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Revision 1.15 by root, Wed Dec 8 23:01:30 2010 UTC vs.
Revision 1.67 by root, Fri Aug 4 03:58:52 2023 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	staticperl - perl, libc, 100 modules, all in one 500kb file	3	staticperl - perl, libc, 100 modules, all in one standalone 500kb file
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	staticperl help # print the embedded documentation	7	staticperl help # print the embedded documentation
8	staticperl fetch # fetch and unpack perl sources	8	staticperl fetch # fetch and unpack perl sources
9	staticperl configure # fetch and then configure perl	9	staticperl configure # fetch and then configure perl
10	staticperl build # configure and then build perl	10	staticperl build # configure and then build perl
11	staticperl install # build and then install perl	11	staticperl install # build and then install perl
12	staticperl clean # clean most intermediate files (restart at configure)	12	staticperl clean # clean most intermediate files (restart at configure)
13	staticperl distclean # delete everything installed by this script	13	staticperl distclean # delete everything installed by this script
		14	staticperl perl ... # invoke the perlinterpreter
14	staticperl cpan # invoke CPAN shell	15	staticperl cpan # invoke CPAN shell
15	staticperl instmod path... # install unpacked modules	16	staticperl instsrc path... # install unpacked modules
16	staticperl instcpan modulename... # install modules from CPAN	17	staticperl instcpan modulename... # install modules from CPAN
17	staticperl mkbundle <bundle-args...> # see documentation	18	staticperl mkbundle <bundle-args...> # see documentation
18	staticperl mkperl <bundle-args...> # see documentation	19	staticperl mkperl <bundle-args...> # see documentation
19	staticperl mkapp appname <bundle-args...> # see documentation	20	staticperl mkapp appname <bundle-args...> # see documentation
20		21
21	Typical Examples:	22	Typical Examples:
22		23
23	staticperl install # fetch, configure, build and install perl	24	staticperl install # fetch, configure, build and install perl
24	staticperl cpan # run interactive cpan shell	25	staticperl cpan # run interactive cpan shell
25	staticperl mkperl -M '"Config_heavy.pl"' # build a perl that supports -V	26	staticperl mkperl -MConfig_heavy.pl # build a perl that supports -V
26	staticperl mkperl -MAnyEvent::Impl::Perl -MAnyEvent::HTTPD -MURI -MURI::http	27	staticperl mkperl -MAnyEvent::Impl::Perl -MAnyEvent::HTTPD -MURI -MURI::http
27	# build a perl with the above modules linked in	28	# build a perl with the above modules linked in
28	staticperl mkapp myapp --boot mainprog mymodules	29	staticperl mkapp myapp --boot mainprog mymodules
29	# build a binary "myapp" from mainprog and mymodules	30	# build a binary "myapp" from mainprog and mymodules
30		31
31	=head1 DESCRIPTION	32	=head1 DESCRIPTION
32		33
33	This script helps you creating single-file perl interpreters, or embedding	34	This script helps you to create single-file perl interpreters
34	a perl interpreter in your applications. Single-file means that it is	35	or applications, or embedding a perl interpreter in your
35	fully self-contained - no separate shared objects, no autoload fragments,	36	applications. Single-file means that it is fully self-contained - no
36	no .pm or .pl files are needed. And when linking statically, you can	37	separate shared objects, no autoload fragments, no .pm or .pl files are
37	create (or embed) a single file that contains perl interpreter, libc, all	38	needed. And when linking statically, you can create (or embed) a single
38	the modules you need and all the libraries you need.	39	file that contains perl interpreter, libc, all the modules you need, all
		40	the libraries you need and of course your actual program.
39		41
40	With F<uClibc> and F<upx> on x86, you can create a single 500kb binary	42	With F<uClibc> and F<upx> on x86, you can create a single 500kb binary
41	that contains perl and 100 modules such as POSIX, AnyEvent, EV, IO::AIO,	43	that contains perl and 100 modules such as POSIX, AnyEvent, EV, IO::AIO,
42	Coro and so on. Or any other choice of modules.	44	Coro and so on. Or any other choice of modules (and some other size :).
		45
		46	To see how this turns out, you can try out smallperl and bigperl, two
		47	pre-built static and compressed perl binaries with many and even more
		48	modules: just follow the links at L<http://staticperl.schmorp.de/>.
43		49
44	The created files do not need write access to the file system (like PAR	50	The created files do not need write access to the file system (like PAR
45	does). In fact, since this script is in many ways similar to PAR::Packer,	51	does). In fact, since this script is in many ways similar to PAR::Packer,
46	here are the differences:	52	here are the differences:
47		53
…		…
66	=item * The generated executables don't need a writable filesystem.	72	=item * The generated executables don't need a writable filesystem.
67		73
68	F<staticperl> loads all required files directly from memory. There is no	74	F<staticperl> loads all required files directly from memory. There is no
69	need to unpack files into a temporary directory.	75	need to unpack files into a temporary directory.
70		76
71	=item * More control over included files.	77	=item * More control over included files, more burden.
72		78
73	PAR tries to be maintenance and hassle-free - it tries to include more	79	PAR tries to be maintenance and hassle-free - it tries to include more
74	files than necessary to make sure everything works out of the box. The	80	files than necessary to make sure everything works out of the box. It
75	extra files (such as the unicode database) can take substantial amounts of	81	mostly succeeds at this, but he extra files (such as the unicode database)
76	memory and file size.	82	can take substantial amounts of memory and file size.
77		83
78	With F<staticperl>, the burden is mostly with the developer - only direct	84	With F<staticperl>, the burden is mostly with the developer - only direct
79	compile-time dependencies and L<AutoLoader> are handled automatically.	85	compile-time dependencies and L<AutoLoader> are handled automatically.
80	This means the modules to include often need to be tweaked manually.	86	This means the modules to include often need to be tweaked manually.
		87
		88	All this does not preclude more permissive modes to be implemented in
		89	the future, but right now, you have to resolve hidden dependencies
		90	manually.
81		91
82	=item * PAR works out of the box, F<staticperl> does not.	92	=item * PAR works out of the box, F<staticperl> does not.
83		93
84	Maintaining your own custom perl build can be a pain in the ass, and while	94	Maintaining your own custom perl build can be a pain in the ass, and while
85	F<staticperl> tries to make this easy, it still requires a custom perl	95	F<staticperl> tries to make this easy, it still requires a custom perl
…		…
106	Afterwards, you create a list of files and modules you want to include,	116	Afterwards, you create a list of files and modules you want to include,
107	and then either build a new perl binary (that acts just like a normal perl	117	and then either build a new perl binary (that acts just like a normal perl
108	except everything is compiled in), or you create bundle files (basically C	118	except everything is compiled in), or you create bundle files (basically C
109	sources you can use to embed all files into your project).	119	sources you can use to embed all files into your project).
110		120
111	This step is very fast (a few seconds if PPI is not used for stripping,	121	This step is very fast (a few seconds if PPI is not used for stripping, or
112	more seconds otherwise, as PPI is very slow), and can be tweaked and	122	the stripped files are in the cache), and can be tweaked and repeated as
113	repeated as often as necessary.	123	often as necessary.
114		124
115	=head1 THE F<STATICPERL> SCRIPT	125	=head1 THE F<STATICPERL> SCRIPT
116		126
117	This module installs a script called F<staticperl> into your perl	127	This module installs a script called F<staticperl> into your perl
118	binary directory. The script is fully self-contained, and can be used	128	binary directory. The script is fully self-contained, and can be
119	without perl (for example, in an uClibc chroot environment). In fact,	129	used without perl (for example, in an uClibc/dietlibc/musl chroot
120	it can be extracted from the C<App::Staticperl> distribution tarball as	130	environment). In fact, it can be extracted from the C<App::Staticperl>
121	F<bin/staticperl>, without any installation.	131	distribution tarball as F<bin/staticperl>, without any installation. The
		132	newest (possibly alpha) version can also be downloaded from
		133	L<http://staticperl.schmorp.de/staticperl>.
122		134
123	F<staticperl> interprets the first argument as a command to execute,	135	F<staticperl> interprets the first argument as a command to execute,
124	optionally followed by any parameters.	136	optionally followed by any parameters.
