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1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
		6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
		12	# file descriptor readable
11	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub {	13	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
		14
		15	# one-shot or repeating timers
		16	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
		17	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...
		18
		19	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
		20	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
		21
		22	# POSIX signal
		23	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });
		24
		25	# child process exit
		26	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
		27	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
12	...	28	...
13	});	29	});
14		30
15	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub {	31	# called when event loop idle (if applicable)
16	...	32	my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... });
17	});
18		33
19	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged	34	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
20	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's	35	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
21	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send	36	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
		37	# use a condvar in callback mode:
		38	$w->cb (sub { $_[0]->recv });
22		39
23	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL	40	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
24		41
25	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested	42	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
26	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
27	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
28		45
		46	=head1 SUPPORT
		47
		48	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		49	channel, too.
		50
		51	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		52	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
		53
29	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	54	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
30		55
31	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	56	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
32	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	57	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
33		58
34	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of	59	Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of
35	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.	60	policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>.
36		61
37	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only	62	First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only
38	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use in a	63	interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use, in a
39	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,	64	pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike,
40	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,	65	the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general,
41	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent	66	only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent
42	helps hiding the differences between those event loops.	67	cannot change this, but it can hide the differences between those event
		68	loops.
43		69
44	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event	70	The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event
45	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a	71	programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a
46	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your	72	religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your
47	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event	73	module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event
48	model you use.	74	model you use.
49		75
50	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is	76	For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is
51	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is	77	actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is
52	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you	78	like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you
53	cannot use anything else, as it is simply incompatible to everything that	79	cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything
54	isn't itself. What's worse, all the potential users of your module are	80	that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your
55	I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.	81	module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use.
56		82
57	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works	83	AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works
58	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together	84	fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together
59	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if	85	with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if
60	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,	86	your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it,
61	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all	87	too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all
62	event models it supports (including stuff like POE and IO::Async, as long	88	event models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those
63	as those use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new	89	use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops
64	event loops to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).	90	to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof).
65		91
66	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event	92	In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event
67	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar	93	model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar
68	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to	94	modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to
69	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only	95	follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only
…		…
127	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After	153	These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
128	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the	154	creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
129	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model	155	callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
130	is in control).	156	is in control).
131		157
		158	Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
		159	potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
		160	callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in
		161	Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
		162	widely between event loops.
		163
132	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the	164	To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
133	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references	165	variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
134	to it).	166	to it).
135		167
136	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.	168	All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
…		…
149	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	181	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
150	declared.	182	declared.
151		183
152	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	184	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
153		185
		186	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		187	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		188	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		189	cb => <callback>,
		190	);
		191
154	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	192	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
155	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	193	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
156		194
157	C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	195	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
		196	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
		197	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
		198	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
		199	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
		200	or block devices.
		201
158	for events. C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>,	202	C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a
159	which creates a watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events,	203	watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively.
		204
160	respectively. C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle	205	C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
161	becomes ready.
162		206
163	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	207	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
164	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	208	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
165	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.	209	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
166		210
…		…
170		214
171	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should	215	Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should
172	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file	216	always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file
173	handles.	217	handles.
174		218
175	Example:
176
177	# wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the watcher	219	Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the
		220	watcher.
		221
178	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {	222	my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
179	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);	223	chomp (my $input = <STDIN>);
180	warn "read: $input\n";	224	warn "read: $input\n";
181	undef $w;	225	undef $w;
182	});	226	});
183		227
184	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	228	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
185		229
		230	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		231
		232	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		233	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		234	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		235	cb => <callback>,
		236	);
		237
186	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	238	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
187	method with the following mandatory arguments:	239	method with the following mandatory arguments:
188		240
189	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	241	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
190	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	242	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
192		244
193	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	245	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
194	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	246	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
195	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.	247	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks.
196		248
197	The timer callback will be invoked at most once: if you want a repeating	249	The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another
198	timer you have to create a new watcher (this is a limitation by both Tk	250	parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the
199	and Glib).	251	callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional
		252	seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a
		253	false value, then it is treated as if it were missing.
200		254
201	Example:	255	The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no
		256	attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is
		257	only approximate.
202		258
203	# fire an event after 7.7 seconds	259	Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds.
		260
204	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {	261	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub {
205	warn "timeout\n";	262	warn "timeout\n";
206	});	263	});
207		264
208	# to cancel the timer:	265	# to cancel the timer:
209	undef $w;	266	undef $w;
210		267
211	Example 2:
212
213	# fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second	268	Example 2: fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second.
214	my $w;
215		269
216	my $cb = sub {
217	# cancel the old timer while creating a new one
218	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => $cb);	270	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, interval => 1, cb => sub {
		271	warn "timeout\n";
219	};	272	};
220
221	# start the "loop" by creating the first watcher
222	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, cb => $cb);
223		273
224	=head3 TIMING ISSUES	274	=head3 TIMING ISSUES
225		275
226	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire	276	There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire
227	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12	277	in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12
…		…
300	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you	350	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
301	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the	351	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
302	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into	352	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
303	account.	353	account.
304		354
		355	=item AnyEvent->now_update
		356
		357	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache
		358	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<
		359	AnyEvent->now >>, above).
		360
		361	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
		362	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
		363	might affect timers and time-outs.
