[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/AnyEvent/lib/AnyEvent.pm

Comparing AnyEvent/lib/AnyEvent.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.184 by root, Wed Oct 1 16:53:27 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.231 by root, Wed Jul 8 13:46:46 2009 UTC

 =head1 NAME
 AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops
-EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops
+EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt and POE are various supported
+event loops.
 =head1 SYNOPSIS
    use AnyEvent;
+   # file descriptor readable
-   my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub { ...  });
+   my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ...  });
+   # one-shot or repeating timers
    my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ...  });
    my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ...
    print AnyEvent->now;  # prints current event loop time
    print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time.
+   # POSIX signal
    my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... });
+   # child process exit
    my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
       my ($pid, $status) = @_;
       ...
    });
+   # called when event loop idle (if applicable)
+   my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... });
    my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged
    $w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's
    $w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send
    # use a condvar in callback mode:
 These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After
 creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the
 callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model
 is in control).
+Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables>
+potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<<
+callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in
+Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs
+widely between event loops.
 To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the
 variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references
 to it).
 All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class.
 =head2 I/O WATCHERS
 You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
 with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
-C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch for events
+C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
-(AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file handle). C<poll>
+for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
+handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
+non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
+most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
+or block devices.
-must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a watcher
+C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a
-waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively. C<cb> is the
+watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively.
-callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
+C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready.
 Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and
 presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent
 callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks.
 In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you
 can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the
 difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into
 account.
+=item AnyEvent->now_update
+Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache
+the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<<
+AnyEvent->now >>, above).
+When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then
+this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which
+might affect timers and time-outs.
+When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
+event loop's idea of "current time".
+Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
 =back
 =head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
 You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
 There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
 I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
 have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
-Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for
+Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
+see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
-event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be
+that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
-loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).
+the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
+pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
+start the watcher.
-This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an
+This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
-AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you
+thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
-C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).
+watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
+C<AnyEvent::detect>).
 Example: fork a process and wait for it
    my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
    );
    # do something else, then wait for process exit
    $done->recv;
+=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
+Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important
+to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
+"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
+attention by the event loop".
+Idle watchers ideally get invoked when the event loop has nothing
+better to do, just before it would block the process to wait for new
+events. Instead of blocking, the idle watcher is invoked.
+Most event loops unfortunately do not really support idle watchers (only
+EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent
+will simply call the callback "from time to time".
+Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the
+program is otherwise idle:
+   my @lines; # read data
+   my $idle_w;
+   my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub {
+      push @lines, scalar <STDIN>;
+      # start an idle watcher, if not already done
+      $idle_w ||= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub {
+         # handle only one line, when there are lines left
+         if (my $line = shift @lines) {
+            print "handled when idle: $line";
+         } else {
+            # otherwise disable the idle watcher again
+            undef $idle_w;
+         }
+      });
+   });
 =head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
 If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
 require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
 will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
 =item $cv->begin ([group callback])
 =item $cv->end
-These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
 These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
 one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
 to use a condition variable for the whole process.
 Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
 C<< ->end >> will decrement it.  If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
 >>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback
 is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no
 callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.
-Let's clarify this with the ping example:
+You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
+sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
+condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
+Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
+STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
+close before activating a condvar:
+   my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
+   $cv->begin; # first watcher
+   my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
+      defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
+         or $cv->end;
+   });
+   $cv->begin; # second watcher
+   my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
+      defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
+         or $cv->end;
+   });
+   $cv->recv;
+This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
+one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
+sending.
+The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
+there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
+begung can potentially be zero:
    my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
    my %result;
    $cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });
 loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
 to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
 C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
 doesn't execute once).
-This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:
+This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
-use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>
+potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
-is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call
+the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
-C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.
+subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
+call C<end>.
 =back
 =head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
    AnyEvent::Impl::Tk        based on Tk, very bad choice.
    AnyEvent::Impl::Qt        based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
    AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib  based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
    AnyEvent::Impl::POE       based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
+   # warning, support for IO::Async is only partial, as it is too broken
+   # and limited toe ven support the AnyEvent API. See AnyEvent::Impl::Async.
