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Revision 1.210 by root, Wed May 13 15:19:43 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.308 by root, Fri Dec 25 07:39:41 2009 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops	3	AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming
4		4
5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops	5	EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt
		6	and POE are various supported event loops/environments.
6		7
7	=head1 SYNOPSIS	8	=head1 SYNOPSIS
8		9
9	use AnyEvent;	10	use AnyEvent;
10		11
…		…
39	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL	40	=head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL
40		41
41	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested	42	This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested
42	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the	43	in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the
43	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.	44	L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage.
		45
		46	=head1 SUPPORT
		47
		48	There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC
		49	channel, too.
		50
		51	See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software
		52	Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info.
44		53
45	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)	54	=head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT)
46		55
47	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen	56	Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen
48	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?	57	nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent?
…		…
172	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are	181	my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are
173	declared.	182	declared.
174		183
175	=head2 I/O WATCHERS	184	=head2 I/O WATCHERS
176		185
		186	$w = AnyEvent->io (
		187	fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>,
		188	poll => <"r" or "w">,
		189	cb => <callback>,
		190	);
		191
177	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method	192	You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method
178	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:	193	with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments:
179		194
180	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch	195	C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch
181	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file	196	for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file
182	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which	197	handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which
183	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,	198	non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets,
184	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files	199	most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files
185	or block devices.	200	or block devices.
…		…
210	undef $w;	225	undef $w;
211	});	226	});
212		227
213	=head2 TIME WATCHERS	228	=head2 TIME WATCHERS
214		229
		230	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>);
		231
		232	$w = AnyEvent->timer (
		233	after => <fractional_seconds>,
		234	interval => <fractional_seconds>,
		235	cb => <callback>,
		236	);
		237
215	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>	238	You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >>
216	method with the following mandatory arguments:	239	method with the following mandatory arguments:
217		240
218	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are	241	C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are
219	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke	242	supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke
…		…
340	might affect timers and time-outs.	363	might affect timers and time-outs.
341		364
342	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the	365	When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the
343	event loop's idea of "current time".	366	event loop's idea of "current time".
344		367
		368	A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) -
		369	when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong
		370	idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the
		371	script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<<
		372	AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again
		373	(e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler).
		374
345	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.	375	Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled.
346		376
347	=back	377	=back
348		378
349	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS	379	=head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS
		380
		381	$w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>);
350		382
351	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal	383	You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal
352	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl	384	I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl
353	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.	385	callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs.
354		386
…		…
360	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means	392	invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means
361	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,	393	that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process,
362	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.	394	but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks.
363		395
364	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal	396	The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal
365	between multiple watchers.	397	between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not
		398	interrupt your program at bad times.
366		399
367	This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals	400	This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used),
368	directly will likely not work correctly.	401	so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work
		402	correctly.
369		403
370	Example: exit on SIGINT	404	Example: exit on SIGINT
371		405
372	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });	406	my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 });
373		407
		408	=head3 Restart Behaviour
		409
		410	While restart behaviour is up to the event loop implementation, most will
		411	not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's
		412	pure perl implementation).
		413
		414	=head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals
		415
		416	Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling) or
		417	"unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might get delayed indefinitely, the
		418	latter might corrupt your memory.
		419
		420	AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop,
		421	i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be
		422	called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc.
		423	callbacks, too).
		424
		425	=head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds
		426
		427	Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching
		428	callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot
		429	do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for
		430	this. AnyEvent will try to do it's best, which means in some cases,
		431	signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is
		432	specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This
		433	variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created,
		434	and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often
		435	AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values
		436	will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU
		437	saving.
		438
		439	All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional
		440	L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not
		441	work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib>
		442	(and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does it's own workaround with
		443	one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays.
		444
374	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS	445	=head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS
375		446
		447	$w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>);
		448
376	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.	449	You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status.
377		450
378	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it	451	The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (one some backends,
379	watches for any child process exit). The watcher will triggered only when	452	using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will
380	the child process has finished and an exit status is available, not on	453	croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has
381	any trace events (stopped/continued).	454	finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events
		455	(stopped/continued).
382		456
383	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by	457	The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by
384	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher	458	waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher
385	callback arguments.	459	callback arguments.
386		460
…		…
391		465
392	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them	466	There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them
393	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could	467	I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could
394	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).	468	have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore).
395		469
396	Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for	470	Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do,
		471	see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models
397	event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be	472	that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before
398	loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place).	473	the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's
		474	pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you
		475	start the watcher.
399		476
400	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an	477	This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first
401	AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you	478	thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one
402	C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>).	479	watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call
		480	C<AnyEvent::detect>).
		481
		482	As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be
		483	emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems
		484	mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply.
403		485
404	Example: fork a process and wait for it	486	Example: fork a process and wait for it
405		487
406	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	488	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
407		489
…		…
419	# do something else, then wait for process exit	501	# do something else, then wait for process exit
420	$done->recv;	502	$done->recv;
421		503
422	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS	504	=head2 IDLE WATCHERS
423		505
		506	$w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>);
		507
424	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important	508	Sometimes there is a need to do something, but it is not so important
425	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This	509	to do it instantly, but only when there is nothing better to do. This
426	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need	510	"nothing better to do" is usually defined to be "no other events need
427	attention by the event loop".	511	attention by the event loop".
428		512
…		…
454	});	538	});
455	});	539	});
456		540
457	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES	541	=head2 CONDITION VARIABLES
458		542
		543	$cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		544
		545	$cv->send (<list>);
		546	my @res = $cv->recv;
		547
459	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them	548	If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them
460	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that	549	require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that
461	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.	550	will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks.
462		551
463	AnyEvent is different, it expects somebody else to run the event loop and	552	AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event
464	will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).	553	loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user).
465		554
466	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called	555	The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called
467	because they represent a condition that must become true.	556	because they represent a condition that must become true.
468		557
		558	Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below.
		559
469	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar	560	Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar
470	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is	561	>> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is
471
472	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable	562	C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable
473	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not	563	becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not
474	the results).	564	the results).
