		847	the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
605		848
606	=back	849	=back
607		850
		851	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		852
		853	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		854
		855	=over 4
		856
		857	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		858
		859	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		860	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		861	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		862	AnyEvent itself.
		863
		864	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		865	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl AnyEvent::Loop, fast and portable.
		866
		867	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		868
		869	These will be used if they are already loaded when the first watcher
		870	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		871	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		872	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		873	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		874
		875	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		876	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		877	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		878	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		879	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		880	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		881	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async.
		882	AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa based on Cocoa::EventLoop.
		883	AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK2 based on FLTK (fltk 2 binding).
		884
		885	=item Backends with special needs.
		886
		887	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		888	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		889	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		890	everything should just work.
		891
		892	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		893
		894	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		895
		896	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		897
		898	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		899
		900	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		901	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		902	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		903	consider for AnyEvent.
		904
		905	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		906	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		907
		908	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		909	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		910	in which case everything will be automatic.
		911
		912	=back
		913
608	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	914	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
609		915
		916	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		917	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		918
610	=over 4	919	=over 4
611		920
612	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	921	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
613		922
614	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	923	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		924	backend has been autodetected.
		925
615	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	926	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
616	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	927	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
617	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	928	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl::xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
618	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	929	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
619		930	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
620	The known classes so far are:
621
622	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
623	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
624	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
625	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
626	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
627	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
628	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
629	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
630
631	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
632	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
633	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
634	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
635	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
636	it's adaptor.
637
638	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
639	autodetecting them.
640		931
641	=item AnyEvent::detect	932	=item AnyEvent::detect
642		933
643	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	934	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
644	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	935	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
645	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	936	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
646	runtime.	937	runtime, and not e.g. during initialisation of your module.
		938
		939	The effect of calling this function is as if a watcher had been created
		940	(specifically, actions that happen "when the first watcher is created"
		941	happen when calling detetc as well).
		942
		943	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		944	created, use C<post_detect>.
647		945
648	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	946	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
649		947
650	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	948	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
651	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	949	autodetected (or immediately if that has already happened).
		950
		951	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		952	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		953	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		954	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		955	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		956
		957	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		958	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		959	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		960	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
652		961
653	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	962	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
654	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	963	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		964	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
655	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	965	a case where this is useful.
		966
		967	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		968	C<$WATCHER>, but do so only do so after the event loop is initialised.
		969
		970	our WATCHER;
		971
		972	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		973	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		974	};
		975
		976	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		977	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		978	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		979	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		980
		981	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
656		982
657	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	983	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
658		984
659	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	985	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
660	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	986	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will be called directly
661	the event loop has been chosen.	987	after the event loop has been chosen.
662		988
663	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	989	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
664	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	990	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
665	and the array will be ignored.	991	array will be ignored.
666		992
667	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	993	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		994	it, as it takes care of these details.
		995
		996	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		997	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		998	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		999	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
		1000
		1001	Example: To load Coro::AnyEvent whenever Coro and AnyEvent are used
		1002	together, you could put this into Coro (this is the actual code used by
		1003	Coro to accomplish this):
		1004
		1005	if (defined $AnyEvent::MODEL) {
		1006	# AnyEvent already initialised, so load Coro::AnyEvent
		1007	require Coro::AnyEvent;
		1008	} else {
		1009	# AnyEvent not yet initialised, so make sure to load Coro::AnyEvent
		1010	# as soon as it is
		1011	push @AnyEvent::post_detect, sub { require Coro::AnyEvent };
		1012	}
		1013
		1014	=item AnyEvent::postpone { BLOCK }
		1015
		1016	Arranges for the block to be executed as soon as possible, but not before
		1017	the call itself returns. In practise, the block will be executed just
		1018	before the event loop polls for new events, or shortly afterwards.
		1019
		1020	This function never returns anything (to make the C<return postpone { ...
		1021	}> idiom more useful.
		1022
		1023	To understand the usefulness of this function, consider a function that
		1024	asynchronously does something for you and returns some transaction
		1025	object or guard to let you cancel the operation. For example,
		1026	C<AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect>:
		1027
		1028	# start a conenction attempt unless one is active
		1029	$self->{connect_guard} ||= AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect "www.example.net", 80, sub {
		1030	delete $self->{connect_guard};
		1031	...
		1032	};
		1033
		1034	Imagine that this function could instantly call the callback, for
		1035	example, because it detects an obvious error such as a negative port
		1036	number. Invoking the callback before the function returns causes problems
		1037	however: the callback will be called and will try to delete the guard
		1038	object. But since the function hasn't returned yet, there is nothing to
		1039	delete. When the function eventually returns it will assign the guard
		1040	object to C<< $self->{connect_guard} >>, where it will likely never be
		1041	deleted, so the program thinks it is still trying to connect.
		1042
		1043	This is where C<AnyEvent::postpone> should be used. Instead of calling the
		1044	callback directly on error:
		1045
		1046	$cb->(undef), return # signal error to callback, BAD!
		1047	if $some_error_condition;
		1048
		1049	It should use C<postpone>:
		1050
		1051	AnyEvent::postpone { $cb->(undef) }, return # signal error to callback, later
		1052	if $some_error_condition;
668		1053
669	=back	1054	=back
670		1055
671	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	1056	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
672		1057
…		…
683	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using	1068	because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using
684	events is to stay interactive.	1069	events is to stay interactive.
685		1070
686	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module	1071	It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module
687	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method	1072	requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method
688	called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->recv >>	1073	called C<results> that returns the results, it may call C<< ->recv >>
689	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always).	1074	freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. Always).