		364
		365	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
		366	event loop's idea of "current time".
		367
		368	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
		369
305	=back	370	=back
306		371
307	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	372	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
308		373
		374	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
		375
309	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	376	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
310	I<name> without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl callback to	377	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
311	be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	378	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
312		379
313	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	380	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
314	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	381	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
315	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.	382	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks.
316		383
…		…
318	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	385	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
319	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	386	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
320	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	387	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
321		388
322	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	389	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
323	between multiple watchers.	390	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		391	interrupt your program at bad times.
324		392
325	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	393	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
326	directly will likely not work correctly.	394	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		395	correctly.
327		396
328	Example: exit on SIGINT	397	Example: exit on SIGINT
329		398
330	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	399	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
331		400
		401	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		402
		403	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		404	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		405	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		406	this. AnyEvent will try to do it's best, which means in some cases,
		407	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		408	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		409	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		410	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		411	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		412	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		413	saving.
		414
		415	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		416	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		417	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		418	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does it's own workaround with
		419	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		420
332	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	421	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
333		422
		423	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		424
334	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	425	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
335		426
336	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	427	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (one some backends,
337	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often	428	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
338	as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a	429	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
339	signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>. The callback will be called with the pid	430	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
340	and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types,	431	(stopped/continued).
341	you I<can> rely on child watcher callback arguments.	432
		433	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
		434	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
		435	callback arguments.
		436
		437	This watcher type works by installing a signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>,
		438	and since it cannot be shared, nothing else should use SIGCHLD or reap
		439	random child processes (waiting for specific child processes, e.g. inside
		440	C<system>, is just fine).
342		441
343	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	442	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
344	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	443	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
345	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	444	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
346		445
347	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	446	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		447	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
348	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	448	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
349	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	449	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		450	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		451	start the watcher.
350		452
351	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	453	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
352	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	454	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
353	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	455	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		456	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		457
		458	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		459	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems
		460	mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
354		461
355	Example: fork a process and wait for it	462	Example: fork a process and wait for it
356		463
357	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	464	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
358		465
…		…
368	);	475	);
369		476
370	# do something else, then wait for process exit	477	# do something else, then wait for process exit
371	$done->recv;	478	$done->recv;
372		479
		480	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
		481
		482	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
		483
		484	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important
		485	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
		486	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
		487	attention by the event loop".
		488
		489	Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing
		490	better to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new
		491	events. Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.
		492
		493	Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only
		494	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
		495	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
		496
		497	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
		498	program is otherwise idle:
		499
		500	my @lines; # read data
		501	my $idle_w;
		502	my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
		503	push @lines, scalar <STDIN>;
		504
		505	# start an idle watcher, if not already done
		506	$idle_w ||= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub {
		507	# handle only one line, when there are lines left
		508	if (my $line = shift @lines) {
		509	print "handled when idle: $line";
		510	} else {
		511	# otherwise disable the idle watcher again
		512	undef $idle_w;
		513	}
		514	});
		515	});
		516
373	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	517	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
		518
		519	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		520
		521	$cv->send (<list>);
		522	my @res = $cv->recv;
374		523
375	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	524	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
376	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	525	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
377	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	526	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
378		527
379	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	528	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
380	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	529	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
381		530
382	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	531	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called
383	because they represent a condition that must become true.	532	because they represent a condition that must become true.
		533
		534	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
384		535
385	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	536	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
386	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	537	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
387	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	538	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
388	becomes true.	539	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
		540	the results).
389		541
390	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	542	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
391	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it	543	by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it
392	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<	544	were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<<
393	->send >> method).	545	->send >> method).
…		…
395	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	547	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can
396	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	548	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points
397	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	549	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet
398	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	550	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be
399	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	551	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers
400	a result.	552	a result. And yet some people know them as "futures" - a promise to
		553	compute/deliver something that you can wait for.
401		554
402	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	555	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
403	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	556	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
404	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	557	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
405	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	558	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
439	after => 1,	592	after => 1,
440	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	593	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },
441	);	594	);
442		595
443	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	596	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
444	# calls send	597	# calls -<send
445	$result_ready->recv;	598	$result_ready->recv;
446		599
447	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	600	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
448	condition variables are also code references.	601	variables are also callable directly.
449		602
450	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	603	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
451	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	604	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
452	$done->recv;	605	$done->recv;
		606
		607	Example: Imagine an API that returns a condvar and doesn't support
		608	callbacks. This is how you make a synchronous call, for example from
		609	the main program:
		610
		611	use AnyEvent::CouchDB;
		612
		613	...
		614
		615	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
		616
		617	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
		618	results are available:
		619
		620	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
		621	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
		622	});
453		623
454	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS	624	=head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS
455		625
456	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the	626	These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the
457	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also	627	code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also
…		…
470	immediately from within send.	640	immediately from within send.
471		641
472	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	642	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
473	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	643	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
474		644
475	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	645	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
476	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	646	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
477	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	647	C<send>.
478	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
479	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
480	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
481	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
482	example).
483		648
484	=item $cv->croak ($error)	649	=item $cv->croak ($error)
485		650
486	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	651	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
487	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	652	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
488		653
489	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	654	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
490	user/consumer.	655	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		656	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it
		657	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		658	deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing
		659	the problem.
