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Revision 1.200 by root, Wed Apr 1 14:02:27 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.285 by root, Sun Aug 16 17:54:35 2009 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
		6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
		12	# file descriptor readable
11	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub { ... });	13	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... });
12		14
		15	# one-shot or repeating timers
13	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });	16	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... });
14	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...	17	my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...
15		18
16	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time	19	print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time
17	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.	20	print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
18		21
		22	# POSIX signal
19	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });	23	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });
20		24
		25	# child process exit
21	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {	26	my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
22	my ($pid, $status) = @_;	27	my ($pid, $status) = @_;
23	...	28	...
24	});	29	});
		30
		31	# called when event loop idle (if applicable)
		32	my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... });
25		33
26	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged	34	my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
27	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's	35	$w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
28	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send	36	$w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
29	# use a condvar in callback mode:	37	# use a condvar in callback mode:
…		…
32	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL	40	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
33		41
34	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested	42	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
35	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
36	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
		45
		46	=head1 SUPPORT
		47
		48	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		49	channel, too.
		50
		51	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		52	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
37		53
38	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	54	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
39		55
40	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	56	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
41	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	57	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
…		…
165	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	181	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
166	declared.	182	declared.
167		183
168	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	184	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
169		185
		186	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		187	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		188	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		189	cb => <callback>,
		190	);
		191
170	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	192	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
171	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	193	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
172		194
173	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	195	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
174	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file	196	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
175	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which	197	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
176	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,	198	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
177	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files	199	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
178	or block devices.	200	or block devices.
…		…
203	undef $w;	225	undef $w;
204	});	226	});
205		227
206	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	228	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
207		229
		230	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		231
		232	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		233	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		234	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		235	cb => <callback>,
		236	);
		237
208	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	238	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
209	method with the following mandatory arguments:	239	method with the following mandatory arguments:
210		240
211	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	241	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
212	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	242	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
320	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you	350	In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
321	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the	351	can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
322	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into	352	difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
323	account.	353	account.
324		354
		355	=item AnyEvent->now_update
		356
		357	Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache
		358	the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<
		359	AnyEvent->now >>, above).
		360
		361	When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
		362	this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
		363	might affect timers and time-outs.
		364
		365	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
		366	event loop's idea of "current time".
		367
		368	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
		369
325	=back	370	=back
326		371
327	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	372	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
		373
		374	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
328		375
329	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	376	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
330	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl	377	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
331	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	378	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
332		379
…		…
338	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	385	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
339	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	386	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
340	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	387	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
341		388
342	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	389	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
343	between multiple watchers.	390	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		391	interrupt your program at bad times.
344		392
345	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	393	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
346	directly will likely not work correctly.	394	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		395	correctly.
347		396
348	Example: exit on SIGINT	397	Example: exit on SIGINT
349		398
350	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	399	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
351		400
		401	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		402
		403	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		404	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		405	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		406	this. AnyEvent will try to do it's best, which means in some cases,
		407	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		408	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		409	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		410	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		411	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		412	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		413	saving.
		414
		415	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		416	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		417	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		418	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does it's own workaround with
		419	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		420
352	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	421	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
353		422
		423	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		424
354	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	425	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
355		426
356	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	427	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (one some backends,
357	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will triggered only when	428	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
358	the child process has finished and an exit status is available, not on	429	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
359	any trace events (stopped/continued).	430	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
		431	(stopped/continued).
360		432
361	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by	433	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
362	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher	434	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
363	callback arguments.	435	callback arguments.
364		436
…		…
369		441
370	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	442	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
371	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	443	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
372	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	444	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
373		445
374	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	446	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		447	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
375	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	448	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
376	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	449	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		450	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		451	start the watcher.
377		452
378	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	453	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
379	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	454	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
380	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	455	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		456	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		457
		458	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		459	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems
		460	mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
381		461
382	Example: fork a process and wait for it	462	Example: fork a process and wait for it
383		463
384	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	464	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
385		465
…		…
395	);	475	);
396		476
397	# do something else, then wait for process exit	477	# do something else, then wait for process exit
398	$done->recv;	478	$done->recv;
399		479
		480	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
		481
		482	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
		483
		484	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important
		485	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
		486	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
		487	attention by the event loop".
		488
		489	Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing
		490	better to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new
		491	events. Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.
		492
		493	Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only
		494	EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
		495	will simply call the callback "from time to time".
