1 | =head1 NAME |
1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | |
2 | |
3 | AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops |
3 | AnyEvent - the DBI of event loop programming |
4 | |
4 | |
5 | EV, Event, Coro::EV, Coro::Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event loops |
5 | EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Irssi, rxvt-unicode, IO::Async, Qt |
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6 | and POE are various supported event loops/environments. |
6 | |
7 | |
7 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
8 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
8 | |
9 | |
9 | use AnyEvent; |
10 | use AnyEvent; |
10 | |
11 | |
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12 | # file descriptor readable |
11 | my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub { |
13 | my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r", cb => sub { ... }); |
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14 | |
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15 | # one-shot or repeating timers |
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16 | my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... }); |
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17 | my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ... |
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18 | |
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19 | print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time |
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20 | print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time. |
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21 | |
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22 | # POSIX signal |
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23 | my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... }); |
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24 | |
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25 | # child process exit |
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26 | my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub { |
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27 | my ($pid, $status) = @_; |
12 | ... |
28 | ... |
13 | }); |
29 | }); |
14 | |
30 | |
15 | my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { |
31 | # called when event loop idle (if applicable) |
16 | ... |
32 | my $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { ... }); |
17 | }); |
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18 | |
33 | |
19 | my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged |
34 | my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged |
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35 | $w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's |
20 | $w->wait; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->broadcast |
36 | $w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send |
21 | $w->broadcast; # wake up current and all future wait's |
37 | # use a condvar in callback mode: |
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38 | $w->cb (sub { $_[0]->recv }); |
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39 | |
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40 | =head1 INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL |
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41 | |
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42 | This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested |
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43 | in a tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the |
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44 | L<AnyEvent::Intro> manpage. |
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45 | |
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46 | =head1 SUPPORT |
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47 | |
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48 | There is a mailinglist for discussing all things AnyEvent, and an IRC |
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49 | channel, too. |
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50 | |
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51 | See the AnyEvent project page at the B<Schmorpforge Ta-Sa Software |
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52 | Repository>, at L<http://anyevent.schmorp.de>, for more info. |
22 | |
53 | |
23 | =head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT) |
54 | =head1 WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT) |
24 | |
55 | |
25 | Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen |
56 | Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen |
26 | nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent? |
57 | nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent? |
27 | |
58 | |
28 | Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of |
59 | Executive Summary: AnyEvent is I<compatible>, AnyEvent is I<free of |
29 | policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>. |
60 | policy> and AnyEvent is I<small and efficient>. |
30 | |
61 | |
31 | First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only |
62 | First and foremost, I<AnyEvent is not an event model> itself, it only |
32 | interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use in a |
63 | interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use, in a |
33 | pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike, |
64 | pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike, |
34 | the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general, |
65 | the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general, |
35 | only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent |
66 | only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. AnyEvent |
36 | helps hiding the differences between those event loops. |
67 | cannot change this, but it can hide the differences between those event |
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68 | loops. |
37 | |
69 | |
38 | The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event |
70 | The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event |
39 | programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a |
71 | programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a |
40 | religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your |
72 | religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your |
41 | module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event |
73 | module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event |
42 | model you use. |
74 | model you use. |
43 | |
75 | |
44 | For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is |
76 | For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is |
45 | actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is |
77 | actually doing all I/O I<synchronously>...), using them in your module is |
46 | like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you |
78 | like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you |
47 | cannot use anything else, as it is simply incompatible to everything that |
79 | cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything |
48 | isn't itself. What's worse, all the potential users of your module are |
80 | that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your |
49 | I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use. |
81 | module are I<also> forced to use the same event loop you use. |
50 | |
82 | |
51 | AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works |
83 | AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works |
52 | fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together |
84 | fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together |
53 | with the rest: POE + IO::Async? no go. Tk + Event? no go. Again: if |
85 | with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if |
54 | your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it, |
86 | your module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it, |
55 | too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all |
87 | too. But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all |
56 | event models it supports (including stuff like POE and IO::Async, as long |
88 | event models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those |
57 | as those use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new |
89 | use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops |
58 | event loops to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof). |
90 | to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof). |
59 | |
91 | |
60 | In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event |
92 | In addition to being free of having to use I<the one and only true event |
61 | model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar |
93 | model>, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar |
62 | modules, you get an enourmous amount of code and strict rules you have to |
94 | modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to |
63 | follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only |
95 | follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by only |
64 | offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as |
96 | offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a wrapper as |
65 | technically possible. |
97 | technically possible. |
66 | |
98 | |
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99 | Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox |
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100 | of useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100% |
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101 | non-blocking connects (even with TLS/SSL, IPv6 and on broken platforms |
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102 | such as Windows) and lots of real-world knowledge and workarounds for |
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103 | platform bugs and differences. |
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104 | |
67 | Of course, if you want lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat |
105 | Now, if you I<do want> lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat |
68 | useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event |
106 | useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event |
69 | model, you should I<not> use this module. |
107 | model, you should I<not> use this module. |
70 | |
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71 | |
108 | |
72 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
109 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
73 | |
110 | |
74 | L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This |
111 | L<AnyEvent> provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This |
75 | allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module |
112 | allows module authors to utilise an event loop without forcing module |
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79 | The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event> |
116 | The interface itself is vaguely similar, but not identical to the L<Event> |
80 | module. |
117 | module. |
81 | |
118 | |
82 | During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries |
119 | During the first call of any watcher-creation method, the module tries |
83 | to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the |
120 | to detect the currently loaded event loop by probing whether one of the |
84 | following modules is already loaded: L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>, L<EV>, |
121 | following modules is already loaded: L<EV>, |
85 | L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, |
122 | L<Event>, L<Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, |
86 | L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries |
123 | L<POE>. The first one found is used. If none are found, the module tries |
87 | to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl |
124 | to load these modules (excluding Tk, Event::Lib, Qt and POE as the pure perl |
88 | adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can |
125 | adaptor should always succeed) in the order given. The first one that can |
89 | be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be |
126 | be successfully loaded will be used. If, after this, still none could be |
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103 | starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to |
140 | starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors to |
104 | use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly... |
141 | use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly... |
105 | |
142 | |
106 | The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called |
143 | The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called |
107 | C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it |
144 | C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>. Like other event modules you can load it |
108 | explicitly. |
145 | explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :) |
109 | |
146 | |
110 | =head1 WATCHERS |
147 | =head1 WATCHERS |
111 | |
148 | |
112 | AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that |
149 | AnyEvent has the central concept of a I<watcher>, which is an object that |
113 | stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as |
150 | stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as |
114 | the callback to call, the filehandle to watch, etc. |
151 | the callback to call, the file handle to watch, etc. |
115 | |
152 | |
116 | These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After |
153 | These watchers are normal Perl objects with normal Perl lifetime. After |
117 | creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the |
154 | creating a watcher it will immediately "watch" for events and invoke the |
118 | callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model |
155 | callback when the event occurs (of course, only when the event model |
119 | is in control). |
156 | is in control). |
120 | |
157 | |
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158 | Note that B<callbacks must not permanently change global variables> |
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159 | potentially in use by the event loop (such as C<$_> or C<$[>) and that B<< |
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160 | callbacks must not C<die> >>. The former is good programming practise in |
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161 | Perl and the latter stems from the fact that exception handling differs |
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162 | widely between event loops. |
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163 | |
121 | To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the |
164 | To disable the watcher you have to destroy it (e.g. by setting the |
122 | variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references |
165 | variable you store it in to C<undef> or otherwise deleting all references |
123 | to it). |
166 | to it). |
124 | |
167 | |
125 | All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class. |
168 | All watchers are created by calling a method on the C<AnyEvent> class. |
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127 | Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for |
170 | Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for |
128 | example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways. |
171 | example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways. |
129 | |
172 | |
130 | An any way to achieve that is this pattern: |
173 | An any way to achieve that is this pattern: |
131 | |
174 | |
132 | my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub { |
175 | my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub { |
133 | # you can use $w here, for example to undef it |
176 | # you can use $w here, for example to undef it |
134 | undef $w; |
177 | undef $w; |
135 | }); |
178 | }); |
136 | |
179 | |
137 | Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl, |
180 | Note that C<my $w; $w => combination. This is necessary because in Perl, |
138 | my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are |
181 | my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are |
139 | declared. |
182 | declared. |
140 | |
183 | |
141 | =head2 I/O WATCHERS |
184 | =head2 I/O WATCHERS |
142 | |
185 | |
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186 | $w = AnyEvent->io ( |
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187 | fh => <filehandle_or_fileno>, |
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188 | poll => <"r" or "w">, |
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189 | cb => <callback>, |
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190 | ); |
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191 | |
143 | You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method |
192 | You can create an I/O watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->io >> method |
144 | with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments: |
193 | with the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments: |
145 | |
194 | |
146 | C<fh> the Perl I<file handle> (I<not> file descriptor) to watch |
195 | C<fh> is the Perl I<file handle> (or a naked file descriptor) to watch |
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196 | for events (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file |
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197 | handle). Note that only file handles pointing to things for which |
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198 | non-blocking operation makes sense are allowed. This includes sockets, |
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199 | most character devices, pipes, fifos and so on, but not for example files |
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200 | or block devices. |
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201 | |
147 | for events. C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, |
202 | C<poll> must be a string that is either C<r> or C<w>, which creates a |
148 | which creates a watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, |
203 | watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively. |
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204 | |
149 | respectively. C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle |
205 | C<cb> is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready. |
150 | becomes ready. |
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151 | |
206 | |
152 | Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and |
207 | Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and |
153 | presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent |
208 | presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent |
154 | callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks. |
209 | callbacks cannot use arguments passed to I/O watcher callbacks. |
155 | |
210 | |
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159 | |
214 | |
160 | Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should |
215 | Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should |
161 | always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file |
216 | always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file |
162 | handles. |
217 | handles. |
163 | |
218 | |
164 | Example: |
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165 | |
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166 | # wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the watcher |
219 | Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the |
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220 | watcher. |
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221 | |
167 | my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub { |
222 | my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub { |
168 | chomp (my $input = <STDIN>); |
223 | chomp (my $input = <STDIN>); |
169 | warn "read: $input\n"; |
224 | warn "read: $input\n"; |
170 | undef $w; |
225 | undef $w; |
171 | }); |
226 | }); |
172 | |
227 | |
173 | =head2 TIME WATCHERS |
228 | =head2 TIME WATCHERS |
174 | |
229 | |
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230 | $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => <seconds>, cb => <callback>); |
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231 | |
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232 | $w = AnyEvent->timer ( |
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233 | after => <fractional_seconds>, |
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234 | interval => <fractional_seconds>, |
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235 | cb => <callback>, |
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236 | ); |
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237 | |
175 | You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >> |
238 | You can create a time watcher by calling the C<< AnyEvent->timer >> |
176 | method with the following mandatory arguments: |
239 | method with the following mandatory arguments: |
177 | |
240 | |
178 | C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are |
241 | C<after> specifies after how many seconds (fractional values are |
179 | supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke |
242 | supported) the callback should be invoked. C<cb> is the callback to invoke |
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181 | |
244 | |
182 | Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and |
245 | Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and |
183 | presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent |
246 | presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent |
184 | callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks. |
247 | callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks. |
185 | |
248 | |
186 | The timer callback will be invoked at most once: if you want a repeating |
249 | The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another |
187 | timer you have to create a new watcher (this is a limitation by both Tk |
250 | parameter, C<interval>, as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the |
188 | and Glib). |
251 | callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional |
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252 | seconds) after the first invocation. If C<interval> is specified with a |
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253 | false value, then it is treated as if it were missing. |
189 | |
254 | |
190 | Example: |
255 | The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no |
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256 | attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval is |
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257 | only approximate. |
191 | |
258 | |
192 | # fire an event after 7.7 seconds |
259 | Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds. |
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260 | |
193 | my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub { |
261 | my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub { |
194 | warn "timeout\n"; |
262 | warn "timeout\n"; |
195 | }); |
263 | }); |
196 | |
264 | |
197 | # to cancel the timer: |
265 | # to cancel the timer: |
198 | undef $w; |
266 | undef $w; |
199 | |
267 | |
200 | Example 2: |
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201 | |
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202 | # fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second |
268 | Example 2: fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second. |
203 | my $w; |
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204 | |
269 | |
205 | my $cb = sub { |
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206 | # cancel the old timer while creating a new one |
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207 | $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => $cb); |
270 | my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, interval => 1, cb => sub { |
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271 | warn "timeout\n"; |
208 | }; |
272 | }; |
209 | |
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210 | # start the "loop" by creating the first watcher |
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211 | $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, cb => $cb); |
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212 | |
273 | |
213 | =head3 TIMING ISSUES |
274 | =head3 TIMING ISSUES |
214 | |
275 | |
215 | There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire |
276 | There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire |
216 | in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12 |
277 | in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12 |
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228 | timers. |
289 | timers. |
229 | |
290 | |
230 | AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the |
291 | AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the |
231 | AnyEvent API. |
292 | AnyEvent API. |
232 | |
293 | |
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294 | AnyEvent has two additional methods that return the "current time": |
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295 | |
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296 | =over 4 |
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297 | |
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298 | =item AnyEvent->time |
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299 | |
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300 | This returns the "current wallclock time" as a fractional number of |
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301 | seconds since the Epoch (the same thing as C<time> or C<Time::HiRes::time> |
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302 | return, and the result is guaranteed to be compatible with those). |
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303 | |
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304 | It progresses independently of any event loop processing, i.e. each call |
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305 | will check the system clock, which usually gets updated frequently. |
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306 | |
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307 | =item AnyEvent->now |
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308 | |
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309 | This also returns the "current wallclock time", but unlike C<time>, above, |
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310 | this value might change only once per event loop iteration, depending on |
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311 | the event loop (most return the same time as C<time>, above). This is the |
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312 | time that AnyEvent's timers get scheduled against. |
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313 | |
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314 | I<In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the |
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315 | function to call when you want to know the current time.> |
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316 | |
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317 | This function is also often faster then C<< AnyEvent->time >>, and |
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318 | thus the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example, |
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319 | L<AnyEvent::Handle> uses this to update it's activity timeouts). |
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320 | |
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321 | The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very exact |
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322 | with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience. |
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323 | |
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324 | For a practical example of when these times differ, consider L<Event::Lib> |
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325 | and L<EV> and the following set-up: |
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326 | |
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327 | The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback at |
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328 | time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your callback, |
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329 | you wait a second by executing C<sleep 1> (blocking the process for a |
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330 | second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative timer that fires |
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331 | after three seconds. |
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332 | |
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333 | With L<Event::Lib>, C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> will |
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334 | both return C<501>, because that is the current time, and the timer will |
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335 | be scheduled to fire at time=504 (C<501> + C<3>). |
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336 | |
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337 | With L<EV>, C<< AnyEvent->time >> returns C<501> (as that is the current |
|
|
338 | time), but C<< AnyEvent->now >> returns C<500>, as that is the time the |
|
|
339 | last event processing phase started. With L<EV>, your timer gets scheduled |
|
|
340 | to run at time=503 (C<500> + C<3>). |
|
|
341 | |
|
|
342 | In one sense, L<Event::Lib> is more exact, as it uses the current time |
|
|
343 | regardless of any delays introduced by event processing. However, most |
|
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344 | callbacks do not expect large delays in processing, so this causes a |
|
|
345 | higher drift (and a lot more system calls to get the current time). |
|
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346 | |
|
|
347 | In another sense, L<EV> is more exact, as your timer will be scheduled at |
|
|
348 | the same time, regardless of how long event processing actually took. |
|
|
349 | |
|
|
350 | In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you |
|
|
351 | can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking the |
|
|
352 | difference between C<< AnyEvent->time >> and C<< AnyEvent->now >> into |
|
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353 | account. |
|
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354 | |
|
|
355 | =item AnyEvent->now_update |
|
|
356 | |
|
|
357 | Some event loops (such as L<EV> or L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) cache |
|
|
358 | the current time for each loop iteration (see the discussion of L<< |
|
|
359 | AnyEvent->now >>, above). |
|
|
360 | |
|
|
361 | When a callback runs for a long time (or when the process sleeps), then |
|
|
362 | this "current" time will differ substantially from the real time, which |
|
|
363 | might affect timers and time-outs. |
|
|
364 | |
|
|
365 | When this is the case, you can call this method, which will update the |
|
|
366 | event loop's idea of "current time". |
|
|
367 | |
|
|
368 | A typical example would be a script in a web server (e.g. C<mod_perl>) - |
|
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369 | when mod_perl executes the script, then the event loop will have the wrong |
|
|
370 | idea about the "current time" (being potentially far in the past, when the |
|
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371 | script ran the last time). In that case you should arrange a call to C<< |
|
|
372 | AnyEvent->now_update >> each time the web server process wakes up again |
|
|
373 | (e.g. at the start of your script, or in a handler). |
|
|
374 | |
|
|
375 | Note that updating the time I<might> cause some events to be handled. |
|
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376 | |
|
|
377 | =back |
|
|
378 | |
233 | =head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS |
379 | =head2 SIGNAL WATCHERS |
234 | |
380 | |
|
|
381 | $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => <uppercase_signal_name>, cb => <callback>); |
|
|
382 | |
235 | You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal |
383 | You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, C<signal> is the signal |
236 | I<name> without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl callback to |
384 | I<name> in uppercase and without any C<SIG> prefix, C<cb> is the Perl |
237 | be invoked whenever a signal occurs. |
385 | callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs. |
238 | |
386 | |
239 | Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and |
387 | Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and |
240 | presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent |
388 | presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent |
241 | callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks. |
389 | callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks. |
242 | |
390 | |
243 | Multiple signal occurances can be clumped together into one callback |
391 | Multiple signal occurrences can be clumped together into one callback |
244 | invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. synchronous means |
392 | invocation, and callback invocation will be synchronous. Synchronous means |
245 | that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process, |
393 | that it might take a while until the signal gets handled by the process, |
246 | but it is guarenteed not to interrupt any other callbacks. |
394 | but it is guaranteed not to interrupt any other callbacks. |
247 | |
395 | |
248 | The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal |
396 | The main advantage of using these watchers is that you can share a signal |
249 | between multiple watchers. |
397 | between multiple watchers, and AnyEvent will ensure that signals will not |
|
|
398 | interrupt your program at bad times. |
250 | |
399 | |
251 | This watcher might use C<%SIG>, so programs overwriting those signals |
400 | This watcher might use C<%SIG> (depending on the event loop used), |
252 | directly will likely not work correctly. |
401 | so programs overwriting those signals directly will likely not work |
|
|
402 | correctly. |
253 | |
403 | |
254 | Example: exit on SIGINT |
404 | Example: exit on SIGINT |
255 | |
405 | |
256 | my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 }); |
406 | my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "INT", cb => sub { exit 1 }); |
257 | |
407 | |
|
|
408 | =head3 Restart Behaviour |
|
|
409 | |
|
|
410 | While restart behaviour is up to the event loop implementation, most will |
|
|
411 | not restart syscalls (that includes L<Async::Interrupt> and AnyEvent's |
|
|
412 | pure perl implementation). |
|
|
413 | |
|
|
414 | =head3 Safe/Unsafe Signals |
|
|
415 | |
|
|
416 | Perl signals can be either "safe" (synchronous to opcode handling) or |
|
|
417 | "unsafe" (asynchronous) - the former might get delayed indefinitely, the |
|
|
418 | latter might corrupt your memory. |
|
|
419 | |
|
|
420 | AnyEvent signal handlers are, in addition, synchronous to the event loop, |
|
|
421 | i.e. they will not interrupt your running perl program but will only be |
|
|
422 | called as part of the normal event handling (just like timer, I/O etc. |
|
|
423 | callbacks, too). |
|
|
424 | |
|
|
425 | =head3 Signal Races, Delays and Workarounds |
|
|
426 | |
|
|
427 | Many event loops (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt, IO::Async) do not support attaching |
|
|
428 | callbacks to signals in a generic way, which is a pity, as you cannot |
|
|
429 | do race-free signal handling in perl, requiring C libraries for |
|
|
430 | this. AnyEvent will try to do it's best, which means in some cases, |
|
|
431 | signals will be delayed. The maximum time a signal might be delayed is |
|
|
432 | specified in C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY> (default: 10 seconds). This |
|
|
433 | variable can be changed only before the first signal watcher is created, |
|
|
434 | and should be left alone otherwise. This variable determines how often |
|
|
435 | AnyEvent polls for signals (in case a wake-up was missed). Higher values |
|
|
436 | will cause fewer spurious wake-ups, which is better for power and CPU |
|
|
437 | saving. |
|
|
438 | |
|
|
439 | All these problems can be avoided by installing the optional |
|
|
440 | L<Async::Interrupt> module, which works with most event loops. It will not |
|
|
441 | work with inherently broken event loops such as L<Event> or L<Event::Lib> |
|
|
442 | (and not with L<POE> currently, as POE does it's own workaround with |
|
|
443 | one-second latency). For those, you just have to suffer the delays. |
|
|
444 | |
258 | =head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS |
445 | =head2 CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS |
259 | |
446 | |
|
|
447 | $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => <process id>, cb => <callback>); |
|
|
448 | |
260 | You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status. |
449 | You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status. |
261 | |
450 | |
262 | The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (if set to C<0>, it |
451 | The child process is specified by the C<pid> argument (one some backends, |
263 | watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often |
452 | using C<0> watches for any child process exit, on others this will |
264 | as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a |
453 | croak). The watcher will be triggered only when the child process has |
265 | signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>. The callback will be called with the pid |
454 | finished and an exit status is available, not on any trace events |
266 | and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, |
455 | (stopped/continued). |
267 | you I<can> rely on child watcher callback arguments. |
456 | |
|
|
457 | The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by |
|
|
458 | waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you I<can> rely on child watcher |
|
|
459 | callback arguments. |
|
|
460 | |
|
|
461 | This watcher type works by installing a signal handler for C<SIGCHLD>, |
|
|
462 | and since it cannot be shared, nothing else should use SIGCHLD or reap |
|
|
463 | random child processes (waiting for specific child processes, e.g. inside |
|
|
464 | C<system>, is just fine). |
268 | |
465 | |
269 | There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them |
466 | There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start them |
270 | I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could |
467 | I<after> the child process was created, and this means the process could |
271 | have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore). |
468 | have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore). |
272 | |
469 | |
273 | Not all event models handle this correctly (POE doesn't), but even for |
470 | Not all event models handle this correctly (neither POE nor IO::Async do, |
|
|
471 | see their AnyEvent::Impl manpages for details), but even for event models |
274 | event models that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be |
472 | that I<do> handle this correctly, they usually need to be loaded before |
275 | loaded before the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). |
473 | the process exits (i.e. before you fork in the first place). AnyEvent's |
|
|