125		137
126	There are two command categories: the "phase 1" commands which deal with	138	There are two command categories: the "phase 1" commands which deal with
…		…
128	with creating binaries and bundle files.	140	with creating binaries and bundle files.
129		141
130	=head2 PHASE 1 COMMANDS: INSTALLING PERL	142	=head2 PHASE 1 COMMANDS: INSTALLING PERL
131		143
132	The most important command is F<install>, which does basically	144	The most important command is F<install>, which does basically
133	everything. The default is to download and install perl 5.12.2 and a few	145	everything. The default is to download and install perl 5.12.3 and a few
134	modules required by F<staticperl> itself, but all this can (and should) be	146	modules required by F<staticperl> itself, but all this can (and should) be
135	changed - see L<CONFIGURATION>, below.	147	changed - see L<CONFIGURATION>, below.
136		148
137	The command	149	The command
138		150
139	staticperl install	151	staticperl install
140		152
141	Is normally all you need: It installs the perl interpreter in	153	is normally all you need: It installs the perl interpreter in
142	F<~/.staticperl/perl>. It downloads, configures, builds and installs the	154	F<~/.staticperl/perl>. It downloads, configures, builds and installs the
143	perl interpreter if required.	155	perl interpreter if required.
144		156
145	Most of the following commands simply run one or more steps of this	157	Most of the following F<staticperl> subcommands simply run one or more
146	sequence.	158	steps of this sequence.
		159
		160	If it fails, then most commonly because the compiler options I selected
		161	are not supported by your compiler - either edit the F<staticperl> script
		162	yourself or create F<~/.staticperl> shell script where your set working
		163	C<PERL_CCFLAGS> etc. variables.
147		164
148	To force recompilation or reinstallation, you need to run F<staticperl	165	To force recompilation or reinstallation, you need to run F<staticperl
149	distclean> first.	166	distclean> first.
150		167
151	=over 4	168	=over 4
152		169
		170	=item F<staticperl version>
		171
		172	Prints some info about the version of the F<staticperl> script you are using.
		173
153	=item F<staticperl fetch>	174	=item F<staticperl fetch>
154		175
155	Runs only the download and unpack phase, unless this has already happened.	176	Runs only the download and unpack phase, unless this has already happened.
156		177
157	=item F<staticperl configure>	178	=item F<staticperl configure>
…		…
165		186
166	=item F<staticperl install>	187	=item F<staticperl install>
167		188
168	Wipes the perl installation directory (usually F<~/.staticperl/perl>) and	189	Wipes the perl installation directory (usually F<~/.staticperl/perl>) and
169	installs the perl distribution, potentially after building it first.	190	installs the perl distribution, potentially after building it first.
		191
		192	=item F<staticperl perl> [args...]
		193
		194	Invokes the compiled perl interpreter with the given
		195	arguments. Basically the same as starting perl directly (usually via
		196	F<~/.staticperl/bin/perl>), but beats typing the path sometimes.
		197
		198	Example: check that the Gtk2 module is installed and loadable.
		199
		200	staticperl perl -MGtk2 -e0
170		201
171	=item F<staticperl cpan> [args...]	202	=item F<staticperl cpan> [args...]
172		203
173	Starts an interactive CPAN shell that you can use to install further	204	Starts an interactive CPAN shell that you can use to install further
174	modules. Installs the perl first if necessary, but apart from that,	205	modules. Installs the perl first if necessary, but apart from that,
175	no magic is involved: you could just as well run it manually via	206	no magic is involved: you could just as well run it manually via
176	F<~/.staticperl/perl/bin/cpan>.	207	F<~/.staticperl/perl/bin/cpan>, except that F<staticperl> additionally
		208	sets the environment variable C<$PERL> to the path of the perl
		209	interpreter, which is handy in subshells.
177		210
178	Any additional arguments are simply passed to the F<cpan> command.	211	Any additional arguments are simply passed to the F<cpan> command.
179		212
180	=item F<staticperl instcpan> module...	213	=item F<staticperl instcpan> module...
181		214
…		…
194		227
195	=item F<staticperl clean>	228	=item F<staticperl clean>
196		229
197	Deletes the perl source directory (and potentially cleans up other	230	Deletes the perl source directory (and potentially cleans up other
198	intermediate files). This can be used to clean up files only needed for	231	intermediate files). This can be used to clean up files only needed for
199	building perl, without removing the installed perl interpreter, or to	232	building perl, without removing the installed perl interpreter.
200	force a re-build from scratch.
201		233
202	At the moment, it doesn't delete downloaded tarballs.	234	At the moment, it doesn't delete downloaded tarballs.
		235
		236	The exact semantics of this command will probably change.
203		237
204	=item F<staticperl distclean>	238	=item F<staticperl distclean>
205		239
206	This wipes your complete F<~/.staticperl> directory. Be careful with this,	240	This wipes your complete F<~/.staticperl> directory. Be careful with this,
207	it nukes your perl download, perl sources, perl distribution and any	241	it nukes your perl download, perl sources, perl distribution and any
…		…
231		265
232	# first make sure we have perl and the required modules	266	# first make sure we have perl and the required modules
233	staticperl instcpan AnyEvent::HTTPD	267	staticperl instcpan AnyEvent::HTTPD
234		268
235	# now build the perl	269	# now build the perl
236	staticperl mkperl -M'"Config_heavy.pl"' -MAnyEvent::Impl::Perl \	270	staticperl mkperl -MConfig_heavy.pl -MAnyEvent::Impl::Perl \
237	-MAnyEvent::HTTPD -MURI::http \	271	-MAnyEvent::HTTPD -MURI::http \
238	--add 'eg/httpd httpd.pm'	272	--add 'eg/httpd httpd.pm'
239		273
240	# finally, invoke it	274	# finally, invoke it
241	./perl -Mhttpd	275	./perl -Mhttpd
…		…
257	-MAnyEvent::Impl::Perl -MAnyEvent::HTTPD -MURI::http	291	-MAnyEvent::Impl::Perl -MAnyEvent::HTTPD -MURI::http
258		292
259	# run it	293	# run it
260	./app	294	./app
261		295
		296	Here are the three phase 2 commands:
		297
		298	=over 4
		299
		300	=item F<staticperl mkbundle> args...
		301
		302	The "default" bundle command - it interprets the given bundle options and
		303	writes out F<bundle.h>, F<bundle.c>, F<bundle.ccopts> and F<bundle.ldopts>
		304	files, useful for embedding.
		305
		306	=item F<staticperl mkperl> args...
		307
		308	Creates a bundle just like F<staticperl mkbundle> (in fact, it's the same
		309	as invoking F<staticperl mkbundle --perl> args...), but then compiles and
		310	links a new perl interpreter that embeds the created bundle, then deletes
		311	all intermediate files.
		312
		313	=item F<staticperl mkapp> filename args...
		314
		315	Does the same as F<staticperl mkbundle> (in fact, it's the same as
		316	invoking F<staticperl mkbundle --app> filename args...), but then compiles
		317	and links a new standalone application that simply initialises the perl
		318	interpreter.
		319
		320	The difference to F<staticperl mkperl> is that the standalone application
		321	does not act like a perl interpreter would - in fact, by default it would
		322	just do nothing and exit immediately, so you should specify some code to
		323	be executed via the F<--boot> option.