		496
		497	Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
		498	program is otherwise idle:
		499
		500	my @lines; # read data
		501	my $idle_w;
		502	my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
		503	push @lines, scalar <STDIN>;
		504
		505	# start an idle watcher, if not already done
		506	$idle_w ||= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub {
		507	# handle only one line, when there are lines left
		508	if (my $line = shift @lines) {
		509	print "handled when idle: $line";
		510	} else {
		511	# otherwise disable the idle watcher again
		512	undef $idle_w;
		513	}
		514	});
		515	});
		516
400	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	517	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
		518
		519	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		520
		521	$cv->send (<list>);
		522	my @res = $cv->recv;
401		523
402	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	524	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
403	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	525	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
404	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	526	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
405		527
406	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	528	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
407	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	529	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
408		530
409	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	531	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called
410	because they represent a condition that must become true.	532	because they represent a condition that must become true.
411		533
		534	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
		535
412	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	536	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
413	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	537	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
414
415	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	538	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
416	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not	539	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
417	the results).	540	the results).
418		541
419	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	542	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
…		…
424	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	547	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can
425	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	548	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points
426	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	549	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet
427	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	550	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be
428	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	551	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers
429	a result.	552	a result. And yet some people know them as "futures" - a promise to
		553	compute/deliver something that you can wait for.
430		554
431	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	555	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
432	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	556	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
433	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	557	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
434	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	558	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
468	after => 1,	592	after => 1,
469	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	593	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },
470	);	594	);
471		595
472	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	596	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
473	# calls send	597	# calls ->send
474	$result_ready->recv;	598	$result_ready->recv;
475		599
476	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	600	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
477	condition variables are also code references.	601	variables are also callable directly.
478		602
479	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	603	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
480	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	604	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
481	$done->recv;	605	$done->recv;
482		606
…		…
488		612
489	...	613	...
490		614
491	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;	615	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
492		616
493	And this is how you would just ste a callback to be called whenever the	617	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
494	results are available:	618	results are available:
495		619
496	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {	620	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
497	my @info = $_[0]->recv;	621	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
498	});	622	});
…		…
516	immediately from within send.	640	immediately from within send.
517		641
518	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	642	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
519	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	643	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
520		644
521	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	645	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
522	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	646	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
523	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	647	C<send>.
524	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
525	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
526	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
527	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
528	example).
529		648
530	=item $cv->croak ($error)	649	=item $cv->croak ($error)
531		650
532	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	651	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
533	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	652	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
534		653
535	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	654	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
536	user/consumer.	655	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		656	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it
		657	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		658	deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing
		659	the problem.
537		660
538	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	661	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
539		662
540	=item $cv->end	663	=item $cv->end
541
542	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
543		664
544	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	665	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
545	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	666	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
546	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	667	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
547		668
548	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	669	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
549	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	670	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
550	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	671	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
551	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	672	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
552	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	673	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		674	be called without any arguments.
553		675
554	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	676	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		677	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		678	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		679
		680	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		681	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		682	close before activating a condvar:
555		683
556	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	684	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
557		685
		686	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		687	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		688	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		689	or $cv->end;
		690	});
		691
		692	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		693	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		694	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		695	or $cv->end;
		696	});
		697
		698	$cv->recv;
		699
		700	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		701	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		702	sending.
		703
		704	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		705	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		706	begung can potentially be zero:
		707
		708	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		709
558	my %result;	710	my %result;
559	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	711	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
560		712
561	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	713	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
562	$cv->begin;	714	$cv->begin;
563	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	715	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
564	$result{$host} = ...;	716	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
579	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	731	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
580	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	732	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
581	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	733	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
582	doesn't execute once).	734	doesn't execute once).
583		735
584	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	736	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
585	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	737	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
586	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	738	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
587	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	739	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		740	call C<end>.
588		741
589	=back	742	=back
590		743
591	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	744	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
592		745
…		…
608	function will call C<croak>.	761	function will call C<croak>.
609		762
610	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	763	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
611	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	764	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
612		765
		766	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		767	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		768	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		769	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		770	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		771	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		772
613	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	773	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
614	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	774	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
615	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	775	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
616	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	776	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
617	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	777	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
618	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	778	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
619	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	779	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
620		780
621	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
622	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
623	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
624	can supply.
625
626	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
627	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
628	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
629	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
630	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
631
632	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	781	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
633	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	782	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
634	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	783	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
635	waits otherwise.	784	waits otherwise.
636		785
…		…
642	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))	791	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
643		792
644	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	793	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
645	replaces it before doing so.	794	replaces it before doing so.