474 | pure perl event loop handles all cases correctly regardless of when you |
|
|
475 | start the watcher. |
276 | |
476 | |
277 | This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first thing in an |
477 | This means you cannot create a child watcher as the very first |
278 | AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one watcher before you |
478 | thing in an AnyEvent program, you I<have> to create at least one |
279 | C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call C<AnyEvent::detect>). |
479 | watcher before you C<fork> the child (alternatively, you can call |
|
|
480 | C<AnyEvent::detect>). |
|
|
481 | |
|
|
482 | As most event loops do not support waiting for child events, they will be |
|
|
483 | emulated by AnyEvent in most cases, in which the latency and race problems |
|
|
484 | mentioned in the description of signal watchers apply. |
280 | |
485 | |
281 | Example: fork a process and wait for it |
486 | Example: fork a process and wait for it |
282 | |
487 | |
283 | my $done = AnyEvent->condvar; |
488 | my $done = AnyEvent->condvar; |
284 | |
489 | |
285 | AnyEvent::detect; # force event module to be initialised |
|
|
286 | |
|
|
287 | my $pid = fork or exit 5; |
490 | my $pid = fork or exit 5; |
288 | |
491 | |
289 | my $w = AnyEvent->child ( |
492 | my $w = AnyEvent->child ( |
290 | pid => $pid, |
493 | pid => $pid, |
291 | cb => sub { |
494 | cb => sub { |
292 | my ($pid, $status) = @_; |
495 | my ($pid, $status) = @_; |
293 | warn "pid $pid exited with status $status"; |
496 | warn "pid $pid exited with status $status"; |
294 | $done->broadcast; |
497 | $done->send; |
295 | }, |
498 | }, |
296 | ); |
499 | ); |
297 | |
500 | |
298 | # do something else, then wait for process exit |
501 | # do something else, then wait for process exit |
299 | $done->wait; |
502 | $done->recv; |
|
|
503 | |
|
|
504 | =head2 IDLE WATCHERS |
|
|
505 | |
|
|
506 | $w = AnyEvent->idle (cb => <callback>); |
|
|
507 | |
|
|
508 | Repeatedly invoke the callback after the process becomes idle, until |
|
|
509 | either the watcher is destroyed or new events have been detected. |
|
|
510 | |
|
|
511 | Idle watchers are useful when there is a need to do something, but it |
|
|
512 | is not so important (or wise) to do it instantly. The callback will be |
|
|
513 | invoked only when there is "nothing better to do", which is usually |
|
|
514 | defined as "all outstanding events have been handled and no new events |
|
|
515 | have been detected". That means that idle watchers ideally get invoked |
|
|
516 | when the event loop has just polled for new events but none have been |
|
|
517 | detected. Instead of blocking to wait for more events, the idle watchers |
|
|
518 | will be invoked. |
|
|
519 | |
|
|
520 | Unfortunately, most event loops do not really support idle watchers (only |
|
|
521 | EV, Event and Glib do it in a usable fashion) - for the rest, AnyEvent |
|
|
522 | will simply call the callback "from time to time". |
|
|
523 | |
|
|
524 | Example: read lines from STDIN, but only process them when the |
|
|
525 | program is otherwise idle: |
|
|
526 | |
|
|
527 | my @lines; # read data |
|
|
528 | my $idle_w; |
|
|
529 | my $io_w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub { |
|
|
530 | push @lines, scalar <STDIN>; |
|
|
531 | |
|
|
532 | # start an idle watcher, if not already done |
|
|
533 | $idle_w ||= AnyEvent->idle (cb => sub { |
|
|
534 | # handle only one line, when there are lines left |
|
|
535 | if (my $line = shift @lines) { |
|
|
536 | print "handled when idle: $line"; |
|
|
537 | } else { |
|
|
538 | # otherwise disable the idle watcher again |
|
|
539 | undef $idle_w; |
|
|
540 | } |
|
|
541 | }); |
|
|
542 | }); |
300 | |
543 | |
301 | =head2 CONDITION VARIABLES |
544 | =head2 CONDITION VARIABLES |
302 | |
545 | |
|
|
546 | $cv = AnyEvent->condvar; |
|
|
547 | |
|
|
548 | $cv->send (<list>); |
|
|
549 | my @res = $cv->recv; |
|
|
550 | |
|
|
551 | If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them |
|
|
552 | require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that |
|
|
553 | will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks. |
|
|
554 | |
|
|
555 | AnyEvent is slightly different: it expects somebody else to run the event |
|
|
556 | loop and will only block when necessary (usually when told by the user). |
|
|
557 | |
|
|
558 | The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called |
|
|
559 | because they represent a condition that must become true. |
|
|
560 | |
|
|
561 | Now is probably a good time to look at the examples further below. |
|
|
562 | |
303 | Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar >> |
563 | Condition variables can be created by calling the C<< AnyEvent->condvar |
304 | method without any arguments. |
564 | >> method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is |
|
|
565 | C<cb>, which specifies a callback to be called when the condition variable |
|
|
566 | becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument (but not |
|
|
567 | the results). |
305 | |
568 | |
306 | A condition variable waits for a condition - precisely that the C<< |
569 | After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes "true" |
307 | ->broadcast >> method has been called. |
570 | by calling the C<send> method (or calling the condition variable as if it |
|
|
571 | were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for the C<< |
|
|
572 | ->send >> method). |
308 | |
573 | |
309 | They are very useful to signal that a condition has been fulfilled, for |
574 | Condition variables are similar to callbacks, except that you can |
|
|
575 | optionally wait for them. They can also be called merge points - points |
|
|
576 | in time where multiple outstanding events have been processed. And yet |
|
|
577 | another way to call them is transactions - each condition variable can be |
|
|
578 | used to represent a transaction, which finishes at some point and delivers |
|
|
579 | a result. And yet some people know them as "futures" - a promise to |
|
|
580 | compute/deliver something that you can wait for. |
|
|
581 | |
|
|
582 | Condition variables are very useful to signal that something has finished, |
310 | example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests, |
583 | for example, if you write a module that does asynchronous http requests, |
311 | then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the |
584 | then a condition variable would be the ideal candidate to signal the |
312 | availability of results. |
585 | availability of results. The user can either act when the callback is |
|
|
586 | called or can synchronously C<< ->recv >> for the results. |
313 | |
587 | |
314 | You can also use condition variables to block your main program until |
588 | You can also use them to simulate traditional event loops - for example, |
315 | an event occurs - for example, you could C<< ->wait >> in your main |
589 | you can block your main program until an event occurs - for example, you |
316 | program until the user clicks the Quit button in your app, which would C<< |
590 | could C<< ->recv >> in your main program until the user clicks the Quit |
317 | ->broadcast >> the "quit" event. |
591 | button of your app, which would C<< ->send >> the "quit" event. |
318 | |
592 | |
319 | Note that condition variables recurse into the event loop - if you have |
593 | Note that condition variables recurse into the event loop - if you have |
320 | two pirces of code that call C<< ->wait >> in a round-robbin fashion, you |
594 | two pieces of code that call C<< ->recv >> in a round-robin fashion, you |
321 | lose. Therefore, condition variables are good to export to your caller, but |
595 | lose. Therefore, condition variables are good to export to your caller, but |
322 | you should avoid making a blocking wait yourself, at least in callbacks, |
596 | you should avoid making a blocking wait yourself, at least in callbacks, |
323 | as this asks for trouble. |
597 | as this asks for trouble. |
324 | |
598 | |
325 | This object has two methods: |
599 | Condition variables are represented by hash refs in perl, and the keys |
|
|
600 | used by AnyEvent itself are all named C<_ae_XXX> to make subclassing |
|
|
601 | easy (it is often useful to build your own transaction class on top of |
|
|
602 | AnyEvent). To subclass, use C<AnyEvent::CondVar> as base class and call |
|
|
603 | it's C<new> method in your own C<new> method. |
326 | |
604 | |
327 | =over 4 |
605 | There are two "sides" to a condition variable - the "producer side" which |
|
|
606 | eventually calls C<< -> send >>, and the "consumer side", which waits |
|
|
607 | for the send to occur. |
328 | |
608 | |
329 | =item $cv->wait |
609 | Example: wait for a timer. |
330 | |
|
|
331 | Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->broadcast >> method has been |
|
|
332 | called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers normally. |
|
|
333 | |
|
|
334 | You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls will return |
|
|
335 | immediately. |
|
|
336 | |
|
|
337 | Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case |
|
|
338 | (programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are |
|
|
339 | using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>, but let the |
|
|
340 | caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling |
|
|
341 | condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting |
|
|
342 | callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block, |
|
|
343 | while still suppporting blocking waits if the caller so desires). |
|
|
344 | |
|
|
345 | Another reason I<never> to C<< ->wait >> in a module is that you cannot |
|
|
346 | sensibly have two C<< ->wait >>'s in parallel, as that would require |
|
|
347 | multiple interpreters or coroutines/threads, none of which C<AnyEvent> |
|
|
348 | can supply (the coroutine-aware backends L<AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEV> and |
|
|
349 | L<AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEvent> explicitly support concurrent C<< ->wait >>'s |
|
|
350 | from different coroutines, however). |
|
|
351 | |
|
|
352 | =item $cv->broadcast |
|
|
353 | |
|
|
354 | Flag the condition as ready - a running C<< ->wait >> and all further |
|
|
355 | calls to C<wait> will (eventually) return after this method has been |
|
|
356 | called. If nobody is waiting the broadcast will be remembered.. |
|
|
357 | |
|
|
358 | =back |
|
|
359 | |
|
|
360 | Example: |
|
|
361 | |
610 | |
362 | # wait till the result is ready |
611 | # wait till the result is ready |
363 | my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar; |
612 | my $result_ready = AnyEvent->condvar; |
364 | |
613 | |
365 | # do something such as adding a timer |
614 | # do something such as adding a timer |
366 | # or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->broadcast |
615 | # or socket watcher the calls $result_ready->send |
367 | # when the "result" is ready. |
616 | # when the "result" is ready. |
368 | # in this case, we simply use a timer: |
617 | # in this case, we simply use a timer: |
369 | my $w = AnyEvent->timer ( |
618 | my $w = AnyEvent->timer ( |
370 | after => 1, |
619 | after => 1, |
371 | cb => sub { $result_ready->broadcast }, |
620 | cb => sub { $result_ready->send }, |
372 | ); |
621 | ); |
373 | |
622 | |
374 | # this "blocks" (while handling events) till the watcher |
623 | # this "blocks" (while handling events) till the callback |
375 | # calls broadcast |
624 | # calls ->send |
376 | $result_ready->wait; |
625 | $result_ready->recv; |
|
|
626 | |
|
|
627 | Example: wait for a timer, but take advantage of the fact that condition |
|
|
628 | variables are also callable directly. |
|
|
629 | |
|
|
630 | my $done = AnyEvent->condvar; |
|
|
631 | my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done); |
|
|
632 | $done->recv; |
|
|
633 | |
|
|
634 | Example: Imagine an API that returns a condvar and doesn't support |
|
|
635 | callbacks. This is how you make a synchronous call, for example from |
|
|
636 | the main program: |
|
|
637 | |
|
|
638 | use AnyEvent::CouchDB; |
|
|
639 | |
|
|
640 | ... |
|
|
641 | |
|
|
642 | my @info = $couchdb->info->recv; |
|
|
643 | |
|
|
644 | And this is how you would just set a callback to be called whenever the |
|
|
645 | results are available: |
|
|
646 | |
|
|
647 | $couchdb->info->cb (sub { |
|
|
648 | my @info = $_[0]->recv; |
|
|
649 | }); |
|
|
650 | |
|
|
651 | =head3 METHODS FOR PRODUCERS |
|
|
652 | |
|
|
653 | These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the |
|
|
654 | code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also |
|
|
655 | the producer side which creates the condvar in most cases, but it isn't |
|
|
656 | uncommon for the consumer to create it as well. |
|
|
657 | |
|
|
658 | =over 4 |
|
|
659 | |
|
|
660 | =item $cv->send (...) |
|
|
661 | |
|
|
662 | Flag the condition as ready - a running C<< ->recv >> and all further |
|
|
663 | calls to C<recv> will (eventually) return after this method has been |
|
|
664 | called. If nobody is waiting the send will be remembered. |
|
|
665 | |
|
|
666 | If a callback has been set on the condition variable, it is called |
|
|
667 | immediately from within send. |
|
|
668 | |
|
|
669 | Any arguments passed to the C<send> call will be returned by all |
|
|
670 | future C<< ->recv >> calls. |
|
|
671 | |
|
|
672 | Condition variables are overloaded so one can call them directly (as if |
|
|
673 | they were a code reference). Calling them directly is the same as calling |
|
|
674 | C<send>. |
|
|
675 | |
|
|
676 | =item $cv->croak ($error) |
|
|
677 | |
|
|
678 | Similar to send, but causes all call's to C<< ->recv >> to invoke |
|
|
679 | C<Carp::croak> with the given error message/object/scalar. |
|
|
680 | |
|
|
681 | This can be used to signal any errors to the condition variable |
|
|
682 | user/consumer. Doing it this way instead of calling C<croak> directly |
|
|
683 | delays the error detetcion, but has the overwhelmign advantage that it |
|
|
684 | diagnoses the error at the place where the result is expected, and not |
|
|
685 | deep in some event clalback without connection to the actual code causing |
|
|
686 | the problem. |
|
|
687 | |
|
|
688 | =item $cv->begin ([group callback]) |
|
|
689 | |
|
|
690 | =item $cv->end |
|
|
691 | |
|
|
692 | These two methods can be used to combine many transactions/events into |
|
|
693 | one. For example, a function that pings many hosts in parallel might want |
|
|
694 | to use a condition variable for the whole process. |
|
|
695 | |
|
|
696 | Every call to C<< ->begin >> will increment a counter, and every call to |
|
|
697 | C<< ->end >> will decrement it. If the counter reaches C<0> in C<< ->end |
|
|
698 | >>, the (last) callback passed to C<begin> will be executed, passing the |
|
|
699 | condvar as first argument. That callback is I<supposed> to call C<< ->send |
|
|
700 | >>, but that is not required. If no group callback was set, C<send> will |
|
|
701 | be called without any arguments. |
|
|
702 | |
|
|
703 | You can think of C<< $cv->send >> giving you an OR condition (one call |
|
|
704 | sends), while C<< $cv->begin >> and C<< $cv->end >> giving you an AND |
|
|
705 | condition (all C<begin> calls must be C<end>'ed before the condvar sends). |
|
|
706 | |
|
|
707 | Let's start with a simple example: you have two I/O watchers (for example, |
|
|
708 | STDOUT and STDERR for a program), and you want to wait for both streams to |
|
|
709 | close before activating a condvar: |
|
|
710 | |
|
|
711 | my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar; |
|
|
712 | |
|
|
713 | $cv->begin; # first watcher |
|
|
714 | my $w1 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh1, cb => sub { |
|
|
715 | defined sysread $fh1, my $buf, 4096 |
|
|
716 | or $cv->end; |
|
|
717 | }); |
|
|
718 | |
|
|
719 | $cv->begin; # second watcher |
|
|
720 | my $w2 = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh2, cb => sub { |
|
|
721 | defined sysread $fh2, my $buf, 4096 |
|
|
722 | or $cv->end; |
|
|
723 | }); |
|
|
724 | |
|
|
725 | $cv->recv; |
|
|
726 | |
|
|
727 | This works because for every event source (EOF on file handle), there is |
|
|
728 | one call to C<begin>, so the condvar waits for all calls to C<end> before |
|
|
729 | sending. |
|
|
730 | |
|
|
731 | The ping example mentioned above is slightly more complicated, as the |
|
|
732 | there are results to be passwd back, and the number of tasks that are |
|
|
733 | begung can potentially be zero: |
|
|
734 | |
|
|
735 | my $cv = AnyEvent->condvar; |
|
|
736 | |
|
|
737 | my %result; |
|
|
738 | $cv->begin (sub { shift->send (\%result) }); |
|
|
739 | |
|
|
740 | for my $host (@list_of_hosts) { |
|
|
741 | $cv->begin; |
|
|
742 | ping_host_then_call_callback $host, sub { |
|
|
743 | $result{$host} = ...; |
|
|
744 | $cv->end; |
|
|
745 | }; |
|
|
746 | } |
|
|
747 | |
|
|
748 | $cv->end; |
|
|
749 | |
|
|
750 | This code fragment supposedly pings a number of hosts and calls |
|
|
751 | C<send> after results for all then have have been gathered - in any |
|
|
752 | order. To achieve this, the code issues a call to C<begin> when it starts |
|
|
753 | each ping request and calls C<end> when it has received some result for |
|
|
754 | it. Since C<begin> and C<end> only maintain a counter, the order in which |
|
|
755 | results arrive is not relevant. |
|
|
756 | |
|
|
757 | There is an additional bracketing call to C<begin> and C<end> outside the |
|
|
758 | loop, which serves two important purposes: first, it sets the callback |
|
|
759 | to be called once the counter reaches C<0>, and second, it ensures that |
|
|
760 | C<send> is called even when C<no> hosts are being pinged (the loop |
|
|
761 | doesn't execute once). |
|
|
762 | |
|
|
763 | This is the general pattern when you "fan out" into multiple (but |
|
|
764 | potentially none) subrequests: use an outer C<begin>/C<end> pair to set |
|
|
765 | the callback and ensure C<end> is called at least once, and then, for each |
|
|
766 | subrequest you start, call C<begin> and for each subrequest you finish, |
|
|
767 | call C<end>. |
|
|
768 | |
|
|
769 | =back |
|
|
770 | |
|
|
771 | =head3 METHODS FOR CONSUMERS |
|
|
772 | |
|
|
773 | These methods should only be used by the consuming side, i.e. the |
|
|
774 | code awaits the condition. |
|
|
775 | |
|
|
776 | =over 4 |
|
|
777 | |
|
|
778 | =item $cv->recv |
|
|
779 | |
|
|
780 | Wait (blocking if necessary) until the C<< ->send >> or C<< ->croak |
|
|
781 | >> methods have been called on c<$cv>, while servicing other watchers |
|
|
782 | normally. |
|
|
783 | |
|
|
784 | You can only wait once on a condition - additional calls are valid but |
|
|
785 | will return immediately. |
|
|
786 | |
|
|
787 | If an error condition has been set by calling C<< ->croak >>, then this |
|
|
788 | function will call C<croak>. |
|
|
789 | |
|
|
790 | In list context, all parameters passed to C<send> will be returned, |
|
|
791 | in scalar context only the first one will be returned. |
|
|
792 | |
|
|
793 | Note that doing a blocking wait in a callback is not supported by any |
|
|
794 | event loop, that is, recursive invocation of a blocking C<< ->recv |
|
|
795 | >> is not allowed, and the C<recv> call will C<croak> if such a |
|
|
796 | condition is detected. This condition can be slightly loosened by using |
|
|
797 | L<Coro::AnyEvent>, which allows you to do a blocking C<< ->recv >> from |
|
|
798 | any thread that doesn't run the event loop itself. |
|
|
799 | |
|
|
800 | Not all event models support a blocking wait - some die in that case |
|
|
801 | (programs might want to do that to stay interactive), so I<if you are |
|
|
802 | using this from a module, never require a blocking wait>. Instead, let the |
|
|
803 | caller decide whether the call will block or not (for example, by coupling |
|
|
804 | condition variables with some kind of request results and supporting |
|
|
805 | callbacks so the caller knows that getting the result will not block, |
|
|
806 | while still supporting blocking waits if the caller so desires). |