		324
		325	=back
		326
262	=head3 OPTION PROCESSING	327	=head3 OPTION PROCESSING
263		328
264	All options can be given as arguments on the command line (typically	329	All options can be given as arguments on the command line (typically
265	using long (e.g. C<--verbose>) or short option (e.g. C<-v>) style). Since	330	using long (e.g. C<--verbose>) or short option (e.g. C<-v>) style). Since
266	specifying a lot of modules can make the command line very cumbersome,	331	specifying a lot of options can make the command line very long and
267	you can put all long options into a "bundle specification file" (with or	332	unwieldy, you can put all long options into a "bundle specification file"
268	without C<--> prefix) and specify this bundle file instead.	333	(one option per line, with or without C<--> prefix) and specify this
		334	bundle file instead.
269		335
270	For example, the command given earlier could also look like this:	336	For example, the command given earlier to link a new F<perl> could also
		337	look like this:
271		338
272	staticperl mkperl httpd.bundle	339	staticperl mkperl httpd.bundle
273		340
274	And all options could be in F<httpd.bundle>:	341	With all options stored in the F<httpd.bundle> file (one option per line,
275		342	everything after the option is an argument):
		343
276	use "Config_heavy.pl"	344	use "Config_heavy.pl"
277	use AnyEvent::Impl::Perl	345	use AnyEvent::Impl::Perl
278	use AnyEvent::HTTPD	346	use AnyEvent::HTTPD
279	use URI::http	347	use URI::http
280	add eg/httpd httpd.pm	348	add eg/httpd httpd.pm
281		349
282	All options that specify modules or files to be added are processed in the	350	All options that specify modules or files to be added are processed in the
283	order given on the command line (that affects the C<--use> and C<--eval>	351	order given on the command line.
284	options at the moment).
285		352
286	=head3 MKBUNDLE OPTIONS	353	=head3 BUNDLE CREATION WORKFLOW / STATICPERL MKBUNDLE OPTIONS
287		354
288	=over 4	355	F<staticperl mkbundle> works by first assembling a list of candidate
		356	files and modules to include, then filtering them by include/exclude
		357	patterns. The remaining modules (together with their direct dependencies,
		358	such as link libraries and L<AutoLoader> files) are then converted into
		359	bundle files suitable for embedding. F<staticperl mkbundle> can then
		360	optionally build a new perl interpreter or a standalone application.
289		361
		362	=over 4
		363
		364	=item Step 0: Generic argument processing.
		365
		366	The following options influence F<staticperl mkbundle> itself.
		367
		368	=over 4
		369
290	=item --verbose | -v	370	=item C<--verbose> | C<-v>
291		371
292	Increases the verbosity level by one (the default is C<1>).	372	Increases the verbosity level by one (the default is C<1>).
293		373
294	=item --quiet | -q	374	=item C<--quiet> | C<-q>
295		375
296	Decreases the verbosity level by one.	376	Decreases the verbosity level by one.
297		377
		378	=item any other argument
		379
		380	Any other argument is interpreted as a bundle specification file, which
		381	supports all options (without extra quoting), one option per line, in the
		382	format C<option> or C<option argument>. They will effectively be expanded
		383	and processed as if they were directly written on the command line, in
		384	place of the file name.
		385
		386	=back
		387
		388	=item Step 1: gather candidate files and modules
		389
		390	In this step, modules, perl libraries (F<.pl> files) and other files are
		391	selected for inclusion in the bundle. The relevant options are executed
		392	in order (this makes a difference mostly for C<--eval>, which can rely on
		393	earlier C<--use> options to have been executed).
		394
		395	=over 4
		396
		397	=item C<--use> F<module> | C<-M>F<module>
		398
		399	Include the named module or perl library and trace direct
		400	dependencies. This is done by loading the module in a subprocess and
		401	tracing which other modules and files it actually loads.
		402
		403	Example: include AnyEvent and AnyEvent::Impl::Perl.
		404
		405	staticperl mkbundle --use AnyEvent --use AnyEvent::Impl::Perl
		406
		407	Sometimes you want to load old-style "perl libraries" (F<.pl> files), or
		408	maybe other weirdly named files. To support this, the C<--use> option
		409	actually tries to do what you mean, depending on the string you specify:
		410
		411	=over 4
		412
		413	=item a possibly valid module name, e.g. F<common::sense>, F<Carp>,
		414	F<Coro::Mysql>.
		415
		416	If the string contains no quotes, no F</> and no F<.>, then C<--use>
		417	assumes that it is a normal module name. It will create a new package and
		418	evaluate a C<use module> in it, i.e. it will load the package and do a
		419	default import.
		420
		421	The import step is done because many modules trigger more dependencies
		422	when something is imported than without.
		423
		424	=item anything that contains F</> or F<.> characters,
		425	e.g. F<utf8_heavy.pl>, F<Module/private/data.pl>.
		426
		427	The string will be quoted and passed to require, as if you used C<require
		428	$module>. Nothing will be imported.
		429
		430	=item "path" or 'path', e.g. C<"utf8_heavy.pl">.
		431
		432	If you enclose the name into single or double quotes, then the quotes will
		433	be removed and the resulting string will be passed to require. This syntax
		434	is form compatibility with older versions of staticperl and should not be
		435	used anymore.
		436
		437	=back
		438
		439	Example: C<use> AnyEvent::Socket, once using C<use> (importing the
		440	symbols), and once via C<require>, not importing any symbols. The first
		441	form is preferred as many modules load some extra dependencies when asked
		442	to export symbols.
		443
		444	staticperl mkbundle -MAnyEvent::Socket # use + import
		445	staticperl mkbundle -MAnyEvent/Socket.pm # require only
		446
		447	Example: include the required files for F<perl -V> to work in all its
		448	glory (F<Config.pm> is included automatically by the dependency tracker).
		449
		450	# shell command
		451	staticperl mkbundle -MConfig_heavy.pl
		452
		453	# bundle specification file
		454	use Config_heavy.pl
		455
		456	The C<-M>module syntax is included as a convenience that might be easier
		457	to remember than C<--use> - it's the same switch as perl itself uses
		458	to load modules. Or maybe it confuses people. Time will tell. Or maybe
		459	not. Sigh.
		460
		461	=item C<--eval> "perl code" | C<-e> "perl code"
		462
		463	Sometimes it is easier (or necessary) to specify dependencies using perl
		464	code, or maybe one of the modules you use need a special use statement. In
		465	that case, you can use C<--eval> to execute some perl snippet or set some
		466	variables or whatever you need. All files C<require>'d or C<use>'d while
		467	executing the snippet are included in the final bundle.
		468
		469	Keep in mind that F<mkbundle> will not import any symbols from the modules
		470	named by the C<--use> option, so do not expect the symbols from modules
		471	you C<--use>'d earlier on the command line to be available.
		472
		473	Example: force L<AnyEvent> to detect a backend and therefore include it
		474	in the final bundle.
		475
		476	staticperl mkbundle --eval 'use AnyEvent; AnyEvent::detect'
		477
		478	# or like this
		479	staticperl mkbundle -MAnyEvent --eval 'AnyEvent::detect'
		480
		481	Example: use a separate "bootstrap" script that C<use>'s lots of modules
		482	and also include this in the final bundle, to be executed automatically
		483	when the interpreter is initialised.
		484
		485	staticperl mkbundle --eval 'do "bootstrap"' --boot bootstrap
		486
		487	=item C<--boot> F<filename>
		488
		489	Include the given file in the bundle and arrange for it to be
		490	executed (using C<require>) before the main program when the new perl
		491	is initialised. This can be used to modify C<@INC> or do similar
		492	modifications before the perl interpreter executes scripts given on the
		493	command line (or via C<-e>). This works even in an embedded interpreter -
		494	the file will be executed during interpreter initialisation in that case.