646		795
647	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	796	The callback will be called when the condition becomes (or already was)
648	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	797	"true", i.e. when C<send> or C<croak> are called (or were called), with
649	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	798	the only argument being the condition variable itself. Calling C<recv>
650	is guaranteed not to block.	799	inside the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
651		800
652	=back	801	=back
653		802
		803	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		804
		805	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		806
		807	=over 4
		808
		809	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		810
		811	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		812	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		813	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		814	AnyEvent itself.
		815
		816	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		817	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
		818
		819	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		820
		821	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher
		822	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		823	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		824	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		825	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		826
		827	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		828	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		829	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		830	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		831	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		832	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		833
		834	=item Backends with special needs.
		835
		836	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		837	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		838	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		839	everything should just work.
		840
		841	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		842
		843	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
		844	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
		845	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
		846	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
		847	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
		848
		849	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
		850
		851	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		852
		853	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		854
		855	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		856
		857	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		858	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		859	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		860	consider for AnyEvent.
		861
		862	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		863	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		864
		865	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		866	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		867	in which case everything will be automatic.
		868
		869	=back
		870
654	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	871	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
655		872
		873	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		874	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		875
656	=over 4	876	=over 4
657		877
658	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	878	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
659		879
660	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	880	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		881	backend has been autodetected.
		882
661	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	883	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
662	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	884	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
663	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	885	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
664	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	886	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
665		887	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
666	The known classes so far are:
667
668	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
669	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
670	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
671	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
672	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
673	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
674	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
675	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
676
677	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
678	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
679	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
680	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
681	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
682	it's adaptor.
683
684	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
685	autodetecting them.
686		888
687	=item AnyEvent::detect	889	=item AnyEvent::detect
688		890
689	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	891	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
690	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	892	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
691	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	893	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
692	runtime.	894	runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.
		895
		896	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		897	created, use C<post_detect>.
693		898
694	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	899	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
695		900
696	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	901	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
697	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	902	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).
698		903
		904	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		905	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		906	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		907	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		908	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		909
		910	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		911	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		912	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		913	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
		914
699	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	915	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
700	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	916	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		917	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
701	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	918	a case where this is useful.
		919
		920	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		921	C<$WATCHER>. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though.
		922
		923	our WATCHER;
		924
		925	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		926	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		927	};
		928
		929	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		930	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		931	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		932	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		933
		934	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
702		935
703	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	936	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
704		937
705	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	938	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
706	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	939	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after
707	the event loop has been chosen.	940	the event loop has been chosen.
708		941
709	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	942	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
710	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	943	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
711	and the array will be ignored.	944	array will be ignored.
712		945
713	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	946	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		947	it,as it takes care of these details.
		948
		949	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		950	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		951	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		952	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
714		953
715	=back	954	=back
716		955
717	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	956	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
718		957
…		…
773		1012
774		1013
775	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1014	=head1 OTHER MODULES
776		1015
777	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1016	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
778	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1017	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
779	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1018	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
780	available via CPAN.	1019	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.
781		1020
782	=over 4	1021	=over 4
783		1022
784	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1023	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
785		1024
…		…
794		1033
795	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>	1034	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
796		1035
797	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,	1036	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
798	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and	1037	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
799	non-blocking SSL/TLS.	1038	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
800		1039
801	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1040	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
802		1041
803	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1042	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
804		1043
…		…
832		1071
833	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>	1072	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
834		1073
835	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.	1074	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
836		1075
		1076	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
		1077
		1078	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
		1079
		1080	=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
		1081
		1082	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
		1083	Net::XMPP2>.
		1084
837	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>	1085	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
838		1086
839	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by	1087	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
840	L<App::IGS>).	1088	L<App::IGS>).
841		1089
842	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
843
844	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
845
846	=item L<Net::XMPP2>
847
848	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
849
850	=item L<Net::FCP>	1090	=item L<Net::FCP>
851		1091
852	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace	1092	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
853	of AnyEvent.	1093	of AnyEvent.