|
|
807 | |
|
|
808 | You can ensure that C<< -recv >> never blocks by setting a callback and |
|
|
809 | only calling C<< ->recv >> from within that callback (or at a later |
|
|
810 | time). This will work even when the event loop does not support blocking |
|
|
811 | waits otherwise. |
|
|
812 | |
|
|
813 | =item $bool = $cv->ready |
|
|
814 | |
|
|
815 | Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether C<send> or |
|
|
816 | C<croak> have been called. |
|
|
817 | |
|
|
818 | =item $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv)) |
|
|
819 | |
|
|
820 | This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and optionally |
|
|
821 | replaces it before doing so. |
|
|
822 | |
|
|
823 | The callback will be called when the condition becomes (or already was) |
|
|
824 | "true", i.e. when C<send> or C<croak> are called (or were called), with |
|
|
825 | the only argument being the condition variable itself. Calling C<recv> |
|
|
826 | inside the callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block. |
|
|
827 | |
|
|
828 | =back |
|
|
829 | |
|
|
830 | =head1 SUPPORTED EVENT LOOPS/BACKENDS |
|
|
831 | |
|
|
832 | The available backend classes are (every class has its own manpage): |
|
|
833 | |
|
|
834 | =over 4 |
|
|
835 | |
|
|
836 | =item Backends that are autoprobed when no other event loop can be found. |
|
|
837 | |
|
|
838 | EV is the preferred backend when no other event loop seems to be in |
|
|
839 | use. If EV is not installed, then AnyEvent will fall back to its own |
|
|
840 | pure-perl implementation, which is available everywhere as it comes with |
|
|
841 | AnyEvent itself. |
|
|
842 | |
|
|
843 | AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (interface to libev, best choice). |
|
|
844 | AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, fast and portable. |
|
|
845 | |
|
|
846 | =item Backends that are transparently being picked up when they are used. |
|
|
847 | |
|
|
848 | These will be used when they are currently loaded when the first watcher |
|
|
849 | is created, in which case it is assumed that the application is using |
|
|
850 | them. This means that AnyEvent will automatically pick the right backend |
|
|
851 | when the main program loads an event module before anything starts to |
|
|
852 | create watchers. Nothing special needs to be done by the main program. |
|
|
853 | |
|
|
854 | AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, very stable, few glitches. |
|
|
855 | AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, slow but very stable. |
|
|
856 | AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very broken. |
|
|
857 | AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse. |
|
|
858 | AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, very slow, some limitations. |
|
|
859 | AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi used when running within irssi. |
|
|
860 | |
|
|
861 | =item Backends with special needs. |
|
|
862 | |
|
|
863 | Qt requires the Qt::Application to be instantiated first, but will |
|
|
864 | otherwise be picked up automatically. As long as the main program |
|
|
865 | instantiates the application before any AnyEvent watchers are created, |
|
|
866 | everything should just work. |
|
|
867 | |
|
|
868 | AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt. |
|
|
869 | |
|
|
870 | Support for IO::Async can only be partial, as it is too broken and |
|
|
871 | architecturally limited to even support the AnyEvent API. It also |
|
|
872 | is the only event loop that needs the loop to be set explicitly, so |
|
|
873 | it can only be used by a main program knowing about AnyEvent. See |
|
|
874 | L<AnyEvent::Impl::Async> for the gory details. |
|
|
875 | |
|
|
876 | AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync based on IO::Async, cannot be autoprobed. |
|
|
877 | |
|
|
878 | =item Event loops that are indirectly supported via other backends. |
|
|
879 | |
|
|
880 | Some event loops can be supported via other modules: |
|
|
881 | |
|
|
882 | There is no direct support for WxWidgets (L<Wx>) or L<Prima>. |
|
|
883 | |
|
|
884 | B<WxWidgets> has no support for watching file handles. However, you can |
|
|
885 | use WxWidgets through the POE adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply |
|
|
886 | polls 20 times per second, which was considered to be too horrible to even |
|
|
887 | consider for AnyEvent. |
|
|
888 | |
|
|
889 | B<Prima> is not supported as nobody seems to be using it, but it has a POE |
|
|
890 | backend, so it can be supported through POE. |
|
|
891 | |
|
|
892 | AnyEvent knows about both L<Prima> and L<Wx>, however, and will try to |
|
|
893 | load L<POE> when detecting them, in the hope that POE will pick them up, |
|
|
894 | in which case everything will be automatic. |
|
|
895 | |
|
|
896 | =back |
377 | |
897 | |
378 | =head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS |
898 | =head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS |
379 | |
899 | |
|
|
900 | These are not normally required to use AnyEvent, but can be useful to |
|
|
901 | write AnyEvent extension modules. |
|
|
902 | |
380 | =over 4 |
903 | =over 4 |
381 | |
904 | |
382 | =item $AnyEvent::MODEL |
905 | =item $AnyEvent::MODEL |
383 | |
906 | |
384 | Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created. Then it |
907 | Contains C<undef> until the first watcher is being created, before the |
|
|
908 | backend has been autodetected. |
|
|
909 | |
385 | contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of the |
910 | Afterwards it contains the event model that is being used, which is the |
386 | Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one of the |
911 | name of the Perl class implementing the model. This class is usually one |
387 | C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the case |
912 | of the C<AnyEvent::Impl:xxx> modules, but can be any other class in the |
388 | AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode>). |
913 | case AnyEvent has been extended at runtime (e.g. in I<rxvt-unicode> it |
389 | |
914 | will be C<urxvt::anyevent>). |
390 | The known classes so far are: |
|
|
391 | |
|
|
392 | AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEV based on Coro::EV, best choice. |
|
|
393 | AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEvent based on Coro::Event, second best choice. |
|
|
394 | AnyEvent::Impl::EV based on EV (an interface to libev, best choice). |
|
|
395 | AnyEvent::Impl::Event based on Event, second best choice. |
|
|
396 | AnyEvent::Impl::Glib based on Glib, third-best choice. |
|
|
397 | AnyEvent::Impl::Perl pure-perl implementation, inefficient but portable. |
|
|
398 | AnyEvent::Impl::Tk based on Tk, very bad choice. |
|
|
399 | AnyEvent::Impl::Qt based on Qt, cannot be autoprobed (see its docs). |
|
|
400 | AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib based on Event::Lib, leaks memory and worse. |
|
|
401 | AnyEvent::Impl::POE based on POE, not generic enough for full support. |
|
|
402 | |
|
|
403 | There is no support for WxWidgets, as WxWidgets has no support for |
|
|
404 | watching file handles. However, you can use WxWidgets through the |
|
|
405 | POE Adaptor, as POE has a Wx backend that simply polls 20 times per |
|
|
406 | second, which was considered to be too horrible to even consider for |
|
|
407 | AnyEvent. Likewise, other POE backends can be used by AnyEvent by using |
|
|
408 | it's adaptor. |
|
|
409 | |
|
|
410 | AnyEvent knows about L<Prima> and L<Wx> and will try to use L<POE> when |
|
|
411 | autodetecting them. |
|
|
412 | |
915 | |
413 | =item AnyEvent::detect |
916 | =item AnyEvent::detect |
414 | |
917 | |
415 | Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model |
918 | Returns C<$AnyEvent::MODEL>, forcing autodetection of the event model |
416 | if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would |
919 | if necessary. You should only call this function right before you would |
417 | have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at |
920 | have created an AnyEvent watcher anyway, that is, as late as possible at |
418 | runtime. |
921 | runtime, and not e.g. while initialising of your module. |
|
|
922 | |
|
|
923 | If you need to do some initialisation before AnyEvent watchers are |
|
|
924 | created, use C<post_detect>. |
|
|
925 | |
|
|
926 | =item $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK } |
|
|
927 | |
|
|
928 | Arranges for the code block to be executed as soon as the event model is |
|
|
929 | autodetected (or immediately if this has already happened). |
|
|
930 | |
|
|
931 | The block will be executed I<after> the actual backend has been detected |
|
|
932 | (C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> is set), but I<before> any watchers have been |
|
|
933 | created, so it is possible to e.g. patch C<@AnyEvent::ISA> or do |
|
|
934 | other initialisations - see the sources of L<AnyEvent::Strict> or |
|
|
935 | L<AnyEvent::AIO> to see how this is used. |
|
|
936 | |
|
|
937 | The most common usage is to create some global watchers, without forcing |
|
|
938 | event module detection too early, for example, L<AnyEvent::AIO> creates |
|
|
939 | and installs the global L<IO::AIO> watcher in a C<post_detect> block to |
|
|
940 | avoid autodetecting the event module at load time. |
|
|
941 | |
|
|
942 | If called in scalar or list context, then it creates and returns an object |
|
|
943 | that automatically removes the callback again when it is destroyed (or |
|
|
944 | C<undef> when the hook was immediately executed). See L<AnyEvent::AIO> for |
|
|
945 | a case where this is useful. |
|
|
946 | |
|
|
947 | Example: Create a watcher for the IO::AIO module and store it in |
|
|
948 | C<$WATCHER>. Only do so after the event loop is initialised, though. |
|
|
949 | |
|
|
950 | our WATCHER; |
|
|
951 | |
|
|
952 | my $guard = AnyEvent::post_detect { |
|
|
953 | $WATCHER = AnyEvent->io (fh => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, poll => 'r', cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb); |
|
|
954 | }; |
|
|
955 | |
|
|
956 | # the ||= is important in case post_detect immediately runs the block, |
|
|
957 | # as to not clobber the newly-created watcher. assigning both watcher and |
|
|
958 | # post_detect guard to the same variable has the advantage of users being |
|
|
959 | # able to just C<undef $WATCHER> if the watcher causes them grief. |
|
|
960 | |
|
|
961 | $WATCHER ||= $guard; |
|
|
962 | |
|
|
963 | =item @AnyEvent::post_detect |
|
|
964 | |
|
|
965 | If there are any code references in this array (you can C<push> to it |
|
|
966 | before or after loading AnyEvent), then they will called directly after |
|
|
967 | the event loop has been chosen. |
|
|
968 | |
|
|
969 | You should check C<$AnyEvent::MODEL> before adding to this array, though: |
|
|
970 | if it is defined then the event loop has already been detected, and the |
|
|
971 | array will be ignored. |
|
|
972 | |
|
|
973 | Best use C<AnyEvent::post_detect { BLOCK }> when your application allows |
|
|
974 | it, as it takes care of these details. |
|
|
975 | |
|
|
976 | This variable is mainly useful for modules that can do something useful |
|
|
977 | when AnyEvent is used and thus want to know when it is initialised, but do |
|
|
978 | not need to even load it by default. This array provides the means to hook |
|
|
979 | into AnyEvent passively, without loading it. |
|
|
980 | |
|
|
981 | Example: To load Coro::AnyEvent whenever Coro and AnyEvent are used |
|
|
982 | together, you could put this into Coro (this is the actual code used by |
|
|
983 | Coro to accomplish this): |
|
|
984 | |
|
|
985 | if (defined $AnyEvent::MODEL) { |
|
|
986 | # AnyEvent already initialised, so load Coro::AnyEvent |
|
|
987 | require Coro::AnyEvent; |
|
|
988 | } else { |
|
|
989 | # AnyEvent not yet initialised, so make sure to load Coro::AnyEvent |
|
|
990 | # as soon as it is |
|
|
991 | push @AnyEvent::post_detect, sub { require Coro::AnyEvent }; |
|
|
992 | } |
419 | |
993 | |
420 | =back |
994 | =back |
421 | |
995 | |
422 | =head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE |
996 | =head1 WHAT TO DO IN A MODULE |
423 | |
997 | |
… | |
… | |
427 | Be careful when you create watchers in the module body - AnyEvent will |
1001 | Be careful when you create watchers in the module body - AnyEvent will |
428 | decide which event module to use as soon as the first method is called, so |
1002 | decide which event module to use as soon as the first method is called, so |
429 | by calling AnyEvent in your module body you force the user of your module |
1003 | by calling AnyEvent in your module body you force the user of your module |
430 | to load the event module first. |
1004 | to load the event module first. |
431 | |
1005 | |
432 | Never call C<< ->wait >> on a condition variable unless you I<know> that |
1006 | Never call C<< ->recv >> on a condition variable unless you I<know> that |
433 | the C<< ->broadcast >> method has been called on it already. This is |
1007 | the C<< ->send >> method has been called on it already. This is |
434 | because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using |
1008 | because it will stall the whole program, and the whole point of using |
435 | events is to stay interactive. |
1009 | events is to stay interactive. |
436 | |
1010 | |
437 | It is fine, however, to call C<< ->wait >> when the user of your module |
1011 | It is fine, however, to call C<< ->recv >> when the user of your module |
438 | requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method |
1012 | requests it (i.e. if you create a http request object ad have a method |
439 | called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->wait >> |
1013 | called C<results> that returns the results, it should call C<< ->recv >> |
440 | freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always). |
1014 | freely, as the user of your module knows what she is doing. always). |
441 | |
1015 | |
442 | =head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM |
1016 | =head1 WHAT TO DO IN THE MAIN PROGRAM |
443 | |
1017 | |
444 | There will always be a single main program - the only place that should |
1018 | There will always be a single main program - the only place that should |
… | |
… | |
446 | |
1020 | |
447 | If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not |
1021 | If it doesn't care, it can just "use AnyEvent" and use it itself, or not |
448 | do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent |
1022 | do anything special (it does not need to be event-based) and let AnyEvent |
449 | decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it. |
1023 | decide which implementation to chose if some module relies on it. |
450 | |
1024 | |
451 | If the main program relies on a specific event model. For example, in |
1025 | If the main program relies on a specific event model - for example, in |
452 | Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module. You should load the |
1026 | Gtk2 programs you have to rely on the Glib module - you should load the |
453 | event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally |
1027 | event module before loading AnyEvent or any module that uses it: generally |
454 | speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that |
1028 | speaking, you should load it as early as possible. The reason is that |
455 | modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will |
1029 | modules might create watchers when they are loaded, and AnyEvent will |
456 | decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it |
1030 | decide on the event model to use as soon as it creates watchers, and it |
457 | might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself. |
1031 | might chose the wrong one unless you load the correct one yourself. |
458 | |
1032 | |
459 | You can chose to use a rather inefficient pure-perl implementation by |
1033 | You can chose to use a pure-perl implementation by loading the |
460 | loading the C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar |
1034 | C<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> module, which gives you similar behaviour |
461 | behaviour everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose is generally better. |
1035 | everywhere, but letting AnyEvent chose the model is generally better. |
|
|
1036 | |
|
|
1037 | =head2 MAINLOOP EMULATION |
|
|
1038 | |
|
|
1039 | Sometimes (often for short test scripts, or even standalone programs who |
|
|
1040 | only want to use AnyEvent), you do not want to run a specific event loop. |
|
|
1041 | |
|
|
1042 | In that case, you can use a condition variable like this: |
|
|
1043 | |
|
|
1044 | AnyEvent->condvar->recv; |
|
|
1045 | |
|
|
1046 | This has the effect of entering the event loop and looping forever. |
|
|
1047 | |
|
|
1048 | Note that usually your program has some exit condition, in which case |
|
|
1049 | it is better to use the "traditional" approach of storing a condition |
|
|
1050 | variable somewhere, waiting for it, and sending it when the program should |
|
|
1051 | exit cleanly. |
|
|
1052 | |
|
|
1053 | |
|
|
1054 | =head1 OTHER MODULES |
|
|
1055 | |
|
|
1056 | The following is a non-exhaustive list of additional modules that use |
|
|
1057 | AnyEvent as a client and can therefore be mixed easily with other AnyEvent |
|
|
1058 | modules and other event loops in the same program. Some of the modules |
|
|
1059 | come with AnyEvent, most are available via CPAN. |
|
|
1060 | |
|
|
1061 | =over 4 |
|
|
1062 | |
|
|
1063 | =item L<AnyEvent::Util> |
|
|
1064 | |
|
|
1065 | Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but blocking |
|
|
1066 | functions such as C<inet_aton> by event-/callback-based versions. |
|
|
1067 | |
|
|
1068 | =item L<AnyEvent::Socket> |
|
|
1069 | |
|
|
1070 | Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets, |
|
|
1071 | addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking tcp |
|
|
1072 | connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and more. |
|
|
1073 | |
|
|
1074 | =item L<AnyEvent::Handle> |
|
|
1075 | |
|
|
1076 | Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and writes, |
|
|
1077 | supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully transparent and |
|
|
1078 | non-blocking SSL/TLS (via L<AnyEvent::TLS>. |
|
|
1079 | |
|
|
1080 | =item L<AnyEvent::DNS> |
|
|
1081 | |
|
|
1082 | Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities. |
|
|
1083 | |
|
|
1084 | =item L<AnyEvent::HTTP> |
|
|
1085 | |
|
|
1086 | A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of concurrent |
|
|
1087 | HTTP requests. |
|
|
1088 | |
|
|
1089 | =item L<AnyEvent::HTTPD> |
|
|
1090 | |
|
|
1091 | Provides a simple web application server framework. |
|
|
1092 | |
|
|
1093 | =item L<AnyEvent::FastPing> |
|
|
1094 | |
|
|
1095 | The fastest ping in the west. |
|
|
1096 | |
|
|
1097 | =item L<AnyEvent::DBI> |
|
|
1098 | |
|
|
1099 | Executes L<DBI> requests asynchronously in a proxy process. |
|
|
1100 | |
|
|
1101 | =item L<AnyEvent::AIO> |
|
|
1102 | |
|
|
1103 | Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event |
|
|
1104 | programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses L<IO::AIO> and AnyEvent |
|
|
1105 | together. |
|
|
1106 | |
|
|
1107 | =item L<AnyEvent::BDB> |
|
|
1108 | |
|
|
1109 | Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently fuses |
|
|
1110 | L<BDB> and AnyEvent together. |
|
|
1111 | |
|
|
1112 | =item L<AnyEvent::GPSD> |
|
|
1113 | |
|
|
1114 | A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS information. |
|
|
1115 | |
|
|
1116 | =item L<AnyEvent::IRC> |
|
|
1117 | |
|
|
1118 | AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older Net::IRC3). |
|
|
1119 | |
|
|
1120 | =item L<AnyEvent::XMPP> |
|
|
1121 | |
|
|
1122 | AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family (replacing the older |
|
|
1123 | Net::XMPP2>. |
|
|
1124 | |
|
|
1125 | =item L<AnyEvent::IGS> |
|
|
1126 | |
|
|
1127 | A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by |
|
|
