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Revision 1.196 by root, Thu Mar 26 07:47:42 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.281 by root, Mon Aug 10 01:17:38 2009 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
		6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
		12	# file descriptor readable
11	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub { ... });	13	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
12		14
		15	# one-shot or repeating timers
13	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });	16	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
14	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...	17	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...
15		18
16	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time	19	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
17	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.	20	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
18		21
		22	# POSIX signal
19	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });	23	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });
20		24
		25	# child process exit
21	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {	26	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
22	my ($pid, $status) = @_;	27	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
23	...	28	...
24	});	29	});
		30
		31	# called when event loop idle (if applicable)
		32	my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... });
25		33
26	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged	34	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
27	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's	35	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
28	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send	36	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
29	# use a condvar in callback mode:	37	# use a condvar in callback mode:
…		…
32	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL	40	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
33		41
34	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested	42	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
35	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
36	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
		45
		46	=head1 SUPPORT
		47
		48	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		49	channel, too.
		50
		51	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		52	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
37		53
38	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	54	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
39		55
40	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	56	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
41	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	57	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
…		…
165	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	181	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
166	declared.	182	declared.
167		183
168	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	184	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
169		185
		186	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		187	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		188	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		189	cb => <callback>,
		190	);
		191
170	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	192	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
171	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	193	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
172		194
173	C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch for events	195	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
174	(AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file handle). C<poll>	196	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
		197	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
		198	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
		199	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
		200	or block devices.
		201
175	must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a watcher	202	C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a
176	waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively. C<cb> is the	203	watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively.
		204
177	callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.	205	C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
178		206
179	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and	207	Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
180	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent	208	presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
181	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.	209	callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
182		210
…		…
197	undef $w;	225	undef $w;
198	});	226	});
199		227
200	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	228	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
201		229
		230	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		231
		232	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		233	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		234	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		235	cb => <callback>,
		236	);
		237
202	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	238	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
203	method with the following mandatory arguments:	239	method with the following mandatory arguments:
204		240
205	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	241	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
206	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	242	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
314	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you	350	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
315	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the	351	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
316	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into	352	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
317	account.	353	account.
318		354
		355	=item AnyEvent->now_update
		356
		357	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache
		358	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<
		359	AnyEvent->now >>, above).
		360
		361	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
		362	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
		363	might affect timers and time-outs.
		364
		365	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
		366	event loop's idea of "current time".
		367
		368	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
		369
319	=back	370	=back
320		371
321	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	372	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
		373
		374	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
322		375
323	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	376	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
324	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl	377	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
325	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	378	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
326		379
…		…
332	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	385	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
333	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	386	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
334	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	387	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
335		388
336	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	389	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
337	between multiple watchers.	390	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		391	interrupt your program at bad times.
338		392
339	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	393	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
340	directly will likely not work correctly.	394	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		395	correctly.
341		396
342	Example: exit on SIGINT	397	Example: exit on SIGINT
343		398
344	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	399	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
345		400
		401	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		402
		403	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		404	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		405	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		406	this. AnyEvent will try to do it's best, which means in some cases,
		407	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		408	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		409	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		410	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		411	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		412	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		413	saving.
		414
		415	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		416	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		417	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		418	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does it's own workaround with
		419	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		420
346	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	421	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
347		422
		423	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		424
348	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	425	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
349		426
350	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	427	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (one some backends,
351	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will triggered only when	428	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
352	the child process has finished and an exit status is available, not on	429	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
353	any trace events (stopped/continued).	430	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
		431	(stopped/continued).
354		432
355	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by	433	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
356	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher	434	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
357	callback arguments.	435	callback arguments.
358		436
…		…
363		441
364	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	442	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
365	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	443	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
366	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	444	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
367		445
368	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	446	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		447	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
369	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	448	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
370	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	449	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		450	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		451	start the watcher.
371		452
372	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	453	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
373	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	454	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
374	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	455	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		456	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		457
		458	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		459	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems
		460	mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
375		461
376	Example: fork a process and wait for it	462	Example: fork a process and wait for it
377		463
378	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	464	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
379		465
…		…
389	);	475	);
390		476
391	# do something else, then wait for process exit	477	# do something else, then wait for process exit
392	$done->recv;	478	$done->recv;
393		479
		480	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
		481
		482	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
		483
		484	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important
		485	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
		486	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
		487	attention by the event loop".
		488
		489	Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing
		490	better to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new
		491	events. Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.