854		1094
…		…
858		1098
859	=item L<Coro>	1099	=item L<Coro>
860		1100
861	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1101	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
862		1102
863	=item L<IO::Lambda>
864
865	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
866
867	=back	1103	=back
868		1104
869	=cut	1105	=cut
870		1106
871	package AnyEvent;	1107	package AnyEvent;
872		1108
		1109	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
		1110	sub common_sense {
873	no warnings;	1111	# no warnings
		1112	${^WARNING_BITS} ^= ${^WARNING_BITS};
874	use strict qw(vars subs);	1113	# use strict vars subs
		1114	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1115	}
875		1116
		1117	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1118
876	use Carp;	1119	use Carp ();
877		1120
878	our $VERSION = 4.35;	1121	our $VERSION = '5.111';
879	our $MODEL;	1122	our $MODEL;
880		1123
881	our $AUTOLOAD;	1124	our $AUTOLOAD;
882	our @ISA;	1125	our @ISA;
883		1126
884	our @REGISTRY;	1127	our @REGISTRY;
885		1128
886	our $WIN32;	1129	our $WIN32;
887		1130
		1131	our $VERBOSE;
		1132
888	BEGIN {	1133	BEGIN {
889	my $win32 = ! ! ($^O =~ /mswin32/i);	1134	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";
890	eval "sub WIN32(){ $win32 }";	1135	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";
891	}
892		1136
		1137	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1138	if ${^TAINT};
		1139
893	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1140	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1141
		1142	}
		1143
		1144	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
894		1145
895	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1146	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
896		1147
897	{	1148	{
898	my $idx;	1149	my $idx;
…		…
900	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1151	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
901	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1152	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
902	}	1153	}
903		1154
904	my @models = (	1155	my @models = (
905	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1156	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
906	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],
907	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],	1157	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
908	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1158	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
909	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1159	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
910	# and is usually faster	1160	# and is usually faster
		1161	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1162	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1163	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1164	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
911	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1165	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
912	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
913	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
914	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1166	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
915	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1167	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
916	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1168	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
917	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1169	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1170	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its
		1171	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.
		1172	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any
		1173	# obvious default class.
		1174	[IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1175	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1176	[IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1177	[AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
918	);	1178	);
919		1179
920	our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer time now signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);	1180	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
		1181	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);
921		1182
922	our @post_detect;	1183	our @post_detect;
923		1184
924	sub post_detect(&) {	1185	sub post_detect(&) {
925	my ($cb) = @_;	1186	my ($cb) = @_;
926		1187
927	if ($MODEL) {	1188	if ($MODEL) {
928	$cb->();	1189	$cb->();
929		1190
930	1	1191	undef
931	} else {	1192	} else {
932	push @post_detect, $cb;	1193	push @post_detect, $cb;
933		1194
934	defined wantarray	1195	defined wantarray
935	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect"	1196	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
936	: ()	1197	: ()
937	}	1198	}
938	}	1199	}
939		1200
940	sub AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect::DESTROY {	1201	sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
941	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;	1202	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
942	}	1203	}
943		1204
944	sub detect() {	1205	sub detect() {
945	unless ($MODEL) {	1206	unless ($MODEL) {
946	no strict 'refs';
947	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1207	local $SIG{__DIE__};
948		1208
949	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {	1209	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
950	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";	1210	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
951	if (eval "require $model") {	1211	if (eval "require $model") {
952	$MODEL = $model;	1212	$MODEL = $model;
953	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1213	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
954	} else {	1214	} else {
955	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1215	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
956	}	1216	}
957	}	1217	}
958		1218
959	# check for already loaded models	1219	# check for already loaded models
960	unless ($MODEL) {	1220	unless ($MODEL) {
961	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1221	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
962	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1222	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
963	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1223	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
964	if (eval "require $model") {	1224	if (eval "require $model") {
965	$MODEL = $model;	1225	$MODEL = $model;
966	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1226	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
967	last;	1227	last;
968	}	1228	}
969	}	1229	}
970	}	1230	}
971		1231
972	unless ($MODEL) {	1232	unless ($MODEL) {
973	# try to load a model	1233	# try to autoload a model
974
975	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1234	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
976	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1235	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1236	if (
		1237	$autoload
977	if (eval "require $package"	1238	and eval "require $package"
978	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0	1239	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
979	and eval "require $model") {	1240	and eval "require $model"
		1241	) {
980	$MODEL = $model;	1242	$MODEL = $model;
981	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1243	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
982	last;	1244	last;
983	}	1245	}
984	}	1246	}
985		1247
986	$MODEL	1248	$MODEL
987	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.";	1249	or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";
988	}	1250	}
989	}	1251	}
990		1252
991	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";	1253	push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
992		1254
…		…
1002		1264
1003	sub AUTOLOAD {	1265	sub AUTOLOAD {
1004	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1266	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
1005		1267
1006	$method{$func}	1268	$method{$func}
1007	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1269	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";
1008		1270
1009	detect unless $MODEL;	1271	detect unless $MODEL;
1010		1272
1011	my $class = shift;	1273	my $class = shift;
1012	$class->$func (@_);	1274	$class->$func (@_);
1013	}	1275	}
1014		1276
1015	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends	1277	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
1016	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually	1278	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
1017	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).	1279	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
1018	sub _dupfh($$$$) {	1280	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
1019	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;	1281	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
1020		1282
1021	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't	1283	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
1022	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<")	1284	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
1023	: $poll eq "w" ? ($w, ">")
1024	: Carp::croak "AnyEvent->io requires poll set to either 'r' or 'w'";
1025		1285
1026	open my $fh2, "$mode&" . fileno $fh	1286	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
1027	or die "cannot dup() filehandle: $!";	1287	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
1028		1288
1029	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases	1289	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
1030		1290
1031	($fh2, $rw)	1291	($fh2, $rw)
1032	}	1292	}
1033		1293
		1294	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1295
		1296	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1297	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1298	overhead.