475		565
476	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"	566	After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true"
…		…
481	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can	571	Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can
482	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points	572	optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points
483	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet	573	in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet
484	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be	574	another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be
485	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers	575	used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers
486	a result.	576	a result. And yet some people know them as "futures" - a promise to
		577	compute/deliver something that you can wait for.
487		578
488	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,	579	Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished,
489	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,	580	for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests,
490	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the	581	then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the
491	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is	582	availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is
…		…
525	after => 1,	616	after => 1,
526	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },	617	cb => sub { $result_ready->send },
527	);	618	);
528		619
529	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback	620	# this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback
530	# calls send	621	# calls ->send
531	$result_ready->recv;	622	$result_ready->recv;
532		623
533	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that	624	Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition
534	condition variables are also code references.	625	variables are also callable directly.
535		626
536	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;	627	my $done = AnyEvent->condvar;
537	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);	628	my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done);
538	$done->recv;	629	$done->recv;
539		630
…		…
545		636
546	...	637	...
547		638
548	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;	639	my @info = $couchdb->info->recv;
549		640
550	And this is how you would just ste a callback to be called whenever the	641	And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the
551	results are available:	642	results are available:
552		643
553	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {	644	$couchdb->info->cb (sub {
554	my @info = $_[0]->recv;	645	my @info = $_[0]->recv;
555	});	646	});
…		…
573	immediately from within send.	664	immediately from within send.
574		665
575	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all	666	Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all
576	future C<< ->recv >> calls.	667	future C<< ->recv >> calls.
577		668
578	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly	669	Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if
579	(as a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling	670	they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling
580	C<send>. Note, however, that many C-based event loops do not handle	671	C<send>.
581	overloading, so as tempting as it may be, passing a condition variable
582	instead of a callback does not work. Both the pure perl and EV loops
583	support overloading, however, as well as all functions that use perl to
584	invoke a callback (as in L<AnyEvent::Socket> and L<AnyEvent::DNS> for
585	example).
586		672
587	=item $cv->croak ($error)	673	=item $cv->croak ($error)
588		674
589	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke	675	Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke
590	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.	676	C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar.
591		677
592	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable	678	This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable
593	user/consumer.	679	user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly
		680	delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it
		681	diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not
		682	deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing
		683	the problem.
594		684
595	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])	685	=item $cv->begin ([group callback])
596		686
597	=item $cv->end	687	=item $cv->end
598
599	These two methods are EXPERIMENTAL and MIGHT CHANGE.
600		688
601	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into	689	These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into
602	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want	690	one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want
603	to use a condition variable for the whole process.	691	to use a condition variable for the whole process.
604		692
605	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to	693	Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to
606	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end	694	C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end
607	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed. That callback	695	>>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the
608	is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send >>, but that is not required. If no	696	condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send
609	callback was set, C<send> will be called without any arguments.	697	>>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will
		698	be called without any arguments.
610		699
611	Let's clarify this with the ping example:	700	You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call
		701	sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND
		702	condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends).
		703
		704	Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example,
		705	STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to
		706	close before activating a condvar:
612		707
613	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;	708	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
614		709
		710	$cv->begin; # first watcher
		711	my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub {
		712	defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096
		713	or $cv->end;
		714	});
		715
		716	$cv->begin; # second watcher
		717	my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub {
		718	defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096
		719	or $cv->end;
		720	});
		721
		722	$cv->recv;
		723
		724	This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is
		725	one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before
		726	sending.
		727
		728	The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the
		729	there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are
		730	begung can potentially be zero:
		731
		732	my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
		733
615	my %result;	734	my %result;
616	$cv->begin (sub { $cv->send (\%result) });	735	$cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) });
617		736
618	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {	737	for my $host (@list_of_hosts) {
619	$cv->begin;	738	$cv->begin;
620	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {	739	ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub {
621	$result{$host} = ...;	740	$result{$host} = ...;
…		…
636	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback	755	loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback
637	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that	756	to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that
638	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop	757	C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop
639	doesn't execute once).	758	doesn't execute once).
640		759
641	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple subrequests:	760	This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but
642	use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set the callback and ensure C<end>	761	potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set
643	is called at least once, and then, for each subrequest you start, call	762	the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each
644	C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, call C<end>.	763	subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish,
		764	call C<end>.
645		765
646	=back	766	=back
647		767
648	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS	768	=head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS
649		769
…		…
665	function will call C<croak>.	785	function will call C<croak>.
666		786
667	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,	787	In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned,
668	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.	788	in scalar context only the first one will be returned.
669		789
		790	Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any
		791	event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv
		792	>> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a
		793	condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using
		794	L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from
		795	any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself.
		796
670	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case	797	Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case
671	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are	798	(programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are
672	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the	799	using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the
673	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling	800	caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling
674	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting	801	condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting
675	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,	802	callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block,
676	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).	803	while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires).
677		804
678	Another reason I<never> to C<< ->recv >> in a module is that you cannot
679	sensibly have two C<< ->recv >>'s in parallel, as that would require
680	multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent>
681	can supply.
682
683	The L<Coro> module, however, I<can> and I<does> supply coroutines and, in
684	fact, L<Coro::AnyEvent> replaces AnyEvent's condvars by coroutine-safe
685	versions and also integrates coroutines into AnyEvent, making blocking
686	C<< ->recv >> calls perfectly safe as long as they are done from another
687	coroutine (one that doesn't run the event loop).
688
689	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and	805	You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and
690	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later	806	only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later
691	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking	807	time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking
692	waits otherwise.	808	waits otherwise.
693		809
…		…
699	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))	815	=item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv))
700		816
701	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally	817	This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally
702	replaces it before doing so.	818	replaces it before doing so.
703		819
704	The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. when	820	The callback will be called when the condition becomes (or already was)
705	C<send> or C<croak> are called, with the only argument being the condition	821	"true", i.e. when C<send> or C<croak> are called (or were called), with
706	variable itself. Calling C<recv> inside the callback or at any later time	822	the only argument being the condition variable itself. Calling C<recv>
707	is guaranteed not to block.	823	inside the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block.
708		824
709	=back	825	=back
710		826
		827	=head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS
		828
		829	The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage):
		830
		831	=over 4
		832
		833	=item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found.