		495
		496	=item C<--incglob> pattern
		497
		498	This goes through all standard library directories and tries to match any
		499	F<.pm> and F<.pl> files against the extended glob pattern (see below). If
		500	a file matches, it is added. The pattern is matched against the full path
		501	of the file (sans the library directory prefix), e.g. F<Sys/Syslog.pm>.
		502
		503	This is very useful to include "everything":
		504
		505	--incglob '*'
		506
		507	It is also useful for including perl libraries, or trees of those, such as
		508	the unicode database files needed by some perl built-ins, the regex engine
		509	and other modules.
		510
		511	--incglob '/unicore/**.pl'
		512
		513	=item C<--add> F<file> | C<--add> "F<file> alias"
		514
		515	Adds the given (perl) file into the bundle (and optionally call it
		516	"alias"). The F<file> is either an absolute path or a path relative to the
		517	current directory. If an alias is specified, then this is the name it will
		518	use for C<@INC> searches, otherwise the path F<file> will be used as the
		519	internal name.
		520
		521	This switch is used to include extra files into the bundle.
		522
		523	Example: embed the file F<httpd> in the current directory as F<httpd.pm>
		524	when creating the bundle.
		525
		526	staticperl mkperl --add "httpd httpd.pm"
		527
		528	# can be accessed via "use httpd"
		529
		530	Example: add a file F<initcode> from the current directory.
		531
		532	staticperl mkperl --add 'initcode &initcode'
		533
		534	# can be accessed via "do '&initcode'"
		535
		536	Example: add local files as extra modules in the bundle.
		537
		538	# specification file
		539	add file1 myfiles/file1.pm
		540	add file2 myfiles/file2.pm
		541	add file3 myfiles/file3.pl
		542
		543	# then later, in perl, use
		544	use myfiles::file1;
		545	require myfiles::file2;
		546	my $res = do "myfiles/file3.pl";
		547
		548	=item C<--addbin> F<file> | C<--addbin> "F<file> alias"
		549
		550	Just like C<--add>, except that it treats the file as binary and adds it
		551	without any post-processing (perl files might get stripped to reduce their
		552	size).
		553
		554	If you specify an alias you should probably add a C</> prefix to avoid
		555	clashing with embedded perl files (whose paths never start with C</>),
		556	and/or use a special directory prefix, such as C</res/name>.
		557
		558	You can later get a copy of these files by calling C<static::find
		559	"alias">.
		560
		561	An alternative way to embed binary files is to convert them to perl and
		562	use C<do> to get the contents - this method is a bit cumbersome, but works
		563	both inside and outside of a staticperl bundle, without extra ado:
		564
		565	# a "binary" file, call it "bindata.pl"
		566	<<'SOME_MARKER'
		567	binary data NOT containing SOME_MARKER
		568	SOME_MARKER
		569
		570	# load the binary
		571	chomp (my $data = do "bindata.pl");
		572
		573	=item C<--allow-dynamic>
		574
		575	By default, when F<mkbundle> hits a dynamic perl extension (e.g. a F<.so>
		576	or F<.dll> file), it will stop with a fatal error.
		577
		578	When this option is enabled, F<mkbundle> packages the shared
		579	object into the bundle instead, with a prefix of F<!>
		580	(e.g. F<!auto/List/Util/Util.so>). What you do with that is currently up
		581	to you, F<staticperl> has no special support for this at the moment, apart
		582	from working around the lack of availability of F<PerlIO::scalar> while
		583	bootstrapping, at a speed cost.
		584
		585	One way to deal with this is to write all files starting with F<!> into
		586	some directory and then C<unshift> that path onto C<@INC>.
		587
		588	(TODO for future self: write and insert a suitable example here, if
		589	somebody requests it).
		590
		591	=back
		592
		593	=item Step 2: filter all files using C<--include> and C<--exclude> options.
		594
		595	After all candidate files and modules are added, they are I<filtered>
		596	by a combination of C<--include> and C<--exclude> patterns (there is an
		597	implicit C<--include *> at the end, so if no filters are specified, all
		598	files are included).
		599
		600	All that this step does is potentially reduce the number of files that are
		601	to be included - no new files are added during this step.
		602
		603	=over 4
		604
		605	=item C<--include> pattern | C<-i> pattern | C<--exclude> pattern | C<-x> pattern
		606
		607	These specify an include or exclude pattern to be applied to the candidate
		608	file list. An include makes sure that the given files will be part of the
		609	resulting file set, an exclude will exclude remaining files. The patterns
		610	are "extended glob patterns" (see below).
		611
		612	The patterns are applied "in order" - files included via earlier
		613	C<--include> specifications cannot be removed by any following
		614	C<--exclude>, and likewise, and file excluded by an earlier C<--exclude>
		615	cannot be added by any following C<--include>.
		616
		617	For example, to include everything except C<Devel> modules, but still
		618	include F<Devel::PPPort>, you could use this:
		619
		620	--incglob '*' -i '/Devel/PPPort.pm' -x '/Devel/**'
		621
		622	=back
		623
		624	=item Step 3: add any extra or "hidden" dependencies.
		625
		626	F<staticperl> currently knows about three extra types of depdendencies
		627	that are added automatically. Only one (F<.packlist> files) is currently
		628	optional and can be influenced, the others are always included:
		629
		630	=over 4
		631
		632	=item C<--usepacklists>
		633
		634	Read F<.packlist> files for each distribution that happens to match a
		635	module name you specified. Sounds weird, and it is, so expect semantics to
		636	change somehow in the future.
		637
		638	The idea is that most CPAN distributions have a F<.pm> file that matches
		639	the name of the distribution (which is rather reasonable after all).
		640
		641	If this switch is enabled, then if any of the F<.pm> files that have been
		642	selected match an install distribution, then all F<.pm>, F<.pl>, F<.al>
		643	and F<.ix> files installed by this distribution are also included.
		644
		645	For example, using this switch, when the L<URI> module is specified, then
		646	all L<URI> submodules that have been installed via the CPAN distribution
		647	are included as well, so you don't have to manually specify them.
		648
		649	=item L<AutoLoader> splitfiles
		650
		651	Some modules use L<AutoLoader> - less commonly (hopefully) used functions
		652	are split into separate F<.al> files, and an index (F<.ix>) file contains
		653	the prototypes.
		654
		655	Both F<.ix> and F<.al> files will be detected automatically and added to
		656	the bundle.
		657
		658	=item link libraries (F<.a> files)
		659
		660	Modules using XS (or any other non-perl language extension compiled at
		661	installation time) will have a static archive (typically F<.a>). These
		662	will automatically be added to the linker options in F<bundle.ldopts>.
		663
		664	Should F<staticperl> find a dynamic link library (typically F<.so>) it
		665	will warn about it - obviously this shouldn't happen unless you use
		666	F<staticperl> on the wrong perl, or one (probably wrongly) configured to
		667	use dynamic loading.
		668
		669	=item extra libraries (F<extralibs.ld>)
		670
		671	Some modules need linking against external libraries - these are found in
		672	F<extralibs.ld> and added to F<bundle.ldopts>.
		673
		674	=back
		675
		676	=item Step 4: write bundle files and optionally link a program
		677
		678	At this point, the select files will be read, processed (stripped) and
		679	finally the bundle files get written to disk, and F<staticperl mkbundle>
		680	is normally finished. Optionally, it can go a step further and either link
		681	a new F<perl> binary with all selected modules and files inside, or build
		682	a standalone application.
		683
		684	Both the contents of the bundle files and any extra linking is controlled
		685	by these options:
		686
		687	=over 4
		688
298	=item --strip none|pod|ppi	689	=item C<--strip> C<none>|C<pod>|C<ppi>
299		690
300	Specify the stripping method applied to reduce the file of the perl	691	Specify the stripping method applied to reduce the file of the perl
301	sources included.	692	sources included.