491		660
492	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	661	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
493		662
494	=item $cv->end	663	=item $cv->end
495
496	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
497		664
498	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	665	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
499	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	666	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
500	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	667	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
501		668
502	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	669	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
503	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	670	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
504	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	671	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
505	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	672	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
506	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	673	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		674	be called without any arguments.
507		675
508	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	676	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		677	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		678	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		679
		680	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		681	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		682	close before activating a condvar:
509		683
510	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	684	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
511		685
		686	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		687	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		688	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		689	or $cv->end;
		690	});
		691
		692	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		693	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		694	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		695	or $cv->end;
		696	});
		697
		698	$cv->recv;
		699
		700	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		701	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		702	sending.
		703
		704	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		705	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		706	begung can potentially be zero:
		707
		708	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		709
512	my %result;	710	my %result;
513	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	711	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
514		712
515	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	713	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
516	$cv->begin;	714	$cv->begin;
517	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	715	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
518	$result{$host} = ...;	716	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
533	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	731	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
534	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	732	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
535	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	733	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
536	doesn't execute once).	734	doesn't execute once).
537		735
538	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	736	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
539	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	737	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
540	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	738	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
541	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	739	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		740	call C<end>.
542		741
543	=back	742	=back
544		743
545	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	744	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
546		745
…		…
562	function will call C<croak>.	761	function will call C<croak>.
563		762
564	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	763	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
565	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	764	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
566		765
		766	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		767	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		768	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		769	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		770	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		771	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		772
567	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	773	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
568	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	774	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
569	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	775	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
570	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	776	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
571	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	777	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
572	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	778	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
573	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	779	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
574		780
575	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
576	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
577	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
578	can supply.
579
580	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
581	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
582	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
583	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
584	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
585
586	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	781	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
587	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	782	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
588	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	783	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
589	waits otherwise.	784	waits otherwise.
590		785
591	=item $bool = $cv->ready	786	=item $bool = $cv->ready
592		787
593	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or	788	Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or
594	C<croak> have been called.	789	C<croak> have been called.
595		790
596	=item $cb = $cv->cb ([new callback])	791	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
597		792
598	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	793	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
599	replaces it before doing so.	794	replaces it before doing so.
600		795
601	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	796	The callback will be called when the condition becomes (or already was)
602	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	797	"true", i.e. when C<send> or C<croak> are called (or were called), with
603	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	798	the only argument being the condition variable itself. Calling C<recv>
604	is guaranteed not to block.	799	inside the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
605		800
606	=back	801	=back
607		802
		803	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		804
		805	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		806
		807	=over 4
		808
		809	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		810
		811	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		812	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		813	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		814	AnyEvent itself.
		815
		816	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		817	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
		818
		819	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		820
		821	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher
		822	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		823	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		824	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		825	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		826
		827	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		828	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		829	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		830	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		831	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		832	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		833
		834	=item Backends with special needs.
		835
		836	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		837	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		838	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		839	everything should just work.
		840
		841	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		842
		843	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
		844	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
		845	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
		846	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
		847	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
		848
		849	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
		850
		851	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		852
		853	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		854
		855	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		856
		857	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		858	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		859	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		860	consider for AnyEvent.
		861
		862	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		863	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		864
		865	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		866	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		867	in which case everything will be automatic.
		868
		869	=back
		870
608	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	871	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
609		872
		873	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		874	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		875
610	=over 4	876	=over 4
611		877
612	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	878	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
613		879
614	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	880	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		881	backend has been autodetected.
		882
615	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	883	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
616	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	884	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
617	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	885	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
618	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	886	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
619		887	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
620	The known classes so far are:
621
622	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
623	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
624	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
625	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
626	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
627	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
628	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
629	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
630
631	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
632	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
633	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
634	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
635	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
636	it's adaptor.
637
638	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
639	autodetecting them.
640		888
641	=item AnyEvent::detect	889	=item AnyEvent::detect
642		890
643	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	891	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
644	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	892	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
645	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	893	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
646	runtime.	894	runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.
		895
		896	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		897	created, use C<post_detect>.
647		898
648	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	899	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
649		900
650	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	901	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
651	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	902	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).
652		903
		904	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		905	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		906	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		907	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		908	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		909
		910	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		911	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		912	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		913	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
		914
653	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	915	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
654	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	916	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		917	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
655	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	918	a case where this is useful.
		919
		920	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		921	C<$WATCHER>. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though.
		922
		923	our WATCHER;
		924
		925	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		926	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		927	};
		928
		929	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		930	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		931	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		932	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		933
		934	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
656		935
657	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	936	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
658		937
659	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	938	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
660	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	939	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after
661	the event loop has been chosen.	940	the event loop has been chosen.
662		941
663	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	942	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
664	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	943	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
665	and the array will be ignored.	944	array will be ignored.
666		945
667	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	946	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		947	it,as it takes care of these details.
		948
		949	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		950	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		951	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		952	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
668		953
669	=back	954	=back
670		955
671	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	956	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
672		957
…		…
727		1012
728		1013
729	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1014	=head1 OTHER MODULES
730		1015
731	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1016	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
732	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1017	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
733	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1018	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
734	available via CPAN.	1019	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.
735		1020
736	=over 4	1021	=over 4
737		1022
738	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1023	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
739		1024
740	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking	1025	Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking
741	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.	1026	functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions.