		492
		493	Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only
		494	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
		495	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
		496
		497	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
		498	program is otherwise idle:
		499
		500	my @lines; # read data
		501	my $idle_w;
		502	my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
		503	push @lines, scalar <STDIN>;
		504
		505	# start an idle watcher, if not already done
		506	$idle_w ||= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub {
		507	# handle only one line, when there are lines left
		508	if (my $line = shift @lines) {
		509	print "handled when idle: $line";
		510	} else {
		511	# otherwise disable the idle watcher again
		512	undef $idle_w;
		513	}
		514	});
		515	});
		516
394	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	517	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
		518
		519	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		520
		521	$cv->send (<list>);
		522	my @res = $cv->recv;
395		523
396	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	524	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
397	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	525	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
398	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	526	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
399		527
400	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	528	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
401	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	529	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
402		530
403	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	531	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called
404	because they represent a condition that must become true.	532	because they represent a condition that must become true.
405		533
		534	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
		535
406	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	536	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
407	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	537	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
408
409	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	538	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
410	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not	539	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
411	the results).	540	the results).
412		541
413	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	542	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
…		…
418	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	547	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can
419	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	548	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points
420	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	549	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet
421	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	550	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be
422	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	551	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers
423	a result.	552	a result. And yet some people know them as "futures" - a promise to
		553	compute/deliver something that you can wait for.
424		554
425	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	555	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
426	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	556	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
427	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	557	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
428	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	558	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
462	after => 1,	592	after => 1,
463	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	593	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },
464	);	594	);
465		595
466	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	596	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
467	# calls send	597	# calls -<send
468	$result_ready->recv;	598	$result_ready->recv;
469		599
470	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	600	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
471	condition variables are also code references.	601	variables are also callable directly.
472		602
473	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	603	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
474	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	604	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
475	$done->recv;	605	$done->recv;
476		606
…		…
482		612
483	...	613	...
484		614
485	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;	615	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
486		616
487	And this is how you would just ste a callback to be called whenever the	617	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
488	results are available:	618	results are available:
489		619
490	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {	620	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
491	my @info = $_[0]->recv;	621	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
492	});	622	});
…		…
510	immediately from within send.	640	immediately from within send.
511		641
512	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	642	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
513	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	643	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
514		644
515	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	645	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
516	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	646	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
517	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	647	C<send>.
518	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
519	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
520	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
521	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
522	example).
523		648
524	=item $cv->croak ($error)	649	=item $cv->croak ($error)
525		650
526	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	651	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
527	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	652	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
528		653
529	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	654	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
530	user/consumer.	655	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		656	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it
		657	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		658	deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing
		659	the problem.
531		660
532	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	661	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
533		662
534	=item $cv->end	663	=item $cv->end
535
536	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
537		664
538	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	665	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
539	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	666	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
540	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	667	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
541		668
542	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	669	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
543	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	670	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
544	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	671	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
545	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	672	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
546	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	673	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		674	be called without any arguments.
547		675
548	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	676	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		677	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		678	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		679
		680	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		681	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		682	close before activating a condvar:
549		683
550	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	684	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
551		685
		686	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		687	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		688	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		689	or $cv->end;
		690	});
		691
		692	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		693	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		694	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		695	or $cv->end;
		696	});
		697
		698	$cv->recv;
		699
		700	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		701	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		702	sending.
		703
		704	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		705	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		706	begung can potentially be zero:
		707
		708	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		709
552	my %result;	710	my %result;
553	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	711	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
554		712
555	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	713	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
556	$cv->begin;	714	$cv->begin;
557	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	715	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
558	$result{$host} = ...;	716	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
573	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	731	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
574	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	732	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
575	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	733	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
576	doesn't execute once).	734	doesn't execute once).
577		735
578	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	736	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
579	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	737	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
580	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	738	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
581	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	739	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		740	call C<end>.
582		741
583	=back	742	=back
584		743
585	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	744	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
586		745
…		…
602	function will call C<croak>.	761	function will call C<croak>.
603		762
604	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	763	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
605	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	764	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
606		765
		766	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		767	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		768	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		769	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		770	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		771	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		772
607	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	773	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
608	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	774	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
609	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	775	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
610	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	776	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
611	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	777	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
612	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	778	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
613	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	779	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
614		780
615	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
616	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
617	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
618	can supply.
619
620	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
621	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
622	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
623	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
624	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
625
626	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	781	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
627	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	782	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
628	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	783	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
629	waits otherwise.	784	waits otherwise.
630		785
…		…
636	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))	791	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
637		792
638	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	793	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
639	replaces it before doing so.	794	replaces it before doing so.