		1299
		1300	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1301
		1302	=cut
		1303
		1304	package AE;
		1305
		1306	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1307
		1308	sub io($$$) {
		1309	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1310	}
		1311
		1312	sub timer($$$) {
		1313	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1314	}
		1315
		1316	sub signal($$) {
		1317	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1318	}
		1319
		1320	sub child($$) {
		1321	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1322	}
		1323
		1324	sub idle($) {
		1325	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])
		1326	}
		1327
		1328	sub cv(;&) {
		1329	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1330	}
		1331
		1332	sub now() {
		1333	AnyEvent->now
		1334	}
		1335
		1336	sub now_update() {
		1337	AnyEvent->now_update
		1338	}
		1339
		1340	sub time() {
		1341	AnyEvent->time
		1342	}
		1343
1034	package AnyEvent::Base;	1344	package AnyEvent::Base;
1035		1345
1036	# default implementation for now and time	1346	# default implementations for many methods
1037		1347
1038	BEGIN {	1348	sub _time {
		1349	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
1039	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); time (); 1") {	1350	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1351	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1040	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;	1352	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
1041	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...	1353	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
1042	} else {	1354	} else {
		1355	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
1043	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail	1356	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail
1044	}	1357	}
		1358
		1359	&_time
1045	}	1360	}
1046		1361
1047	sub time { _time }	1362	sub time { _time }
1048	sub now { _time }	1363	sub now { _time }
		1364	sub now_update { }
1049		1365
1050	# default implementation for ->condvar	1366	# default implementation for ->condvar
1051		1367
1052	sub condvar {	1368	sub condvar {
1053	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar::	1369	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
1054	}	1370	}
1055		1371
1056	# default implementation for ->signal	1372	# default implementation for ->signal
1057		1373
		1374	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1375
		1376	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1377	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1378	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.0 (); 1")
		1379	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1380
		1381	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1382	}
		1383
1058	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);	1384	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1385	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1386	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
1059		1387
1060	sub _signal_exec {	1388	sub _signal_exec {
		1389	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1390	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
1061	sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 4;	1391	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 9;
1062		1392
1063	while (%SIG_EV) {	1393	while (%SIG_EV) {
1064	for (keys %SIG_EV) {	1394	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
1065	delete $SIG_EV{$_};	1395	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
1066	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };	1396	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
1067	}	1397	}
1068	}	1398	}
1069	}	1399	}
1070		1400
		1401	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1402	sub _sig_add() {
		1403	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1404	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1405	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1406
		1407	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1408	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1409	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1410	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1411	;
		1412	}
		1413	}
		1414
		1415	sub _sig_del {
		1416	undef $SIG_TW
		1417	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
		1418	}
		1419
		1420	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1421	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading
		1422	undef $_sig_name_init;
		1423
		1424	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1425	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1426	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1427	} else {
		1428	require Config;
		1429
		1430	my %signame2num;
		1431	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1432	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
		1433
		1434	my @signum2name;
		1435	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
		1436
		1437	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1438	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1439	};
		1440	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1441	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1442	};
		1443	}
		1444	};
		1445	die if $@;
		1446	};
		1447
		1448	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1449	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
		1450
1071	sub signal {	1451	sub signal {
1072	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1452	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1453	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1454	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1455	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1073		1456
1074	unless ($SIGPIPE_R) {	1457	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
1075	require Fcntl;	1458	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1076		1459
1077	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
1078	require AnyEvent::Util;
1079
1080	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
1081	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R) if $SIGPIPE_R;
1082	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1083	} else {	1460	} else {
		1461	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1462
		1463	require Fcntl;
		1464
		1465	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1466	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1467
		1468	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1469	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1470	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1471	} else {
1084	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;	1472	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
1085	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;	1473	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
1086	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case	1474	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1475
		1476	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1477	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1478	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1479	}
		1480
		1481	$SIGPIPE_R
		1482	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1483
		1484	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1087	}	1485	}
1088		1486
1089	$SIGPIPE_R	1487	*signal = sub {
1090	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";	1488	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1091		1489
1092	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
1093	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
1094
1095	$SIG_IO = AnyEvent->io (fh => $SIGPIPE_R, poll => "r", cb => \&_signal_exec);
1096	}
1097
1098	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1490	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
1099	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";	1491	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
1100		1492
		1493	if ($HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT) {
		1494	# async::interrupt
		1495
		1496	$signal = sig2num $signal;
1101	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1497	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1498
		1499	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1500	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1501	signal => $signal,
		1502	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1503	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1504	;
		1505
		1506	} else {
		1507	# pure perl
		1508
		1509	# AE::Util has been loaded in signal
		1510	$signal = sig2name $signal;
		1511	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1512
1102	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1513	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
		1514	local $!;
1103	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;	1515	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
1104	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};	1516	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1517	};
		1518
		1519	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1520	# so limit the signal latency.