690		1075
691	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM	1076	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM
692		1077
693	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should	1078	There will always be a single main program - the only place that should
694	dictate which event model to use.	1079	dictate which event model to use.
695		1080
696	If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not	1081	If the program is not event-based, it need not do anything special, even
697	do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent	1082	when it depends on a module that uses an AnyEvent. If the program itself
698	decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it.	1083	uses AnyEvent, but does not care which event loop is used, all it needs
		1084	to do is C<use AnyEvent>. In either case, AnyEvent will choose the best
		1085	available loop implementation.
699		1086
700	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in	1087	If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in
701	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the	1088	Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the
702	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally	1089	event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally
703	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that	1090	speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that
704	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will	1091	modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will
705	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it	1092	decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it
706	might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.	1093	might choose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself.
707		1094
708	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the	1095	You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the
709	C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar behaviour	1096	C<AnyEvent::Loop> module, which gives you similar behaviour
710	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.	1097	everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better.
711		1098
712	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION	1099	=head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION
713		1100
714	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who	1101	Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who
…		…
727		1114
728		1115
729	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1116	=head1 OTHER MODULES
730		1117
731	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1118	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
732	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1119	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
733	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1120	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
734	available via CPAN.	1121	come as part of AnyEvent, the others are available via CPAN.
735		1122
736	=over 4	1123	=over 4
737		1124
738	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1125	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
739		1126
740	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	1127	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used blocking
741	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	1128	functions such as C<inet_aton> with event/callback-based versions.
742
743	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
744
745	Provide read and write buffers and manages watchers for reads and writes.
746		1129
747	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	1130	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
748		1131
749	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	1132	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
750	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp	1133	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
751	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.	1134	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.
752		1135
		1136	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
		1137
		1138	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
		1139	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
		1140	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>).
		1141
753	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1142	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
754		1143
755	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1144	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
756		1145
		1146	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>, L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IGS>, L<AnyEvent::FCP>
		1147
		1148	Implement event-based interfaces to the protocols of the same name (for
		1149	the curious, IGS is the International Go Server and FCP is the Freenet
		1150	Client Protocol).
		1151
		1152	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle::UDP>
		1153
		1154	Here be danger!
		1155
		1156	As Pauli would put it, "Not only is it not right, it's not even wrong!" -
		1157	there are so many things wrong with AnyEvent::Handle::UDP, most notably
		1158	its use of a stream-based API with a protocol that isn't streamable, that
		1159	the only way to improve it is to delete it.
		1160
		1161	It features data corruption (but typically only under load) and general
		1162	confusion. On top, the author is not only clueless about UDP but also
		1163	fact-resistant - some gems of his understanding: "connect doesn't work
		1164	with UDP", "UDP packets are not IP packets", "UDP only has datagrams, not
		1165	packets", "I don't need to implement proper error checking as UDP doesn't
		1166	support error checking" and so on - he doesn't even understand what's
		1167	wrong with his module when it is explained to him.
		1168
757	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>	1169	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
758		1170
759	A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent	1171	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process for you,
760	HTTP requests.	1172	notifying you in an event-based way when the operation is finished.
		1173
		1174	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		1175
		1176	Truly asynchronous (as opposed to non-blocking) I/O, should be in the
		1177	toolbox of every event programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
		1178	L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent together, giving AnyEvent access to event-based
		1179	file I/O, and much more.
761		1180
762	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>	1181	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD>
763		1182
764	Provides a simple web application server framework.	1183	A simple embedded webserver.
765		1184
766	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>	1185	=item L<AnyEvent::FastPing>
767		1186
768	The fastest ping in the west.	1187	The fastest ping in the west.
769		1188
770	=item L<Net::IRC3>
771
772	AnyEvent based IRC client module family.
773
774	=item L<Net::XMPP2>
775
776	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
777
778	=item L<Net::FCP>
779
780	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
781	of AnyEvent.
782
783	=item L<Event::ExecFlow>
784
785	High level API for event-based execution flow control.
786
787	=item L<Coro>	1189	=item L<Coro>
788		1190
789	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1191	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
790		1192
791	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>, L<IO::AIO>
792
793	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
794	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses IO::AIO and AnyEvent
795	together.