640		795
641	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	796	The callback will be called when the condition becomes (or already was)
642	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	797	"true", i.e. when C<send> or C<croak> are called (or were called), with
643	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	798	the only argument being the condition variable itself. Calling C<recv>
644	is guaranteed not to block.	799	inside the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
645		800
646	=back	801	=back
647		802
		803	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		804
		805	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		806
		807	=over 4
		808
		809	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		810
		811	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		812	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		813	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		814	AnyEvent itself.
		815
		816	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		817	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
		818
		819	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		820
		821	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher
		822	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		823	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		824	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		825	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		826
		827	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		828	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		829	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		830	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		831	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		832	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		833
		834	=item Backends with special needs.
		835
		836	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		837	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		838	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		839	everything should just work.
		840
		841	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		842
		843	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
		844	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
		845	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
		846	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
		847	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
		848
		849	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
		850
		851	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		852
		853	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		854
		855	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		856
		857	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		858	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		859	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		860	consider for AnyEvent.
		861
		862	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		863	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		864
		865	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		866	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		867	in which case everything will be automatic.
		868
		869	=back
		870
648	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	871	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
649		872
		873	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		874	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		875
650	=over 4	876	=over 4
651		877
652	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	878	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
653		879
654	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	880	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		881	backend has been autodetected.
		882
655	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	883	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
656	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	884	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
657	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	885	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
658	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	886	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
659		887	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
660	The known classes so far are:
661
662	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
663	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
664	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
665	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
666	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
667	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
668	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
669	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
670
671	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
672	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
673	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
674	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
675	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
676	it's adaptor.
677
678	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
679	autodetecting them.
680		888
681	=item AnyEvent::detect	889	=item AnyEvent::detect
682		890
683	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	891	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
684	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	892	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
685	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	893	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
686	runtime.	894	runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.
		895
		896	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		897	created, use C<post_detect>.
687		898
688	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	899	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
689		900
690	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	901	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
691	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	902	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).
692		903
		904	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		905	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		906	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		907	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		908	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		909
		910	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		911	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		912	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		913	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
		914
693	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	915	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
694	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	916	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		917	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
695	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	918	a case where this is useful.
		919
		920	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		921	C<$WATCHER>. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though.
		922
		923	our WATCHER;
		924
		925	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		926	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		927	};
		928
		929	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		930	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		931	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		932	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		933
		934	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
696		935
697	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	936	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
698		937
699	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	938	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
700	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	939	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after
701	the event loop has been chosen.	940	the event loop has been chosen.
702		941
703	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	942	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
704	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	943	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
705	and the array will be ignored.	944	array will be ignored.
706		945
707	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	946	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		947	it,as it takes care of these details.
		948
		949	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		950	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		951	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		952	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
708		953
709	=back	954	=back
710		955
711	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	956	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
712		957
…		…
767		1012
768		1013
769	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1014	=head1 OTHER MODULES
770		1015
771	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1016	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
772	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1017	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
773	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1018	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
774	available via CPAN.	1019	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.
775		1020
776	=over 4	1021	=over 4
777		1022
778	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1023	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
779		1024
…		…
788		1033
789	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>	1034	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
790		1035
791	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,	1036	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
792	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and	1037	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
793	non-blocking SSL/TLS.	1038	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
794		1039
795	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1040	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
796		1041
797	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1042	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
798		1043
…		…
826		1071
827	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>	1072	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
828		1073
829	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.	1074	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
830		1075
		1076	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
		1077
		1078	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
		1079
		1080	=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
		1081
		1082	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
		1083	Net::XMPP2>.
		1084
831	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>	1085	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
832		1086
833	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by	1087	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
834	L<App::IGS>).	1088	L<App::IGS>).
835		1089
836	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
837
838	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
839
840	=item L<Net::XMPP2>
841
842	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
843
844	=item L<Net::FCP>	1090	=item L<Net::FCP>
845		1091
846	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace	1092	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
847	of AnyEvent.	1093	of AnyEvent.