		834
		835	EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in
		836	use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own
		837	pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with
		838	AnyEvent itself.
		839
		840	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice).
		841	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
		842
		843	=item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used.
		844
		845	These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher
		846	is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using
		847	them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend
		848	when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to
		849	create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program.
		850
		851	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches.
		852	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable.
		853	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken.
		854	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
		855	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations.
		856	AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi.
		857
		858	=item Backends with special needs.
		859
		860	Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will
		861	otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program
		862	instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created,
		863	everything should just work.
		864
		865	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt.
		866
		867	Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and
		868	architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also
		869	is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so
		870	it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See
		871	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details.
		872
		873	AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed.
		874
		875	=item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends.
		876
		877	Some event loops can be supported via other modules:
		878
		879	There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>.
		880
		881	B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can
		882	use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply
		883	polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even
		884	consider for AnyEvent.
		885
		886	B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE
		887	backend, so it can be supported through POE.
		888
		889	AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to
		890	load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up,
		891	in which case everything will be automatic.
		892
		893	=back
		894
711	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS	895	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS
712		896
		897	These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to
		898	write AnyEvent extension modules.
		899
713	=over 4	900	=over 4
714		901
715	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL	902	=item $AnyEvent::MODEL
716		903
717	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it	904	Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the
		905	backend has been autodetected.
		906
718	contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the	907	Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the
719	Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the	908	name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one
720	C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case	909	of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the
721	AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>).	910	case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it
722		911	will be C<urxvt::anyevent>).
723	The known classes so far are:
724
725	AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice).
726	AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice.
727	AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable.
728	AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice.
729	AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice.
730	AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs).
731	AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse.
732	AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support.
733
734	There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for
735	watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the
736	POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per
737	second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for
738	AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using
739	it's adaptor.
740
741	AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when
742	autodetecting them.
743		912
744	=item AnyEvent::detect	913	=item AnyEvent::detect
745		914
746	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model	915	Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model
747	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would	916	if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would
748	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at	917	have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at
749	runtime.	918	runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module.
		919
		920	If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are
		921	created, use C<post_detect>.
750		922
751	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }	923	=item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }
752		924
753	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is	925	Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is
754	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).	926	autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened).
755		927
		928	The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected
		929	(C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been
		930	created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do
		931	other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or
		932	L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used.
		933
		934	The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing
		935	event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates
		936	and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to
		937	avoid autodetecting the event module at load time.
		938
756	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object	939	If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object
757	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed. See	940	that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or
		941	C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for
758	L<Coro::BDB> for a case where this is useful.	942	a case where this is useful.
		943
		944	Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in
		945	C<$WATCHER>. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though.
		946
		947	our WATCHER;
		948
		949	my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect {
		950	$WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		951	};
		952
		953	# the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block,
		954	# as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and
		955	# post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being
		956	# able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief.
		957
		958	$WATCHER ||= $guard;
759		959
760	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect	960	=item @AnyEvent::post_detect
761		961
762	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it	962	If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it
763	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after	963	before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after
764	the event loop has been chosen.	964	the event loop has been chosen.
765		965
766	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:	966	You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though:
767	if it contains a true value then the event loop has already been detected,	967	if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the
768	and the array will be ignored.	968	array will be ignored.
769		969
770	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> instead.	970	Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows
		971	it, as it takes care of these details.
		972
		973	This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful
		974	when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do
		975	not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook
		976	into AnyEvent passively, without loading it.
		977
		978	Example: To load Coro::AnyEvent whenever Coro and AnyEvent are used
		979	together, you could put this into Coro (this is the actual code used by
		980	Coro to accomplish this):
		981
		982	if (defined $AnyEvent::MODEL) {
		983	# AnyEvent already initialised, so load Coro::AnyEvent
		984	require Coro::AnyEvent;
		985	} else {
		986	# AnyEvent not yet initialised, so make sure to load Coro::AnyEvent
		987	# as soon as it is
		988	push @AnyEvent::post_detect, sub { require Coro::AnyEvent };
		989	}
771		990
772	=back	991	=back
773		992
774	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE	993	=head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE
775		994
…		…
830		1049
831		1050
832	=head1 OTHER MODULES	1051	=head1 OTHER MODULES
833		1052
834	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use	1053	The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use
835	AnyEvent and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent modules	1054	AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent
836	in the same program. Some of the modules come with AnyEvent, some are	1055	modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules
837	available via CPAN.	1056	come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN.
838		1057
839	=over 4	1058	=over 4
840		1059
841	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>	1060	=item L<AnyEvent::Util>
842		1061
…		…
851		1070
852	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>	1071	=item L<AnyEvent::Handle>
853		1072
854	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,	1073	Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes,
855	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and	1074	supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and
856	non-blocking SSL/TLS.	1075	non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
857		1076
858	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>	1077	=item L<AnyEvent::DNS>
859		1078
860	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.	1079	Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities.
861		1080
…		…
889		1108
890	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>	1109	=item L<AnyEvent::GPSD>
891		1110
892	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.	1111	A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information.
893		1112
		1113	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
		1114
		1115	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
		1116
		1117	=item L<AnyEvent::XMPP>
		1118
		1119	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older
		1120	Net::XMPP2>.
		1121
894	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>	1122	=item L<AnyEvent::IGS>
895		1123
896	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by	1124	A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by
897	L<App::IGS>).	1125	L<App::IGS>).
898		1126
899	=item L<AnyEvent::IRC>
900
901	AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3).
902
903	=item L<Net::XMPP2>
904
905	AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family.
906
907	=item L<Net::FCP>	1127	=item L<Net::FCP>
908		1128
909	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace	1129	AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace
910	of AnyEvent.	1130	of AnyEvent.
911		1131
…		…
915		1135
916	=item L<Coro>	1136	=item L<Coro>
917		1137
918	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.	1138	Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>.