796
797	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>, L<BDB>
798
799	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
800	IO::AIO and AnyEvent together.
801
802	=item L<IO::Lambda>
803
804	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
805
806	=back	1193	=back
807		1194
808	=cut	1195	=cut
809		1196
810	package AnyEvent;	1197	package AnyEvent;
811		1198
812	no warnings;	1199	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
813	use strict;	1200	sub common_sense {
		1201	# from common:.sense 3.4
		1202	${^WARNING_BITS} ^= ${^WARNING_BITS} ^ "\x3c\x3f\x33\x00\x0f\xf0\x0f\xc0\xf0\xfc\x33\x00";
		1203	# use strict vars subs - NO UTF-8, as Util.pm doesn't like this atm. (uts46data.pl)
		1204	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1205	}
814		1206
		1207	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1208
815	use Carp;	1209	use Carp ();
816		1210
817	our $VERSION = 4.15;	1211	our $VERSION = '6.01';
818	our $MODEL;	1212	our $MODEL;
819		1213
820	our $AUTOLOAD;
821	our @ISA;	1214	our @ISA;
822		1215
823	our @REGISTRY;	1216	our @REGISTRY;
824		1217
825	our $WIN32;	1218	our $VERBOSE;
826		1219
827	BEGIN {	1220	BEGIN {
828	my $win32 = ! ! ($^O =~ /mswin32/i);	1221	require "AnyEvent/constants.pl";
829	eval "sub WIN32(){ $win32 }";
830	}
831		1222
		1223	eval "sub TAINT (){" . (${^TAINT}*1) . "}";
		1224
		1225	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1226	if ${^TAINT};
		1227
832	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1228	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1229
		1230	}
		1231
		1232	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
833		1233
834	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1234	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
835		1235
836	{	1236	{
837	my $idx;	1237	my $idx;
838	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx	1238	$PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx
839	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1239	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
840	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1240	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
841	}	1241	}
842		1242
		1243	our @post_detect;
		1244
		1245	sub post_detect(&) {
		1246	my ($cb) = @_;
		1247
		1248	push @post_detect, $cb;
		1249
		1250	defined wantarray
		1251	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
		1252	: ()
		1253	}
		1254
		1255	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
		1256	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
		1257	}
		1258
		1259	our $POSTPONE_W;
		1260	our @POSTPONE;
		1261
		1262	sub _postpone_exec {
		1263	undef $POSTPONE_W;
		1264
		1265	&{ shift @POSTPONE }
		1266	while @POSTPONE;
		1267	}
		1268
		1269	sub postpone(&) {
		1270	push @POSTPONE, shift;
		1271
		1272	$POSTPONE_W ||= AE::timer (0, 0, \&_postpone_exec);
		1273
		1274	()
		1275	}
		1276
843	my @models = (	1277	our @models = (
844	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1278	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
845	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],	1279	[AnyEvent::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
846	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],
847	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1280	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
848	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1281	# as the pure perl backend should work everywhere
849	# and is usually faster	1282	# and is usually faster
		1283	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1284	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1285	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1286	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
850	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1287	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
851	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
852	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
853	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1288	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
854	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1289	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
855	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1290	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
856	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1291	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1292	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # a bitch to autodetect
		1293	[Cocoa::EventLoop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Cocoa::],
		1294	[FLTK:: => AnyEvent::Impl::FLTK2::],
857	);	1295	);
858		1296
859	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer time now signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);	1297	our @isa_hook;
860		1298
861	our @post_detect;	1299	sub _isa_set {
		1300	my @pkg = ("AnyEvent", (map $_->[0], grep defined, @isa_hook), $MODEL);
862		1301
		1302	@{"$pkg[$_-1]::ISA"} = $pkg[$_]
		1303	for 1 .. $#pkg;
		1304
		1305	grep $_ && $_->[1], @isa_hook
		1306	and AE::_reset ();
		1307	}
		1308
		1309	# used for hooking AnyEvent::Strict and AnyEvent::Debug::Wrap into the class hierarchy
		1310	sub _isa_hook($$;$) {
		1311	my ($i, $pkg, $reset_ae) = @_;
		1312
		1313	$isa_hook[$i] = $pkg ? [$pkg, $reset_ae] : undef;
		1314
		1315	_isa_set;
		1316	}
		1317
		1318	# all autoloaded methods reserve the complete glob, not just the method slot.
		1319	# due to bugs in perls method cache implementation.
		1320	our @methods = qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar);
		1321
863	sub post_detect(&) {	1322	sub detect() {
864	my ($cb) = @_;	1323	return $MODEL if $MODEL; # some programs keep references to detect
865		1324
866	if ($MODEL) {	1325	local $!; # for good measure
867	$cb->();	1326	local $SIG{__DIE__}; # we use eval
868		1327
869	1	1328	# free some memory
		1329	*detect = sub () { $MODEL };
		1330	# undef &func doesn't correctly update the method cache. grmbl.
		1331	# so we delete the whole glob. grmbl.
		1332	# otoh, perl doesn't let me undef an active usb, but it lets me free
		1333	# a glob with an active sub. hrm. i hope it works, but perl is
		1334	# usually buggy in this department. sigh.
		1335	delete @{"AnyEvent::"}{@methods};
		1336	undef @methods;
		1337
		1338	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z0-9:]+)$/) {
		1339	my $model = $1;
		1340	$model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$model" unless $model =~ s/::$//;
		1341	if (eval "require $model") {
		1342	$MODEL = $model;
		1343	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
870	} else {	1344	} else {
871	push @post_detect, $cb;	1345	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
872		1346	}
873	defined wantarray
874	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect"
875	: ()
876	}	1347	}
877	}
878		1348
879	sub AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect::DESTROY {	1349	# check for already loaded models
880	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
881	}
882
883	sub detect() {
884	unless ($MODEL) {	1350	unless ($MODEL) {
885	no strict 'refs';	1351	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
886	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1352	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
887		1353	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
888	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
889	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
890	if (eval "require $model") {	1354	if (eval "require $model") {
891	$MODEL = $model;	1355	$MODEL = $model;
892	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1356	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
893	} else {	1357	last;
894	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1358	}
895	}	1359	}
896	}	1360	}
897		1361
898	# check for already loaded models
899	unless ($MODEL) {	1362	unless ($MODEL) {
		1363	# try to autoload a model
900	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1364	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
901	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1365	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1366	if (
		1367	$autoload
		1368	and eval "require $package"
902	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1369	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
903	if (eval "require $model") {	1370	and eval "require $model"
		1371	) {
904	$MODEL = $model;	1372	$MODEL = $model;
905	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1373	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
906	last;	1374	last;
907	}
908	}	1375	}
909	}	1376	}
910		1377
911	unless ($MODEL) {	1378	$MODEL
912	# try to load a model	1379	or die "AnyEvent: backend autodetection failed - did you properly install AnyEvent?\n";
		1380	}
		1381	}
913		1382
914	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1383	# free memory only needed for probing
915	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1384	undef @models;
916	if (eval "require $package"	1385	undef @REGISTRY;
917	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0	1386
918	and eval "require $model") {	1387	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
919	$MODEL = $model;	1388
920	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1389	# now nuke some methods that are overridden by the backend.