302		693
303	The default is C<pod>, which uses the L<Pod::Strip> module to remove all	694	The default is C<pod>, which uses the L<Pod::Strip> module to remove all
304	pod documentation, which is very fast and reduces file size a lot.	695	pod documentation, which is very fast and reduces file size a lot.
305		696
306	The C<ppi> method uses L<PPI> to parse and condense the perl sources. This	697	The C<ppi> method uses L<PPI> to parse and condense the perl sources. This
307	saves a lot more than just L<Pod::Strip>, and is generally safer, but	698	saves a lot more than just L<Pod::Strip>, and is generally safer,
308	is also a lot slower, so is best used for production builds. Note that	699	but is also a lot slower (some files take almost a minute to strip -
309	this method doesn't optimise for raw file size, but for best compression	700	F<staticperl> maintains a cache of stripped files to speed up subsequent
310	(that means that the uncompressed file size is a bit larger, but the files	701	runs for this reason). Note that this method doesn't optimise for raw file
311	compress better, e.g. with F<upx>).	702	size, but for best compression (that means that the uncompressed file size
		703	is a bit larger, but the files compress better, e.g. with F<upx>).
312		704
313	Last not least, if you need accurate line numbers in error messages,	705	Last not least, if you need accurate line numbers in error messages,
314	or in the unlikely case where C<pod> is too slow, or some module gets	706	or in the unlikely case where C<pod> is too slow, or some module gets
315	mistreated, you can specify C<none> to not mangle included perl sources in	707	mistreated, you can specify C<none> to not mangle included perl sources in
316	any way.	708	any way.
317		709
		710	=item C<--compress> C<none>|C<lzf>
		711
		712	Compress each included library file with C<lzf> (default), or do not
		713	compress (C<none>). LZF compression typically halves the size of the
		714	included library data at almost no overhead, but is counterproductive if
		715	you are using another compression solution such as C<UPX>, so it can be
		716	disabled.
		717
318	=item --perl	718	=item C<--perl>
319		719
320	After writing out the bundle files, try to link a new perl interpreter. It	720	After writing out the bundle files, try to link a new perl interpreter. It
321	will be called F<perl> and will be left in the current working	721	will be called F<perl> and will be left in the current working
322	directory. The bundle files will be removed.	722	directory. The bundle files will be removed.
323		723
324	This switch is automatically used when F<staticperl> is invoked with the	724	This switch is automatically used when F<staticperl> is invoked with the
325	C<mkperl> command (instead of C<mkbundle>):	725	C<mkperl> command instead of C<mkbundle>.
326		726
327	# build a new ./perl with only common::sense in it - very small :)	727	Example: build a new F<./perl> binary with only L<common::sense> inside -
		728	it will be even smaller than the standard perl interpreter as none of the
		729	modules of the base distribution (such as L<Fcntl>) will be included.
		730
328	staticperl mkperl -Mcommon::sense	731	staticperl mkperl -Mcommon::sense
329		732
330	=item --app name	733	=item C<--app> F<name>
331		734
332	After writing out the bundle files, try to link a new standalone	735	After writing out the bundle files, try to link a new standalone
333	program. It will be called C<name>, and the bundle files get removed after	736	program. It will be called C<name>, and the bundle files get removed after
334	linking it.	737	linking it.
		738
		739	This switch is automatically used when F<staticperl> is invoked with the
		740	C<mkapp> command instead of C<mkbundle>.
335		741
336	The difference to the (mutually exclusive) C<--perl> option is that the	742	The difference to the (mutually exclusive) C<--perl> option is that the
337	binary created by this option will not try to act as a perl interpreter -	743	binary created by this option will not try to act as a perl interpreter -
338	instead it will simply initialise the perl interpreter, clean it up and	744	instead it will simply initialise the perl interpreter, clean it up and
339	exit.	745	exit.
340		746
341	This switch is automatically used when F<staticperl> is invoked with the	747	This means that, by default, it will do nothing but burn a few CPU cycles
342	C<mkapp> command (instead of C<mkbundle>):
343
344	To let it do something useful you I<must> add some boot code, e.g. with	748	- for it to do something useful you I<must> add some boot code, e.g. with
345	the C<--boot> option.	749	the C<--boot> option.
346		750
347	Example: create a standalone perl binary that will execute F<appfile> when	751	Example: create a standalone perl binary called F<./myexe> that will
348	it is started.	752	execute F<appfile> when it is started.
349		753
350	staticperl mkbundle --app myexe --boot appfile	754	staticperl mkbundle --app myexe --boot appfile
351		755
352	=item --use module | -Mmodule	756	=item C<--ignore-env>
353		757
354	Include the named module and all direct dependencies. This is done by	758	Generates extra code to unset some environment variables before
355	C<require>'ing the module in a subprocess and tracing which other modules	759	initialising/running perl. Perl supports a lot of environment variables
356	and files it actually loads. If the module uses L<AutoLoader>, then all	760	that might alter execution in ways that might be undesirable for
357	splitfiles will be included as well.	761	standalone applications, and this option removes those known to cause
		762	trouble.
358		763
359	Example: include AnyEvent and AnyEvent::Impl::Perl.	764	Specifically, these are removed:
360		765
361	staticperl mkbundle --use AnyEvent --use AnyEvent::Impl::Perl	766	C<PERL_HASH_SEED_DEBUG> and C<PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS> can cause undesirable
		767	output, C<PERL5OPT>, C<PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL>, C<PERL_HASH_SEED> and
		768	C<PERL_SIGNALS> can alter execution significantly, and C<PERL_UNICODE>,
		769	C<PERLIO_DEBUG> and C<PERLIO> can affect input and output.
362		770
363	Sometimes you want to load old-style "perl libraries" (F<.pl> files), or	771	The variables C<PERL_LIB> and C<PERL5_LIB> are always ignored because the
364	maybe other weirdly named files. To do that, you need to quote the name in	772	startup code used by F<staticperl> overrides C<@INC> in all cases.
365	single or double quotes. When given on the command line, you probably need
366	to quote once more to avoid your shell interpreting it. Common cases that
367	need this are F<Config_heavy.pl> and F<utf8_heavy.pl>.
368		773
369	Example: include the required files for F<perl -V> to work in all its	774	This option will not make your program more secure (unless you are
370	glory (F<Config.pm> is included automatically by this).	775	running with elevated privileges), but it will reduce the surprise effect
		776	when a user has these environment variables set and doesn't expect your
		777	standalone program to act like a perl interpreter.
371		778
372	# bourne shell
373	staticperl mkbundle --use '"Config_heavy.pl"'
374
375	# bundle specification file
376	use "Config_heavy.pl"
377
378	The C<-Mmodule> syntax is included as an alias that might be easier to
379	remember than C<use>. Or maybe it confuses people. Time will tell. Or
380	maybe not. Argh.
381
382	=item --eval "perl code" | -e "perl code"
383
384	Sometimes it is easier (or necessary) to specify dependencies using perl
385	code, or maybe one of the modules you use need a special use statement. In
386	that case, you can use C<eval> to execute some perl snippet or set some
387	variables or whatever you need. All files C<require>'d or C<use>'d in the
388	script are included in the final bundle.
389
390	Keep in mind that F<mkbundle> will only C<require> the modules named
391	by the C<--use> option, so do not expect the symbols from modules you
392	C<--use>'d earlier on the command line to be available.
393
394	Example: force L<AnyEvent> to detect a backend and therefore include it
395	in the final bundle.