848		1094
…		…
852		1098
853	=item L<Coro>	1099	=item L<Coro>
854		1100
855	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1101	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
856		1102
857	=item L<IO::Lambda>
858
859	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
860
861	=back	1103	=back
862		1104
863	=cut	1105	=cut
864		1106
865	package AnyEvent;	1107	package AnyEvent;
866		1108
		1109	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
		1110	sub common_sense {
867	no warnings;	1111	# no warnings
		1112	${^WARNING_BITS} ^= ${^WARNING_BITS};
868	use strict qw(vars subs);	1113	# use strict vars subs
		1114	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1115	}
869		1116
		1117	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1118
870	use Carp;	1119	use Carp ();
871		1120
872	our $VERSION = 4.341;	1121	our $VERSION = '5.01';
873	our $MODEL;	1122	our $MODEL;
874		1123
875	our $AUTOLOAD;	1124	our $AUTOLOAD;
876	our @ISA;	1125	our @ISA;
877		1126
878	our @REGISTRY;	1127	our @REGISTRY;
879		1128
880	our $WIN32;	1129	our $WIN32;
881		1130
		1131	our $VERBOSE;
		1132
882	BEGIN {	1133	BEGIN {
883	my $win32 = ! ! ($^O =~ /mswin32/i);	1134	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";
884	eval "sub WIN32(){ $win32 }";	1135	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";
885	}
886		1136
		1137	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1138	if ${^TAINT};
		1139
887	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1140	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1141
		1142	}
		1143
		1144	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
888		1145
889	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1146	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
890		1147
891	{	1148	{
892	my $idx;	1149	my $idx;
…		…
894	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1151	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
895	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1152	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
896	}	1153	}
897		1154
898	my @models = (	1155	my @models = (
899	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1156	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
900	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],
901	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],	1157	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
902	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1158	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
903	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1159	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
904	# and is usually faster	1160	# and is usually faster
		1161	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1162	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1163	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1164	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
905	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1165	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
906	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
907	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
908	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1166	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
909	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1167	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
910	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1168	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
911	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1169	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1170	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its
		1171	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.
		1172	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any
		1173	# obvious default class.
		1174	[IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1175	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1176	[IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1177	[AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
912	);	1178	);
913		1179
914	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer time now signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);	1180	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
		1181	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);
915		1182
916	our @post_detect;	1183	our @post_detect;
917		1184
918	sub post_detect(&) {	1185	sub post_detect(&) {
919	my ($cb) = @_;	1186	my ($cb) = @_;
920		1187
921	if ($MODEL) {	1188	if ($MODEL) {
922	$cb->();	1189	$cb->();
923		1190
924	1	1191	undef
925	} else {	1192	} else {
926	push @post_detect, $cb;	1193	push @post_detect, $cb;
927		1194
928	defined wantarray	1195	defined wantarray
929	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect"	1196	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
930	: ()	1197	: ()
931	}	1198	}
932	}	1199	}
933		1200
934	sub AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect::DESTROY {	1201	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
935	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;	1202	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
936	}	1203	}
937		1204
938	sub detect() {	1205	sub detect() {
939	unless ($MODEL) {	1206	unless ($MODEL) {
940	no strict 'refs';
941	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1207	local $SIG{__DIE__};
942		1208
943	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {	1209	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
944	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";	1210	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
945	if (eval "require $model") {	1211	if (eval "require $model") {
946	$MODEL = $model;	1212	$MODEL = $model;
947	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1213	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
948	} else {	1214	} else {
949	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1215	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
950	}	1216	}
951	}	1217	}
952		1218
953	# check for already loaded models	1219	# check for already loaded models
954	unless ($MODEL) {	1220	unless ($MODEL) {
955	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1221	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
956	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1222	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
957	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1223	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
958	if (eval "require $model") {	1224	if (eval "require $model") {
959	$MODEL = $model;	1225	$MODEL = $model;
960	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1226	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
961	last;	1227	last;
962	}	1228	}
963	}	1229	}
964	}	1230	}
965		1231
966	unless ($MODEL) {	1232	unless ($MODEL) {
967	# try to load a model	1233	# try to autoload a model
968
969	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1234	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
970	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1235	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1236	if (
		1237	$autoload
971	if (eval "require $package"	1238	and eval "require $package"
972	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0	1239	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
973	and eval "require $model") {	1240	and eval "require $model"
		1241	) {
974	$MODEL = $model;	1242	$MODEL = $model;
975	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1243	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
976	last;	1244	last;
977	}	1245	}
978	}	1246	}
979		1247
980	$MODEL	1248	$MODEL
981	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.";	1249	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";
982	}	1250	}
983	}	1251	}
984		1252
985	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";	1253	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
986		1254
…		…
996		1264
997	sub AUTOLOAD {	1265	sub AUTOLOAD {
998	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1266	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
999		1267
1000	$method{$func}	1268	$method{$func}
1001	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1269	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";
1002		1270
1003	detect unless $MODEL;	1271	detect unless $MODEL;
1004		1272
1005	my $class = shift;	1273	my $class = shift;
1006	$class->$func (@_);	1274	$class->$func (@_);
1007	}	1275	}
1008		1276
1009	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends	1277	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
1010	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually	1278	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
1011	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).	1279	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
1012	sub _dupfh($$$$) {	1280	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
1013	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;	1281	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
1014		1282
1015	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't	1283	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
1016	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<")	1284	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
1017	: $poll eq "w" ? ($w, ">")
1018	: Carp::croak "AnyEvent->io requires poll set to either 'r' or 'w'";
1019		1285
1020	open my $fh2, "$mode&" . fileno $fh	1286	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
1021	or die "cannot dup() filehandle: $!";	1287	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
1022		1288
1023	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases	1289	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
1024		1290
1025	($fh2, $rw)	1291	($fh2, $rw)
1026	}	1292	}
1027		1293
		1294	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1295
		1296	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1297	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1298	overhead.