919		1139
920	=item L<IO::Lambda>
921
922	The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use AnyEvent.
923
924	=back	1140	=back
925		1141
926	=cut	1142	=cut
927		1143
928	package AnyEvent;	1144	package AnyEvent;
929		1145
930	no warnings;	1146	# basically a tuned-down version of common::sense
931	use strict qw(vars subs);	1147	sub common_sense {
		1148	# from common:.sense 1.0
		1149	${^WARNING_BITS} = "\xfc\x3f\x33\x00\x0f\xf3\xcf\xc0\xf3\xfc\x33\x00";
		1150	# use strict vars subs - NO UTF-8, as Util.pm doesn't like this atm. (uts46data.pl)
		1151	$^H |= 0x00000600;
		1152	}
932		1153
		1154	BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense }
		1155
933	use Carp;	1156	use Carp ();
934		1157
935	our $VERSION = 4.41;	1158	our $VERSION = '5.23';
936	our $MODEL;	1159	our $MODEL;
937		1160
938	our $AUTOLOAD;	1161	our $AUTOLOAD;
939	our @ISA;	1162	our @ISA;
940		1163
941	our @REGISTRY;	1164	our @REGISTRY;
942		1165
943	our $WIN32;	1166	our $VERBOSE;
944		1167
945	BEGIN {	1168	BEGIN {
946	my $win32 = ! ! ($^O =~ /mswin32/i);	1169	eval "sub WIN32(){ " . (($^O =~ /mswin32/i)*1) ." }";
947	eval "sub WIN32(){ $win32 }";	1170	eval "sub TAINT(){ " . (${^TAINT}*1) . " }";
948	}
949		1171
		1172	delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV}
		1173	if ${^TAINT};
		1174
950	our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;	1175	$VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1;
		1176
		1177	}
		1178
		1179	our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10;
951		1180
952	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred	1181	our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred
953		1182
954	{	1183	{
955	my $idx;	1184	my $idx;
…		…
957	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,	1186	for reverse split /\s*,\s*/,
958	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";	1187	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6";
959	}	1188	}
960		1189
961	my @models = (	1190	my @models = (
962	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::],	1191	[EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1],
963	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::],
964	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::],	1192	[AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1],
965	# everything below here will not be autoprobed	1193	# everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed
966	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere	1194	# as the pureperl backend should work everywhere
967	# and is usually faster	1195	# and is usually faster
		1196	[Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1],
		1197	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
		1198	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
		1199	[Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package
968	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles	1200	[Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles
969	[Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers
970	[Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy
971	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program	1201	[Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program
972	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza	1202	[POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza
973	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1203	[Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
974	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],	1204	[Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::],
		1205	# IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its
		1206	# byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others.
		1207	# IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any
		1208	# obvious default class.
		1209	[IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1210	[IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1211	[IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
		1212	[AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program
975	);	1213	);
976		1214
977	our %method = map +($_ => 1),	1215	our %method = map +($_ => 1),
978	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);	1216	qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY);
979		1217
…		…
983	my ($cb) = @_;	1221	my ($cb) = @_;
984		1222
985	if ($MODEL) {	1223	if ($MODEL) {
986	$cb->();	1224	$cb->();
987		1225
988	1	1226	undef
989	} else {	1227	} else {
990	push @post_detect, $cb;	1228	push @post_detect, $cb;
991		1229
992	defined wantarray	1230	defined wantarray
993	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"	1231	? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect"
…		…
999	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;	1237	@post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect;
1000	}	1238	}
1001		1239
1002	sub detect() {	1240	sub detect() {
1003	unless ($MODEL) {	1241	unless ($MODEL) {
1004	no strict 'refs';
1005	local $SIG{__DIE__};	1242	local $SIG{__DIE__};
1006		1243
1007	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {	1244	if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) {
1008	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";	1245	my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1";
1009	if (eval "require $model") {	1246	if (eval "require $model") {
1010	$MODEL = $model;	1247	$MODEL = $model;
1011	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1248	warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1012	} else {	1249	} else {
1013	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose;	1250	warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE;
1014	}	1251	}
1015	}	1252	}
1016		1253
1017	# check for already loaded models	1254	# check for already loaded models
1018	unless ($MODEL) {	1255	unless ($MODEL) {
1019	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1256	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1020	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1257	my ($package, $model) = @$_;
1021	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {	1258	if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) {
1022	if (eval "require $model") {	1259	if (eval "require $model") {
1023	$MODEL = $model;	1260	$MODEL = $model;
1024	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1261	warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1025	last;	1262	last;
1026	}	1263	}
1027	}	1264	}
1028	}	1265	}
1029		1266
1030	unless ($MODEL) {	1267	unless ($MODEL) {
1031	# try to load a model	1268	# try to autoload a model
1032
1033	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {	1269	for (@REGISTRY, @models) {
1034	my ($package, $model) = @$_;	1270	my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_;
		1271	if (
		1272	$autoload
1035	if (eval "require $package"	1273	and eval "require $package"
1036	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0	1274	and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0
1037	and eval "require $model") {	1275	and eval "require $model"
		1276	) {
1038	$MODEL = $model;	1277	$MODEL = $model;
1039	warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1;	1278	warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2;
1040	last;	1279	last;
1041	}	1280	}
1042	}	1281	}
1043		1282
1044	$MODEL	1283	$MODEL
…		…
1060		1299
1061	sub AUTOLOAD {	1300	sub AUTOLOAD {
1062	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;	1301	(my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://;
1063		1302
1064	$method{$func}	1303	$method{$func}
1065	or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";	1304	or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects";
1066		1305
1067	detect unless $MODEL;	1306	detect unless $MODEL;
1068		1307
1069	my $class = shift;	1308	my $class = shift;
1070	$class->$func (@_);	1309	$class->$func (@_);
1071	}	1310	}
1072		1311
1073	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends	1312	# utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends
1074	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually	1313	# to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually
1075	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).	1314	# allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one).
1076	sub _dupfh($$$$) {	1315	sub _dupfh($$;$$) {
1077	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;	1316	my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_;
1078		1317
1079	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't	1318	# cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't
1080	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<")	1319	my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&");
1081	: $poll eq "w" ? ($w, ">")
1082	: Carp::croak "AnyEvent->io requires poll set to either 'r' or 'w'";
1083		1320
1084	open my $fh2, "$mode&" . fileno $fh	1321	open my $fh2, $mode, $fh
1085	or die "cannot dup() filehandle: $!,";	1322	or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,";
1086		1323
1087	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases	1324	# we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases
1088		1325
1089	($fh2, $rw)	1326	($fh2, $rw)
1090	}	1327	}
1091		1328
		1329	=head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API
		1330
		1331	Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much
		1332	simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory
		1333	overhead.