		1521	_sig_add;
		1522	}
		1523
		1524	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1525	};
		1526
		1527	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1528	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1529
		1530	_sig_del;
		1531
		1532	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1533
		1534	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1535	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1536	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1537	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1538	# instead of getting the default action.
		1539	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1540	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1541	};
1105	};	1542	};
1106		1543	die if $@;
1107	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal"	1544	&signal
1108	}
1109
1110	sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {
1111	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1112
1113	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
1114
1115	delete $SIG{$signal} unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
1116	}	1545	}
1117		1546
1118	# default implementation for ->child	1547	# default implementation for ->child
1119		1548
1120	our %PID_CB;	1549	our %PID_CB;
1121	our $CHLD_W;	1550	our $CHLD_W;
1122	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1551	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1123	our $PID_IDLE;
1124	our $WNOHANG;	1552	our $WNOHANG;
1125		1553
1126	sub _child_wait {	1554	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
1127	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1555	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1556
		1557	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
1128	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),	1558	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
1129	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });	1559	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
1130	}
1131
1132	undef $PID_IDLE;
1133	}	1560	}
1134		1561
1135	sub _sigchld {	1562	sub _sigchld {
1136	# make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.	1563	my $pid;
1137	$CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {	1564
1138	undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1565	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
1139	&_child_wait;	1566	while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0;
1140	});
1141	}	1567	}
1142		1568
1143	sub child {	1569	sub child {
1144	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1570	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1145		1571
1146	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1572	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)
1147	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1573	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
1148		1574
1149	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1575	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1150		1576
1151	unless ($WNOHANG) {	1577	# WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere
		1578	$WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/
		1579	? 1
1152	$WNOHANG = eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;	1580	: eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1153	}
1154		1581
1155	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1582	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1156	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1583	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1157	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1584	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1158	&_sigchld;	1585	&_sigchld;
1159	}	1586	}
1160		1587
1161	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"	1588	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
1162	}	1589	}
1163		1590
1164	sub AnyEvent::Base::Child::DESTROY {	1591	sub AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY {
1165	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};	1592	my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1166		1593
1167	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};	1594	delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};
1168	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };	1595	delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
1169		1596
1170	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;	1597	undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
1171	}	1598	}
1172		1599
		1600	# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
		1601	# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
		1602	# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
		1603	sub idle {
		1604	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
		1605
		1606	my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
		1607
		1608	$rcb = sub {
		1609	if ($cb) {
		1610	$w = _time;
		1611	&$cb;
		1612	$w = _time - $w;
		1613
		1614	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
		1615	# within some limits
		1616	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
		1617	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
		1618
		1619	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
		1620	} else {
		1621	# clean up...