		1299
		1300	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1301
		1302	=cut
		1303
		1304	package AE;
		1305
		1306	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1307
		1308	sub io($$$) {
		1309	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1310	}
		1311
		1312	sub timer($$$) {
		1313	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1314	}
		1315
		1316	sub signal($$) {
		1317	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1318	}
		1319
		1320	sub child($$) {
		1321	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1322	}
		1323
		1324	sub idle($) {
		1325	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])
		1326	}
		1327
		1328	sub cv(;&) {
		1329	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1330	}
		1331
		1332	sub now() {
		1333	AnyEvent->now
		1334	}
		1335
		1336	sub now_update() {
		1337	AnyEvent->now_update
		1338	}
		1339
		1340	sub time() {
		1341	AnyEvent->time
		1342	}
		1343
1028	package AnyEvent::Base;	1344	package AnyEvent::Base;
1029		1345
1030	# default implementation for now and time	1346	# default implementations for many methods
1031		1347
1032	BEGIN {	1348	sub _time {
		1349	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
1033	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); time (); 1") {	1350	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1351	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1034	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;	1352	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
1035	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...	1353	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
1036	} else {	1354	} else {
		1355	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
1037	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail	1356	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail
1038	}	1357	}
		1358
		1359	&_time
1039	}	1360	}
1040		1361
1041	sub time { _time }	1362	sub time { _time }
1042	sub now { _time }	1363	sub now { _time }
		1364	sub now_update { }
1043		1365
1044	# default implementation for ->condvar	1366	# default implementation for ->condvar
1045		1367
1046	sub condvar {	1368	sub condvar {
1047	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar::	1369	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
1048	}	1370	}
1049		1371
1050	# default implementation for ->signal	1372	# default implementation for ->signal
1051		1373
		1374	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1375
		1376	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1377	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1378	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.0 (); 1")
		1379	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1380
		1381	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1382	}
		1383
1052	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);	1384	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1385	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1386	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
1053		1387
1054	sub _signal_exec {	1388	sub _signal_exec {
		1389	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1390	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
		1391	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 9;
		1392
1055	while (%SIG_EV) {	1393	while (%SIG_EV) {
1056	sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 4;
1057	for (keys %SIG_EV) {	1394	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
1058	delete $SIG_EV{$_};	1395	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
1059	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };	1396	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
1060	}	1397	}
1061	}	1398	}
1062	}	1399	}
1063		1400
		1401	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1402	sub _sig_add() {
		1403	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1404	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1405	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1406
		1407	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1408	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1409	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1410	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1411	;
		1412	}
		1413	}
		1414
		1415	sub _sig_del {
		1416	undef $SIG_TW
		1417	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
		1418	}
		1419
		1420	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1421	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading
		1422	undef $_sig_name_init;
		1423
		1424	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1425	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1426	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1427	} else {
		1428	require Config;
		1429
		1430	my %signame2num;
		1431	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1432	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
		1433
		1434	my @signum2name;
		1435	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
		1436
		1437	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1438	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1439	};
		1440	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1441	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1442	};
		1443	}
		1444	};
		1445	die if $@;
		1446	};
		1447
		1448	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1449	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
		1450
1064	sub signal {	1451	sub signal {
1065	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1452	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1453	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1454	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1455	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1066		1456
1067	unless ($SIGPIPE_R) {	1457	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
1068	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {	1458	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1069	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();	1459
1070	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R) if $SIGPIPE_R;
1071	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1072	} else {	1460	} else {
1073	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;	1461	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1462
1074	require Fcntl;	1463	require Fcntl;
		1464
		1465	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1466	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1467
		1468	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1469	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1470	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1471	} else {
		1472	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
1075	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;	1473	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
1076	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case	1474	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1475
		1476	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1477	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1478	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1479	}
		1480
		1481	$SIGPIPE_R
		1482	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1483
		1484	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1077	}	1485	}
1078		1486
1079	$SIGPIPE_R	1487	*signal = sub {
1080	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";	1488	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1081		1489
1082	$SIG_IO = AnyEvent->io (fh => $SIGPIPE_R, poll => "r", cb => \&_signal_exec);
1083	}
1084
1085	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1490	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
1086	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";	1491	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
1087		1492
		1493	if ($HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT) {
		1494	# async::interrupt
		1495
		1496	$signal = sig2num $signal;
1088	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1497	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1498
		1499	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1500	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1501	signal => $signal,
		1502	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1503	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1504	;
		1505
		1506	} else {
		1507	# pure perl
		1508
		1509	# AE::Util has been loaded in signal
		1510	$signal = sig2name $signal;
		1511	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1512
1089	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1513	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
		1514	local $!;
1090	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;	1515	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
1091	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};	1516	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1517	};
		1518
		1519	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1520	# so limit the signal latency.