		1334
		1335	See the L<AE> manpage for details.
		1336
		1337	=cut
		1338
		1339	package AE;
		1340
		1341	our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION;
		1342
		1343	sub io($$$) {
		1344	AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2])
		1345	}
		1346
		1347	sub timer($$$) {
		1348	AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2])
		1349	}
		1350
		1351	sub signal($$) {
		1352	AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1353	}
		1354
		1355	sub child($$) {
		1356	AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1])
		1357	}
		1358
		1359	sub idle($) {
		1360	AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0])
		1361	}
		1362
		1363	sub cv(;&) {
		1364	AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ())
		1365	}
		1366
		1367	sub now() {
		1368	AnyEvent->now
		1369	}
		1370
		1371	sub now_update() {
		1372	AnyEvent->now_update
		1373	}
		1374
		1375	sub time() {
		1376	AnyEvent->time
		1377	}
		1378
1092	package AnyEvent::Base;	1379	package AnyEvent::Base;
1093		1380
1094	# default implementations for many methods	1381	# default implementations for many methods
1095		1382
1096	BEGIN {	1383	sub _time() {
		1384	# probe for availability of Time::HiRes
1097	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {	1385	if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") {
		1386	warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1098	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;	1387	*_time = \&Time::HiRes::time;
1099	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...	1388	# if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())...
1100	} else {	1389	} else {
		1390	warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE;
1101	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail	1391	*_time = sub { time }; # epic fail
1102	}	1392	}
		1393
		1394	&_time
1103	}	1395	}
1104		1396
1105	sub time { _time }	1397	sub time { _time }
1106	sub now { _time }	1398	sub now { _time }
1107	sub now_update { }	1399	sub now_update { }
…		…
1112	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"	1404	bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar"
1113	}	1405	}
1114		1406
1115	# default implementation for ->signal	1407	# default implementation for ->signal
1116		1408
		1409	our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1410
		1411	sub _have_async_interrupt() {
		1412	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT}
		1413	&& eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1")
		1414	unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT;
		1415
		1416	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1417	}
		1418
1117	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);	1419	our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO);
		1420	our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W);
		1421	our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW);
1118		1422
1119	sub _signal_exec {	1423	sub _signal_exec {
		1424	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1425	? $SIGPIPE_R->drain
1120	sysread $SIGPIPE_R, my $dummy, 4;	1426	: sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9;
1121		1427
1122	while (%SIG_EV) {	1428	while (%SIG_EV) {
1123	for (keys %SIG_EV) {	1429	for (keys %SIG_EV) {
1124	delete $SIG_EV{$_};	1430	delete $SIG_EV{$_};
1125	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };	1431	$_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} };
1126	}	1432	}
1127	}	1433	}
1128	}	1434	}
1129		1435
		1436	# install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency
		1437	sub _sig_add() {
		1438	unless ($SIG_COUNT++) {
		1439	# try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible
		1440	my $NOW = AE::now;
		1441
		1442	$SIG_TW = AE::timer
		1443	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW),
		1444	$MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY,
		1445	sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK
		1446	;
		1447	}
		1448	}
		1449
		1450	sub _sig_del {
		1451	undef $SIG_TW
		1452	unless --$SIG_COUNT;
		1453	}
		1454
		1455	our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub {
		1456	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading
		1457	undef $_sig_name_init;
		1458
		1459	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1460	*sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num;
		1461	*sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name;
		1462	} else {
		1463	require Config;
		1464
		1465	my %signame2num;
		1466	@signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} }
		1467	= split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num};
		1468
		1469	my @signum2name;
		1470	@signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num;
		1471
		1472	*sig2num = sub($) {
		1473	$_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift}
		1474	};
		1475	*sig2name = sub ($) {
		1476	$_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift
		1477	};
		1478	}
		1479	};
		1480	die if $@;
		1481	};
		1482
		1483	sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num }
		1484	sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name }
		1485
1130	sub signal {	1486	sub signal {
1131	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1487	eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {}
		1488	# probe for availability of Async::Interrupt
		1489	if (_have_async_interrupt) {
		1490	warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
1132		1491
1133	unless ($SIGPIPE_R) {	1492	$SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe;
1134	require Fcntl;	1493	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1135		1494
1136	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
1137	require AnyEvent::Util;
1138
1139	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
1140	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R) if $SIGPIPE_R;
1141	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
1142	} else {	1495	} else {
		1496	warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8;
		1497
		1498	require Fcntl;
		1499
		1500	if (AnyEvent::WIN32) {
		1501	require AnyEvent::Util;
		1502
		1503	($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe ();
		1504	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R;
		1505	AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1506	} else {
1143	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;	1507	pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W;
1144	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;	1508	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R;
1145	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case	1509	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFL, &Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case
		1510
		1511	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
		1512	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1513	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
		1514	}
		1515
		1516	$SIGPIPE_R
		1517	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";
		1518
		1519	$SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec;
1146	}	1520	}
1147		1521
1148	$SIGPIPE_R	1522	*signal = sub {
1149	or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n";	1523	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1150		1524
1151	# not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure...
1152	fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
1153	fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, &Fcntl::F_SETFD, &Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC;
1154
1155	$SIG_IO = AnyEvent->io (fh => $SIGPIPE_R, poll => "r", cb => \&_signal_exec);
1156	}
1157
1158	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}	1525	my $signal = uc $arg{signal}
1159	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";	1526	or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing";
1160		1527
		1528	if ($HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT) {
		1529	# async::interrupt
		1530
		1531	$signal = sig2num $signal;
1161	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1532	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1533
		1534	$SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt
		1535	cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} },
		1536	signal => $signal,
		1537	pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos],
		1538	pipe_autodrain => 0,
		1539	;
		1540
		1541	} else {
		1542	# pure perl
		1543
		1544	# AE::Util has been loaded in signal
		1545	$signal = sig2name $signal;
		1546	$SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
		1547
1162	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {	1548	$SIG{$signal} ||= sub {
1163	local $!;	1549	local $!;
1164	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;	1550	syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV;
1165	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};	1551	undef $SIG_EV{$signal};
		1552	};
		1553
		1554	# can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl,
		1555	# so limit the signal latency.