		1390	# SUPER usage is not allowed in these.
		1391	for (qw(time signal child idle)) {
		1392	undef &{"AnyEvent::Base::$_"}
		1393	if defined &{"$MODEL\::$_"};
		1394	}
		1395
		1396	_isa_set;
		1397
		1398	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}) {
		1399	require AnyEvent::Strict;
		1400	}
		1401
		1402	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP}) {
		1403	require AnyEvent::Debug;
		1404	AnyEvent::Debug::wrap ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP});
		1405	}
		1406
		1407	if (exists $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL}) {
		1408	require AnyEvent::Socket;
		1409	require AnyEvent::Debug;
		1410
		1411	my $shell = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL};
		1412	$shell =~ s/\$\$/$$/g;
		1413
		1414	my ($host, $service) = AnyEvent::Socket::parse_hostport ($shell);
		1415	$AnyEvent::Debug::SHELL = AnyEvent::Debug::shell ($host, $service);
		1416	}
		1417
		1418	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
		1419	undef @post_detect;
		1420
		1421	*post_detect = sub(&) {
		1422	shift->();
		1423
		1424	undef
		1425	};
		1426
		1427	$MODEL
		1428	}
		1429
		1430	for my $name (@methods) {
		1431	*$name = sub {
		1432	detect;
		1433	# we use goto because
		1434	# a) it makes the thunk more transparent
		1435	# b) it allows us to delete the thunk later
		1436	goto &{ UNIVERSAL::can AnyEvent => "SUPER::$name" }
		1437	};
		1438	}
		1439
		1440	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
		1441	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
		1442	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
		1443	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
		1444	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
		1445
		1446	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
		1447	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
		1448
		1449	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
		1450	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
		1451
		1452	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
		1453
		1454	($fh2, $rw)
		1455	}
		1456
		1457	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1458
		1459	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1460	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1461	overhead by using function call syntax and a fixed number of parameters.
		1462
		1463	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1464
		1465	=cut
		1466
		1467	package AE;
		1468
		1469	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1470
		1471	sub _reset() {
		1472	eval q{
		1473	# fall back to the main API by default - backends and AnyEvent::Base
		1474	# implementations can overwrite these.
		1475
		1476	sub io($$$) {
		1477	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1478	}
		1479
		1480	sub timer($$$) {
		1481	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1482	}
		1483
		1484	sub signal($$) {
		1485	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1486	}
		1487
		1488	sub child($$) {
		1489	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1490	}
		1491
		1492	sub idle($) {
		1493	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0]);
		1494	}
		1495
		1496	sub cv(;&) {
		1497	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1498	}
		1499
		1500	sub now() {
		1501	AnyEvent->now
		1502	}
		1503
		1504	sub now_update() {
		1505	AnyEvent->now_update
		1506	}
		1507
		1508	sub time() {
		1509	AnyEvent->time
		1510	}
		1511
		1512	*postpone = \&AnyEvent::postpone;
		1513	};
		1514	die if $@;
		1515	}
		1516
		1517	BEGIN { _reset }
		1518
		1519	package AnyEvent::Base;
		1520
		1521	# default implementations for many methods
		1522
		1523	sub time {
		1524	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1525	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
		1526	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1527	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1528	*time = sub { Time::HiRes::time () };
		1529	*AE::time = \& Time::HiRes::time ;
		1530	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
		1531	} else {
		1532	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
		1533	*time = sub { CORE::time };
		1534	*AE::time = sub (){ CORE::time };
		1535	}
		1536
		1537	*now = \&time;
		1538	};
		1539	die if $@;
		1540
		1541	&time
		1542	}
		1543
		1544	*now = \&time;
		1545	sub now_update { }
		1546
		1547	sub _poll {
		1548	Carp::croak "$AnyEvent::MODEL does not support blocking waits. Caught";
		1549	}
		1550
		1551	# default implementation for ->condvar
		1552	# in fact, the default should not be overwritten
		1553
		1554	sub condvar {
		1555	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1556	*condvar = sub {
		1557	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1558	};
		1559
		1560	*AE::cv = sub (;&) {
		1561	bless { @_ ? (_ae_cb => shift) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
		1562	};
		1563	};
		1564	die if $@;
		1565
		1566	&condvar
		1567	}
		1568
		1569	# default implementation for ->signal
		1570
		1571	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1572
		1573	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1574	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1575	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
		1576	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1577
		1578	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1579	}
		1580
		1581	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1582	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1583	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
		1584
		1585	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1586	# used by Impls
		1587	sub _sig_add() {
		1588	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1589	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1590	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1591
		1592	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1593	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1594	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1595	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1596	;
		1597	}
		1598	}
		1599
		1600	sub _sig_del {
		1601	undef $SIG_TW
		1602	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
		1603	}
		1604
		1605	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1606	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1607	undef $_sig_name_init;
		1608
		1609	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1610	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1611	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1612	} else {
		1613	require Config;
		1614
		1615	my %signame2num;
		1616	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1617	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
		1618
		1619	my @signum2name;
		1620	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
		1621
		1622	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1623	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1624	};
		1625	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1626	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1627	};
		1628	}
		1629	};
		1630	die if $@;
		1631	};
		1632
		1633	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1634	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
		1635
		1636	sub signal {
		1637	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1638	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1639	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1640	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1641
		1642	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
		1643	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1644
		1645	} else {
		1646	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1647
		1648	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1649	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1650
		1651	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1652	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1653	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1654	} else {
		1655	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
		1656	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1657	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1658
		1659	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1660	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1661	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1662	}
		1663
		1664	$SIGPIPE_R
		1665	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1666
		1667	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1668	}
		1669
		1670	*signal = $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1671	? sub {
		1672	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1673
		1674	# async::interrupt
		1675	my $signal = sig2num $arg{signal};
		1676	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1677
		1678	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1679	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1680	signal => $signal,
		1681	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1682	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1683	;
		1684
		1685	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1686	}
		1687	: sub {
		1688	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1689
		1690	# pure perl
		1691	my $signal = sig2name $arg{signal};
		1692	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1693
		1694	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
921	last;	1695	local $!;
		1696	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
		1697	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
922	}	1698	};
		1699
		1700	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1701	# so limit the signal latency.