742
743	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
744
745	Provide read and write buffers and manages watchers for reads and writes.
746		1027
747	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>	1028	=item L<AnyEvent::Socket>
748		1029
749	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,	1030	Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets,
750	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp	1031	addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp
751	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.	1032	connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more.
752		1033
		1034	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
		1035
		1036	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
		1037	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
		1038	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
		1039
753	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1040	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
754		1041
755	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1042	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
756		1043
757	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>	1044	=item L<AnyEvent::HTTP>
…		…
767		1054
768	The fastest ping in the west.	1055	The fastest ping in the west.
769		1056
770	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>	1057	=item L<AnyEvent::DBI>
771		1058
772	Executes DBI requests asynchronously in a proxy process.	1059	Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process.
773		1060
		1061	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>
		1062
		1063	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
		1064	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent
		1065	together.
		1066
		1067	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>
		1068
		1069	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses
		1070	L<BDB> and AnyEvent together.
		1071
		1072	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
		1073
		1074	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
		1075
774	=item L<Net::IRC3>	1076	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
775		1077
776	AnyEvent based IRC client module family.	1078	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
777		1079
778	=item L<Net::XMPP2>	1080	=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
779		1081
780	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.	1082	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
		1083	Net::XMPP2>.
		1084
		1085	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
		1086
		1087	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
		1088	L<App::IGS>).
781		1089
782	=item L<Net::FCP>	1090	=item L<Net::FCP>
783		1091
784	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace	1092	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
785	of AnyEvent.	1093	of AnyEvent.
…		…
790		1098
791	=item L<Coro>	1099	=item L<Coro>
792		1100
793	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1101	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
794		1102
795	=item L<AnyEvent::AIO>, L<IO::AIO>
796
797	Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event
798	programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses IO::AIO and AnyEvent
799	together.
800
801	=item L<AnyEvent::BDB>, L<BDB>
802
803	Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses
804	IO::AIO and AnyEvent together.
805
806	=item L<IO::Lambda>
807
808	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
809
810	=back	1103	=back
811		1104
812	=cut	1105	=cut
813		1106
814	package AnyEvent;	1107	package AnyEvent;
815		1108
		1109	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
		1110	sub common_sense {
816	no warnings;	1111	# no warnings
817	use strict;	1112	${^WARNING_BITS} ^= ${^WARNING_BITS};
		1113	# use strict vars subs
		1114	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1115	}
818		1116
		1117	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1118
819	use Carp;	1119	use Carp ();
820		1120
821	our $VERSION = 4.151;	1121	our $VERSION = '5.111';
822	our $MODEL;	1122	our $MODEL;
823		1123
824	our $AUTOLOAD;	1124	our $AUTOLOAD;
825	our @ISA;	1125	our @ISA;
826		1126
827	our @REGISTRY;	1127	our @REGISTRY;
828		1128
829	our $WIN32;	1129	our $WIN32;
830		1130
		1131	our $VERBOSE;
		1132
831	BEGIN {	1133	BEGIN {
832	my $win32 = ! ! ($^O =~ /mswin32/i);	1134	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";
833	eval "sub WIN32(){ $win32 }";	1135	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";
834	}
835		1136
		1137	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1138	if ${^TAINT};
		1139
836	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1140	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1141
		1142	}
		1143
		1144	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
837		1145
838	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1146	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
839		1147
840	{	1148	{
841	my $idx;	1149	my $idx;
…		…
843	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1151	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
844	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1152	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
845	}	1153	}
846		1154
847	my @models = (	1155	my @models = (
848	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1156	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
849	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],
850	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],	1157	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
851	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1158	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
852	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1159	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
853	# and is usually faster	1160	# and is usually faster
		1161	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1162	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1163	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1164	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
854	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1165	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
855	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
856	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
857	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1166	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
858	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1167	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
859	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1168	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
860	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1169	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1170	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its
		1171	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.
		1172	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any
		1173	# obvious default class.