		1521	_sig_add;
		1522	}
		1523
		1524	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1525	};
		1526
		1527	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1528	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1529
		1530	_sig_del;
		1531
		1532	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1533
		1534	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1535	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1536	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1537	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1538	# instead of getting the default action.
		1539	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1540	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1541	};
1092	};	1542	};
1093		1543	die if $@;
1094	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal"	1544	&signal
1095	}
1096
1097	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {
1098	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1099
1100	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
1101
1102	delete $SIG{$signal} unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
1103	}	1545	}
1104		1546
1105	# default implementation for ->child	1547	# default implementation for ->child
1106		1548
1107	our %PID_CB;	1549	our %PID_CB;
1108	our $CHLD_W;	1550	our $CHLD_W;
1109	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1551	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1110	our $PID_IDLE;
1111	our $WNOHANG;	1552	our $WNOHANG;
1112		1553
1113	sub _child_wait {	1554	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
1114	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1555	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1556
		1557	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
1115	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1558	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
1116	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1559	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
1117	}
1118
1119	undef $PID_IDLE;
1120	}	1560	}
1121		1561
1122	sub _sigchld {	1562	sub _sigchld {
1123	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.	1563	my $pid;
1124	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {	1564
1125	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1565	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
1126	&_child_wait;	1566	while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0;
1127	});
1128	}	1567	}
1129		1568
1130	sub child {	1569	sub child {
1131	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1570	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1132		1571
1133	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1572	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)
1134	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1573	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
1135		1574
1136	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1575	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1137		1576
1138	unless ($WNOHANG) {	1577	# WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere
		1578	$WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/
		1579	? 1
1139	$WNOHANG = eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;	1580	: eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1140	}
1141		1581
1142	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1582	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1143	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1583	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1144	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1584	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1145	&_sigchld;	1585	&_sigchld;
1146	}	1586	}
1147		1587
1148	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"	1588	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1149	}	1589	}
1150		1590
1151	sub AnyEvent::Base::Child::DESTROY {	1591	sub AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY {
1152	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1592	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1153		1593
1154	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1594	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};
1155	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1595	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1156		1596
1157	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1597	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
1158	}	1598	}
1159		1599
		1600	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
		1601	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
		1602	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
		1603	sub idle {
		1604	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1605
		1606	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
		1607
		1608	$rcb = sub {
		1609	if ($cb) {
		1610	$w = _time;
		1611	&$cb;
		1612	$w = _time - $w;
		1613
		1614	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
		1615	# within some limits
		1616	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
		1617	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
		1618
		1619	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
		1620	} else {
		1621	# clean up...
		1622	undef $w;
		1623	undef $rcb;
		1624	}
		1625	};
		1626
		1627	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1628
		1629	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
		1630	}
		1631
		1632	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
		1633	undef $${$_[0]};
		1634	}
		1635
1160	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1636	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1161		1637
1162	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1638	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
1163		1639
1164	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1640	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1165		1641
1166	use overload	1642	#use overload
1167	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1643	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
1168	fallback => 1;	1644	# fallback => 1;
		1645
		1646	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1647	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1648	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1649	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1650	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1651
		1652	our $WAITING;
1169		1653
1170	sub _send {	1654	sub _send {
1171	# nop	1655	# nop
1172	}	1656	}
1173		1657
…		…
1186	sub ready {	1670	sub ready {
1187	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1671	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1188	}	1672	}
1189		1673
1190	sub _wait {	1674	sub _wait {
		1675	$WAITING
		1676	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
		1677	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
		1678
		1679	local $WAITING = 1;
1191	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};	1680	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1192	}	1681	}
1193		1682
1194	sub recv {	1683	sub recv {
1195	$_[0]->_wait;	1684	$_[0]->_wait;
…		…
1197	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1686	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};
1198	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1687	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1199	}	1688	}
1200		1689
1201	sub cb {	1690	sub cb {
1202	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1691	my $cv = shift;
		1692
		1693	@_
		1694	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1695	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1696	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1697
1203	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1698	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1204	}	1699	}
1205		1700
1206	sub begin {	1701	sub begin {
1207	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1702	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1208	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1703	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1236	so on.	1731	so on.