		1702	_sig_add;
		1703
		1704	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1705	}
		1706	;
		1707
		1708	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1709	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1710
		1711	_sig_del;
		1712
		1713	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1714
		1715	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1716	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1717	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1718	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1719	# instead of getting the default action.
		1720	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1721	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1722	};
		1723
		1724	*_signal_exec = sub {
		1725	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1726	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1727	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
		1728
		1729	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1730	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1731	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
		1732	&$_ for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
923	}	1733	}
924
925	$MODEL
926	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.";
927	}	1734	}
928	}	1735	};
929
930	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
931	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
932
933	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
934	}
935
936	$MODEL
937	}
938
939	sub AUTOLOAD {
940	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
941
942	$method{$func}
943	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";
944
945	detect unless $MODEL;
946
947	my $class = shift;
948	$class->$func (@_);
949	}
950
951	package AnyEvent::Base;
952
953	# default implementation for now and time
954
955	use Time::HiRes ();
956
957	sub time { Time::HiRes::time }
958	sub now { Time::HiRes::time }
959
960	# default implementation for ->condvar
961
962	sub condvar {
963	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar::
964	}
965
966	# default implementation for ->signal
967
968	our %SIG_CB;
969
970	sub signal {
971	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
972
973	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
974	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
975
976	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
977	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
978	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} || {} };
979	};	1736	};
		1737	die if $@;
980		1738
981	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal"	1739	&signal
982	}
983
984	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {
985	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
986
987	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
988
989	$SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT' unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
990	}	1740	}
991		1741
992	# default implementation for ->child	1742	# default implementation for ->child
993		1743
994	our %PID_CB;	1744	our %PID_CB;
995	our $CHLD_W;	1745	our $CHLD_W;
996	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1746	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
997	our $PID_IDLE;
998	our $WNOHANG;
999		1747
1000	sub _child_wait {	1748	# used by many Impl's
1001	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1749	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
		1750	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1751
		1752	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
1002	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1753	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
1003	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1754	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
1004	}
1005
1006	undef $PID_IDLE;
1007	}
1008
1009	sub _sigchld {
1010	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.
1011	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {
1012	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1013	&_child_wait;
1014	});
1015	}	1755	}
1016		1756
1017	sub child {	1757	sub child {
		1758	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1759	*_sigchld = sub {
		1760	my $pid;
		1761
		1762	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
		1763	while ($pid = waitpid -1, WNOHANG) > 0;
		1764	};
		1765
		1766	*child = sub {
1018	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1767	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1019		1768
1020	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1769	my $pid = $arg{pid};
1021	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1770	my $cb = $arg{cb};
1022		1771
1023	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1772	$PID_CB{$pid}{$cb+0} = $cb;
1024		1773
1025	unless ($WNOHANG) {
1026	$WNOHANG = eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1027	}
1028
1029	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1774	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1030	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1775	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1031	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1776	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1032	&_sigchld;	1777	&_sigchld;
1033	}	1778	}
1034		1779
1035	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"	1780	bless [$pid, $cb+0], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1036	}	1781	};
1037		1782
1038	sub AnyEvent::Base::Child::DESTROY {	1783	*AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY = sub {
1039	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1784	my ($pid, $icb) = @{$_[0]};
1040		1785
1041	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1786	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$icb};
1042	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1787	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1043		1788
1044	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1789	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
		1790	};
		1791	};
		1792	die if $@;
		1793
		1794	&child
		1795	}
		1796
		1797	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
		1798	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
		1799	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
		1800	sub idle {
		1801	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1802	*idle = sub {
		1803	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1804
		1805	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
		1806
		1807	$rcb = sub {
		1808	if ($cb) {
		1809	$w = AE::time;
		1810	&$cb;
		1811	$w = AE::time - $w;
		1812
		1813	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
		1814	# within some limits
		1815	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
		1816	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
		1817
		1818	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
		1819	} else {
		1820	# clean up...