		1174	[IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1175	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1176	[IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1177	[AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
861	);	1178	);
862		1179
863	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer time now signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);	1180	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
		1181	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);
864		1182
865	our @post_detect;	1183	our @post_detect;
866		1184
867	sub post_detect(&) {	1185	sub post_detect(&) {
868	my ($cb) = @_;	1186	my ($cb) = @_;
869		1187
870	if ($MODEL) {	1188	if ($MODEL) {
871	$cb->();	1189	$cb->();
872		1190
873	1	1191	undef
874	} else {	1192	} else {
875	push @post_detect, $cb;	1193	push @post_detect, $cb;
876		1194
877	defined wantarray	1195	defined wantarray
878	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect"	1196	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
879	: ()	1197	: ()
880	}	1198	}
881	}	1199	}
882		1200
883	sub AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect::DESTROY {	1201	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
884	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;	1202	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
885	}	1203	}
886		1204
887	sub detect() {	1205	sub detect() {
888	unless ($MODEL) {	1206	unless ($MODEL) {
889	no strict 'refs';
890	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1207	local $SIG{__DIE__};
891		1208
892	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {	1209	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
893	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";	1210	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
894	if (eval "require $model") {	1211	if (eval "require $model") {
895	$MODEL = $model;	1212	$MODEL = $model;
896	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1213	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
897	} else {	1214	} else {
898	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1215	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
899	}	1216	}
900	}	1217	}
901		1218
902	# check for already loaded models	1219	# check for already loaded models
903	unless ($MODEL) {	1220	unless ($MODEL) {
904	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1221	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
905	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1222	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
906	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1223	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
907	if (eval "require $model") {	1224	if (eval "require $model") {
908	$MODEL = $model;	1225	$MODEL = $model;
909	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1226	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
910	last;	1227	last;
911	}	1228	}
912	}	1229	}
913	}	1230	}
914		1231
915	unless ($MODEL) {	1232	unless ($MODEL) {
916	# try to load a model	1233	# try to autoload a model
917
918	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1234	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
919	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1235	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1236	if (
		1237	$autoload
920	if (eval "require $package"	1238	and eval "require $package"
921	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0	1239	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
922	and eval "require $model") {	1240	and eval "require $model"
		1241	) {
923	$MODEL = $model;	1242	$MODEL = $model;
924	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1243	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
925	last;	1244	last;
926	}	1245	}
927	}	1246	}
928		1247
929	$MODEL	1248	$MODEL
930	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.";	1249	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";
931	}	1250	}
932	}	1251	}
933		1252
		1253	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
		1254
934	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;	1255	unshift @ISA, $MODEL;
935	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";	1256
		1257	require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT};
936		1258
937	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;	1259	(shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect;
938	}	1260	}
939		1261
940	$MODEL	1262	$MODEL
…		…
942		1264
943	sub AUTOLOAD {	1265	sub AUTOLOAD {
944	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1266	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
945		1267
946	$method{$func}	1268	$method{$func}
947	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1269	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";
948		1270
949	detect unless $MODEL;	1271	detect unless $MODEL;
950		1272
951	my $class = shift;	1273	my $class = shift;
952	$class->$func (@_);	1274	$class->$func (@_);
953	}	1275	}
954		1276
		1277	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
		1278	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
		1279	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
		1280	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
		1281	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
		1282
		1283	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
		1284	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
		1285
		1286	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
		1287	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
		1288
		1289	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
		1290
		1291	($fh2, $rw)
		1292	}
		1293
		1294	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1295
		1296	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1297	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1298	overhead.
		1299
		1300	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1301
		1302	=cut
		1303
		1304	package AE;
		1305
		1306	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1307
		1308	sub io($$$) {
		1309	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1310	}
		1311
		1312	sub timer($$$) {
		1313	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1314	}
		1315
		1316	sub signal($$) {
		1317	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1318	}
		1319
		1320	sub child($$) {
		1321	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1322	}
		1323
		1324	sub idle($) {
		1325	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])
		1326	}
		1327
		1328	sub cv(;&) {
		1329	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1330	}
		1331
		1332	sub now() {
		1333	AnyEvent->now
		1334	}
		1335
		1336	sub now_update() {
		1337	AnyEvent->now_update
		1338	}
		1339
		1340	sub time() {
		1341	AnyEvent->time
		1342	}
		1343
955	package AnyEvent::Base;	1344	package AnyEvent::Base;
956		1345
957	# default implementation for now and time	1346	# default implementations for many methods
958		1347
959	use Time::HiRes ();	1348	sub _time {
		1349	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
		1350	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1351	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1352	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
		1353	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
		1354	} else {
		1355	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
		1356	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail
		1357	}
960		1358
961	sub time { Time::HiRes::time }	1359	&_time
962	sub now { Time::HiRes::time }	1360	}
		1361
		1362	sub time { _time }
		1363	sub now { _time }
		1364	sub now_update { }
963		1365
964	# default implementation for ->condvar	1366	# default implementation for ->condvar
965		1367
966	sub condvar {	1368	sub condvar {
967	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar::	1369	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
968	}	1370	}
969		1371
970	# default implementation for ->signal	1372	# default implementation for ->signal
971		1373
972	our %SIG_CB;	1374	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1375
		1376	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1377	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1378	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.0 (); 1")
		1379	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1380
		1381	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1382	}
		1383
		1384	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1385	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1386	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
		1387
		1388	sub _signal_exec {
		1389	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1390	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1391	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 9;
		1392
		1393	while (%SIG_EV) {
		1394	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
		1395	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
		1396	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
		1397	}
		1398	}
		1399	}
		1400
		1401	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1402	sub _sig_add() {
		1403	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1404	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1405	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1406
		1407	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1408	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1409	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1410	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1411	;
		1412	}
		1413	}
		1414
		1415	sub _sig_del {
		1416	undef $SIG_TW
		1417	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
		1418	}
		1419
		1420	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1421	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading
		1422	undef $_sig_name_init;
		1423
		1424	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1425	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1426	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1427	} else {
		1428	require Config;
		1429
		1430	my %signame2num;
		1431	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1432	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
		1433
		1434	my @signum2name;
		1435	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
		1436
		1437	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1438	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1439	};
		1440	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1441	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1442	};
		1443	}
		1444	};
		1445	die if $@;
		1446	};
		1447
		1448	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1449	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
973		1450
974	sub signal {	1451	sub signal {
		1452	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1453	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1454	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1455	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1456
		1457	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
		1458	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1459
		1460	} else {
		1461	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1462
		1463	require Fcntl;
		1464
		1465	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1466	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1467
		1468	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1469	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1470	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1471	} else {
		1472	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
		1473	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1474	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1475
		1476	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1477	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1478	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1479	}
		1480
		1481	$SIGPIPE_R
		1482	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1483
		1484	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
		1485	}
		1486
		1487	*signal = sub {
975	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1488	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
976		1489
977	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1490	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
978	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";	1491	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
979		1492
		1493	if ($HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT) {
		1494	# async::interrupt
		1495
		1496	$signal = sig2num $signal;
980	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1497	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1498
		1499	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1500	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1501	signal => $signal,
		1502	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1503	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1504	;
		1505
		1506	} else {
		1507	# pure perl
		1508
		1509	# AE::Util has been loaded in signal
		1510	$signal = sig2name $signal;
		1511	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1512
981	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1513	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
982	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} || {} };	1514	local $!;
		1515	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
		1516	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1517	};
		1518
		1519	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1520	# so limit the signal latency.