396
397	staticperl mkbundle --eval 'use AnyEvent; AnyEvent::detect'
398
399	# or like this
400	staticperl mkbundle -MAnyEvent --eval 'use AnyEvent; AnyEvent::detect'
401
402	Example: use a separate "bootstrap" script that C<use>'s lots of modules
403	and include this in the final bundle, to be executed automatically.
404
405	staticperl mkbundle --eval 'do "bootstrap"' --boot bootstrap
406
407	=item --boot filename
408
409	Include the given file in the bundle and arrange for it to be executed
410	(using a C<require>) before anything else when the new perl is
411	initialised. This can be used to modify C<@INC> or anything else before
412	the perl interpreter executes scripts given on the command line (or via
413	C<-e>). This works even in an embedded interpreter.
414
415	=item --add "file" | --add "file alias"
416
417	Adds the given (perl) file into the bundle (and optionally call it
418	"alias"). This is useful to include any custom files into the bundle.
419
420	Example: embed the file F<httpd> as F<httpd.pm> when creating the bundle.
421
422	staticperl mkperl --add "httpd httpd.pm"
423
424	It is also a great way to add any custom modules:
425
426	# specification file
427	add file1 myfiles/file1
428	add file2 myfiles/file2
429	add file3 myfiles/file3
430
431	=item --binadd "file" | --add "file alias"
432
433	Just like C<--add>, except that it treats the file as binary and adds it
434	without any processing.
435
436	You should probably add a C</> prefix to avoid clashing with embedded
437	perl files (whose paths do not start with C</>), and/or use a special
438	directory, such as C</res/name>.
439
440	You can later get a copy of these files by calling C<staticperl::find
441	"alias">.
442
443	=item --static	779	=item C<--static>
444		780
445	When C<--perl> is also given, link statically instead of dynamically. The	781	Add C<-static> to F<bundle.ldopts>, which means a fully static (if
		782	supported by the OS) executable will be created. This is not immensely
		783	useful when just creating the bundle files, but is most useful when
		784	linking a binary with the C<--perl> or C<--app> options.
		785
446	default is to link the new perl interpreter fully dynamic (that means all	786	The default is to link the new binary dynamically (that means all perl
447	perl modules are linked statically, but all external libraries are still	787	modules are linked statically, but all external libraries are still
448	referenced dynamically).	788	referenced dynamically).
449		789
450	Keep in mind that Solaris doesn't support static linking at all, and	790	Keep in mind that Solaris doesn't support static linking at all, and
451	systems based on GNU libc don't really support it in a usable fashion	791	systems based on GNU libc don't really support it in a very usable fashion
452	either. Try uClibc if you want to create fully statically linked	792	either. Try dietlibc or musl if you want to create fully statically linked
453	executables, or try the C<--staticlibs> option to link only some libraries	793	executables, or try the C<--staticlib> option to link only some libraries
454	statically.	794	statically.
455		795
456	=item any other argument	796	=item C<--staticlib> libname
457		797
458	Any other argument is interpreted as a bundle specification file, which	798	When not linking fully statically, this option allows you to link specific
459	supports most long options (without extra quoting), one option per line.	799	libraries statically. What it does is simply replace all occurrences of
		800	C<-llibname> with the GCC-specific C<-Wl,-Bstatic -llibname -Wl,-Bdynamic>
		801	option.
		802
		803	This will have no effect unless the library is actually linked against,
		804	specifically, C<--staticlib> will not link against the named library
		805	unless it would be linked against anyway.
		806
		807	Example: link libcrypt statically into the final binary.
		808
		809	staticperl mkperl -MIO::AIO --staticlib crypt
		810
		811	# ldopts might now contain:
		812	# -lm -Wl,-Bstatic -lcrypt -Wl,-Bdynamic -lpthread
		813
		814	=item C<--extra-cflags> string
		815
		816	Specifies extra compiler flags, used when compiling the bundle file. The
		817	flags are appended to all the existing flags, so can be sued to override
		818	settings.
		819
		820	=item C<--extra-ldflags> string
		821
		822	Specifies extra linker flags, used when linking the bundle.
		823
		824	=item C<--extra-libs> string
		825
		826	Extra linker flags, appended at the end when linking. The difference to
		827	C<--extra-ldflags> is that the ldflags are appended to the flags, before
		828	the objects and libraries, and the extra libs are added at the end.
		829
		830	=back
		831
		832	=back
		833
		834	=head3 EXTENDED GLOB PATTERNS
		835
		836	Some options of F<staticperl mkbundle> expect an I<extended glob
		837	pattern>. This is neither a normal shell glob nor a regex, but something
		838	in between. The idea has been copied from rsync, and there are the current
		839	matching rules:
		840
		841	=over 4
		842
		843	=item Patterns starting with F</> will be a anchored at the root of the library tree.
		844
		845	That is, F</unicore> will match the F<unicore> directory in C<@INC>, but
		846	nothing inside, and neither any other file or directory called F<unicore>
		847	anywhere else in the hierarchy.
		848
		849	=item Patterns not starting with F</> will be anchored at the end of the path.
		850
		851	That is, F<idna.pl> will match any file called F<idna.pl> anywhere in the
		852	hierarchy, but not any directories of the same name.
		853
		854	=item A F<*> matches anything within a single path component.
		855
		856	That is, F</unicore/*.pl> would match all F<.pl> files directly inside
		857	C</unicore>, not any deeper level F<.pl> files. Or in other words, F<*>
		858	will not match slashes.
		859
		860	=item A F<**> matches anything.
		861
		862	That is, F</unicore/**.pl> would match all F<.pl> files under F</unicore>,
		863	no matter how deeply nested they are inside subdirectories.
		864
		865	=item A F<?> matches a single character within a component.
		866
		867	That is, F</Encode/??.pm> matches F</Encode/JP.pm>, but not the
		868	hypothetical F</Encode/J/.pm>, as F<?> does not match F</>.
460		869
461	=back	870	=back
462		871
463	=head2 F<STATICPERL> CONFIGURATION AND HOOKS	872	=head2 F<STATICPERL> CONFIGURATION AND HOOKS
464		873
465	During (each) startup, F<staticperl> tries to source the following shell	874	During (each) startup, F<staticperl> tries to source some shell files to
466	files in order:	875	allow you to fine-tune/override configuration settings.
		876
		877	In them you can override shell variables, or define shell functions
		878	("hooks") to be called at specific phases during installation. For
		879	example, you could define a C<postinstall> hook to install additional
		880	modules from CPAN each time you start from scratch.
		881
		882	If the environment variable C<$STATICPERLRC> is set, then F<staticperl>
		883	will try to source the file named with it only. Otherwise, it tries the
		884	following shell files in order:
467		885
468	/etc/staticperlrc	886	/etc/staticperlrc
469	~/.staticperlrc	887	~/.staticperlrc
470	$STATICPERL/rc	888	$STATICPERL/rc
471		889
472	They can be used to override shell variables, or define functions to be
473	called at specific phases.
474
475	Note that the last file is erased during F<staticperl distclean>, so	890	Note that the last file is erased during F<staticperl distclean>, so
476	generally should not be used.	891	generally should not be used.
477		892
478	=head3 CONFIGURATION VARIABLES	893	=head3 CONFIGURATION VARIABLES
479		894
…		…
511	=item C<STATICPERL>	926	=item C<STATICPERL>
512		927
513	The directory where staticperl stores all its files	928	The directory where staticperl stores all its files
514	(default: F<~/.staticperl>).	929	(default: F<~/.staticperl>).
515		930
		931	=item C<DLCACHE>
		932
		933	The path to a directory (will be created if it doesn't exist) where
		934	downloaded perl sources are being cached, to avoid downloading them
		935	again. The default is empty, which means there is no cache.