		1622	undef $w;
		1623	undef $rcb;
		1624	}
		1625	};
		1626
		1627	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
		1628
		1629	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
		1630	}
		1631
		1632	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
		1633	undef $${$_[0]};
		1634	}
		1635
1173	package AnyEvent::CondVar;	1636	package AnyEvent::CondVar;
1174		1637
1175	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1638	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
1176		1639
1177	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1640	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1178		1641
1179	use overload	1642	#use overload
1180	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1643	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
1181	fallback => 1;	1644	# fallback => 1;
		1645
		1646	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1647	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1648	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1649	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1650	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1651
		1652	our $WAITING;
1182		1653
1183	sub _send {	1654	sub _send {
1184	# nop	1655	# nop
1185	}	1656	}
1186		1657
…		…
1199	sub ready {	1670	sub ready {
1200	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1671	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1201	}	1672	}
1202		1673
1203	sub _wait {	1674	sub _wait {
		1675	$WAITING
		1676	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
		1677	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
		1678
		1679	local $WAITING = 1;
1204	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};	1680	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1205	}	1681	}
1206		1682
1207	sub recv {	1683	sub recv {
1208	$_[0]->_wait;	1684	$_[0]->_wait;
…		…
1210	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1686	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};
1211	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1687	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1212	}	1688	}
1213		1689
1214	sub cb {	1690	sub cb {
1215	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1691	my $cv = shift;
		1692
		1693	@_
		1694	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1695	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1696	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1697
1216	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1698	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1217	}	1699	}
1218		1700
1219	sub begin {	1701	sub begin {
1220	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1702	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1221	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1703	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1249	so on.	1731	so on.
1250		1732
1251	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES	1733	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1252		1734
1253	The following environment variables are used by this module or its	1735	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
1254	submodules:	1736	submodules.
		1737
		1738	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1739	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1740	enabled.
1255		1741
1256	=over 4	1742	=over 4
1257		1743
1258	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>	1744	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1259		1745
…		…
1266	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.	1752	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1267		1753
1268	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event	1754	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1269	model it chooses.	1755	model it chooses.
1270		1756
		1757	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1758	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1759
1271	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>	1760	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
1272		1761
1273	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough	1762	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
1274	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value	1763	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
1275	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly	1764	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
1276	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems	1765	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
1277	it will croak.	1766	it will croak.
1278		1767
1279	In other words, enables "strict" mode.	1768	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
1280		1769
1281	Unlike C<use strict>, it is definitely recommended ot keep it off in	1770	Unlike C<use strict> (or it's modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
1282	production. Keeping C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while	1771	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
1283	developing programs can be very useful, however.	1772	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1773	can be very useful, however.
1284		1774
1285	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>	1775	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1286		1776
1287	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before	1777	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1288	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting	1778	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
…		…
1331		1821
1332	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>	1822	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
1333		1823
1334	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>	1824	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
1335	will create in parallel.	1825	will create in parallel.
		1826
		1827	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		1828
		1829	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		1830	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		1831	sent to the DNS server.
		1832
		1833	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		1834
		1835	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		1836	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		1837	default config will be used.
		1838
		1839	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		1840
		1841	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		1842	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		1843	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		1844	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1845
		1846	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		1847
		1848	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		1849	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
1336		1850
1337	=back	1851	=back
1338		1852
1339	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1853	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1340		1854
…		…
1548	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2062	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1549	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2063	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1550	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2064	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1551		2065
1552	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2066	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1553	distribution.	2067	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2068	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1554		2069
1555	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2070	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1556		2071
1557	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2072	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1558	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2073	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1579	watcher.	2094	watcher.
1580		2095
1581	=head3 Results	2096	=head3 Results
1582		2097
1583	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2098	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1584	EV/EV 400000 224 0.47 0.35 0.27 EV native interface	2099	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1585	EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2100	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1586	CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2101	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1587	Perl/Any 100000 452 4.13 0.73 0.95 pure perl implementation	2102	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1588	Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface	2103	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1589	Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2104	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2105	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2106	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1590	Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour	2107	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1591	Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2108	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1592	POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event	2109	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1593	POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select	2110	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1594		2111
1595	=head3 Discussion	2112	=head3 Discussion
1596		2113
1597	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2114	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1598	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2115	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1610	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2127	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1611	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2128	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1612	cycles with POE.	2129	cycles with POE.
1613		2130
1614	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2131	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1615	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2132	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2133	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2134	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1616	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2135	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1617	natively.
1618		2136
1619	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2137	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1620	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2138	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1621	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2139	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1622	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2140	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
1623	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2141	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1624	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2142	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1625		2143
1626	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2144	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1627	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2145	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2146
		2147	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2148	when using its pure perl backend.
1628		2149
1629	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2150	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1630	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2151	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1631	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2152	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1632	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2153	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1693	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2214	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1694	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2215	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1695	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2216	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1696		2217
1697	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2218	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1698	distribution.	2219	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2220	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1699		2221
1700	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2222	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1701		2223
1702	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2224	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1703	each server has a read and write socket end).	2225	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1710	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2232	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1711	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2233	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1712		2234
1713	=head3 Results	2235	=head3 Results
1714		2236
1715	name sockets create request	2237	name sockets create request
1716	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2238	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1717	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2239	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1718	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2240	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1719	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2241	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
		2242	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
		2243	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1720	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2244	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1721		2245
1722	=head3 Discussion	2246	=head3 Discussion
1723		2247
1724	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2248	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1725	particular event loop.	2249	particular event loop.