		1521	_sig_add;
		1522	}
		1523
		1524	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1525	};
		1526
		1527	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1528	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1529
		1530	_sig_del;
		1531
		1532	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1533
		1534	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1535	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1536	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1537	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1538	# instead of getting the default action.
		1539	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1540	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1541	};
983	};	1542	};
984		1543	die if $@;
985	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal"	1544	&signal
986	}
987
988	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {
989	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
990
991	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
992
993	$SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT' unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
994	}	1545	}
995		1546
996	# default implementation for ->child	1547	# default implementation for ->child
997		1548
998	our %PID_CB;	1549	our %PID_CB;
999	our $CHLD_W;	1550	our $CHLD_W;
1000	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1551	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1001	our $PID_IDLE;
1002	our $WNOHANG;	1552	our $WNOHANG;
1003		1553
1004	sub _child_wait {	1554	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
1005	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1555	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1556
		1557	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
1006	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1558	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
1007	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1559	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
1008	}
1009
1010	undef $PID_IDLE;
1011	}	1560	}
1012		1561
1013	sub _sigchld {	1562	sub _sigchld {
1014	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.	1563	my $pid;
1015	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {	1564
1016	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1565	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
1017	&_child_wait;	1566	while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0;
1018	});
1019	}	1567	}
1020		1568
1021	sub child {	1569	sub child {
1022	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1570	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1023		1571
1024	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1572	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)
1025	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1573	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
1026		1574
1027	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1575	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1028		1576
1029	unless ($WNOHANG) {	1577	# WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere
		1578	$WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/
		1579	? 1
1030	$WNOHANG = eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;	1580	: eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1031	}
1032		1581
1033	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1582	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1034	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1583	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1035	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1584	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1036	&_sigchld;	1585	&_sigchld;
1037	}	1586	}
1038		1587
1039	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"	1588	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1040	}	1589	}
1041		1590
1042	sub AnyEvent::Base::Child::DESTROY {	1591	sub AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY {
1043	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1592	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1044		1593
1045	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1594	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};
1046	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1595	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1047		1596
1048	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1597	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
1049	}	1598	}
1050		1599
		1600	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
		1601	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
		1602	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
		1603	sub idle {
		1604	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1605
		1606	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
		1607
		1608	$rcb = sub {
		1609	if ($cb) {
		1610	$w = _time;
		1611	&$cb;
		1612	$w = _time - $w;
		1613
		1614	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
		1615	# within some limits
		1616	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
		1617	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
		1618
		1619	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
		1620	} else {
		1621	# clean up...
		1622	undef $w;
		1623	undef $rcb;
		1624	}
		1625	};
		1626
		1627	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1628
		1629	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
		1630	}
		1631
		1632	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
		1633	undef $${$_[0]};
		1634	}
		1635
1051	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1636	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1052		1637
1053	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1638	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
1054		1639
1055	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1640	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1056		1641
1057	use overload	1642	#use overload
1058	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1643	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
1059	fallback => 1;	1644	# fallback => 1;
		1645
		1646	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1647	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1648	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1649	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1650	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1651
		1652	our $WAITING;
1060		1653
1061	sub _send {	1654	sub _send {
1062	# nop	1655	# nop
1063	}	1656	}
1064		1657
…		…
1077	sub ready {	1670	sub ready {
1078	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1671	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1079	}	1672	}
1080		1673
1081	sub _wait {	1674	sub _wait {
		1675	$WAITING
		1676	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
		1677	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
		1678
		1679	local $WAITING = 1;
1082	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};	1680	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1083	}	1681	}
1084		1682
1085	sub recv {	1683	sub recv {
1086	$_[0]->_wait;	1684	$_[0]->_wait;
…		…
1088	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1686	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};
1089	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1687	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1090	}	1688	}
1091		1689
1092	sub cb {	1690	sub cb {
1093	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1691	my $cv = shift;
		1692
		1693	@_
		1694	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1695	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1696	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1697
1094	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1698	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1095	}	1699	}
1096		1700
1097	sub begin {	1701	sub begin {
1098	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1702	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1099	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1703	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1105	}	1709	}
1106		1710
1107	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4	1711	# undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4
1108	*broadcast = \&send;	1712	*broadcast = \&send;
1109	*wait = \&_wait;	1713	*wait = \&_wait;
		1714
		1715	=head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING
		1716
		1717	In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the
		1718	caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also
		1719	the C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT> environment variable, below) provides strict
		1720	checking of all AnyEvent methods, however, which is highly useful during
		1721	development.