		936
		937	=item C<PERL_VERSION>
		938
		939	The perl version to install - C<5.12.5> is a good choice for small builds,
		940	but C<5.8.9> is also a good choice (5.8.9 is much smaller than 5.12.5), if
		941	it builds on your system.
		942
		943	You can also set this variable to the absolute URL of a tarball (F<.tar>,
		944	F<.tar.gz>, F<.tar.bz2>, F<.tar.lzma> or F<.tar.xz>), or to the absolute
		945	path of an unpacked perl source tree, which will be copied.
		946
		947	The default is currently
		948	F<http://stableperl.schmorp.de/dist/latest.tar.gz>, i.e. the latest
		949	stableperl release.
		950
516	=item C<PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT>, C<EV_EXTRA_DEFS>, ...	951	=item C<PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT>, C<EV_EXTRA_DEFS>, ...
517		952
518	Usually set to C<1> to make modules "less inquisitive" during their	953	Usually set to C<1> to make modules "less inquisitive" during their
519	installation, you can set any environment variable you want - some modules	954	installation. You can set (and export!) any environment variable you want
520	(such as L<Coro> or L<EV>) use environment variables for further tweaking.	955	- some modules (such as L<Coro> or L<EV>) use environment variables for
521		956	further tweaking.
522	=item C<PERL_VERSION>
523
524	The perl version to install - default is currently C<5.12.2>, but C<5.8.9>
525	is also a good choice (5.8.9 is much smaller than 5.12.2, while 5.10.1 is
526	about as big as 5.12.2).
527		957
528	=item C<PERL_PREFIX>	958	=item C<PERL_PREFIX>
529		959
530	The prefix where perl gets installed (default: F<$STATICPERL/perl>),	960	The directory where perl gets installed (default: F<$STATICPERL/perl>),
531	i.e. where the F<bin> and F<lib> subdirectories will end up.	961	i.e. where the F<bin> and F<lib> subdirectories will end up. Previous
		962	contents will be removed on installation.
532		963
533	=item C<PERL_CONFIGURE>	964	=item C<PERL_CONFIGURE>
534		965
535	Additional Configure options - these are simply passed to the perl	966	Additional Configure options - these are simply passed to the perl
536	Configure script. For example, if you wanted to enable dynamic loading,	967	Configure script. For example, if you wanted to enable dynamic loading,
537	you could pass C<-Dusedl>. To enable ithreads (Why would you want that	968	you could pass C<-Dusedl>. To enable ithreads (Why would you want that
538	insanity? Don't! Use L<forks> instead!) you would pass C<-Duseithreads>	969	insanity? Don't! Use L<Coro> or L<forks> instead!) you would pass
539	and so on.	970	C<-Duseithreads> and so on.
540		971
541	More commonly, you would either activate 64 bit integer support	972	More commonly, you would either activate 64 bit integer support
542	(C<-Duse64bitint>), or disable large files support (-Uuselargefiles), to	973	(C<-Duse64bitint>), or disable large files support (C<-Uuselargefiles>),
543	reduce filesize further.	974	to reduce file size further.
544		975
545	=item C<PERL_CPPFLAGS>, C<PERL_OPTIMIZE>, C<PERL_LDFLAGS>, C<PERL_LIBS>	976	=item C<PERL_CC>, C<PERL_CCFLAGS>, C<PERL_OPTIMIZE>, C<PERL_LDFLAGS>, C<PERL_LIBS>
546		977
547	These flags are passed to perl's F<Configure> script, and are generally	978	These flags are passed to perl's F<Configure> script, and are generally
548	optimised for small size (at the cost of performance). Since they also	979	optimised for small size (at the cost of performance). Since they also
549	contain subtle workarounds around various build issues, changing these	980	contain subtle workarounds around various build issues, changing these
550	usually requires understanding their default values - best look at the top	981	usually requires understanding their default values - best look at
551	of the F<staticperl> script for more info on these.	982	the top of the F<staticperl> script for more info on these, and use a
		983	F<~/.staticperlrc> to override them.
		984
		985	Most of the variables override (or modify) the corresponding F<Configure>
		986	variable, except C<PERL_CCFLAGS>, which gets appended.
		987
		988	The default for C<PERL_OPTIMIZE> is C<-Os> (assuming gcc or compatible
		989	compilers), and for C<PERL_LIBS> is C<-lm -lcrypt>, which should be good
		990	for most (but not all) systems.
		991
		992	For other compilers or more customised optimisation settings, you need to
		993	adjust these, e.g. in your F<~/.staticperlrc>.
		994
		995	With gcc on x86 and amd64, you can often get more space-savings by using:
		996
		997	-Os -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -finline-limit=8 -mpush-args
		998	-mno-inline-stringops-dynamically -mno-align-stringops
		999
		1000	And on x86 and pentium3 and newer (basically everything you might ever
		1001	want to run on), adding these is even better for space-savings (use
		1002	C<-mtune=core2> or something newer for much faster code, too):
		1003
		1004	-fomit-frame-pointer -march=pentium3 -mtune=i386
552		1005
553	=back	1006	=back
554		1007
555	=head4 Variables you probably I<do not want> to override	1008	=head4 Variables you probably I<do not want> to override
556		1009
557	=over 4	1010	=over 4
		1011
		1012	=item C<MAKE>
		1013
		1014	The make command to use - default is C<make>.
558		1015
559	=item C<MKBUNDLE>	1016	=item C<MKBUNDLE>
560		1017
561	Where F<staticperl> writes the C<mkbundle> command to	1018	Where F<staticperl> writes the C<mkbundle> command to
562	(default: F<$STATICPERL/mkbundle>).	1019	(default: F<$STATICPERL/mkbundle>).
…		…
571	=head3 OVERRIDABLE HOOKS	1028	=head3 OVERRIDABLE HOOKS
572		1029
573	In addition to environment variables, it is possible to provide some	1030	In addition to environment variables, it is possible to provide some
574	shell functions that are called at specific times. To provide your own	1031	shell functions that are called at specific times. To provide your own
575	commands, just define the corresponding function.	1032	commands, just define the corresponding function.
		1033
		1034	The actual order in which hooks are invoked during a full install
		1035	from scratch is C<preconfigure>, C<patchconfig>, C<postconfigure>,
		1036	C<postbuild>, C<postinstall>.
576		1037
577	Example: install extra modules from CPAN and from some directories	1038	Example: install extra modules from CPAN and from some directories
578	at F<staticperl install> time.	1039	at F<staticperl install> time.
579		1040
580	postinstall() {	1041	postinstall() {
…		…
587		1048
588	=over 4	1049	=over 4
589		1050
590	=item preconfigure	1051	=item preconfigure
591		1052
592	Called just before running F<./Configur> in the perl source	1053	Called just before running F<./Configure> in the perl source
593	directory. Current working directory is the perl source directory.	1054	directory. Current working directory is the perl source directory.
594		1055
595	This can be used to set any C<PERL_xxx> variables, which might be costly	1056	This can be used to set any C<PERL_xxx> variables, which might be costly
596	to compute.	1057	to compute.
597		1058
		1059	=item patchconfig
		1060
		1061	Called after running F<./Configure> in the perl source directory to create
		1062	F<./config.sh>, but before running F<./Configure -S> to actually apply the
		1063	config. Current working directory is the perl source directory.
		1064
		1065	Can be used to tailor/patch F<config.sh> or do any other modifications.
		1066
598	=item postconfigure	1067	=item postconfigure
599		1068
600	Called after configuring, but before building perl. Current working	1069	Called after configuring, but before building perl. Current working
601	directory is the perl source directory.	1070	directory is the perl source directory.
602		1071
603	Could be used to tailor/patch config.sh (followed by F<sh Configure -S>)
604	or do any other modifications.