		1821	undef $w;
		1822	undef $rcb;
		1823	}
		1824	};
		1825
		1826	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1827
		1828	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
		1829	};
		1830
		1831	*AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY = sub {
		1832	undef $${$_[0]};
		1833	};
		1834	};
		1835	die if $@;
		1836
		1837	&idle
1045	}	1838	}
1046		1839
1047	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1840	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1048		1841
1049	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1842	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
1050		1843
		1844	# only to be used for subclassing
		1845	sub new {
		1846	my $class = shift;
		1847	bless AnyEvent->condvar (@_), $class
		1848	}
		1849
1051	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1850	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1052		1851
1053	use overload	1852	#use overload
1054	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1853	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
1055	fallback => 1;	1854	# fallback => 1;
		1855
		1856	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1857	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1858	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1859	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1860	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1861
		1862	our $WAITING;
1056		1863
1057	sub _send {	1864	sub _send {
1058	# nop	1865	# nop
		1866	}
		1867
		1868	sub _wait {
		1869	AnyEvent->_poll until $_[0]{_ae_sent};
1059	}	1870	}
1060		1871
1061	sub send {	1872	sub send {
1062	my $cv = shift;	1873	my $cv = shift;
1063	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];	1874	$cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_];
…		…
1072		1883
1073	sub ready {	1884	sub ready {
1074	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1885	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1075	}	1886	}
1076		1887
1077	sub _wait {
1078	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1079	}
1080
1081	sub recv {	1888	sub recv {
		1889	unless ($_[0]{_ae_sent}) {
		1890	$WAITING
		1891	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait attempted";
		1892
		1893	local $WAITING = 1;
1082	$_[0]->_wait;	1894	$_[0]->_wait;
		1895	}
1083		1896
1084	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1897	$_[0]{_ae_croak}
1085	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1898	and Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak};
		1899
		1900	wantarray
		1901	? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} }
		1902	: $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1086	}	1903	}
1087		1904
1088	sub cb {	1905	sub cb {
1089	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1906	my $cv = shift;
		1907
		1908	@_
		1909	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1910	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1911	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1912
1090	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1913	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1091	}	1914	}
1092		1915
1093	sub begin {	1916	sub begin {
1094	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1917	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1095	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1918	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1100	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };	1923	&{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } };
1101	}	1924	}
1102		1925
1103	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	1926	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
1104	*broadcast = \&send;	1927	*broadcast = \&send;
1105	*wait = \&_wait;	1928	*wait = \&recv;
		1929
		1930	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
		1931
		1932	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
		1933	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
		1934	the C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT> environment variable, below) provides strict
		1935	checking of all AnyEvent methods, however, which is highly useful during
		1936	development.
		1937
		1938	As for exception handling (i.e. runtime errors and exceptions thrown while
		1939	executing a callback), this is not only highly event-loop specific, but
		1940	also not in any way wrapped by this module, as this is the job of the main
		1941	program.
		1942
		1943	The pure perl event loop simply re-throws the exception (usually
		1944	within C<< condvar->recv >>), the L<Event> and L<EV> modules call C<<
		1945	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and
		1946	so on.
		1947
		1948	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
		1949
		1950	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
		1951	submodules.
		1952
		1953	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1954	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1955	enabled.
		1956
		1957	=over 4
		1958
		1959	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
		1960
		1961	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
		1962	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
		1963	talkative.
		1964
		1965	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
		1966	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
		1967	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
		1968
		1969	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
		1970	model it chooses.
		1971
		1972	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1973	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1974
		1975	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
		1976
		1977	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
		1978	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
		1979	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
		1980	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
		1981	it will croak.
		1982
		1983	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
		1984
		1985	Unlike C<use strict> (or its modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
		1986	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
		1987	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1988	can be very useful, however.
		1989
		1990	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL>
		1991
		1992	If this env variable is set, then its contents will be interpreted by
		1993	C<AnyEvent::Socket::parse_hostport> (after replacing every occurance of
		1994	C<$$> by the process pid) and an C<AnyEvent::Debug::shell> is bound on
		1995	that port. The shell object is saved in C<$AnyEvent::Debug::SHELL>.
		1996
		1997	This takes place when the first watcher is created.
		1998
		1999	For example, to bind a debug shell on a unix domain socket in
		2000	F<< /tmp/debug<pid>.sock >>, you could use this:
		2001
		2002	PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_SHELL=/tmp/debug\$\$.sock perlprog
		2003
		2004	Note that creating sockets in F</tmp> is very unsafe on multiuser
		2005	systems.
		2006
		2007	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_DEBUG_WRAP>
		2008
		2009	Can be set to C<0>, C<1> or C<2> and enables wrapping of all watchers for
		2010	debugging purposes. See C<AnyEvent::Debug::wrap> for details.
		2011
		2012	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
		2013
		2014	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
		2015	auto detection and -probing kicks in.
		2016
		2017	It normally is a string consisting entirely of ASCII letters (e.g. C<EV>
		2018	or C<IOAsync>). The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended and the
		2019	resulting module name is loaded and - if the load was successful - used as
		2020	event model backend. If it fails to load then AnyEvent will proceed with
		2021	auto detection and -probing.
		2022
		2023	If the string ends with C<::> instead (e.g. C<AnyEvent::Impl::EV::>) then
		2024	nothing gets prepended and the module name is used as-is (hint: C<::> at
		2025	the end of a string designates a module name and quotes it appropriately).
		2026
		2027	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Loop::Perl>) you
		2028	could start your program like this:
		2029
		2030	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
		2031
		2032	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
		2033
		2034	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
		2035	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
		2036	of auto probing).
		2037
		2038	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
		2039	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
		2040	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
		2041	list.
		2042
		2043	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
		2044	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
		2045	small, as the program has to handle conenction and other failures anyways.
		2046
		2047	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
		2048	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
		2049	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
		2050	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
		2051	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
		2052
		2053	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
		2054
		2055	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
		2056	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
		2057	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
		2058	default.
		2059
		2060	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
		2061	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
		2062
		2063	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
		2064
		2065	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
		2066	will create in parallel.
		2067
		2068	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		2069
		2070	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		2071	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		2072	sent to the DNS server.
		2073
		2074	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		2075
		2076	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		2077	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		2078	default config will be used.
		2079
		2080	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		2081
		2082	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		2083	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		2084	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		2085	instead of a system-dependent default.