1128 | L<App::IGS>). |
|
|
1129 | |
|
|
1130 | =item L<Net::FCP> |
|
|
1131 | |
|
|
1132 | AnyEvent-based implementation of the Freenet Client Protocol, birthplace |
|
|
1133 | of AnyEvent. |
|
|
1134 | |
|
|
1135 | =item L<Event::ExecFlow> |
|
|
1136 | |
|
|
1137 | High level API for event-based execution flow control. |
|
|
1138 | |
|
|
1139 | =item L<Coro> |
|
|
1140 | |
|
|
1141 | Has special support for AnyEvent via L<Coro::AnyEvent>. |
|
|
1142 | |
|
|
1143 | =back |
462 | |
1144 | |
463 | =cut |
1145 | =cut |
464 | |
1146 | |
465 | package AnyEvent; |
1147 | package AnyEvent; |
466 | |
1148 | |
467 | no warnings; |
1149 | # basically a tuned-down version of common::sense |
468 | use strict; |
1150 | sub common_sense { |
|
|
1151 | # from common:.sense 1.0 |
|
|
1152 | ${^WARNING_BITS} = "\xfc\x3f\x33\x00\x0f\xf3\xcf\xc0\xf3\xfc\x33\x00"; |
|
|
1153 | # use strict vars subs - NO UTF-8, as Util.pm doesn't like this atm. (uts46data.pl) |
|
|
1154 | $^H |= 0x00000600; |
|
|
1155 | } |
469 | |
1156 | |
|
|
1157 | BEGIN { AnyEvent::common_sense } |
|
|
1158 | |
470 | use Carp; |
1159 | use Carp (); |
471 | |
1160 | |
472 | our $VERSION = '3.3'; |
1161 | our $VERSION = '5.251'; |
473 | our $MODEL; |
1162 | our $MODEL; |
474 | |
1163 | |
475 | our $AUTOLOAD; |
1164 | our $AUTOLOAD; |
476 | our @ISA; |
1165 | our @ISA; |
477 | |
1166 | |
478 | our $verbose = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1; |
|
|
479 | |
|
|
480 | our @REGISTRY; |
1167 | our @REGISTRY; |
481 | |
1168 | |
|
|
1169 | our $VERBOSE; |
|
|
1170 | |
|
|
1171 | BEGIN { |
|
|
1172 | require "AnyEvent/constants.pl"; |
|
|
1173 | |
|
|
1174 | eval "sub TAINT (){" . (${^TAINT} *1) . "}"; |
|
|
1175 | |
|
|
1176 | delete @ENV{grep /^PERL_ANYEVENT_/, keys %ENV} |
|
|
1177 | if ${^TAINT}; |
|
|
1178 | |
|
|
1179 | $VERBOSE = $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}*1; |
|
|
1180 | |
|
|
1181 | } |
|
|
1182 | |
|
|
1183 | our $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY = 10; |
|
|
1184 | |
|
|
1185 | our %PROTOCOL; # (ipv4|ipv6) => (1|2), higher numbers are preferred |
|
|
1186 | |
|
|
1187 | { |
|
|
1188 | my $idx; |
|
|
1189 | $PROTOCOL{$_} = ++$idx |
|
|
1190 | for reverse split /\s*,\s*/, |
|
|
1191 | $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS} || "ipv4,ipv6"; |
|
|
1192 | } |
|
|
1193 | |
482 | my @models = ( |
1194 | my @models = ( |
483 | [Coro::EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEV::], |
|
|
484 | [Coro::Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEvent::], |
|
|
485 | [EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV::], |
1195 | [EV:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EV:: , 1], |
|
|
1196 | [AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: , 1], |
|
|
1197 | # everything below here will not (normally) be autoprobed |
|
|
1198 | # as the pureperl backend should work everywhere |
|
|
1199 | # and is usually faster |
486 | [Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::], |
1200 | [Event:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Event::, 1], |
487 | [Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib::], |
1201 | [Glib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Glib:: , 1], # becomes extremely slow with many watchers |
|
|
1202 | [Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy |
|
|
1203 | [Irssi:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Irssi::], # Irssi has a bogus "Event" package |
488 | [Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], |
1204 | [Tk:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Tk::], # crashes with many handles |
|
|
1205 | [Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program |
|
|
1206 | [POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza |
489 | [Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], |
1207 | [Wx:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], |
490 | [Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], |
1208 | [Prima:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], |
491 | [AnyEvent::Impl::Perl:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Perl::], |
1209 | # IO::Async is just too broken - we would need workarounds for its |
492 | # everything below here will not be autoprobed as the pureperl backend should work everywhere |
1210 | # byzantine signal and broken child handling, among others. |
493 | [Event::Lib:: => AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib::], # too buggy |
1211 | # IO::Async is rather hard to detect, as it doesn't have any |
|
|
1212 | # obvious default class. |
494 | [Qt:: => AnyEvent::Impl::Qt::], # requires special main program |
1213 | [IO::Async:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program |
495 | [POE::Kernel:: => AnyEvent::Impl::POE::], # lasciate ogni speranza |
1214 | [IO::Async::Loop:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program |
|
|
1215 | [IO::Async::Notifier:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program |
|
|
1216 | [AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync:: => AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync::], # requires special main program |
496 | ); |
1217 | ); |
497 | |
1218 | |
498 | our %method = map +($_ => 1), qw(io timer signal child condvar broadcast wait one_event DESTROY); |
1219 | our %method = map +($_ => 1), |
|
|
1220 | qw(io timer time now now_update signal child idle condvar one_event DESTROY); |
|
|
1221 | |
|
|
1222 | our @post_detect; |
|
|
1223 | |
|
|
1224 | sub post_detect(&) { |
|
|
1225 | my ($cb) = @_; |
|
|
1226 | |
|
|
1227 | if ($MODEL) { |
|
|
1228 | $cb->(); |
|
|
1229 | |
|
|
1230 | undef |
|
|
1231 | } else { |
|
|
1232 | push @post_detect, $cb; |
|
|
1233 | |
|
|
1234 | defined wantarray |
|
|
1235 | ? bless \$cb, "AnyEvent::Util::postdetect" |
|
|
1236 | : () |
|
|
1237 | } |
|
|
1238 | } |
|
|
1239 | |
|
|
1240 | sub AnyEvent::Util::postdetect::DESTROY { |
|
|
1241 | @post_detect = grep $_ != ${$_[0]}, @post_detect; |
|
|
1242 | } |
499 | |
1243 | |
500 | sub detect() { |
1244 | sub detect() { |
|
|
1245 | # free some memory |
|
|
1246 | *detect = sub () { $MODEL }; |
|
|
1247 | |
|
|
1248 | local $!; # for good measure |
|
|
1249 | local $SIG{__DIE__}; |
|
|
1250 | |
|
|
1251 | if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) { |
|
|
1252 | my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1"; |
|
|
1253 | if (eval "require $model") { |
|
|
1254 | $MODEL = $model; |
|
|
1255 | warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}), using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2; |
|
|
1256 | } else { |
|
|
1257 | warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL}):\n$@" if $VERBOSE; |
|
|
1258 | } |
|
|
1259 | } |
|
|
1260 | |
|
|
1261 | # check for already loaded models |
501 | unless ($MODEL) { |
1262 | unless ($MODEL) { |
502 | no strict 'refs'; |
1263 | for (@REGISTRY, @models) { |
503 | |
1264 | my ($package, $model) = @$_; |
504 | if ($ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} =~ /^([a-zA-Z]+)$/) { |
1265 | if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) { |
505 | my $model = "AnyEvent::Impl::$1"; |
|
|
506 | if (eval "require $model") { |
1266 | if (eval "require $model") { |
507 | $MODEL = $model; |
1267 | $MODEL = $model; |
508 | warn "AnyEvent: loaded model '$model' (forced by \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), using it.\n" if $verbose > 1; |
1268 | warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2; |
509 | } else { |
1269 | last; |
510 | warn "AnyEvent: unable to load model '$model' (from \$PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL):\n$@" if $verbose; |
1270 | } |
511 | } |
1271 | } |
512 | } |
1272 | } |
513 | |
1273 | |
514 | # check for already loaded models |
|
|
515 | unless ($MODEL) { |
1274 | unless ($MODEL) { |
|
|
1275 | # try to autoload a model |
516 | for (@REGISTRY, @models) { |
1276 | for (@REGISTRY, @models) { |
517 | my ($package, $model) = @$_; |
1277 | my ($package, $model, $autoload) = @$_; |
|
|
1278 | if ( |
|
|
1279 | $autoload |
|
|
1280 | and eval "require $package" |
518 | if (${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0) { |
1281 | and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0 |
519 | if (eval "require $model") { |
1282 | and eval "require $model" |
|
|
1283 | ) { |
520 | $MODEL = $model; |
1284 | $MODEL = $model; |
521 | warn "AnyEvent: autodetected model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1; |
1285 | warn "AnyEvent: autoloaded model '$model', using it.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 2; |
522 | last; |
1286 | last; |
523 | } |
|
|
524 | } |
1287 | } |
525 | } |
1288 | } |
526 | |
1289 | |
527 | unless ($MODEL) { |
|
|
528 | # try to load a model |
|
|
529 | |
|
|
530 | for (@REGISTRY, @models) { |
|
|
531 | my ($package, $model) = @$_; |
|
|
532 | if (eval "require $package" |
|
|
533 | and ${"$package\::VERSION"} > 0 |
|
|
534 | and eval "require $model") { |
|
|
535 | $MODEL = $model; |
|
|
536 | warn "AnyEvent: autoprobed model '$model', using it.\n" if $verbose > 1; |
|
|
537 | last; |
|
|
538 | } |
|
|
539 | } |
|
|
540 | |
|
|
541 | $MODEL |
1290 | $MODEL |
542 | or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV (or Coro+EV), Event (or Coro+Event) or Glib."; |
1291 | or die "No event module selected for AnyEvent and autodetect failed. Install any one of these modules: EV, Event or Glib.\n"; |
543 | } |
|
|
544 | } |
1292 | } |
545 | |
|
|
546 | unshift @ISA, $MODEL; |
|
|
547 | push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base"; |
|
|
548 | } |
1293 | } |
|
|
1294 | |
|
|
1295 | @models = (); # free probe data |
|
|
1296 | |
|
|
1297 | push @{"$MODEL\::ISA"}, "AnyEvent::Base"; |
|
|
1298 | unshift @ISA, $MODEL; |
|
|
1299 | |
|
|
1300 | require AnyEvent::Strict if $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}; |
|
|
1301 | |
|
|
1302 | (shift @post_detect)->() while @post_detect; |
549 | |
1303 | |
550 | $MODEL |
1304 | $MODEL |
551 | } |
1305 | } |
552 | |
1306 | |
553 | sub AUTOLOAD { |
1307 | sub AUTOLOAD { |
554 | (my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://; |
1308 | (my $func = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*://; |
555 | |
1309 | |
556 | $method{$func} |
1310 | $method{$func} |
557 | or croak "$func: not a valid method for AnyEvent objects"; |
1311 | or Carp::croak "$func: not a valid AnyEvent class method"; |
558 | |
1312 | |
559 | detect unless $MODEL; |
1313 | detect; |
560 | |
1314 | |
561 | my $class = shift; |
1315 | my $class = shift; |
562 | $class->$func (@_); |
1316 | $class->$func (@_); |
563 | } |
1317 | } |
564 | |
1318 | |
|
|
1319 | # utility function to dup a filehandle. this is used by many backends |
|
|
1320 | # to support binding more than one watcher per filehandle (they usually |
|
|
1321 | # allow only one watcher per fd, so we dup it to get a different one). |
|
|
1322 | sub _dupfh($$;$$) { |
|
|
1323 | my ($poll, $fh, $r, $w) = @_; |
|
|
1324 | |
|
|
1325 | # cygwin requires the fh mode to be matching, unix doesn't |
|
|
1326 | my ($rw, $mode) = $poll eq "r" ? ($r, "<&") : ($w, ">&"); |
|
|
1327 | |
|
|
1328 | open my $fh2, $mode, $fh |
|
|
1329 | or die "AnyEvent->io: cannot dup() filehandle in mode '$poll': $!,"; |
|
|
1330 | |
|
|
1331 | # we assume CLOEXEC is already set by perl in all important cases |
|
|
1332 | |
|
|
1333 | ($fh2, $rw) |
|
|
1334 | } |
|
|
1335 | |
|
|
1336 | =head1 SIMPLIFIED AE API |
|
|
1337 | |
|
|
1338 | Starting with version 5.0, AnyEvent officially supports a second, much |
|
|
1339 | simpler, API that is designed to reduce the calling, typing and memory |
|
|
1340 | overhead. |
|
|
1341 | |
|
|
1342 | See the L<AE> manpage for details. |
|
|
1343 | |
|
|
1344 | =cut |
|
|
1345 | |
|
|
1346 | package AE; |
|
|
1347 | |
|
|
1348 | our $VERSION = $AnyEvent::VERSION; |
|
|
1349 | |
|
|
1350 | sub io($$$) { |
|
|
1351 | AnyEvent->io (fh => $_[0], poll => $_[1] ? "w" : "r", cb => $_[2]) |
|
|
1352 | } |
|
|
1353 | |
|
|
1354 | sub timer($$$) { |
|
|
1355 | AnyEvent->timer (after => $_[0], interval => $_[1], cb => $_[2]) |
|
|
1356 | } |
|
|
1357 | |
|
|
1358 | sub signal($$) { |
|
|
1359 | AnyEvent->signal (signal => $_[0], cb => $_[1]) |
|
|
1360 | } |
|
|
1361 | |
|
|
1362 | sub child($$) { |
|
|
1363 | AnyEvent->child (pid => $_[0], cb => $_[1]) |
|
|
1364 | } |
|
|
1365 | |
|
|
1366 | sub idle($) { |
|
|
1367 | AnyEvent->idle (cb => $_[0]) |
|
|
1368 | } |
|
|
1369 | |
|
|
1370 | sub cv(;&) { |
|
|
1371 | AnyEvent->condvar (@_ ? (cb => $_[0]) : ()) |
|
|
1372 | } |
|
|
1373 | |
|
|
1374 | sub now() { |
|
|
1375 | AnyEvent->now |
|
|
1376 | } |
|
|
1377 | |
|
|
1378 | sub now_update() { |
|
|
1379 | AnyEvent->now_update |
|
|
1380 | } |
|
|
1381 | |
|
|
1382 | sub time() { |
|
|
1383 | AnyEvent->time |
|
|
1384 | } |
|
|
1385 | |
565 | package AnyEvent::Base; |
1386 | package AnyEvent::Base; |
566 | |
1387 | |
|
|
1388 | # default implementations for many methods |
|
|
1389 | |
|
|
1390 | sub _time() { |
|
|
1391 | eval q{ # poor man's autoloading |
|
|
1392 | # probe for availability of Time::HiRes |
|
|
1393 | if (eval "use Time::HiRes (); Time::HiRes::time (); 1") { |
|
|
1394 | warn "AnyEvent: using Time::HiRes for sub-second timing accuracy.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8; |
|
|
1395 | *_time = \&Time::HiRes::time; |
|
|
1396 | # if (eval "use POSIX (); (POSIX::times())... |
|
|
1397 | } else { |
|
|
1398 | warn "AnyEvent: using built-in time(), WARNING, no sub-second resolution!\n" if $VERBOSE; |
|
|
1399 | *_time = sub (){ time }; # epic fail |
|
|
1400 | } |
|
|
1401 | }; |
|
|
1402 | die if $@; |
|
|
1403 | |
|
|
1404 | &_time |
|
|
1405 | } |
|
|
1406 | |
|
|
1407 | sub time { _time } |
|
|
1408 | sub now { _time } |
|
|
1409 | sub now_update { } |
|
|
1410 | |
567 | # default implementation for ->condvar, ->wait, ->broadcast |
1411 | # default implementation for ->condvar |
568 | |
1412 | |
569 | sub condvar { |
1413 | sub condvar { |
570 | bless \my $flag, "AnyEvent::Base::CondVar" |
1414 | bless { @_ == 3 ? (_ae_cb => $_[2]) : () }, "AnyEvent::CondVar" |
571 | } |
|
|
572 | |
|
|
573 | sub AnyEvent::Base::CondVar::broadcast { |
|
|
574 | ${$_[0]}++; |
|
|
575 | } |
|
|
576 | |
|
|
577 | sub AnyEvent::Base::CondVar::wait { |
|
|
578 | AnyEvent->one_event while !${$_[0]}; |
|
|
579 | } |
1415 | } |
580 | |
1416 | |
581 | # default implementation for ->signal |
1417 | # default implementation for ->signal |
582 | |
1418 | |
583 | our %SIG_CB; |
1419 | our $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT; |
|
|
1420 | |
|
|
1421 | sub _have_async_interrupt() { |
|
|
1422 | $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT = 1*(!$ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT} |
|
|
1423 | && eval "use Async::Interrupt 1.02 (); 1") |
|
|
1424 | unless defined $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT; |
|
|
1425 | |
|
|
1426 | $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT |
|
|
1427 | } |
|
|
1428 | |
|
|
1429 | our ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W, %SIG_CB, %SIG_EV, $SIG_IO); |
|
|
1430 | our (%SIG_ASY, %SIG_ASY_W); |
|
|
1431 | our ($SIG_COUNT, $SIG_TW); |
|
|
1432 | |
|
|
1433 | # install a dummy wakeup watcher to reduce signal catching latency |
|
|
1434 | # used by Impls |
|
|
1435 | sub _sig_add() { |
|
|
1436 | unless ($SIG_COUNT++) { |
|
|
1437 | # try to align timer on a full-second boundary, if possible |
|
|
1438 | my $NOW = AE::now; |
|
|
1439 | |
|
|
1440 | $SIG_TW = AE::timer |
|
|
1441 | $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY - ($NOW - int $NOW), |
|
|
1442 | $MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY, |
|
|
1443 | sub { } # just for the PERL_ASYNC_CHECK |
|
|
1444 | ; |
|
|
1445 | } |
|
|
1446 | } |
|
|
1447 | |
|
|
1448 | sub _sig_del { |
|
|
1449 | undef $SIG_TW |
|
|
1450 | unless --$SIG_COUNT; |
|
|
1451 | } |
|
|
1452 | |
|
|
1453 | our $_sig_name_init; $_sig_name_init = sub { |
|
|
1454 | eval q{ # poor man's autoloading |
|
|
1455 | undef $_sig_name_init; |
|
|
1456 | |
|
|
1457 | if (_have_async_interrupt) { |
|
|
1458 | *sig2num = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2num; |
|
|
1459 | *sig2name = \&Async::Interrupt::sig2name; |
|
|
1460 | } else { |
|
|
1461 | require Config; |
|
|
1462 | |
|
|
1463 | my %signame2num; |
|
|
1464 | @signame2num{ split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_name} } |
|
|
1465 | = split ' ', $Config::Config{sig_num}; |
|
|
1466 | |
|
|
1467 | my @signum2name; |
|
|
1468 | @signum2name[values %signame2num] = keys %signame2num; |
|
|
1469 | |
|
|
1470 | *sig2num = sub($) { |
|
|
1471 | $_[0] > 0 ? shift : $signame2num{+shift} |
|
|
1472 | }; |
|
|
1473 | *sig2name = sub ($) { |
|
|
1474 | $_[0] > 0 ? $signum2name[+shift] : shift |
|
|
1475 | }; |
|
|
1476 | } |
|
|
1477 | }; |
|
|
1478 | die if $@; |
|
|
1479 | }; |
|
|
1480 | |
|
|
1481 | sub sig2num ($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2num } |
|
|
1482 | sub sig2name($) { &$_sig_name_init; &sig2name } |
584 | |
1483 | |
585 | sub signal { |
1484 | sub signal { |
|
|
1485 | eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {} |
|
|
1486 | # probe for availability of Async::Interrupt |
|
|
1487 | if (_have_async_interrupt) { |
|
|
1488 | warn "AnyEvent: using Async::Interrupt for race-free signal handling.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8; |
|
|
1489 | |
|
|
1490 | $SIGPIPE_R = new Async::Interrupt::EventPipe; |
|
|
1491 | $SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R->fileno, 0, \&_signal_exec; |
|
|
1492 | |
|
|
1493 | } else { |
|
|
1494 | warn "AnyEvent: using emulated perl signal handling with latency timer.\n" if $VERBOSE >= 8; |
|
|
1495 | |
|
|
1496 | if (AnyEvent::WIN32) { |
|
|
1497 | require AnyEvent::Util; |
|
|
1498 | |
|
|
1499 | ($SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W) = AnyEvent::Util::portable_pipe (); |
|
|
1500 | AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_R, 1) if $SIGPIPE_R; |
|
|
1501 | AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking ($SIGPIPE_W, 1) if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case |
|
|
1502 | } else { |
|
|
1503 | pipe $SIGPIPE_R, $SIGPIPE_W; |
|
|
1504 | fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_R; |
|
|
1505 | fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFL, AnyEvent::O_NONBLOCK if $SIGPIPE_W; # just in case |
|
|
1506 | |
|
|
1507 | # not strictly required, as $^F is normally 2, but let's make sure... |
|
|
1508 | fcntl $SIGPIPE_R, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC; |
|
|
1509 | fcntl $SIGPIPE_W, AnyEvent::F_SETFD, AnyEvent::FD_CLOEXEC; |
|
|
1510 | } |
|
|
1511 | |
|
|
1512 | $SIGPIPE_R |
|
|
1513 | or Carp::croak "AnyEvent: unable to create a signal reporting pipe: $!\n"; |
|
|
1514 | |
|
|
1515 | $SIG_IO = AE::io $SIGPIPE_R, 0, \&_signal_exec; |
|
|
1516 | } |
|
|
1517 | |
|
|
1518 | *signal = sub { |
586 | my (undef, %arg) = @_; |
1519 | my (undef, %arg) = @_; |
587 | |
1520 | |
588 | my $signal = uc $arg{signal} |
1521 | my $signal = uc $arg{signal} |
589 | or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing"; |
1522 | or Carp::croak "required option 'signal' is missing"; |
590 | |
1523 | |
|
|
1524 | if ($HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT) { |
|
|
1525 | # async::interrupt |
|
|
1526 | |
|
|
1527 | $signal = sig2num $signal; |
591 | $SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb}; |
1528 | $SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb}; |
|
|
1529 | |
|
|
1530 | $SIG_ASY{$signal} ||= new Async::Interrupt |
|
|
1531 | cb => sub { undef $SIG_EV{$signal} }, |
|
|
1532 | signal => $signal, |
|
|
1533 | pipe => [$SIGPIPE_R->filenos], |
|
|
1534 | pipe_autodrain => 0, |
|
|
1535 | ; |
|
|
1536 | |
|
|
1537 | } else { |
|
|
1538 | # pure perl |
|
|
1539 | |
|
|
1540 | # AE::Util has been loaded in signal |
|
|
1541 | $signal = sig2name $signal; |
|
|
1542 | $SIG_CB{$signal}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb}; |
|
|
1543 | |
592 | $SIG{$signal} ||= sub { |
1544 | $SIG{$signal} ||= sub { |
|
|
1545 | local $!; |