…		…
1727	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2251	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1728	is relatively high, though.	2252	is relatively high, though.
1729		2253
1730	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2254	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1731	loops Event and Glib.	2255	loops Event and Glib.
		2256
		2257	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2258	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1732		2259
1733	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2260	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1734	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2261	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1735	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2262	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1736	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2263	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1799	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2326	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1800	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2327	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1801		2328
1802	=back	2329	=back
1803		2330
		2331	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2332
		2333	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2334	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2335	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2336	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2337	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2338	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2339	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2340
		2341	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2342	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2343	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2344	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2345	benchmark nevertheless.
		2346
		2347	name runtime
		2348	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2349	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2350	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2351	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2352	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2353	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2354	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2355	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2356
		2357	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2358	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2359	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2360
		2361	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2362	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2363	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2364	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2365	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2366	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2367	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2368	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2369
		2370	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2371	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2372	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2373	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2374
		2375	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2376	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2377	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2378
		2379	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2380	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda by a
		2381	large margin, even though it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O
		2382	in a non-blocking way.
		2383
		2384	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2385	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2386	part of the IO::lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2387
1804		2388
1805	=head1 SIGNALS	2389	=head1 SIGNALS
1806		2390
1807	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:	2391	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
1808		2392
…		…
1811	=item SIGCHLD	2395	=item SIGCHLD
1812		2396
1813	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher	2397	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
1814	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some	2398	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
1815	event loops install a similar handler.	2399	event loops install a similar handler.
		2400
		2401	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2402	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
1816		2403
1817	=item SIGPIPE	2404	=item SIGPIPE
1818		2405
1819	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>	2406	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
1820	when AnyEvent gets loaded.	2407	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
…		…
1832		2419
1833	=back	2420	=back
1834		2421
1835	=cut	2422	=cut
1836		2423
		2424	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2425	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2426
1837	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }	2427	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
1838	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};	2428	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
		2429
		2430	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2431
		2432	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2433	it's built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2434
		2435	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2436	modules if they are installed.
		2437
		2438	This section epxlains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2439	affect AnyEvent's operetion.
		2440
		2441	=over 4
		2442
		2443	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2444
		2445	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2446	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2447	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2448	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2449	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2450	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2451
		2452	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2453	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2454	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (And good for
		2455	battery life on laptops).
		2456
		2457	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2458	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2459
		2460	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2461	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2462	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2463	does nothing for those backends.
		2464
		2465	=item L<EV>
		2466
		2467	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2468	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2469	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2470	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2471	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2472	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2473	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2474	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2475
		2476	=item L<Guard>
		2477
		2478	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2479	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2480	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2481	purely used for performance.
		2482
		2483	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2484
		2485	This module is required when you want to read or write JSON data via
		2486	L<AnyEvent::Handle>. It is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2487	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2488
		2489	In fact, L<AnyEvent::Handle> will use L<JSON::XS> by default if it is
		2490	installed.
		2491
		2492	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2493
		2494	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2495	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2496	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2497
		2498	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2499
		2500	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2501	chosen event library does not come with a timing source on it's own. The
		2502	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to
		2503	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2504
		2505	=back
1839		2506
1840		2507
1841	=head1 FORK	2508	=head1 FORK
1842		2509
1843	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2510	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1844	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2511	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>
1845	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2512	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.
1846		2513
1847	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2514	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1848	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2515	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2516	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
1849		2517
1850		2518
1851	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2519	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1852		2520
1853	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2521	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
1865	use AnyEvent;	2533	use AnyEvent;
1866		2534
1867	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2535	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1868	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2536	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1869	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and	2537	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
1870	$ENV{PERL_ANYEGENT_STRICT}.	2538	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2539
		2540	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2541	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2542	enabled.
1871		2543
1872		2544
1873	=head1 BUGS	2545	=head1 BUGS
1874		2546
1875	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard	2547	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
…		…
1887	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2559	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1888		2560
1889	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2561	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1890	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2562	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1891	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2563	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1892	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2564	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
1893		2565
1894	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2566	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
1895	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2567	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
1896		2568
1897	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2569	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
1898		2570
1899	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2571	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,
		2572	L<Coro::Event>,
1900		2573
1901	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2574	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,
		2575	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1902		2576
1903		2577
1904	=head1 AUTHOR	2578	=head1 AUTHOR
1905		2579
1906	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2580	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>

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