1237		1732
1238	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES	1733	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1239		1734
1240	The following environment variables are used by this module or its	1735	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
1241	submodules:	1736	submodules.
		1737
		1738	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1739	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1740	enabled.
1242		1741
1243	=over 4	1742	=over 4
1244		1743
1245	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>	1744	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1246		1745
…		…
1253	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.	1752	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1254		1753
1255	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event	1754	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1256	model it chooses.	1755	model it chooses.
1257		1756
		1757	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1758	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1759
1258	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>	1760	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
1259		1761
1260	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough	1762	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
1261	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value	1763	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
1262	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly	1764	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
1263	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems	1765	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
1264	it will croak.	1766	it will croak.
1265		1767
1266	In other words, enables "strict" mode.	1768	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
1267		1769
1268	Unlike C<use strict>, it is definitely recommended ot keep it off in	1770	Unlike C<use strict> (or it's modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
1269	production. Keeping C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while	1771	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
1270	developing programs can be very useful, however.	1772	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1773	can be very useful, however.
1271		1774
1272	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>	1775	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1273		1776
1274	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before	1777	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1275	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting	1778	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
…		…
1318		1821
1319	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>	1822	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
1320		1823
1321	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>	1824	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
1322	will create in parallel.	1825	will create in parallel.
		1826
		1827	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		1828
		1829	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		1830	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		1831	sent to the DNS server.
		1832
		1833	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		1834
		1835	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		1836	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		1837	default config will be used.
		1838
		1839	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		1840
		1841	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		1842	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		1843	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		1844	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1845
		1846	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		1847
		1848	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		1849	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
1323		1850
1324	=back	1851	=back
1325		1852
1326	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1853	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1327		1854
…		…
1535	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2062	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1536	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2063	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1537	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2064	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1538		2065
1539	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2066	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1540	distribution.	2067	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2068	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1541		2069
1542	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2070	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1543		2071
1544	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2072	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1545	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2073	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1566	watcher.	2094	watcher.
1567		2095
1568	=head3 Results	2096	=head3 Results
1569		2097
1570	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2098	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1571	EV/EV 400000 224 0.47 0.35 0.27 EV native interface	2099	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1572	EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2100	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1573	CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2101	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1574	Perl/Any 100000 452 4.13 0.73 0.95 pure perl implementation	2102	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1575	Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface	2103	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1576	Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2104	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2105	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2106	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1577	Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour	2107	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1578	Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2108	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1579	POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event	2109	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1580	POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select	2110	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1581		2111
1582	=head3 Discussion	2112	=head3 Discussion
1583		2113
1584	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2114	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1585	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2115	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1597	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2127	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1598	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2128	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1599	cycles with POE.	2129	cycles with POE.
1600		2130
1601	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2131	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1602	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2132	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2133	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2134	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1603	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2135	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1604	natively.
1605		2136
1606	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2137	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1607	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2138	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1608	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2139	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1609	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2140	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
1610	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2141	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1611	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2142	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1612		2143
1613	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2144	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1614	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2145	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2146
		2147	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2148	when using its pure perl backend.
1615		2149
1616	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2150	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1617	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2151	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1618	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2152	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1619	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2153	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1680	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2214	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1681	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2215	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1682	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2216	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1683		2217
1684	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2218	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1685	distribution.	2219	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2220	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1686		2221
1687	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2222	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1688		2223
1689	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2224	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1690	each server has a read and write socket end).	2225	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1697	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2232	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1698	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2233	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1699		2234
1700	=head3 Results	2235	=head3 Results
1701		2236
1702	name sockets create request	2237	name sockets create request
1703	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2238	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1704	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2239	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1705	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2240	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1706	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2241	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
		2242	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
		2243	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1707	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2244	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1708		2245
1709	=head3 Discussion	2246	=head3 Discussion
1710		2247
1711	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2248	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1712	particular event loop.	2249	particular event loop.
…		…
1714	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2251	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1715	is relatively high, though.	2252	is relatively high, though.