|
|
1546 | syswrite $SIGPIPE_W, "\x00", 1 unless %SIG_EV; |
|
|
1547 | undef $SIG_EV{$signal}; |
|
|
1548 | }; |
|
|
1549 | |
|
|
1550 | # can't do signal processing without introducing races in pure perl, |
|
|
1551 | # so limit the signal latency. |
|
|
1552 | _sig_add; |
|
|
1553 | } |
|
|
1554 | |
|
|
1555 | bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::signal" |
|
|
1556 | }; |
|
|
1557 | |
|
|
1558 | *AnyEvent::Base::signal::DESTROY = sub { |
|
|
1559 | my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]}; |
|
|
1560 | |
|
|
1561 | _sig_del; |
|
|
1562 | |
|
|
1563 | delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb}; |
|
|
1564 | |
|
|
1565 | $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT |
|
|
1566 | ? delete $SIG_ASY{$signal} |
|
|
1567 | : # delete doesn't work with older perls - they then |
|
|
1568 | # print weird messages, or just unconditionally exit |
|
|
1569 | # instead of getting the default action. |
|
|
1570 | undef $SIG{$signal} |
|
|
1571 | unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} }; |
|
|
1572 | }; |
|
|
1573 | |
|
|
1574 | *_signal_exec = sub { |
|
|
1575 | $HAVE_ASYNC_INTERRUPT |
|
|
1576 | ? $SIGPIPE_R->drain |
|
|
1577 | : sysread $SIGPIPE_R, (my $dummy), 9; |
|
|
1578 | |
|
|
1579 | while (%SIG_EV) { |
|
|
1580 | for (keys %SIG_EV) { |
|
|
1581 | delete $SIG_EV{$_}; |
593 | $_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} || {} }; |
1582 | $_->() for values %{ $SIG_CB{$_} || {} }; |
|
|
1583 | } |
|
|
1584 | } |
|
|
1585 | }; |
594 | }; |
1586 | }; |
|
|
1587 | die if $@; |
595 | |
1588 | |
596 | bless [$signal, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Signal" |
1589 | &signal |
597 | } |
|
|
598 | |
|
|
599 | sub AnyEvent::Base::Signal::DESTROY { |
|
|
600 | my ($signal, $cb) = @{$_[0]}; |
|
|
601 | |
|
|
602 | delete $SIG_CB{$signal}{$cb}; |
|
|
603 | |
|
|
604 | $SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT' unless keys %{ $SIG_CB{$signal} }; |
|
|
605 | } |
1590 | } |
606 | |
1591 | |
607 | # default implementation for ->child |
1592 | # default implementation for ->child |
608 | |
1593 | |
609 | our %PID_CB; |
1594 | our %PID_CB; |
610 | our $CHLD_W; |
1595 | our $CHLD_W; |
611 | our $CHLD_DELAY_W; |
1596 | our $CHLD_DELAY_W; |
612 | our $PID_IDLE; |
|
|
613 | our $WNOHANG; |
1597 | our $WNOHANG; |
614 | |
1598 | |
615 | sub _child_wait { |
1599 | # used by many Impl's |
616 | while (0 < (my $pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG)) { |
1600 | sub _emit_childstatus($$) { |
|
|
1601 | my (undef, $rpid, $rstatus) = @_; |
|
|
1602 | |
|
|
1603 | $_->($rpid, $rstatus) |
617 | $_->($pid, $?) for (values %{ $PID_CB{$pid} || {} }), |
1604 | for values %{ $PID_CB{$rpid} || {} }, |
618 | (values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} }); |
1605 | values %{ $PID_CB{0} || {} }; |
619 | } |
|
|
620 | |
|
|
621 | undef $PID_IDLE; |
|
|
622 | } |
|
|
623 | |
|
|
624 | sub _sigchld { |
|
|
625 | # make sure we deliver these changes "synchronous" with the event loop. |
|
|
626 | $CHLD_DELAY_W ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => 0, cb => sub { |
|
|
627 | undef $CHLD_DELAY_W; |
|
|
628 | &_child_wait; |
|
|
629 | }); |
|
|
630 | } |
1606 | } |
631 | |
1607 | |
632 | sub child { |
1608 | sub child { |
|
|
1609 | eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {} |
|
|
1610 | *_sigchld = sub { |
|
|
1611 | my $pid; |
|
|
1612 | |
|
|
1613 | AnyEvent->_emit_childstatus ($pid, $?) |
|
|
1614 | while ($pid = waitpid -1, $WNOHANG) > 0; |
|
|
1615 | }; |
|
|
1616 | |
|
|
1617 | *child = sub { |
633 | my (undef, %arg) = @_; |
1618 | my (undef, %arg) = @_; |
634 | |
1619 | |
635 | defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0) |
1620 | defined (my $pid = $arg{pid} + 0) |
636 | or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing"; |
1621 | or Carp::croak "required option 'pid' is missing"; |
637 | |
1622 | |
638 | $PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb}; |
1623 | $PID_CB{$pid}{$arg{cb}} = $arg{cb}; |
639 | |
1624 | |
640 | unless ($WNOHANG) { |
1625 | # WNOHANG is almost cetrainly 1 everywhere |
641 | $WNOHANG = eval { require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1; |
1626 | $WNOHANG ||= $^O =~ /^(?:openbsd|netbsd|linux|freebsd|cygwin|MSWin32)$/ |
642 | } |
1627 | ? 1 |
|
|
1628 | : eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require POSIX; &POSIX::WNOHANG } || 1; |
643 | |
1629 | |
644 | unless ($CHLD_W) { |
1630 | unless ($CHLD_W) { |
645 | $CHLD_W = AnyEvent->signal (signal => 'CHLD', cb => \&_sigchld); |
1631 | $CHLD_W = AE::signal CHLD => \&_sigchld; |
646 | # child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round |
1632 | # child could be a zombie already, so make at least one round |
647 | &_sigchld; |
1633 | &_sigchld; |
648 | } |
1634 | } |
649 | |
1635 | |
650 | bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::Child" |
1636 | bless [$pid, $arg{cb}], "AnyEvent::Base::child" |
651 | } |
1637 | }; |
652 | |
1638 | |
653 | sub AnyEvent::Base::Child::DESTROY { |
1639 | *AnyEvent::Base::child::DESTROY = sub { |
654 | my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]}; |
1640 | my ($pid, $cb) = @{$_[0]}; |
655 | |
1641 | |
656 | delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb}; |
1642 | delete $PID_CB{$pid}{$cb}; |
657 | delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} }; |
1643 | delete $PID_CB{$pid} unless keys %{ $PID_CB{$pid} }; |
658 | |
1644 | |
659 | undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB; |
1645 | undef $CHLD_W unless keys %PID_CB; |
|
|
1646 | }; |
|
|
1647 | }; |
|
|
1648 | die if $@; |
|
|
1649 | |
|
|
1650 | &child |
660 | } |
1651 | } |
|
|
1652 | |
|
|
1653 | # idle emulation is done by simply using a timer, regardless |
|
|
1654 | # of whether the process is idle or not, and not letting |
|
|
1655 | # the callback use more than 50% of the time. |
|
|
1656 | sub idle { |
|
|
1657 | eval q{ # poor man's autoloading {} |
|
|
1658 | *idle = sub { |
|
|
1659 | my (undef, %arg) = @_; |
|
|
1660 | |
|
|
1661 | my ($cb, $w, $rcb) = $arg{cb}; |
|
|
1662 | |
|
|
1663 | $rcb = sub { |
|
|
1664 | if ($cb) { |
|
|
1665 | $w = _time; |
|
|
1666 | &$cb; |
|
|
1667 | $w = _time - $w; |
|
|
1668 | |
|
|
1669 | # never use more then 50% of the time for the idle watcher, |
|
|
1670 | # within some limits |
|
|
1671 | $w = 0.0001 if $w < 0.0001; |
|
|
1672 | $w = 5 if $w > 5; |
|
|
1673 | |
|
|
1674 | $w = AE::timer $w, 0, $rcb; |
|
|
1675 | } else { |
|
|
1676 | # clean up... |
|
|
1677 | undef $w; |
|
|
1678 | undef $rcb; |
|
|
1679 | } |
|
|
1680 | }; |
|
|
1681 | |
|
|
1682 | $w = AE::timer 0.05, 0, $rcb; |
|
|
1683 | |
|
|
1684 | bless \\$cb, "AnyEvent::Base::idle" |
|
|
1685 | }; |
|
|
1686 | |
|
|
1687 | *AnyEvent::Base::idle::DESTROY = sub { |
|
|
1688 | undef $${$_[0]}; |
|
|
1689 | }; |
|
|
1690 | }; |
|
|
1691 | die if $@; |
|
|
1692 | |
|
|
1693 | &idle |
|
|
1694 | } |
|
|
1695 | |
|
|
1696 | package AnyEvent::CondVar; |
|
|
1697 | |
|
|
1698 | our @ISA = AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::; |
|
|
1699 | |
|
|
1700 | package AnyEvent::CondVar::Base; |
|
|
1701 | |
|
|
1702 | #use overload |
|
|
1703 | # '&{}' => sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }, |
|
|
1704 | # fallback => 1; |
|
|
1705 | |
|
|
1706 | # save 300+ kilobytes by dirtily hardcoding overloading |
|
|
1707 | ${"AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::OVERLOAD"}{dummy}++; # Register with magic by touching. |
|
|
1708 | *{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = sub { }; # "Make it findable via fetchmethod." |
|
|
1709 | *{'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::(&{}'} = sub { my $self = shift; sub { $self->send (@_) } }; # &{} |
|
|
1710 | ${'AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::()'} = 1; # fallback |
|
|
1711 | |
|
|
1712 | our $WAITING; |
|
|
1713 | |
|
|
1714 | sub _send { |
|
|
1715 | # nop |
|
|
1716 | } |
|
|
1717 | |
|
|
1718 | sub send { |
|
|
1719 | my $cv = shift; |
|
|
1720 | $cv->{_ae_sent} = [@_]; |
|
|
1721 | (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv) if $cv->{_ae_cb}; |
|
|
1722 | $cv->_send; |
|
|
1723 | } |
|
|
1724 | |
|
|
1725 | sub croak { |
|
|
1726 | $_[0]{_ae_croak} = $_[1]; |
|
|
1727 | $_[0]->send; |
|
|
1728 | } |
|
|
1729 | |
|
|
1730 | sub ready { |
|
|
1731 | $_[0]{_ae_sent} |
|
|
1732 | } |
|
|
1733 | |
|
|
1734 | sub _wait { |
|
|
1735 | $WAITING |
|
|
1736 | and !$_[0]{_ae_sent} |
|
|
1737 | and Carp::croak "AnyEvent::CondVar: recursive blocking wait detected"; |
|
|
1738 | |
|
|
1739 | local $WAITING = 1; |
|
|
1740 | AnyEvent->one_event while !$_[0]{_ae_sent}; |
|
|
1741 | } |
|
|
1742 | |
|
|
1743 | sub recv { |
|
|
1744 | $_[0]->_wait; |
|
|
1745 | |
|
|
1746 | Carp::croak $_[0]{_ae_croak} if $_[0]{_ae_croak}; |
|
|
1747 | wantarray ? @{ $_[0]{_ae_sent} } : $_[0]{_ae_sent}[0] |
|
|
1748 | } |
|
|
1749 | |
|
|
1750 | sub cb { |
|
|
1751 | my $cv = shift; |
|
|
1752 | |
|
|
1753 | @_ |
|
|
1754 | and $cv->{_ae_cb} = shift |
|
|
1755 | and $cv->{_ae_sent} |
|
|
1756 | and (delete $cv->{_ae_cb})->($cv); |
|
|
1757 | |
|
|
1758 | $cv->{_ae_cb} |
|
|
1759 | } |
|
|
1760 | |
|
|
1761 | sub begin { |
|
|
1762 | ++$_[0]{_ae_counter}; |
|
|
1763 | $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} = $_[1] if @_ > 1; |
|
|
1764 | } |
|
|
1765 | |
|
|
1766 | sub end { |
|
|
1767 | return if --$_[0]{_ae_counter}; |
|
|
1768 | &{ $_[0]{_ae_end_cb} || sub { $_[0]->send } }; |
|
|
1769 | } |
|
|
1770 | |
|
|
1771 | # undocumented/compatibility with pre-3.4 |
|
|
1772 | *broadcast = \&send; |
|
|
1773 | *wait = \&_wait; |
|
|
1774 | |
|
|
1775 | =head1 ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING |
|
|
1776 | |
|
|
1777 | In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the |
|
|
1778 | caller to do that if required. The L<AnyEvent::Strict> module (see also |
|
|
1779 | the C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT> environment variable, below) provides strict |
|
|
1780 | checking of all AnyEvent methods, however, which is highly useful during |
|
|
1781 | development. |
|
|
1782 | |
|
|
1783 | As for exception handling (i.e. runtime errors and exceptions thrown while |
|
|
1784 | executing a callback), this is not only highly event-loop specific, but |
|
|
1785 | also not in any way wrapped by this module, as this is the job of the main |
|
|
1786 | program. |
|
|
1787 | |
|
|
1788 | The pure perl event loop simply re-throws the exception (usually |
|
|
1789 | within C<< condvar->recv >>), the L<Event> and L<EV> modules call C<< |
|
|
1790 | $Event/EV::DIED->() >>, L<Glib> uses C<< install_exception_handler >> and |
|
|
1791 | so on. |
|
|
1792 | |
|
|
1793 | =head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES |
|
|
1794 | |
|
|
1795 | The following environment variables are used by this module or its |
|
|
1796 | submodules. |
|
|
1797 | |
|
|
1798 | Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with |
|
|
1799 | C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is |
|
|
1800 | enabled. |
|
|
1801 | |
|
|
1802 | =over 4 |
|
|
1803 | |
|
|
1804 | =item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE> |
|
|
1805 | |
|
|
1806 | By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal |
|
|
1807 | conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more |
|
|
1808 | talkative. |
|
|
1809 | |
|
|
1810 | When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected |
|
|
1811 | conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by |
|
|
1812 | C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>. |
|
|
1813 | |
|
|
1814 | When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event |
|
|
1815 | model it chooses. |
|
|
1816 | |
|
|
1817 | When set to C<8> or higher, then AnyEvent will report extra information on |
|
|
1818 | which optional modules it loads and how it implements certain features. |
|
|
1819 | |
|
|
1820 | =item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT> |
|
|
1821 | |
|
|
1822 | AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough |
|
|
1823 | argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true value |
|
|
1824 | will cause AnyEvent to load C<AnyEvent::Strict> and then to thoroughly |
|
|
1825 | check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it finds any problems, |
|
|
1826 | it will croak. |
|
|
1827 | |
|
|
1828 | In other words, enables "strict" mode. |
|
|
1829 | |
|
|
1830 | Unlike C<use strict> (or it's modern cousin, C<< use L<common::sense> |
|
|
1831 | >>, it is definitely recommended to keep it off in production. Keeping |
|
|
1832 | C<PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1> in your environment while developing programs |
|
|
1833 | can be very useful, however. |
|
|
1834 | |
|
|
1835 | =item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL> |
|
|
1836 | |
|
|
1837 | This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before |
|
|
1838 | auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting |
|
|
1839 | entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended |
|
|
1840 | and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful, |
|
|
1841 | used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with |
|
|
1842 | auto detection and -probing. |
|
|
1843 | |
|
|
1844 | This functionality might change in future versions. |
|
|
1845 | |
|
|
1846 | For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you |
|
|
1847 | could start your program like this: |
|
|
1848 | |
|
|
1849 | PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ... |
|
|
1850 | |
|
|
1851 | =item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS> |
|
|
1852 | |
|
|
1853 | Used by both L<AnyEvent::DNS> and L<AnyEvent::Socket> to determine preferences |
|
|
1854 | for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might change, or be the result |
|
|
1855 | of auto probing). |
|
|
1856 | |
|
|
1857 | Must be set to a comma-separated list of protocols or address families, |
|
|
1858 | current supported: C<ipv4> and C<ipv6>. Only protocols mentioned will be |
|
|
1859 | used, and preference will be given to protocols mentioned earlier in the |
|
|
1860 | list. |
|
|
1861 | |
|
|
1862 | This variable can effectively be used for denial-of-service attacks |
|
|
1863 | against local programs (e.g. when setuid), although the impact is likely |
|
|
1864 | small, as the program has to handle conenction and other failures anyways. |
|
|
1865 | |
|
|
1866 | Examples: C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4,ipv6> - prefer IPv4 over IPv6, |
|
|
1867 | but support both and try to use both. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv4> |
|
|
1868 | - only support IPv4, never try to resolve or contact IPv6 |
|
|
1869 | addresses. C<PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS=ipv6,ipv4> support either IPv4 or |
|
|
1870 | IPv6, but prefer IPv6 over IPv4. |
|
|
1871 | |
|
|
1872 | =item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_EDNS0> |
|
|
1873 | |
|
|
1874 | Used by L<AnyEvent::DNS> to decide whether to use the EDNS0 extension |
|
|
1875 | for DNS. This extension is generally useful to reduce DNS traffic, but |
|
|
1876 | some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it is off by |
|
|
1877 | default. |
|
|
1878 | |
|
|
1879 | Setting this variable to C<1> will cause L<AnyEvent::DNS> to announce |
|
|
1880 | EDNS0 in its DNS requests. |
|
|
1881 | |
|
|
1882 | =item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS> |
|
|
1883 | |
|
|
1884 | The maximum number of child processes that C<AnyEvent::Util::fork_call> |
|
|
1885 | will create in parallel. |
|
|
1886 | |
|
|
1887 | =item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_OUTSTANDING_DNS> |
|
|
1888 | |
|
|
1889 | The default value for the C<max_outstanding> parameter for the default DNS |
|
|
1890 | resolver - this is the maximum number of parallel DNS requests that are |
|
|
1891 | sent to the DNS server. |
|
|
1892 | |
|
|
1893 | =item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_RESOLV_CONF> |
|
|
1894 | |
|
|
1895 | The file to use instead of F</etc/resolv.conf> (or OS-specific |
|
|
1896 | configuration) in the default resolver. When set to the empty string, no |
|
|
1897 | default config will be used. |
|
|
1898 | |
|
|
1899 | =item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_FILE>, C<PERL_ANYEVENT_CA_PATH>. |
|
|
1900 | |
|
|
1901 | When neither C<ca_file> nor C<ca_path> was specified during |
|
|
1902 | L<AnyEvent::TLS> context creation, and either of these environment |
|
|
1903 | variables exist, they will be used to specify CA certificate locations |
|
|
1904 | instead of a system-dependent default. |
|
|
1905 | |
|
|
1906 | =item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_GUARD> and C<PERL_ANYEVENT_AVOID_ASYNC_INTERRUPT> |
|
|
1907 | |
|
|
1908 | When these are set to C<1>, then the respective modules are not |
|
|
1909 | loaded. Mostly good for testing AnyEvent itself. |
|
|
1910 | |
|
|
1911 | =back |
661 | |
1912 | |
662 | =head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE |
1913 | =head1 SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE |
663 | |
1914 | |
664 | This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in |
1915 | This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent in |
665 | a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to |
1916 | a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want to |
… | |
… | |
699 | |
1950 | |
700 | I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to |
1951 | I<rxvt-unicode> also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to |
701 | condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will |
1952 | condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will |
702 | C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must |
1953 | C<die>. This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls must |
703 | not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense. |
1954 | not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense. |
704 | |
|
|
705 | =head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES |
|
|
706 | |
|
|
707 | The following environment variables are used by this module: |
|
|
708 | |
|
|
709 | =over 4 |
|
|
710 | |
|
|
711 | =item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE> |
|
|
712 | |
|
|
713 | By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal |
|
|
714 | conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent more |
|
|
715 | talkative. |
|
|
716 | |
|
|
717 | When set to C<1> or higher, causes AnyEvent to warn about unexpected |
|
|
718 | conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified by |
|
|
719 | C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL>. |
|
|
720 | |
|
|
721 | When set to C<2> or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which event |
|
|
722 | model it chooses. |
|
|
723 | |
|
|
724 | =item C<PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL> |
|
|
725 | |
|
|
726 | This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, before |
|
|
727 | autodetection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string consisting |
|
|
728 | entirely of ASCII letters. The string C<AnyEvent::Impl::> gets prepended |
|
|
729 | and the resulting module name is loaded and if the load was successful, |
|
|
730 | used as event model. If it fails to load AnyEvent will proceed with |
|
|
731 | autodetection and -probing. |
|
|
732 | |
|
|
733 | This functionality might change in future versions. |
|
|
734 | |
|
|
735 | For example, to force the pure perl model (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) you |
|
|
736 | could start your program like this: |
|
|
737 | |
|
|
738 | PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ... |
|
|
739 | |
|
|
740 | =back |
|
|
741 | |
1955 | |
742 | =head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM |
1956 | =head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM |
743 | |
1957 | |
744 | The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer |
1958 | The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a timer |