		2086
		2087	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		2088
		2089	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		2090	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
		2091
		2092	=back
1106		2093
1107	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	2094	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1108		2095
1109	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in	2096	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in
1110	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to	2097	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to
…		…
1144		2131
1145	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to	2132	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to
1146	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will	2133	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will
1147	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must	2134	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must
1148	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.	2135	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.
1149
1150	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1151
1152	The following environment variables are used by this module:
1153
1154	=over 4
1155
1156	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1157
1158	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
1159	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
1160	talkative.
1161
1162	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
1163	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
1164	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1165
1166	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1167	model it chooses.
1168
1169	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1170
1171	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1172	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
1173	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
1174	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
1175	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
1176	auto detection and -probing.
1177
1178	This functionality might change in future versions.
1179
1180	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
1181	could start your program like this:
1182
1183	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1184
1185	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
1186
1187	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
1188	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
1189	of auto probing).
1190
1191	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
1192	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
1193	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
1194	list.
1195
1196	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
1197	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
1198	small, as the program has to handle connection errors already-
1199
1200	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
1201	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
1202	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
1203	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
1204	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
1205
1206	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
1207
1208	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
1209	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
1210	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
1211	default.
1212
1213	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
1214	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
1215
1216	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
1217
1218	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
1219	will create in parallel.
1220
1221	=back
1222		2136
1223	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	2137	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
1224		2138
1225	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer	2139	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer
1226	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the	2140	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the
…		…
1239	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	2153	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1240	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	2154	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1241	},	2155	},
1242	);	2156	);
1243		2157
1244	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1245
1246	sub new_timer {
1247	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	2158	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1248	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	2159	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1249	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1250	});	2160	});
1251	}
1252
1253	new_timer; # create first timer
1254		2161
1255	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i	2162	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1256		2163
1257	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	2164	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1258		2165
…		…
1331		2238
1332	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)	2239	The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions)
1333	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects	2240	that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects
1334	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)	2241	whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object)
1335	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other	2242	and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other
1336	problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a	2243	problems get reported to the code that tries to use the result, not in a
1337	random callback.	2244	random callback.
1338		2245
1339	All of this enables the following usage styles:	2246	All of this enables the following usage styles:
1340		2247
1341	1. Blocking:	2248	1. Blocking:
…		…
1389	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2296	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1390	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2297	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1391	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2298	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1392		2299
1393	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2300	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1394	distribution.	2301	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2302	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1395		2303
1396	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2304	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1397		2305
1398	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2306	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1399	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2307	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1420	watcher.	2328	watcher.
1421		2329
1422	=head3 Results	2330	=head3 Results
1423		2331
1424	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2332	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1425	EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface	2333	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1426	EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2334	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1427	CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2335	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1428	Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation	2336	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1429	Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface	2337	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1430	Event/Any 16000 590 35.75 31.42 1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2338	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2339	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2340	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1431	Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour	2341	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1432	Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2342	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1433	POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event	2343	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1434	POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select	2344	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1435		2345
1436	=head3 Discussion	2346	=head3 Discussion
1437		2347
1438	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2348	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1439	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2349	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1451	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2361	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1452	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2362	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1453	cycles with POE.	2363	cycles with POE.
1454		2364
1455	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2365	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1456	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2366	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2367	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2368	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1457	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2369	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1458	natively.
1459		2370
1460	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2371	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1461	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2372	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1462	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2373	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1463	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2374	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
1464	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2375	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1465	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2376	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1466		2377
1467	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2378	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1468	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2379	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2380
		2381	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2382	when using its pure perl backend.
1469		2383
1470	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2384	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1471	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2385	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1472	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2386	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1473	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2387	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1508	(even when used without AnyEvent), but most event loops have acceptable	2422	(even when used without AnyEvent), but most event loops have acceptable
1509	performance with or without AnyEvent.	2423	performance with or without AnyEvent.
1510		2424
1511	=item * The overhead AnyEvent adds is usually much smaller than the overhead of	2425	=item * The overhead AnyEvent adds is usually much smaller than the overhead of
1512	the actual event loop, only with extremely fast event loops such as EV	2426	the actual event loop, only with extremely fast event loops such as EV
1513	adds AnyEvent significant overhead.	2427	does AnyEvent add significant overhead.
1514		2428
1515	=item * You should avoid POE like the plague if you want performance or	2429	=item * You should avoid POE like the plague if you want performance or
1516	reasonable memory usage.	2430	reasonable memory usage.
1517		2431
1518	=back	2432	=back
…		…
1534	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2448	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1535	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2449	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1536	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2450	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1537		2451
1538	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2452	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1539	distribution.	2453	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2454	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1540		2455
1541	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2456	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1542		2457
1543	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2458	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1544	each server has a read and write socket end).	2459	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1551	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2466	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1552	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2467	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1553		2468
1554	=head3 Results	2469	=head3 Results
1555		2470
1556	name sockets create request	2471	name sockets create request
1557	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2472	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1558	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2473	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1559	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2474	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1560	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2475	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
		2476	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
		2477	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1561	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2478	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1562		2479
1563	=head3 Discussion	2480	=head3 Discussion
1564		2481
1565	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2482	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1566	particular event loop.	2483	particular event loop.
…		…
1568	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2485	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1569	is relatively high, though.	2486	is relatively high, though.
1570		2487
1571	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2488	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1572	loops Event and Glib.	2489	loops Event and Glib.
		2490
		2491	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2492	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1573		2493
1574	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2494	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1575	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2495	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1576	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2496	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1577	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2497	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1640	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2560	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1641	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2561	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1642		2562
1643	=back	2563	=back
1644		2564
		2565	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2566
		2567	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2568	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2569	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2570	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2571	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2572	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2573	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2574
		2575	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2576	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2577	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2578	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2579	benchmark nevertheless.