		1556	_sig_add;
		1557	}
		1558
		1559	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"
		1560	};
		1561
		1562	*AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub {
		1563	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
		1564
		1565	_sig_del;
		1566
		1567	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
		1568
		1569	$HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT
		1570	? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal}
		1571	: # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
		1572	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
		1573	# instead of getting the default action.
		1574	undef $SIG{$signal}
		1575	unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
		1576	};
1166	};	1577	};
1167		1578	die if $@;
1168	bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal"	1579	&signal
1169	}
1170
1171	sub AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY {
1172	my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]};
1173
1174	delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb};
1175
1176	# delete doesn't work with older perls - they then
1177	# print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit
1178	# instead of getting the default action.
1179	undef $SIG{$signal} unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} };
1180	}	1580	}
1181		1581
1182	# default implementation for ->child	1582	# default implementation for ->child
1183		1583
1184	our %PID_CB;	1584	our %PID_CB;
1185	our $CHLD_W;	1585	our $CHLD_W;
1186	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;	1586	our $CHLD_DELAY_W;
1187	our $WNOHANG;	1587	our $WNOHANG;
1188		1588
		1589	sub _emit_childstatus($$) {
		1590	my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_;
		1591
		1592	$_->($rpid, $rstatus)
		1593	for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} },
		1594	values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} };
		1595	}
		1596
1189	sub _sigchld {	1597	sub _sigchld {
		1598	my $pid;
		1599
		1600	AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?)
1190	while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) {	1601	while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0;
1191	$_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }),
1192	(values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} });
1193	}
1194	}	1602	}
1195		1603
1196	sub child {	1604	sub child {
1197	my (undef, %arg) = @_;	1605	my (undef, %arg) = @_;
1198		1606
1199	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)	1607	defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0)
1200	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";	1608	or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing";
1201		1609
1202	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};	1610	$PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb};
1203		1611
		1612	# WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere
		1613	$WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/
		1614	? 1
1204	$WNOHANG ||= eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;	1615	: eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1;
1205		1616
1206	unless ($CHLD_W) {	1617	unless ($CHLD_W) {
1207	$CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld);	1618	$CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld;
1208	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round	1619	# child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round
1209	&_sigchld;	1620	&_sigchld;
1210	}	1621	}
1211		1622
1212	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"	1623	bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child"
…		…
1238	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,	1649	# never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher,
1239	# within some limits	1650	# within some limits
1240	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;	1651	$w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001;
1241	$w = 5 if $w > 5;	1652	$w = 5 if $w > 5;
1242		1653
1243	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $w, cb => $rcb);	1654	$w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb;
1244	} else {	1655	} else {
1245	# clean up...	1656	# clean up...
1246	undef $w;	1657	undef $w;
1247	undef $rcb;	1658	undef $rcb;
1248	}	1659	}
1249	};	1660	};
1250		1661
1251	$w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.05, cb => $rcb);	1662	$w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb;
1252		1663
1253	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"	1664	bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle"
1254	}	1665	}
1255		1666
1256	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {	1667	sub AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY {
…		…
1261		1672
1262	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;	1673	our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::;
1263		1674
1264	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;	1675	package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base;
1265		1676
1266	use overload	1677	#use overload
1267	'&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },	1678	# '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } },
1268	fallback => 1;	1679	# fallback => 1;
		1680
		1681	# save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading
		1682	${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching.
		1683	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod."
		1684	*{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{}
		1685	${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback
		1686
		1687	our $WAITING;
1269		1688
1270	sub _send {	1689	sub _send {
1271	# nop	1690	# nop
1272	}	1691	}
1273		1692
…		…
1286	sub ready {	1705	sub ready {
1287	$_[0]{_ae_sent}	1706	$_[0]{_ae_sent}
1288	}	1707	}
1289		1708
1290	sub _wait {	1709	sub _wait {
		1710	$WAITING
		1711	and !$_[0]{_ae_sent}
		1712	and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected";
		1713
		1714	local $WAITING = 1;
1291	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};	1715	AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent};
1292	}	1716	}
1293		1717
1294	sub recv {	1718	sub recv {
1295	$_[0]->_wait;	1719	$_[0]->_wait;
…		…
1297	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};	1721	Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak};
1298	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]	1722	wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0]
1299	}	1723	}
1300		1724
1301	sub cb {	1725	sub cb {
1302	$_[0]{_ae_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1726	my $cv = shift;
		1727
		1728	@_
		1729	and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift
		1730	and $cv->{_ae_sent}
		1731	and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv);
		1732
1303	$_[0]{_ae_cb}	1733	$cv->{_ae_cb}
1304	}	1734	}
1305		1735
1306	sub begin {	1736	sub begin {
1307	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};	1737	++$_[0]{_ae_counter};
1308	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	1738	$_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
…		…
1336	so on.	1766	so on.
1337		1767
1338	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES	1768	=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
1339		1769
1340	The following environment variables are used by this module or its	1770	The following environment variables are used by this module or its
1341	submodules:	1771	submodules.
		1772
		1773	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		1774	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		1775	enabled.
1342		1776
1343	=over 4	1777	=over 4
1344		1778
1345	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>	1779	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE>
1346		1780
…		…
1353	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.	1787	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>.
1354		1788
1355	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event	1789	When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event
1356	model it chooses.	1790	model it chooses.
1357		1791
		1792	When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on
		1793	which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features.
		1794
1358	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>	1795	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT>
1359		1796
1360	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough	1797	AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough
1361	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value	1798	argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value
1362	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly	1799	will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly
1363	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems	1800	check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems,
1364	it will croak.	1801	it will croak.