745 | to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the |
1959 | to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to quit the |
… | |
… | |
754 | poll => 'r', |
1968 | poll => 'r', |
755 | cb => sub { |
1969 | cb => sub { |
756 | warn "io event <$_[0]>\n"; # will always output <r> |
1970 | warn "io event <$_[0]>\n"; # will always output <r> |
757 | chomp (my $input = <STDIN>); # read a line |
1971 | chomp (my $input = <STDIN>); # read a line |
758 | warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read |
1972 | warn "read: $input\n"; # output what has been read |
759 | $cv->broadcast if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i |
1973 | $cv->send if $input =~ /^q/i; # quit program if /^q/i |
760 | }, |
1974 | }, |
761 | ); |
1975 | ); |
762 | |
1976 | |
763 | my $time_watcher; # can only be used once |
|
|
764 | |
|
|
765 | sub new_timer { |
|
|
766 | $timer = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => sub { |
1977 | my $time_watcher = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, interval => 1, cb => sub { |
767 | warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' about every second |
1978 | warn "timeout\n"; # print 'timeout' at most every second |
768 | &new_timer; # and restart the time |
|
|
769 | }); |
1979 | }); |
770 | } |
|
|
771 | |
1980 | |
772 | new_timer; # create first timer |
|
|
773 | |
|
|
774 | $cv->wait; # wait until user enters /^q/i |
1981 | $cv->recv; # wait until user enters /^q/i |
775 | |
1982 | |
776 | =head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE |
1983 | =head1 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE |
777 | |
1984 | |
778 | Consider the L<Net::FCP> module. It features (among others) the following |
1985 | Consider the L<Net::FCP> module. It features (among others) the following |
779 | API calls, which are to freenet what HTTP GET requests are to http: |
1986 | API calls, which are to freenet what HTTP GET requests are to http: |
… | |
… | |
829 | syswrite $txn->{fh}, $txn->{request} |
2036 | syswrite $txn->{fh}, $txn->{request} |
830 | or die "connection or write error"; |
2037 | or die "connection or write error"; |
831 | $txn->{w} = AnyEvent->io (fh => $txn->{fh}, poll => 'r', cb => sub { $txn->fh_ready_r }); |
2038 | $txn->{w} = AnyEvent->io (fh => $txn->{fh}, poll => 'r', cb => sub { $txn->fh_ready_r }); |
832 | |
2039 | |
833 | Again, C<fh_ready_r> waits till all data has arrived, and then stores the |
2040 | Again, C<fh_ready_r> waits till all data has arrived, and then stores the |
834 | result and signals any possible waiters that the request ahs finished: |
2041 | result and signals any possible waiters that the request has finished: |
835 | |
2042 | |
836 | sysread $txn->{fh}, $txn->{buf}, length $txn->{$buf}; |
2043 | sysread $txn->{fh}, $txn->{buf}, length $txn->{$buf}; |
837 | |
2044 | |
838 | if (end-of-file or data complete) { |
2045 | if (end-of-file or data complete) { |
839 | $txn->{result} = $txn->{buf}; |
2046 | $txn->{result} = $txn->{buf}; |
840 | $txn->{finished}->broadcast; |
2047 | $txn->{finished}->send; |
841 | $txb->{cb}->($txn) of $txn->{cb}; # also call callback |
2048 | $txb->{cb}->($txn) of $txn->{cb}; # also call callback |
842 | } |
2049 | } |
843 | |
2050 | |
844 | The C<result> method, finally, just waits for the finished signal (if the |
2051 | The C<result> method, finally, just waits for the finished signal (if the |
845 | request was already finished, it doesn't wait, of course, and returns the |
2052 | request was already finished, it doesn't wait, of course, and returns the |
846 | data: |
2053 | data: |
847 | |
2054 | |
848 | $txn->{finished}->wait; |
2055 | $txn->{finished}->recv; |
849 | return $txn->{result}; |
2056 | return $txn->{result}; |
850 | |
2057 | |
851 | The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions) |
2058 | The actual code goes further and collects all errors (C<die>s, exceptions) |
852 | that occured during request processing. The C<result> method detects |
2059 | that occurred during request processing. The C<result> method detects |
853 | whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object) |
2060 | whether an exception as thrown (it is stored inside the $txn object) |
854 | and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other |
2061 | and just throws the exception, which means connection errors and other |
855 | problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a |
2062 | problems get reported tot he code that tries to use the result, not in a |
856 | random callback. |
2063 | random callback. |
857 | |
2064 | |
… | |
… | |
888 | |
2095 | |
889 | my $quit = AnyEvent->condvar; |
2096 | my $quit = AnyEvent->condvar; |
890 | |
2097 | |
891 | $fcp->txn_client_get ($url)->cb (sub { |
2098 | $fcp->txn_client_get ($url)->cb (sub { |
892 | ... |
2099 | ... |
893 | $quit->broadcast; |
2100 | $quit->send; |
894 | }); |
2101 | }); |
895 | |
2102 | |
896 | $quit->wait; |
2103 | $quit->recv; |
897 | |
2104 | |
898 | |
2105 | |
899 | =head1 BENCHMARK |
2106 | =head1 BENCHMARKS |
900 | |
2107 | |
901 | To give you an idea of the performance and overheads that AnyEvent adds |
2108 | To give you an idea of the performance and overheads that AnyEvent adds |
902 | over the event loops themselves (and to give you an impression of the |
2109 | over the event loops themselves and to give you an impression of the speed |
903 | speed of various event loops), here is a benchmark of various supported |
2110 | of various event loops I prepared some benchmarks. |
904 | event models natively and with anyevent. The benchmark creates a lot of |
2111 | |
905 | timers (with a zero timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to |
2112 | =head2 BENCHMARKING ANYEVENT OVERHEAD |
|
|
2113 | |
|
|
2114 | Here is a benchmark of various supported event models used natively and |
|
|
2115 | through AnyEvent. The benchmark creates a lot of timers (with a zero |
|
|
2116 | timeout) and I/O watchers (watching STDOUT, a pty, to become writable, |
906 | become writable, which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys |
2117 | which it is), lets them fire exactly once and destroys them again. |
907 | them again. |
|
|
908 | |
2118 | |
909 | Rewriting the benchmark to use many different sockets instead of using |
2119 | Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench> in the AnyEvent |
910 | the same filehandle for all I/O watchers results in a much longer runtime |
2120 | distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference |
911 | (socket creation is expensive), but qualitatively the same figures, so it |
2121 | for the EV and Perl backends only. |
912 | was not used. |
|
|
913 | |
2122 | |
914 | =head2 Explanation of the columns |
2123 | =head3 Explanation of the columns |
915 | |
2124 | |
916 | I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since |
2125 | I<watcher> is the number of event watchers created/destroyed. Since |
917 | different event models feature vastly different performances, each event |
2126 | different event models feature vastly different performances, each event |
918 | loop was given a number of watchers so that overall runtime is acceptable |
2127 | loop was given a number of watchers so that overall runtime is acceptable |
919 | and similar between tested event loop (and keep them from crashing): Glib |
2128 | and similar between tested event loop (and keep them from crashing): Glib |
… | |
… | |
929 | all watchers, to avoid adding memory overhead. That means closure creation |
2138 | all watchers, to avoid adding memory overhead. That means closure creation |
930 | and memory usage is not included in the figures. |
2139 | and memory usage is not included in the figures. |
931 | |
2140 | |
932 | I<invoke> is the time, in microseconds, used to invoke a simple |
2141 | I<invoke> is the time, in microseconds, used to invoke a simple |
933 | callback. The callback simply counts down a Perl variable and after it was |
2142 | callback. The callback simply counts down a Perl variable and after it was |
934 | invoked "watcher" times, it would C<< ->broadcast >> a condvar once to |
2143 | invoked "watcher" times, it would C<< ->send >> a condvar once to |
935 | signal the end of this phase. |
2144 | signal the end of this phase. |
936 | |
2145 | |
937 | I<destroy> is the time, in microseconds, that it takes to destroy a single |
2146 | I<destroy> is the time, in microseconds, that it takes to destroy a single |
938 | watcher. |
2147 | watcher. |
939 | |
2148 | |
940 | =head2 Results |
2149 | =head3 Results |
941 | |
2150 | |
942 | name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment |
2151 | name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment |
943 | EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface |
2152 | EV/EV 100000 223 0.47 0.43 0.27 EV native interface |
944 | EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers |
2153 | EV/Any 100000 223 0.48 0.42 0.26 EV + AnyEvent watchers |
945 | CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal |
2154 | Coro::EV/Any 100000 223 0.47 0.42 0.26 coroutines + Coro::Signal |
946 | Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation |
2155 | Perl/Any 100000 431 2.70 0.74 0.92 pure perl implementation |
947 | Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface |
2156 | Event/Event 16000 516 31.16 31.84 0.82 Event native interface |
948 | Event/Any 16000 936 39.17 33.63 1.43 Event + AnyEvent watchers |
2157 | Event/Any 16000 1203 42.61 34.79 1.80 Event + AnyEvent watchers |
|
|
2158 | IOAsync/Any 16000 1911 41.92 27.45 16.81 via IO::Async::Loop::IO_Poll |
|
|
2159 | IOAsync/Any 16000 1726 40.69 26.37 15.25 via IO::Async::Loop::Epoll |
949 | Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour |
2160 | Glib/Any 16000 1118 89.00 12.57 51.17 quadratic behaviour |
950 | Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers |
2161 | Tk/Any 2000 1346 20.96 10.75 8.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers |
951 | POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event |
2162 | POE/Any 2000 6951 108.97 795.32 14.24 via POE::Loop::Event |
952 | POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select |
2163 | POE/Any 2000 6648 94.79 774.40 575.51 via POE::Loop::Select |
953 | |
2164 | |
954 | =head2 Discussion |
2165 | =head3 Discussion |
955 | |
2166 | |
956 | The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very |
2167 | The benchmark does I<not> measure scalability of the event loop very |
957 | well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one) |
2168 | well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one) |
958 | can never compete with an event loop that uses epoll when the number of |
2169 | can never compete with an event loop that uses epoll when the number of |
959 | file descriptors grows high. In this benchmark, all events become ready at |
2170 | file descriptors grows high. In this benchmark, all events become ready at |
960 | the same time, so select/poll-based implementations get an unnatural speed |
2171 | the same time, so select/poll-based implementations get an unnatural speed |
961 | boost. |
2172 | boost. |
962 | |
2173 | |
|
|
2174 | Also, note that the number of watchers usually has a nonlinear effect on |
|
|
2175 | overall speed, that is, creating twice as many watchers doesn't take twice |
|
|
2176 | the time - usually it takes longer. This puts event loops tested with a |
|
|
2177 | higher number of watchers at a disadvantage. |
|
|
2178 | |
|
|
2179 | To put the range of results into perspective, consider that on the |
|
|
2180 | benchmark machine, handling an event takes roughly 1600 CPU cycles with |
|
|
2181 | EV, 3100 CPU cycles with AnyEvent's pure perl loop and almost 3000000 CPU |
|
|
2182 | cycles with POE. |
|
|
2183 | |
963 | C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both |
2184 | C<EV> is the sole leader regarding speed and memory use, which are both |
964 | maximal/minimal, respectively. Even when going through AnyEvent, it uses |
2185 | maximal/minimal, respectively. When using the L<AE> API there is zero |
|
|
2186 | overhead (when going through the AnyEvent API create is about 5-6 times |
|
|
2187 | slower, with other times being equal, so still uses far less memory than |
965 | far less memory than any other event loop and is still faster than Event |
2188 | any other event loop and is still faster than Event natively). |
966 | natively. |
|
|
967 | |
2189 | |
968 | The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the |
2190 | The pure perl implementation is hit in a few sweet spots (both the |
969 | constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl |
2191 | constant timeout and the use of a single fd hit optimisations in the perl |
970 | interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it |
2192 | interpreter and the backend itself). Nevertheless this shows that it |
971 | adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its |
2193 | adds very little overhead in itself. Like any select-based backend its |
972 | performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of |
2194 | performance becomes really bad with lots of file descriptors (and few of |
973 | them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark. |
2195 | them active), of course, but this was not subject of this benchmark. |
974 | |
2196 | |
975 | The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation cost, |
2197 | The C<Event> module has a relatively high setup and callback invocation |
976 | but overall scores on the third place. |
2198 | cost, but overall scores in on the third place. |
977 | |
2199 | |
|
|
2200 | C<IO::Async> performs admirably well, about on par with C<Event>, even |
|
|
2201 | when using its pure perl backend. |
|
|
2202 | |
978 | C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit bit higher, but it features a |
2203 | C<Glib>'s memory usage is quite a bit higher, but it features a |
979 | faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as |
2204 | faster callback invocation and overall ends up in the same class as |
980 | C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of |
2205 | C<Event>. However, Glib scales extremely badly, doubling the number of |
981 | watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four, |
2206 | watchers increases the processing time by more than a factor of four, |
982 | making it completely unusable when using larger numbers of watchers |
2207 | making it completely unusable when using larger numbers of watchers |
983 | (note that only a single file descriptor was used in the benchmark, so |
2208 | (note that only a single file descriptor was used in the benchmark, so |
… | |
… | |
989 | file descriptor is dup()ed for each watcher. This shows that the dup() |
2214 | file descriptor is dup()ed for each watcher. This shows that the dup() |
990 | employed by some adaptors is not a big performance issue (it does incur a |
2215 | employed by some adaptors is not a big performance issue (it does incur a |
991 | hidden memory cost inside the kernel which is not reflected in the figures |
2216 | hidden memory cost inside the kernel which is not reflected in the figures |
992 | above). |
2217 | above). |
993 | |
2218 | |
994 | C<POE>, regardless of underlying event loop (whether using its pure |
2219 | C<POE>, regardless of underlying event loop (whether using its pure perl |
995 | perl select-based backend or the Event module, the POE-EV backend |
2220 | select-based backend or the Event module, the POE-EV backend couldn't |
996 | couldn't be tested because it wasn't working) shows abysmal performance |
2221 | be tested because it wasn't working) shows abysmal performance and |
997 | and memory usage: Watchers use almost 30 times as much memory as |
2222 | memory usage with AnyEvent: Watchers use almost 30 times as much memory |
998 | EV watchers, and 10 times as much memory as Event (the high memory |
2223 | as EV watchers, and 10 times as much memory as Event (the high memory |
999 | requirements are caused by requiring a session for each watcher). Watcher |
2224 | requirements are caused by requiring a session for each watcher). Watcher |
1000 | invocation speed is almost 900 times slower than with AnyEvent's pure perl |
2225 | invocation speed is almost 900 times slower than with AnyEvent's pure perl |
|
|
2226 | implementation. |
|
|
2227 | |
1001 | implementation. The design of the POE adaptor class in AnyEvent can not |
2228 | The design of the POE adaptor class in AnyEvent can not really account |
1002 | really account for this, as session creation overhead is small compared |
2229 | for the performance issues, though, as session creation overhead is |
1003 | to execution of the state machine, which is coded pretty optimally within |
2230 | small compared to execution of the state machine, which is coded pretty |
1004 | L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>. POE simply seems to be abysmally slow. |
2231 | optimally within L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE> (and while everybody agrees that |
|
|
2232 | using multiple sessions is not a good approach, especially regarding |
|
|
2233 | memory usage, even the author of POE could not come up with a faster |
|
|
2234 | design). |
1005 | |
2235 | |
1006 | =head2 Summary |
2236 | =head3 Summary |
1007 | |
2237 | |
1008 | =over 4 |
2238 | =over 4 |
1009 | |
2239 | |
1010 | =item * Using EV through AnyEvent is faster than any other event loop |
2240 | =item * Using EV through AnyEvent is faster than any other event loop |
1011 | (even when used without AnyEvent), but most event loops have acceptable |
2241 | (even when used without AnyEvent), but most event loops have acceptable |
… | |
… | |
1013 | |
2243 | |
1014 | =item * The overhead AnyEvent adds is usually much smaller than the overhead of |
2244 | =item * The overhead AnyEvent adds is usually much smaller than the overhead of |
1015 | the actual event loop, only with extremely fast event loops such as EV |
2245 | the actual event loop, only with extremely fast event loops such as EV |
1016 | adds AnyEvent significant overhead. |
2246 | adds AnyEvent significant overhead. |
1017 | |
2247 | |
1018 | =item * You should simply avoid POE like the plague if you want performance or |
2248 | =item * You should avoid POE like the plague if you want performance or |
1019 | reasonable memory usage. |
2249 | reasonable memory usage. |
1020 | |
2250 | |
1021 | =back |
2251 | =back |
1022 | |
2252 | |
|
|
2253 | =head2 BENCHMARKING THE LARGE SERVER CASE |
|
|
2254 | |
|
|
2255 | This benchmark actually benchmarks the event loop itself. It works by |
|
|
2256 | creating a number of "servers": each server consists of a socket pair, a |
|
|
2257 | timeout watcher that gets reset on activity (but never fires), and an I/O |
|
|
2258 | watcher waiting for input on one side of the socket. Each time the socket |
|
|
2259 | watcher reads a byte it will write that byte to a random other "server". |
|
|
2260 | |
|
|
2261 | The effect is that there will be a lot of I/O watchers, only part of which |
|
|
2262 | are active at any one point (so there is a constant number of active |
|
|
2263 | fds for each loop iteration, but which fds these are is random). The |
|
|
2264 | timeout is reset each time something is read because that reflects how |
|
|
2265 | most timeouts work (and puts extra pressure on the event loops). |
|
|
2266 | |
|
|
2267 | In this benchmark, we use 10000 socket pairs (20000 sockets), of which 100 |
|
|
2268 | (1%) are active. This mirrors the activity of large servers with many |
|
|
2269 | connections, most of which are idle at any one point in time. |
|
|
2270 | |
|
|
2271 | Source code for this benchmark is found as F<eg/bench2> in the AnyEvent |
|
|
2272 | distribution. It uses the L<AE> interface, which makes a real difference |
|
|
2273 | for the EV and Perl backends only. |
|
|
2274 | |
|
|
2275 | =head3 Explanation of the columns |
|
|
2276 | |
|
|
2277 | I<sockets> is the number of sockets, and twice the number of "servers" (as |
|
|