		1722
		1723	As for exception handling (i.e. runtime errors and exceptions thrown while
		1724	executing a callback), this is not only highly event-loop specific, but
		1725	also not in any way wrapped by this module, as this is the job of the main
		1726	program.
		1727
		1728	The pure perl event loop simply re-throws the exception (usually
		1729	within C<< condvar->recv >>), the L<Event> and L<EV> modules call C<<
		1730	$Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and
		1731	so on.
		1732
		1733	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
		1734
		1735	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
		1736	submodules.
		1737
		1738	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1739	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1740	enabled.
		1741
		1742	=over 4
		1743
		1744	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
		1745
		1746	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
		1747	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
		1748	talkative.
		1749
		1750	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
		1751	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
		1752	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
		1753
		1754	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
		1755	model it chooses.
		1756
		1757	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1758	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1759
		1760	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
		1761
		1762	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
		1763	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
		1764	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
		1765	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
		1766	it will croak.
		1767
		1768	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
		1769
		1770	Unlike C<use strict> (or it's modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
		1771	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
		1772	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1773	can be very useful, however.
		1774
		1775	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
		1776
		1777	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
		1778	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
		1779	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
		1780	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
		1781	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
		1782	auto detection and -probing.
		1783
		1784	This functionality might change in future versions.
		1785
		1786	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
		1787	could start your program like this:
		1788
		1789	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
		1790
		1791	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
		1792
		1793	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
		1794	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
		1795	of auto probing).
		1796
		1797	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
		1798	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
		1799	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
		1800	list.
		1801
		1802	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
		1803	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
		1804	small, as the program has to handle conenction and other failures anyways.
		1805
		1806	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
		1807	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
		1808	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
		1809	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
		1810	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
		1811
		1812	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
		1813
		1814	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
		1815	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
		1816	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
		1817	default.
		1818
		1819	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
		1820	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
		1821
		1822	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
		1823
		1824	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
		1825	will create in parallel.
		1826
		1827	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		1828
		1829	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		1830	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		1831	sent to the DNS server.
		1832
		1833	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		1834
		1835	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		1836	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		1837	default config will be used.
		1838
		1839	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		1840
		1841	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		1842	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		1843	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		1844	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1845
		1846	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		1847
		1848	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		1849	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
		1850
		1851	=back
1110		1852
1111	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1853	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1112		1854
1113	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in	1855	This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in
1114	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to	1856	a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to
…		…
1148		1890
1149	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to	1891	I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to
1150	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will	1892	condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will
1151	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must	1893	C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must
1152	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.	1894	not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense.
1153
1154	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1155
1156	The following environment variables are used by this module:
1157
1158	=over 4
1159
1160	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1161
1162	By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal
1163	conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more
1164	talkative.
1165
1166	When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected
1167	conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by
1168	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1169
1170	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1171	model it chooses.
1172
1173	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1174
1175	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1176	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
1177	entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended
1178	and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful,
1179	used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with
1180	auto detection and -probing.
1181
1182	This functionality might change in future versions.
1183
1184	For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you
1185	could start your program like this:
1186
1187	PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ...
1188
1189	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS>
1190
1191	Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences
1192	for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result
1193	of auto probing).
1194
1195	Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families,
1196	current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be
1197	used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
1198	list.
1199
1200	This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
1201	against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
1202	small, as the program has to handle connection errors already-
1203
1204	Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
1205	but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
1206	- only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
1207	addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
1208	IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4.
1209
1210	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0>
1211
1212	Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension
1213	for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but
1214	some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by
1215	default.
1216
1217	Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce
1218	EDNS0 in its DNS requests.
1219
1220	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
1221
1222	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
1223	will create in parallel.
1224
1225	=back
1226		1895
1227	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	1896	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
1228		1897
1229	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer	1898	The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer
1230	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the	1899	to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the
…		…
1393	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2062	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1394	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2063	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1395	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2064	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1396		2065
1397	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2066	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1398	distribution.	2067	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2068	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1399		2069
1400	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2070	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1401		2071
1402	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2072	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1403	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2073	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1424	watcher.	2094	watcher.
1425		2095
1426	=head3 Results	2096	=head3 Results
1427		2097
1428	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2098	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1429	EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface	2099	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1430	EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2100	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1431	CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2101	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1432	Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation	2102	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1433	Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface	2103	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1434	Event/Any 16000 590 35.75 31.42 1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2104	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2105	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2106	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1435	Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour	2107	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1436	Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2108	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1437	POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event	2109	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1438	POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select	2110	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1439		2111
1440	=head3 Discussion	2112	=head3 Discussion
1441		2113
1442	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2114	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1443	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2115	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1455	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2127	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1456	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2128	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1457	cycles with POE.	2129	cycles with POE.
1458		2130
1459	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2131	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1460	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2132	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2133	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2134	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1461	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2135	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1462	natively.
1463		2136
1464	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2137	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1465	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2138	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1466	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2139	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1467	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2140	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
1468	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2141	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1469	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2142	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1470		2143
1471	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2144	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1472	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2145	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2146
		2147	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2148	when using its pure perl backend.