1365		1802
1366	In other words, enables "strict" mode.	1803	In other words, enables "strict" mode.
1367		1804
1368	Unlike C<use strict>, it is definitely recommended ot keep it off in	1805	Unlike C<use strict> (or it's modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense>
1369	production. Keeping C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while	1806	>>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping
1370	developing programs can be very useful, however.	1807	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs
		1808	can be very useful, however.
1371		1809
1372	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>	1810	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>
1373		1811
1374	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before	1812	This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before
1375	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting	1813	auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting
…		…
1418		1856
1419	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>	1857	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS>
1420		1858
1421	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>	1859	The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call>
1422	will create in parallel.	1860	will create in parallel.
		1861
		1862	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS>
		1863
		1864	The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS
		1865	resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are
		1866	sent to the DNS server.
		1867
		1868	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF>
		1869
		1870	The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific
		1871	configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no
		1872	default config will be used.
		1873
		1874	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>.
		1875
		1876	When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during
		1877	L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment
		1878	variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations
		1879	instead of a system-dependent default.
		1880
		1881	=item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT>
		1882
		1883	When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not
		1884	loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself.
1423		1885
1424	=back	1886	=back
1425		1887
1426	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE	1888	=head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE
1427		1889
…		…
1485	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read	1947	warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read
1486	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i	1948	$cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i
1487	},	1949	},
1488	);	1950	);
1489		1951
1490	my $time_watcher; # can only be used once
1491
1492	sub new_timer {
1493	$timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub {	1952	my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub {
1494	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second	1953	warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second
1495	&new_timer; # and restart the time
1496	});	1954	});
1497	}
1498
1499	new_timer; # create first timer
1500		1955
1501	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i	1956	$cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i
1502		1957
1503	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE	1958	=head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
1504		1959
…		…
1635	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero	2090	through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero
1636	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,	2091	timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable,
1637	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.	2092	which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again.
1638		2093
1639	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent	2094	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent
1640	distribution.	2095	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2096	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1641		2097
1642	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2098	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1643		2099
1644	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since	2100	I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since
1645	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event	2101	different event models feature vastly different performances, each event
…		…
1666	watcher.	2122	watcher.
1667		2123
1668	=head3 Results	2124	=head3 Results
1669		2125
1670	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment	2126	name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment
1671	EV/EV 400000 224 0.47 0.35 0.27 EV native interface	2127	EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface
1672	EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers	2128	EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers
1673	CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal	2129	Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal
1674	Perl/Any 100000 452 4.13 0.73 0.95 pure perl implementation	2130	Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation
1675	Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface	2131	Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface
1676	Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers	2132	Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers
		2133	IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll
		2134	IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll
1677	Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour	2135	Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour
1678	Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers	2136	Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers
1679	POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event	2137	POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event
1680	POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select	2138	POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select
1681		2139
1682	=head3 Discussion	2140	=head3 Discussion
1683		2141
1684	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very	2142	The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very
1685	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)	2143	well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one)
…		…
1697	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with	2155	benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with
1698	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU	2156	EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU
1699	cycles with POE.	2157	cycles with POE.
1700		2158
1701	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both	2159	C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both
1702	maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses	2160	maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero
		2161	overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times
		2162	slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than
1703	far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event	2163	any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively).
1704	natively.
1705		2164
1706	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the	2165	The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the
1707	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl	2166	constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl
1708	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it	2167	interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it
1709	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its	2168	adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its
1710	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of	2169	performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of
1711	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.	2170	them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark.
1712		2171
1713	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation	2172	The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation
1714	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.	2173	cost, but overall scores in on the third place.
		2174
		2175	C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even
		2176	when using its pure perl backend.
1715		2177
1716	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a	2178	C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a
1717	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as	2179	faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as
1718	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of	2180	C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of
1719	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,	2181	watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four,
…		…
1780	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100	2242	In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100
1781	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many	2243	(1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many
1782	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.	2244	connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time.
1783		2245
1784	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent	2246	Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent
1785	distribution.	2247	distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference
		2248	for the EV and Perl backends only.
1786		2249
1787	=head3 Explanation of the columns	2250	=head3 Explanation of the columns
1788		2251
1789	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as	2252	I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as
1790	each server has a read and write socket end).	2253	each server has a read and write socket end).
…		…
1797	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating	2260	it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating
1798	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.	2261	a new one that moves the timeout into the future.
1799		2262
1800	=head3 Results	2263	=head3 Results
1801		2264
1802	name sockets create request	2265	name sockets create request
1803	EV 20000 69.01 11.16	2266	EV 20000 62.66 7.99
1804	Perl 20000 73.32 35.87	2267	Perl 20000 68.32 32.64
1805	Event 20000 212.62 257.32	2268	IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll
1806	Glib 20000 651.16 1896.30	2269	IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll
		2270	Event 20000 202.69 242.91
		2271	Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52
1807	POE 20000 349.67 12317.24 uses POE::Loop::Event	2272	POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event
1808		2273
1809	=head3 Discussion	2274	=head3 Discussion
1810		2275
1811	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the	2276	This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the
1812	particular event loop.	2277	particular event loop.
…		…
1814	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time	2279	EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time
1815	is relatively high, though.	2280	is relatively high, though.
1816		2281
1817	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event	2282	Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event
1818	loops Event and Glib.	2283	loops Event and Glib.
		2284
		2285	IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite
		2286	good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend.
1819		2287
1820	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will	2288	Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will
1821	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to	2289	understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to
1822	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event	2290	the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event
1823	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.	2291	uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations.
…		…
1886	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of	2354	=item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of
1887	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.	2355	watchers, as the management overhead dominates.
1888		2356
1889	=back	2357	=back
1890		2358
		2359	=head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK
		2360
		2361	Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which
		2362	could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark
		2363	simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which
		2364	shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is
		2365	fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't
		2366	very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra
		2367	baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent.
		2368
		2369	The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times,
		2370	connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then
		2371	creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't
		2372	test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a
		2373	benchmark nevertheless.