2278 | each server has a read and write socket end). |
|
|
2279 | |
|
|
2280 | I<create> is the time it takes to create a socket pair (which is |
|
|
2281 | nontrivial) and two watchers: an I/O watcher and a timeout watcher. |
|
|
2282 | |
|
|
2283 | I<request>, the most important value, is the time it takes to handle a |
|
|
2284 | single "request", that is, reading the token from the pipe and forwarding |
|
|
2285 | it to another server. This includes deleting the old timeout and creating |
|
|
2286 | a new one that moves the timeout into the future. |
|
|
2287 | |
|
|
2288 | =head3 Results |
|
|
2289 | |
|
|
2290 | name sockets create request |
|
|
2291 | EV 20000 62.66 7.99 |
|
|
2292 | Perl 20000 68.32 32.64 |
|
|
2293 | IOAsync 20000 174.06 101.15 epoll |
|
|
2294 | IOAsync 20000 174.67 610.84 poll |
|
|
2295 | Event 20000 202.69 242.91 |
|
|
2296 | Glib 20000 557.01 1689.52 |
|
|
2297 | POE 20000 341.54 12086.32 uses POE::Loop::Event |
|
|
2298 | |
|
|
2299 | =head3 Discussion |
|
|
2300 | |
|
|
2301 | This benchmark I<does> measure scalability and overall performance of the |
|
|
2302 | particular event loop. |
|
|
2303 | |
|
|
2304 | EV is again fastest. Since it is using epoll on my system, the setup time |
|
|
2305 | is relatively high, though. |
|
|
2306 | |
|
|
2307 | Perl surprisingly comes second. It is much faster than the C-based event |
|
|
2308 | loops Event and Glib. |
|
|
2309 | |
|
|
2310 | IO::Async performs very well when using its epoll backend, and still quite |
|
|
2311 | good compared to Glib when using its pure perl backend. |
|
|
2312 | |
|
|
2313 | Event suffers from high setup time as well (look at its code and you will |
|
|
2314 | understand why). Callback invocation also has a high overhead compared to |
|
|
2315 | the C<< $_->() for .. >>-style loop that the Perl event loop uses. Event |
|
|
2316 | uses select or poll in basically all documented configurations. |
|
|
2317 | |
|
|
2318 | Glib is hit hard by its quadratic behaviour w.r.t. many watchers. It |
|
|
2319 | clearly fails to perform with many filehandles or in busy servers. |
|
|
2320 | |
|
|
2321 | POE is still completely out of the picture, taking over 1000 times as long |
|
|
2322 | as EV, and over 100 times as long as the Perl implementation, even though |
|
|
2323 | it uses a C-based event loop in this case. |
|
|
2324 | |
|
|
2325 | =head3 Summary |
|
|
2326 | |
|
|
2327 | =over 4 |
|
|
2328 | |
|
|
2329 | =item * The pure perl implementation performs extremely well. |
|
|
2330 | |
|
|
2331 | =item * Avoid Glib or POE in large projects where performance matters. |
|
|
2332 | |
|
|
2333 | =back |
|
|
2334 | |
|
|
2335 | =head2 BENCHMARKING SMALL SERVERS |
|
|
2336 | |
|
|
2337 | While event loops should scale (and select-based ones do not...) even to |
|
|
2338 | large servers, most programs we (or I :) actually write have only a few |
|
|
2339 | I/O watchers. |
|
|
2340 | |
|
|
2341 | In this benchmark, I use the same benchmark program as in the large server |
|
|
2342 | case, but it uses only eight "servers", of which three are active at any |
|
|
2343 | one time. This should reflect performance for a small server relatively |
|
|
2344 | well. |
|
|
2345 | |
|
|
2346 | The columns are identical to the previous table. |
|
|
2347 | |
|
|
2348 | =head3 Results |
|
|
2349 | |
|
|
2350 | name sockets create request |
|
|
2351 | EV 16 20.00 6.54 |
|
|
2352 | Perl 16 25.75 12.62 |
|
|
2353 | Event 16 81.27 35.86 |
|
|
2354 | Glib 16 32.63 15.48 |
|
|
2355 | POE 16 261.87 276.28 uses POE::Loop::Event |
|
|
2356 | |
|
|
2357 | =head3 Discussion |
|
|
2358 | |
|
|
2359 | The benchmark tries to test the performance of a typical small |
|
|
2360 | server. While knowing how various event loops perform is interesting, keep |
|
|
2361 | in mind that their overhead in this case is usually not as important, due |
|
|
2362 | to the small absolute number of watchers (that is, you need efficiency and |
|
|
2363 | speed most when you have lots of watchers, not when you only have a few of |
|
|
2364 | them). |
|
|
2365 | |
|
|
2366 | EV is again fastest. |
|
|
2367 | |
|
|
2368 | Perl again comes second. It is noticeably faster than the C-based event |
|
|
2369 | loops Event and Glib, although the difference is too small to really |
|
|
2370 | matter. |
|
|
2371 | |
|
|
2372 | POE also performs much better in this case, but is is still far behind the |
|
|
2373 | others. |
|
|
2374 | |
|
|
2375 | =head3 Summary |
|
|
2376 | |
|
|
2377 | =over 4 |
|
|
2378 | |
|
|
2379 | =item * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of |
|
|
2380 | watchers, as the management overhead dominates. |
|
|
2381 | |
|
|
2382 | =back |
|
|
2383 | |
|
|
2384 | =head2 THE IO::Lambda BENCHMARK |
|
|
2385 | |
|
|
2386 | Recently I was told about the benchmark in the IO::Lambda manpage, which |
|
|
2387 | could be misinterpreted to make AnyEvent look bad. In fact, the benchmark |
|
|
2388 | simply compares IO::Lambda with POE, and IO::Lambda looks better (which |
|
|
2389 | shouldn't come as a surprise to anybody). As such, the benchmark is |
|
|
2390 | fine, and mostly shows that the AnyEvent backend from IO::Lambda isn't |
|
|
2391 | very optimal. But how would AnyEvent compare when used without the extra |
|
|
2392 | baggage? To explore this, I wrote the equivalent benchmark for AnyEvent. |
|
|
2393 | |
|
|
2394 | The benchmark itself creates an echo-server, and then, for 500 times, |
|
|
2395 | connects to the echo server, sends a line, waits for the reply, and then |
|
|
2396 | creates the next connection. This is a rather bad benchmark, as it doesn't |
|
|
2397 | test the efficiency of the framework or much non-blocking I/O, but it is a |
|
|
2398 | benchmark nevertheless. |
|
|
2399 | |
|
|
2400 | name runtime |
|
|
2401 | Lambda/select 0.330 sec |
|
|
2402 | + optimized 0.122 sec |
|
|
2403 | Lambda/AnyEvent 0.327 sec |
|
|
2404 | + optimized 0.138 sec |
|
|
2405 | Raw sockets/select 0.077 sec |
|
|
2406 | POE/select, components 0.662 sec |
|
|
2407 | POE/select, raw sockets 0.226 sec |
|
|
2408 | POE/select, optimized 0.404 sec |
|
|
2409 | |
|
|
2410 | AnyEvent/select/nb 0.085 sec |
|
|
2411 | AnyEvent/EV/nb 0.068 sec |
|
|
2412 | +state machine 0.134 sec |
|
|
2413 | |
|
|
2414 | The benchmark is also a bit unfair (my fault): the IO::Lambda/POE |
|
|
2415 | benchmarks actually make blocking connects and use 100% blocking I/O, |
|
|
2416 | defeating the purpose of an event-based solution. All of the newly |
|
|
2417 | written AnyEvent benchmarks use 100% non-blocking connects (using |
|
|
2418 | AnyEvent::Socket::tcp_connect and the asynchronous pure perl DNS |
|
|
2419 | resolver), so AnyEvent is at a disadvantage here, as non-blocking connects |
|
|
2420 | generally require a lot more bookkeeping and event handling than blocking |
|
|
2421 | connects (which involve a single syscall only). |
|
|
2422 | |
|
|
2423 | The last AnyEvent benchmark additionally uses L<AnyEvent::Handle>, which |
|
|
2424 | offers similar expressive power as POE and IO::Lambda, using conventional |
|
|
2425 | Perl syntax. This means that both the echo server and the client are 100% |
|
|
2426 | non-blocking, further placing it at a disadvantage. |
|
|
2427 | |
|
|
2428 | As you can see, the AnyEvent + EV combination even beats the |
|
|
2429 | hand-optimised "raw sockets benchmark", while AnyEvent + its pure perl |
|
|
2430 | backend easily beats IO::Lambda and POE. |
|
|
2431 | |
|
|
2432 | And even the 100% non-blocking version written using the high-level (and |
|
|
2433 | slow :) L<AnyEvent::Handle> abstraction beats both POE and IO::Lambda |
|
|
2434 | higher level ("unoptimised") abstractions by a large margin, even though |
|
|
2435 | it does all of DNS, tcp-connect and socket I/O in a non-blocking way. |
|
|
2436 | |
|
|
2437 | The two AnyEvent benchmarks programs can be found as F<eg/ae0.pl> and |
|
|
2438 | F<eg/ae2.pl> in the AnyEvent distribution, the remaining benchmarks are |
|
|
2439 | part of the IO::Lambda distribution and were used without any changes. |
|
|
2440 | |
|
|
2441 | |
|
|
2442 | =head1 SIGNALS |
|
|
2443 | |
|
|
2444 | AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals: |
|
|
2445 | |
|
|
2446 | =over 4 |
|
|
2447 | |
|
|
2448 | =item SIGCHLD |
|
|
2449 | |
|
|
2450 | A handler for C<SIGCHLD> is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher |
|
|
2451 | emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, some |
|
|
2452 | event loops install a similar handler. |
|
|
2453 | |
|
|
2454 | Additionally, when AnyEvent is loaded and SIGCHLD is set to IGNORE, then |
|
|
2455 | AnyEvent will reset it to default, to avoid losing child exit statuses. |
|
|
2456 | |
|
|
2457 | =item SIGPIPE |
|
|
2458 | |
|
|
2459 | A no-op handler is installed for C<SIGPIPE> when C<$SIG{PIPE}> is C<undef> |
|
|
2460 | when AnyEvent gets loaded. |
|
|
2461 | |
|
|
2462 | The rationale for this is that AnyEvent users usually do not really depend |
|
|
2463 | on SIGPIPE delivery (which is purely an optimisation for shell use, or |
|
|
2464 | badly-written programs), but C<SIGPIPE> can cause spurious and rare |
|
|
2465 | program exits as a lot of people do not expect C<SIGPIPE> when writing to |
|
|
2466 | some random socket. |
|
|
2467 | |
|
|
2468 | The rationale for installing a no-op handler as opposed to ignoring it is |
|
|
2469 | that this way, the handler will be restored to defaults on exec. |
|
|
2470 | |
|
|
2471 | Feel free to install your own handler, or reset it to defaults. |
|
|
2472 | |
|
|
2473 | =back |
|
|
2474 | |
|
|
2475 | =cut |
|
|
2476 | |
|
|
2477 | undef $SIG{CHLD} |
|
|
2478 | if $SIG{CHLD} eq 'IGNORE'; |
|
|
2479 | |
|
|
2480 | $SIG{PIPE} = sub { } |
|
|
2481 | unless defined $SIG{PIPE}; |
|
|
2482 | |
|
|
2483 | =head1 RECOMMENDED/OPTIONAL MODULES |
|
|
2484 | |
|
|
2485 | One of AnyEvent's main goals is to be 100% Pure-Perl(tm): only perl (and |
|
|
2486 | it's built-in modules) are required to use it. |
|
|
2487 | |
|
|
2488 | That does not mean that AnyEvent won't take advantage of some additional |
|
|
2489 | modules if they are installed. |
|
|
2490 | |
|
|
2491 | This section explains which additional modules will be used, and how they |
|
|
2492 | affect AnyEvent's operation. |
|
|
2493 | |
|
|
2494 | =over 4 |
|
|
2495 | |
|
|
2496 | =item L<Async::Interrupt> |
|
|
2497 | |
|
|
2498 | This slightly arcane module is used to implement fast signal handling: To |
|
|
2499 | my knowledge, there is no way to do completely race-free and quick |
|
|
2500 | signal handling in pure perl. To ensure that signals still get |
|
|
2501 | delivered, AnyEvent will start an interval timer to wake up perl (and |
|
|
2502 | catch the signals) with some delay (default is 10 seconds, look for |
|
|
2503 | C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). |
|
|
2504 | |
|
|
2505 | If this module is available, then it will be used to implement signal |
|
|
2506 | catching, which means that signals will not be delayed, and the event loop |
|
|
2507 | will not be interrupted regularly, which is more efficient (and good for |
|
|
2508 | battery life on laptops). |
|
|
2509 | |
|
|
2510 | This affects not just the pure-perl event loop, but also other event loops |
|
|
2511 | that have no signal handling on their own (e.g. Glib, Tk, Qt). |
|
|
2512 | |
|
|
2513 | Some event loops (POE, Event, Event::Lib) offer signal watchers natively, |
|
|
2514 | and either employ their own workarounds (POE) or use AnyEvent's workaround |
|
|
2515 | (using C<$AnyEvent::MAX_SIGNAL_LATENCY>). Installing L<Async::Interrupt> |
|
|
2516 | does nothing for those backends. |
|
|
2517 | |
|
|
2518 | =item L<EV> |
|
|
2519 | |
|
|
2520 | This module isn't really "optional", as it is simply one of the backend |
|
|
2521 | event loops that AnyEvent can use. However, it is simply the best event |
|
|
2522 | loop available in terms of features, speed and stability: It supports |
|
|
2523 | the AnyEvent API optimally, implements all the watcher types in XS, does |
|
|
2524 | automatic timer adjustments even when no monotonic clock is available, |
|
|
2525 | can take avdantage of advanced kernel interfaces such as C<epoll> and |
|
|
2526 | C<kqueue>, and is the fastest backend I<by far>. You can even embed |
|
|
2527 | L<Glib>/L<Gtk2> in it (or vice versa, see L<EV::Glib> and L<Glib::EV>). |
|
|
2528 | |
|
|
2529 | =item L<Guard> |
|
|
2530 | |
|
|
2531 | The guard module, when used, will be used to implement |
|
|
2532 | C<AnyEvent::Util::guard>. This speeds up guards considerably (and uses a |
|
|
2533 | lot less memory), but otherwise doesn't affect guard operation much. It is |
|
|
2534 | purely used for performance. |
|
|
2535 | |
|
|
2536 | =item L<JSON> and L<JSON::XS> |
|
|
2537 | |
|
|
2538 | One of these modules is required when you want to read or write JSON data |
|
|
2539 | via L<AnyEvent::Handle>. It is also written in pure-perl, but can take |
|
|
2540 | advantage of the ultra-high-speed L<JSON::XS> module when it is installed. |
|
|
2541 | |
|
|
2542 | In fact, L<AnyEvent::Handle> will use L<JSON::XS> by default if it is |
|
|
2543 | installed. |
|
|
2544 | |
|
|
2545 | =item L<Net::SSLeay> |
|
|
2546 | |
|
|
2547 | Implementing TLS/SSL in Perl is certainly interesting, but not very |
|
|
2548 | worthwhile: If this module is installed, then L<AnyEvent::Handle> (with |
|
|
2549 | the help of L<AnyEvent::TLS>), gains the ability to do TLS/SSL. |
|
|
2550 | |
|
|
2551 | =item L<Time::HiRes> |
|
|
2552 | |
|
|
2553 | This module is part of perl since release 5.008. It will be used when the |
|
|
2554 | chosen event library does not come with a timing source on it's own. The |
|
|
2555 | pure-perl event loop (L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>) will additionally use it to |
|
|
2556 | try to use a monotonic clock for timing stability. |
|
|
2557 | |
|
|
2558 | =back |
|
|
2559 | |
1023 | |
2560 | |
1024 | =head1 FORK |
2561 | =head1 FORK |
1025 | |
2562 | |
1026 | Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are |
2563 | Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are |
1027 | because they are so inefficient. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware. |
2564 | because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe C<select> or C<poll> calls |
|
|
2565 | - higher performance APIs such as BSD's kqueue or the dreaded Linux epoll |
|
|
2566 | are usually badly thought-out hacks that are incompatible with fork in |
|
|
2567 | one way or another. Only L<EV> is fully fork-aware and ensures that you |
|
|
2568 | continue event-processing in both parent and child (or both, if you know |
|
|
2569 | what you are doing). |
|
|
2570 | |
|
|
2571 | This means that, in general, you cannot fork and do event processing in |
|
|
2572 | the child if the event library was initialised before the fork (which |
|
|
2573 | usually happens when the first AnyEvent watcher is created, or the library |
|
|
2574 | is loaded). |
1028 | |
2575 | |
1029 | If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first |
2576 | If you have to fork, you must either do so I<before> creating your first |
1030 | watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child. |
2577 | watcher OR you must not use AnyEvent at all in the child OR you must do |
|
|
2578 | something completely out of the scope of AnyEvent. |
|
|
2579 | |
|
|
2580 | The problem of doing event processing in the parent I<and> the child |
|
|
2581 | is much more complicated: even for backends that I<are> fork-aware or |
|
|
2582 | fork-safe, their behaviour is not usually what you want: fork clones all |
|
|
2583 | watchers, that means all timers, I/O watchers etc. are active in both |
|
|
2584 | parent and child, which is almost never what you want. USing C<exec> |
|
|
2585 | to start worker children from some kind of manage rprocess is usually |
|
|
2586 | preferred, because it is much easier and cleaner, at the expense of having |
|
|
2587 | to have another binary. |
1031 | |
2588 | |
1032 | |
2589 | |
1033 | =head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS |
2590 | =head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS |
1034 | |
2591 | |
1035 | AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via |
2592 | AnyEvent can be forced to load any event model via |
… | |
… | |
1040 | specified in the variable. |
2597 | specified in the variable. |
1041 | |
2598 | |
1042 | You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it |
2599 | You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it |
1043 | before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a C<BEGIN> block: |
2600 | before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a C<BEGIN> block: |
1044 | |
2601 | |
1045 | BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} } |
2602 | BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} } |
1046 | |
2603 | |
1047 | use AnyEvent; |
2604 | use AnyEvent; |
|
|
2605 | |
|
|
2606 | Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can |
|
|
2607 | be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which is |
|
|
2608 | probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), and |
|
|
2609 | $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT}. |
|
|
2610 | |
|
|
2611 | Note that AnyEvent will remove I<all> environment variables starting with |
|
|
2612 | C<PERL_ANYEVENT_> from C<%ENV> when it is loaded while taint mode is |
|
|
2613 | enabled. |
|
|
2614 | |
|
|
2615 | |
|
|
2616 | =head1 BUGS |
|
|
2617 | |
|
|
2618 | Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are hard |
|
|
2619 | to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl 5.10 |
|
|
2620 | and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other annoying |
|
|
2621 | memleaks, such as leaking on C<map> and C<grep> but it is usually not as |
|
|
2622 | pronounced). |
1048 | |
2623 | |
1049 | |
2624 | |
1050 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
2625 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
1051 | |
2626 | |
1052 | Event modules: L<Coro::EV>, L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, |
2627 | Utility functions: L<AnyEvent::Util>. |
1053 | L<Coro::Event>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>, L<Glib>, L<Coro>, L<Tk>, |
2628 | |
|
|
2629 | Event modules: L<EV>, L<EV::Glib>, L<Glib::EV>, L<Event>, L<Glib::Event>, |
1054 | L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>. |
2630 | L<Glib>, L<Tk>, L<Event::Lib>, L<Qt>, L<POE>. |
1055 | |
2631 | |
1056 | Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, |
2632 | Implementations: L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>, |
|
|
2633 | L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, |
|
|
2634 | L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>, |
1057 | L<AnyEvent::Impl::CoroEvent>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Event>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Glib>, |
2635 | L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::IOAsync>, L<Anyevent::Impl::Irssi>. |
1058 | L<AnyEvent::Impl::Tk>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::EventLib>, |
|
|
1059 | L<AnyEvent::Impl::Qt>, L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>. |
|
|
1060 | |
2636 | |
|
|
2637 | Non-blocking file handles, sockets, TCP clients and |
|
|
2638 | servers: L<AnyEvent::Handle>, L<AnyEvent::Socket>, L<AnyEvent::TLS>. |
|
|
2639 | |
|
|
2640 | Asynchronous DNS: L<AnyEvent::DNS>. |
|
|
2641 | |
|
|
2642 | Coroutine support: L<Coro>, L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, |
|
|
2643 | L<Coro::Event>, |
|
|
2644 | |
1061 | Nontrivial usage examples: L<Net::FCP>, L<Net::XMPP2>. |
2645 | Nontrivial usage examples: L<AnyEvent::GPSD>, L<AnyEvent::XMPP>, |
|
|
2646 | L<AnyEvent::HTTP>. |
1062 | |
2647 | |
1063 | |
2648 | |
1064 | =head1 AUTHOR |
2649 | =head1 AUTHOR |
1065 | |
2650 | |
1066 | Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de> |
2651 | Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de> |
1067 | http://home.schmorp.de/ |
2652 | http://home.schmorp.de/ |
1068 | |
2653 | |
1069 | =cut |
2654 | =cut |
1070 | |
2655 | |
1071 | 1 |
2656 | 1 |
1072 | |
2657 | |