+   AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync   based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
 There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
 watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
 POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
 second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
 AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
 =head1 OTHER MODULES
 The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
-AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules
+AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
-in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are
+modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
-available via CPAN.
+come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.
 =over 4
 =item L<AnyEvent::Util>
 =item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
 Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
 supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
-non-blocking SSL/TLS.
+non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
 =item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
 Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
 =item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
 A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
+=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
+AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
+=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
+AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
+Net::XMPP2>.
 =item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
 A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
 L<App::IGS>).
-=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
-AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
-=item L<Net::XMPP2>
-AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
 =item L<Net::FCP>
 AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
 of AnyEvent.
 =item L<Coro>
 Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
-=item L<IO::Lambda>
-The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
 =back
 =cut
 package AnyEvent;
 no warnings;
 use strict qw(vars subs);
 use Carp;
-our $VERSION = 4.3;
+our $VERSION = 4.801;
 our $MODEL;
 our $AUTOLOAD;
 our @ISA;
 our @REGISTRY;
 our $WIN32;
 BEGIN {
-   my $win32 = ! ! ($^O =~ /mswin32/i);
+   eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";
-   eval "sub WIN32(){ $win32 }";
+   eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";
+   delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
+      if ${^TAINT};
 }
 our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
 our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
    [Event::Lib::           => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
    [Qt::                   => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::],       # requires special main program
    [POE::Kernel::          => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],      # lasciate ogni speranza
    [Wx::                   => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
    [Prima::                => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
+   # IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workaorunds for its
+   # byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.
+   # IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any
+   # obvious default class.
+#   [IO::Async::            => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::],  # requires special main program
+#   [IO::Async::Loop::      => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::],  # requires special main program
+#   [IO::Async::Notifier::  => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::],  # requires special main program
 );
-our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer time now signal child condvar one_event DESTROY);
+our %method = map +($_ => 1),
+   qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);
 our @post_detect;
 sub post_detect(&) {
    my ($cb) = @_;
       1
    } else {
       push @post_detect, $cb;
       defined wantarray
-         ? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect"
+         ? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
          : ()
    }
 }
-sub AnyEvent::Util::PostDetect::DESTROY {
+sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY {
    @post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
 }
 sub detect() {
    unless ($MODEL) {
                   last;
                }
             }
             $MODEL
-              or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.";
+              or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n";
          }
       }
       push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base";
 }
 # utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
 # to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
 # allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
-sub _dupfh($$$$) {
+sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
    my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
-   require Fcntl;
    # cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
-   my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<")
+   my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<") : ($w, ">");
-                   : $poll eq "w" ? ($w, ">")
-                   : Carp::croak "AnyEvent->io requires poll set to either 'r' or 'w'";
-   open my $fh2, "$mode&" . fileno $fh
+   open my $fh2, "$mode&", $fh
-      or die "cannot dup() filehandle: $!";
+      or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
    # we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
    ($fh2, $rw)
 }
 package AnyEvent::Base;
-# default implementation for now and time
+# default implementations for many methods
 BEGIN {
-   if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); time (); 1") {
+   if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
       *_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
       # if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
    } else {
       *_time = sub { time }; # epic fail
    }
 }
 sub time { _time }
 sub now  { _time }
+sub now_update { }
 # default implementation for ->condvar
 sub condvar {
-   bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, AnyEvent::CondVar::
+   bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
 }
 # default implementation for ->signal
-our %SIG_CB;
+our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
+sub _signal_exec {
+   sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 4;
+   while (%SIG_EV) {
+      for (keys %SIG_EV) {
+         delete $SIG_EV{$_};
+         $_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
+      }
+   }
+}
 sub signal {
    my (undef, %arg) = @_;
+   unless ($SIGPIPE_R) {
+      require Fcntl;
+      if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
+         require AnyEvent::Util;
+         ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
+         AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R) if $SIGPIPE_R;
+         AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
+      } else {
+         pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
+         fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
+         fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
+         # not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
+         fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
+         fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
+      }
+      $SIGPIPE_R
+         or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
+      $SIG_IO = AnyEvent->io (fh => $SIGPIPE_R, poll => "r", cb => \&_signal_exec);
+   }
    my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
       or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
    $SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
    $SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
-      $_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} || {} };
+      local $!;
+      syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
+      undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
    };
-   bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal"
+   bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
 }
-sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY {
+sub AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY {
    my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
    delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
+   # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
+   # print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
+   # instead of getting the default action.