1473		2149
1474	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2150	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1475	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2151	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1476	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2152	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1477	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2153	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1538	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2214	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1539	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2215	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1540	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2216	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1541		2217
1542	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2218	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1543	distribution.	2219	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2220	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1544		2221
1545	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2222	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1546		2223
1547	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2224	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1548	each server has a read and write socket end).	2225	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1555	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2232	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1556	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2233	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1557		2234
1558	=head3 Results	2235	=head3 Results
1559		2236
1560	name sockets create request	2237	name sockets create request
1561	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2238	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1562	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2239	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1563	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2240	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1564	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2241	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
		2242	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
		2243	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1565	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2244	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1566		2245
1567	=head3 Discussion	2246	=head3 Discussion
1568		2247
1569	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2248	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1570	particular event loop.	2249	particular event loop.
…		…
1572	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2251	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1573	is relatively high, though.	2252	is relatively high, though.
1574		2253
1575	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2254	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1576	loops Event and Glib.	2255	loops Event and Glib.
		2256
		2257	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2258	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1577		2259
1578	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2260	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1579	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2261	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1580	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2262	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1581	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2263	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1644	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2326	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1645	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2327	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1646		2328
1647	=back	2329	=back
1648		2330
		2331	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2332
		2333	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2334	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2335	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2336	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2337	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2338	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2339	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2340
		2341	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2342	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2343	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2344	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2345	benchmark nevertheless.
		2346
		2347	name runtime
		2348	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2349	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2350	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2351	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2352	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2353	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2354	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2355	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2356
		2357	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2358	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2359	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2360
		2361	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2362	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2363	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2364	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2365	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2366	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2367	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2368	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2369
		2370	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2371	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2372	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2373	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2374
		2375	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2376	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2377	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2378
		2379	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2380	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda by a
		2381	large margin, even though it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O
		2382	in a non-blocking way.
		2383
		2384	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2385	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2386	part of the IO::lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2387
		2388
		2389	=head1 SIGNALS
		2390
		2391	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
		2392
		2393	=over 4
		2394
		2395	=item SIGCHLD
		2396
		2397	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
		2398	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
		2399	event loops install a similar handler.
		2400
		2401	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2402	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
		2403
		2404	=item SIGPIPE
		2405
		2406	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
		2407	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
		2408
		2409	The rationale for this is that AnyEvent users usually do not really depend
		2410	on SIGPIPE delivery (which is purely an optimisation for shell use, or
		2411	badly-written programs), but C<SIGPIPE> can cause spurious and rare
		2412	program exits as a lot of people do not expect C<SIGPIPE> when writing to
		2413	some random socket.
		2414
		2415	The rationale for installing a no-op handler as opposed to ignoring it is
		2416	that this way, the handler will be restored to defaults on exec.
		2417
		2418	Feel free to install your own handler, or reset it to defaults.
		2419
		2420	=back
		2421
		2422	=cut
		2423
		2424	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2425	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2426
		2427	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
		2428	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
		2429
		2430	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2431
		2432	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2433	it's built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2434
		2435	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2436	modules if they are installed.
		2437
		2438	This section epxlains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2439	affect AnyEvent's operetion.
		2440
		2441	=over 4
		2442
		2443	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2444
		2445	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2446	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2447	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2448	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2449	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2450	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2451
		2452	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2453	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2454	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (And good for
		2455	battery life on laptops).
		2456
		2457	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2458	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2459
		2460	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2461	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2462	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2463	does nothing for those backends.
		2464
		2465	=item L<EV>
		2466
		2467	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2468	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2469	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2470	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2471	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2472	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2473	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2474	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2475
		2476	=item L<Guard>
		2477
		2478	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2479	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2480	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2481	purely used for performance.
		2482
		2483	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2484
		2485	This module is required when you want to read or write JSON data via
		2486	L<AnyEvent::Handle>. It is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2487	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2488
		2489	In fact, L<AnyEvent::Handle> will use L<JSON::XS> by default if it is
		2490	installed.
		2491
		2492	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2493
		2494	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2495	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2496	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2497
		2498	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2499
		2500	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2501	chosen event library does not come with a timing source on it's own. The
		2502	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to
		2503	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2504
		2505	=back
		2506
1649		2507
1650	=head1 FORK	2508	=head1 FORK
1651		2509
1652	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2510	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1653	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2511	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>
1654	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2512	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.
1655		2513
1656	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2514	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1657	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2515	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2516	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
1658		2517
1659		2518
1660	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2519	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1661		2520
1662	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2521	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
1673		2532
1674	use AnyEvent;	2533	use AnyEvent;
1675		2534
1676	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2535	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1677	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2536	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1678	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL).	2537	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
		2538	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2539
		2540	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2541	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2542	enabled.
1679		2543
1680		2544
1681	=head1 BUGS	2545	=head1 BUGS
1682		2546
1683	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard	2547	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
1684	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10	2548	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
1685	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying	2549	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
1686	mamleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as	2550	memleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
1687	pronounced).	2551	pronounced).
1688		2552
1689		2553
1690	=head1 SEE ALSO	2554	=head1 SEE ALSO
1691		2555
…		…
1695	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2559	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1696		2560
1697	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2561	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1698	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2562	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1699	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2563	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1700	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2564	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
1701		2565
1702	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2566	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
1703	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2567	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
1704		2568
1705	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2569	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
1706		2570
1707	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2571	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,
		2572	L<Coro::Event>,
1708		2573
1709	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2574	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,
		2575	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1710		2576
1711		2577
1712	=head1 AUTHOR	2578	=head1 AUTHOR
1713		2579
1714	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2580	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>

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