		2580
		2581	name runtime
		2582	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2583	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2584	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2585	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2586	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2587	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2588	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2589	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2590
		2591	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2592	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2593	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2594
		2595	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2596	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2597	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2598	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2599	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2600	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2601	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2602	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2603
		2604	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2605	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2606	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2607	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2608
		2609	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2610	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2611	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2612
		2613	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2614	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
		2615	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
		2616	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
		2617
		2618	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2619	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2620	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2621
		2622
		2623	=head1 SIGNALS
		2624
		2625	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
		2626
		2627	=over 4
		2628
		2629	=item SIGCHLD
		2630
		2631	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
		2632	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
		2633	event loops install a similar handler.
		2634
		2635	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2636	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
		2637
		2638	=item SIGPIPE
		2639
		2640	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
		2641	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
		2642
		2643	The rationale for this is that AnyEvent users usually do not really depend
		2644	on SIGPIPE delivery (which is purely an optimisation for shell use, or
		2645	badly-written programs), but C<SIGPIPE> can cause spurious and rare
		2646	program exits as a lot of people do not expect C<SIGPIPE> when writing to
		2647	some random socket.
		2648
		2649	The rationale for installing a no-op handler as opposed to ignoring it is
		2650	that this way, the handler will be restored to defaults on exec.
		2651
		2652	Feel free to install your own handler, or reset it to defaults.
		2653
		2654	=back
		2655
		2656	=cut
		2657
		2658	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2659	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2660
		2661	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
		2662	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
		2663
		2664	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2665
		2666	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2667	its built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2668
		2669	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2670	modules if they are installed.
		2671
		2672	This section explains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2673	affect AnyEvent's operation.
		2674
		2675	=over 4
		2676
		2677	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2678
		2679	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2680	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2681	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2682	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2683	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2684	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2685
		2686	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2687	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2688	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for
		2689	battery life on laptops).
		2690
		2691	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2692	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2693
		2694	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2695	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2696	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2697	does nothing for those backends.
		2698
		2699	=item L<EV>
		2700
		2701	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2702	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2703	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2704	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2705	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2706	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2707	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2708	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2709
		2710	If you only use backends that rely on another event loop (e.g. C<Tk>),
		2711	then this module will do nothing for you.
		2712
		2713	=item L<Guard>
		2714
		2715	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2716	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2717	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2718	purely used for performance.
		2719
		2720	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2721
		2722	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
		2723	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. L<JSON> is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2724	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2725
		2726	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2727
		2728	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2729	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2730	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2731
		2732	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2733
		2734	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2735	chosen event library does not come with a timing source of its own. The
		2736	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Loop>) will additionally load it to
		2737	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2738
		2739	=back
		2740
1645		2741
1646	=head1 FORK	2742	=head1 FORK
1647		2743
1648	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2744	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1649	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2745	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> calls
1650	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2746	- higher performance APIs such as BSD's kqueue or the dreaded Linux epoll
		2747	are usually badly thought-out hacks that are incompatible with fork in
		2748	one way or another. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware and ensures that you
		2749	continue event-processing in both parent and child (or both, if you know
		2750	what you are doing).
		2751
		2752	This means that, in general, you cannot fork and do event processing in
		2753	the child if the event library was initialised before the fork (which
		2754	usually happens when the first AnyEvent watcher is created, or the library
		2755	is loaded).
1651		2756
1652	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2757	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1653	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2758	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2759	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
		2760
		2761	The problem of doing event processing in the parent I<and> the child
		2762	is much more complicated: even for backends that I<are> fork-aware or
		2763	fork-safe, their behaviour is not usually what you want: fork clones all
		2764	watchers, that means all timers, I/O watchers etc. are active in both
		2765	parent and child, which is almost never what you want. USing C<exec>
		2766	to start worker children from some kind of manage rprocess is usually
		2767	preferred, because it is much easier and cleaner, at the expense of having
		2768	to have another binary.
1654		2769
1655		2770
1656	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2771	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1657		2772
1658	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2773	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
1669		2784
1670	use AnyEvent;	2785	use AnyEvent;
1671		2786
1672	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2787	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1673	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2788	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1674	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL).	2789	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
		2790	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2791
		2792	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2793	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2794	enabled.
1675		2795
1676		2796
1677	=head1 BUGS	2797	=head1 BUGS
1678		2798
1679	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard	2799	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
1680	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10	2800	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
1681	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying	2801	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
1682	mamleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as	2802	memleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
1683	pronounced).	2803	pronounced).
1684		2804
1685		2805
1686	=head1 SEE ALSO	2806	=head1 SEE ALSO
1687		2807
		2808	Tutorial/Introduction: L<AnyEvent::Intro>.
		2809
		2810	FAQ: L<AnyEvent::FAQ>.
		2811
1688	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.	2812	Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>.
1689		2813
1690	Event modules: L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>,	2814	Event modules: L<AnyEvent::Loop>, L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>,
1691	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2815	L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>, L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1692		2816
1693	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2817	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1694	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2818	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1695	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2819	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1696	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2820	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
1697		2821
1698	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2822	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
1699	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2823	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
1700		2824
1701	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2825	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
1702		2826
1703	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2827	Thread support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>.
1704		2828
1705	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2829	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::IRC>,
		2830	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1706		2831
1707		2832
1708	=head1 AUTHOR	2833	=head1 AUTHOR
1709		2834
1710	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2835	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>

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