-   delete $SIG{$signal} unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
+   undef $SIG{$signal} unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
 }
 # default implementation for ->child
 our %PID_CB;
 our $CHLD_W;
 our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
-our $PID_IDLE;
 our $WNOHANG;
-sub _child_wait {
+sub _sigchld {
    while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {
       $_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),
                          (values %{ $PID_CB{0}    || {} });
    }
-   undef $PID_IDLE;
-}
-sub _sigchld {
-   # make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop.
-   $CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub {
-      undef $CHLD_DELAY_W;
-      &_child_wait;
-   });
 }
 sub child {
    my (undef, %arg) = @_;
    defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)
       or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
    $PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
-   unless ($WNOHANG) {
-      $WNOHANG = eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
+   $WNOHANG ||= eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
-   }
    unless ($CHLD_W) {
       $CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);
       # child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
       &_sigchld;
    }
-   bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child"
+   bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
 }
-sub AnyEvent::Base::Child::DESTROY {
+sub AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY {
    my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
    delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb};
    delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} };
    undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB;
+}
+# idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless
+# of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting
+# the callback use more than 50% of the time.
+sub idle {
+   my (undef, %arg) = @_;
+   my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb};
+   $rcb = sub {
+      if ($cb) {
+         $w = _time;
+         &$cb;
+         $w = _time - $w;
+         # never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
+         # within some limits
+         $w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
+         $w = 5      if $w > 5;
+         $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $w, cb => $rcb);
+      } else {
+         # clean up...
+         undef $w;
+         undef $rcb;
+      }
+   };
+   $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.05, cb => $rcb);
+   bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
+}
+sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
+   undef $${$_[0]};
 }
 package AnyEvent::CondVar;
 our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
 so on.
 =head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
 The following environment variables are used by this module or its
-submodules:
+submodules.
+Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
+C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
+enabled.
 =over 4
 =item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
 =item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
 AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
 argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
 will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
-check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems
+check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
 it will croak.
 In other words, enables "strict" mode.
-Unlike C<use strict>, it is definitely recommended ot keep it off in
+Unlike C<use strict>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in
 production. Keeping C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while
 developing programs can be very useful, however.
 =item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
 used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the
 list.
 This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks
 against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely
-small, as the program has to handle connection errors already-
+small, as the program has to handle conenction and other failures anyways.
 Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6,
 but support both and try to use both.  C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4>
 - only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6
 addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or
 =item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
 The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
 will create in parallel.
+=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
+The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
+resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
+sent to the DNS server.
+=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
+The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
+configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
+default config will be used.
+=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
+When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
+L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
+variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
+instead of a system-dependent default.
 =back
 =head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
 watcher.
 =head3 Results
           name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
-         EV/EV   400000   244   0.56   0.46    0.31 EV native interface
+         EV/EV   400000   224   0.47   0.35    0.27 EV native interface
-        EV/Any   100000   244   2.50   0.46    0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers
+        EV/Any   100000   224   2.88   0.34    0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers
-    CoroEV/Any   100000   244   2.49   0.44    0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal
+    CoroEV/Any   100000   224   2.85   0.35    0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal
-      Perl/Any   100000   513   4.92   0.87    1.12 pure perl implementation
+      Perl/Any   100000   452   4.13   0.73    0.95 pure perl implementation
-   Event/Event    16000   516  31.88  31.30    0.85 Event native interface
+   Event/Event    16000   517  32.20  31.80    0.81 Event native interface
-     Event/Any    16000   590  35.75  31.42    1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers
+     Event/Any    16000   590  35.85  31.55    1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers
+   IOAsync/Any    16000   989  38.10  32.77   11.13 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
+   IOAsync/Any    16000   990  37.59  29.50   10.61 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
-      Glib/Any    16000  1357  98.22  12.41   54.00 quadratic behaviour
+      Glib/Any    16000  1357 102.33  12.31   51.00 quadratic behaviour
-        Tk/Any     2000  1860  26.97  67.98   14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
+        Tk/Any     2000  1860  27.20  66.31   14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
-     POE/Event     2000  6644 108.64 736.02   14.73 via POE::Loop::Event
+     POE/Event     2000  6328 109.99 751.67   14.02 via POE::Loop::Event
-    POE/Select     2000  6343  94.13 809.12  565.96 via POE::Loop::Select
+    POE/Select     2000  6027  94.54 809.13  579.80 via POE::Loop::Select
 =head3 Discussion
 The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
 well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
 performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
 them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
 The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
 cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
+C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
+when using its pure perl backend.