1716		2253
1717	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2254	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1718	loops Event and Glib.	2255	loops Event and Glib.
		2256
		2257	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2258	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1719		2259
1720	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2260	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1721	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2261	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1722	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2262	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1723	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2263	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1786	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2326	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1787	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2327	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1788		2328
1789	=back	2329	=back
1790		2330
		2331	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2332
		2333	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2334	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2335	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2336	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2337	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2338	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2339	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2340
		2341	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2342	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2343	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2344	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2345	benchmark nevertheless.
		2346
		2347	name runtime
		2348	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2349	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2350	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2351	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2352	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2353	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2354	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2355	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2356
		2357	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2358	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2359	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2360
		2361	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2362	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2363	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2364	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2365	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2366	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2367	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2368	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2369
		2370	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2371	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2372	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2373	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2374
		2375	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2376	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2377	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2378
		2379	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2380	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda by a
		2381	large margin, even though it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O
		2382	in a non-blocking way.
		2383
		2384	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2385	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2386	part of the IO::lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2387
1791		2388
1792	=head1 SIGNALS	2389	=head1 SIGNALS
1793		2390
1794	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:	2391	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
1795		2392
…		…
1798	=item SIGCHLD	2395	=item SIGCHLD
1799		2396
1800	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher	2397	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
1801	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some	2398	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
1802	event loops install a similar handler.	2399	event loops install a similar handler.
		2400
		2401	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2402	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
1803		2403
1804	=item SIGPIPE	2404	=item SIGPIPE
1805		2405
1806	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>	2406	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
1807	when AnyEvent gets loaded.	2407	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
…		…
1819		2419
1820	=back	2420	=back
1821		2421
1822	=cut	2422	=cut
1823		2423
		2424	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2425	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2426
1824	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }	2427	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
1825	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};	2428	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
		2429
		2430	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2431
		2432	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2433	it's built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2434
		2435	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2436	modules if they are installed.
		2437
		2438	This section epxlains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2439	affect AnyEvent's operetion.
		2440
		2441	=over 4
		2442
		2443	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2444
		2445	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2446	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2447	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2448	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2449	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2450	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2451
		2452	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2453	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2454	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (And good for
		2455	battery life on laptops).
		2456
		2457	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2458	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2459
		2460	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2461	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2462	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2463	does nothing for those backends.
		2464
		2465	=item L<EV>
		2466
		2467	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2468	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2469	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2470	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2471	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2472	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2473	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2474	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2475
		2476	=item L<Guard>
		2477
		2478	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2479	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2480	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2481	purely used for performance.
		2482
		2483	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2484
		2485	This module is required when you want to read or write JSON data via
		2486	L<AnyEvent::Handle>. It is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2487	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2488
		2489	In fact, L<AnyEvent::Handle> will use L<JSON::XS> by default if it is
		2490	installed.
		2491
		2492	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2493
		2494	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2495	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2496	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2497
		2498	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2499
		2500	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2501	chosen event library does not come with a timing source on it's own. The
		2502	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to
		2503	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2504
		2505	=back
1826		2506
1827		2507
1828	=head1 FORK	2508	=head1 FORK
1829		2509
1830	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2510	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1831	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2511	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>
1832	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2512	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.
1833		2513
1834	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2514	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1835	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2515	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2516	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
1836		2517
1837		2518
1838	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2519	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1839		2520
1840	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2521	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
1852	use AnyEvent;	2533	use AnyEvent;
1853		2534
1854	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2535	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1855	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2536	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1856	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and	2537	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
1857	$ENV{PERL_ANYEGENT_STRICT}.	2538	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2539
		2540	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2541	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2542	enabled.
1858		2543
1859		2544
1860	=head1 BUGS	2545	=head1 BUGS
1861		2546
1862	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard	2547	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
1863	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10	2548	to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
1864	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying	2549	and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
1865	mamleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as	2550	memleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
1866	pronounced).	2551	pronounced).
1867		2552
1868		2553
1869	=head1 SEE ALSO	2554	=head1 SEE ALSO
1870		2555
…		…
1874	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2559	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1875		2560
1876	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2561	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1877	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2562	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1878	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2563	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1879	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2564	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
1880		2565
1881	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2566	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
1882	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2567	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
1883		2568
1884	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2569	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
1885		2570
1886	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2571	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,
		2572	L<Coro::Event>,
1887		2573
1888	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2574	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,
		2575	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1889		2576
1890		2577
1891	=head1 AUTHOR	2578	=head1 AUTHOR
1892		2579
1893	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2580	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>

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