		2374
		2375	name runtime
		2376	Lambda/select 0.330 sec
		2377	+ optimized 0.122 sec
		2378	Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec
		2379	+ optimized 0.138 sec
		2380	Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec
		2381	POE/select, components 0.662 sec
		2382	POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec
		2383	POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec
		2384
		2385	AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec
		2386	AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec
		2387	+state machine 0.134 sec
		2388
		2389	The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE
		2390	benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O,
		2391	defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly
		2392	written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using
		2393	AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS
		2394	resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects
		2395	generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking
		2396	connects (which involve a single syscall only).
		2397
		2398	The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which
		2399	offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional
		2400	Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100%
		2401	non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage.
		2402
		2403	As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the
		2404	hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl
		2405	backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE.
		2406
		2407	And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and
		2408	slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda
		2409	higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though
		2410	it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way.
		2411
		2412	The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and
		2413	F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are
		2414	part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes.
		2415
1891		2416
1892	=head1 SIGNALS	2417	=head1 SIGNALS
1893		2418
1894	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:	2419	AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals:
1895		2420
…		…
1898	=item SIGCHLD	2423	=item SIGCHLD
1899		2424
1900	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher	2425	A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher
1901	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some	2426	emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some
1902	event loops install a similar handler.	2427	event loops install a similar handler.
		2428
		2429	Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then
		2430	AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses.
1903		2431
1904	=item SIGPIPE	2432	=item SIGPIPE
1905		2433
1906	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>	2434	A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef>
1907	when AnyEvent gets loaded.	2435	when AnyEvent gets loaded.
…		…
1919		2447
1920	=back	2448	=back
1921		2449
1922	=cut	2450	=cut
1923		2451
		2452	undef $SIG{CHLD}
		2453	if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE';
		2454
1924	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }	2455	$SIG{PIPE} = sub { }
1925	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};	2456	unless defined $SIG{PIPE};
1926		2457
		2458	=head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES
		2459
		2460	One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and
		2461	it's built-in modules) are required to use it.
		2462
		2463	That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional
		2464	modules if they are installed.
		2465
		2466	This section explains which additional modules will be used, and how they
		2467	affect AnyEvent's operation.
		2468
		2469	=over 4
		2470
		2471	=item L<Async::Interrupt>
		2472
		2473	This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To
		2474	my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick
		2475	signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get
		2476	delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and
		2477	catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for
		2478	C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>).
		2479
		2480	If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal
		2481	catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop
		2482	will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for
		2483	battery life on laptops).
		2484
		2485	This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops
		2486	that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt).
		2487
		2488	Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively,
		2489	and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround
		2490	(using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt>
		2491	does nothing for those backends.
		2492
		2493	=item L<EV>
		2494
		2495	This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend
		2496	event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event
		2497	loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports
		2498	the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does
		2499	automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available,
		2500	can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and
		2501	C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed
		2502	L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>).
		2503
		2504	=item L<Guard>
		2505
		2506	The guard module, when used, will be used to implement
		2507	C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a
		2508	lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is
		2509	purely used for performance.
		2510
		2511	=item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS>
		2512
		2513	One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data
		2514	via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. It is also written in pure-perl, but can take
		2515	advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed.
		2516
		2517	In fact, L<AnyEvent::Handle> will use L<JSON::XS> by default if it is
		2518	installed.
		2519
		2520	=item L<Net::SSLeay>
		2521
		2522	Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very
		2523	worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with
		2524	the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL.
		2525
		2526	=item L<Time::HiRes>
		2527
		2528	This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the
		2529	chosen event library does not come with a timing source on it's own. The
		2530	pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to
		2531	try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability.
		2532
		2533	=back
		2534
1927		2535
1928	=head1 FORK	2536	=head1 FORK
1929		2537
1930	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are	2538	Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are
1931	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll>	2539	because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> calls
1932	calls. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware.	2540	- higher performance APIs such as BSD's kqueue or the dreaded Linux epoll
		2541	are usually badly thought-out hacks that are incompatible with fork in
		2542	one way or another. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware and ensures that you
		2543	continue event-processing in both parent and child (or both, if you know
		2544	what you are doing).
		2545
		2546	This means that, in general, you cannot fork and do event processing in
		2547	the child if the event library was initialised before the fork (which
		2548	usually happens when the first AnyEvent watcher is created, or the library
		2549	is loaded).
1933		2550
1934	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first	2551	If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first
1935	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child.	2552	watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do
		2553	something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent.
		2554
		2555	The problem of doing event processing in the parent I<and> the child
		2556	is much more complicated: even for backends that I<are> fork-aware or
		2557	fork-safe, their behaviour is not usually what you want: fork clones all
		2558	watchers, that means all timers, I/O watchers etc. are active in both
		2559	parent and child, which is almost never what you want. USing C<exec>
		2560	to start worker children from some kind of manage rprocess is usually
		2561	preferred, because it is much easier and cleaner, at the expense of having
		2562	to have another binary.
1936		2563
1937		2564
1938	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	2565	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1939		2566
1940	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via	2567	AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via
…		…
1952	use AnyEvent;	2579	use AnyEvent;
1953		2580
1954	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can	2581	Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can
1955	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is	2582	be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is
1956	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and	2583	probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and
1957	$ENV{PERL_ANYEGENT_STRICT}.	2584	$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}.
		2585
		2586	Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with
		2587	C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is
		2588	enabled.
1958		2589
1959		2590
1960	=head1 BUGS	2591	=head1 BUGS
1961		2592
1962	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard	2593	Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard
…		…
1974	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.	2605	L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>.
1975		2606
1976	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,	2607	Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>,
1977	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,	2608	L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>,
1978	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,	2609	L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>,
1979	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>.	2610	L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>.
1980		2611
1981	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and	2612	Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and
1982	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>.	2613	servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>.
1983		2614
1984	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2615	Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>.
1985		2616
1986	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>,	2617	Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>,
		2618	L<Coro::Event>,
1987		2619
1988	Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>, L<AnyEvent::DNS>.	2620	Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>,
		2621	L<AnyEvent::HTTP>.
1989		2622
1990		2623
1991	=head1 AUTHOR	2624	=head1 AUTHOR
1992		2625
1993	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2626	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>

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