 C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
 faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
 C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
 watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
 it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
 a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
 =head3 Results
-    name sockets create  request
+     name sockets create  request
-      EV   20000  69.01    11.16
+       EV   20000  69.01    11.16
-    Perl   20000  73.32    35.87
+     Perl   20000  73.32    35.87
+  IOAsync   20000 157.00    98.14 epoll
+  IOAsync   20000 159.31   616.06 poll
-   Event   20000 212.62   257.32
+    Event   20000 212.62   257.32
-    Glib   20000 651.16  1896.30
+     Glib   20000 651.16  1896.30
-     POE   20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event
+      POE   20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event
 =head3 Discussion
 This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
 particular event loop.
 EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
 is relatively high, though.
 Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
 loops Event and Glib.
+IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
+good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
 Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
 understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
 the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
 uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
 =item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
 watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
 =back
+=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
+Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
+could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
+simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
+shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
+fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
+very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
+baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
+The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
+connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
+creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
+test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
+benchmark nevertheless.
+   name                    runtime
+   Lambda/select           0.330 sec
+      + optimized          0.122 sec
+   Lambda/AnyEvent         0.327 sec
+      + optimized          0.138 sec
+   Raw sockets/select      0.077 sec
+   POE/select, components  0.662 sec
+   POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
+   POE/select, optimized   0.404 sec
+   AnyEvent/select/nb      0.085 sec
+   AnyEvent/EV/nb          0.068 sec
+      +state machine       0.134 sec
+The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
+benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
+defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
+written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
+AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
+resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
+generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
+connects (which involve a single syscall only).
+The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
+offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
+Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
+non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
+As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
+hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
+backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
+And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
+slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda by a
+large margin, even though it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O
+in a non-blocking way.
+The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
+F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
+part of the IO::lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
+=head1 SIGNALS
+AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
+=over 4
+=item SIGCHLD
+A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
+emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
+event loops install a similar handler.
+If, when AnyEvent is loaded, SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then AnyEvent will
+reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
+=item SIGPIPE
+A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
+when AnyEvent gets loaded.
+The rationale for this is that AnyEvent users usually do not really depend
+on SIGPIPE delivery (which is purely an optimisation for shell use, or
+badly-written programs), but C<SIGPIPE> can cause spurious and rare
+program exits as a lot of people do not expect C<SIGPIPE> when writing to
+some random socket.
+The rationale for installing a no-op handler as opposed to ignoring it is
+that this way, the handler will be restored to defaults on exec.
+Feel free to install your own handler, or reset it to defaults.
+=back
+=cut
+undef $SIG{CHLD}
+   if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
+$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
+   unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
 =head1 FORK
 Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
 because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>
    use AnyEvent;
 Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
 be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
 probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
-$ENV{PERL_ANYEGENT_STRICT}.
+$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
+Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
+C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
+enabled.
 =head1 BUGS
 Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
 to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10
 and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying
-mamleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
+memleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as
 pronounced).
 =head1 SEE ALSO
 L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
 Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
 L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
 L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
-L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.
+L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>.
 Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
-servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.
+servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
 Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
-Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,
+Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,
+L<Coro::Event>,
-Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
+Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,
+L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
 =head1 AUTHOR
    Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>

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Revision 1.231 by root, Wed Jul 8 13:46:46 2009 UTC