605
606	=item postbuild	1072	=item postbuild
607		1073
608	Called after building, but before installing perl. Current working	1074	Called after building, but before installing perl. Current working
609	directory is the perl source directory.	1075	directory is the perl source directory.
610		1076
611	I have no clue what this could be used for - tell me.	1077	I have no clue what this could be used for - tell me.
		1078
		1079	=item postcpanconfig
		1080
		1081	Called just after CPAN has been configured, but before it has been used to
		1082	install anything. You can further change the configuration like this:
		1083
		1084	"$PERL_PREFIX"/bin/perl -MCPAN::MyConfig -MCPAN -e '
		1085	CPAN::Shell->o (conf => urllist => push => "'"$CPAN"'");
		1086	' || fatal "error while initialising CPAN in postcpanconfig"
612		1087
613	=item postinstall	1088	=item postinstall
614		1089
615	Called after perl and any extra modules have been installed in C<$PREFIX>,	1090	Called after perl and any extra modules have been installed in C<$PREFIX>,
616	but before setting the "installation O.K." flag.	1091	but before setting the "installation O.K." flag.
…		…
647	A header file that contains the prototypes of the few symbols "exported"	1122	A header file that contains the prototypes of the few symbols "exported"
648	by bundle.c, and also exposes the perl headers to the application.	1123	by bundle.c, and also exposes the perl headers to the application.
649		1124
650	=over 4	1125	=over 4
651		1126
652	=item staticperl_init ()	1127	=item staticperl_init (xs_init = 0)
653		1128
654	Initialises the perl interpreter. You can use the normal perl functions	1129	Initialises the perl interpreter. You can use the normal perl functions
655	after calling this function, for example, to define extra functions or	1130	after calling this function, for example, to define extra functions or
656	to load a .pm file that contains some initialisation code, or the main	1131	to load a .pm file that contains some initialisation code, or the main
657	program function:	1132	program function:
…		…
664	}	1139	}
665		1140
666	static void	1141	static void
667	run_myapp(void)	1142	run_myapp(void)
668	{	1143	{
669	staticperl_init ();	1144	staticperl_init (0);
670	newXSproto ("myapp::xsfunction", xsfunction, __FILE__, "$$;$");	1145	newXSproto ("myapp::xsfunction", xsfunction, __FILE__, "$$;$");
671	eval_pv ("require myapp::main", 1); // executes "myapp/main.pm"	1146	eval_pv ("require myapp::main", 1); // executes "myapp/main.pm"
672	}	1147	}
673		1148
		1149	When your boot code already wants to access some XS functions at compile
		1150	time, then you need to supply an C<xs_init> function pointer that is
		1151	called as soon as perl is initialised enough to define XS functions, but
		1152	before the preamble code is executed:
		1153
		1154	static void
		1155	xs_init (pTHX)
		1156	{
		1157	newXSproto ("myapp::xsfunction", xsfunction, __FILE__, "$$;$");
		1158	}
		1159
		1160	static void
		1161	run_myapp(void)
		1162	{
		1163	staticperl_init (xs_init);
		1164	}
		1165
		1166	=item staticperl_cleanup ()
		1167
		1168	In the unlikely case that you want to destroy the perl interpreter, here
		1169	is the corresponding function.
		1170
674	=item staticperl_xs_init (pTHX)	1171	=item staticperl_xs_init (pTHX)
675		1172
676	Sometimes you need direct control over C<perl_parse> and C<perl_run>, in	1173	Sometimes you need direct control over C<perl_parse> and C<perl_run>, in
677	which case you do not want to use C<staticperl_init> but call them on your	1174	which case you do not want to use C<staticperl_init> but call them on your
678	own.	1175	own.
679		1176
680	Then you need this function - either pass it directly as the C<xs_init>	1177	Then you need this function - either pass it directly as the C<xs_init>
681	function to C<perl_parse>, or call it from your own C<xs_init> function.	1178	function to C<perl_parse>, or call it as one of the first things from your
682		1179	own C<xs_init> function.
683	=item staticperl_cleanup ()
684
685	In the unlikely case that you want to destroy the perl interpreter, here
686	is the corresponding function.
687		1180
688	=item PerlInterpreter *staticperl	1181	=item PerlInterpreter *staticperl
689		1182
690	The perl interpreter pointer used by staticperl. Not normally so useful,	1183	The perl interpreter pointer used by staticperl. Not normally so useful,
691	but there it is.	1184	but there it is.
…		…
704		1197
705	=back	1198	=back
706		1199
707	=head1 RUNTIME FUNCTIONALITY	1200	=head1 RUNTIME FUNCTIONALITY
708		1201
709	Binaries created with C<mkbundle>/C<mkperl> contain extra functions, which	1202	Binaries created with C<mkbundle>/C<mkperl> contain extra functionality,
710	are required to access the bundled perl sources, but might be useful for	1203	mostly related to the extra files bundled in the binary (the virtual
711	other purposes.	1204	filesystem). All of this data is statically compiled into the binary, and
		1205	accessing means copying it from a read-only section of your binary. Data
		1206	pages in this way are usually freed by the operating system, as they aren't
		1207	used more then once.
		1208
		1209	=head2 VIRTUAL FILESYSTEM
		1210
		1211	Every bundle has a virtual filesystem. The only information stored in it
		1212	is the path and contents of each file that was bundled.
		1213
		1214	=head3 LAYOUT
		1215
		1216	Any paths starting with an ampersand (F<&>) or exclamation mark (F<!>) are
		1217	reserved by F<staticperl>. They must only be used as described in this
		1218	section.
		1219
		1220	=over 4
		1221
		1222	=item !
		1223
		1224	All files that typically cannot be loaded from memory (such as dynamic
		1225	objects or shared libraries), but have to reside in the filesystem, are
		1226	prefixed with F<!>. Typically these files get written out to some
		1227	(semi-)temporary directory shortly after program startup, or before being
		1228	used.
		1229
		1230	=item !boot
		1231
		1232	The bootstrap file, if specified during bundling.
		1233
		1234	=item !auto/
		1235
		1236	Shared objects or dlls corresponding to dynamically-linked perl extensions
		1237	are stored with an F<!auto/> prefix.
		1238
		1239	=item !lib/
		1240
		1241	External shared libraries are stored in this directory.
		1242
		1243	=item any letter
		1244
		1245	Any path starting with a letter is a perl library file. For example,
		1246	F<Coro/AIO.pm> corresponds to the file loaded by C<use Coro::AIO>, and
		1247	F<Coro/jit.pl> corresponds to C<require "Coro/jit.pl">.
		1248
		1249	Obviously, module names shouldn't start with any other characters than
		1250	letters :)
		1251
		1252	=back
		1253
		1254	=head3 FUNCTIONS
		1255
		1256	=over 4
		1257
		1258	=item $file = static::find $path
		1259
		1260	Returns the data associated with the given C<$path>
		1261	(e.g. C<Digest/MD5.pm>, C<auto/POSIX/autosplit.ix>).
		1262
		1263	Returns C<undef> if the file isn't embedded.
		1264
		1265	=item @paths = static::list
		1266
		1267	Returns the list of all paths embedded in this binary.
		1268
		1269	=back
		1270
		1271	=head2 EXTRA FEATURES
712		1272
713	In addition, for the embedded loading of perl files to work, F<staticperl>	1273	In addition, for the embedded loading of perl files to work, F<staticperl>
714	overrides the C<@INC> array.	1274	overrides the C<@INC> array.
715		1275
716	=over 4
717
718	=item $file = staticperl::find $path
719
720	Returns the data associated with the given C<$path>
721	(e.g. C<Digest/MD5.pm>, C<auto/POSIX/autosplit.ix>), which is basically
722	the UNIX path relative to the perl library directory.
723
724	Returns C<undef> if the file isn't embedded.
725
726	=item @paths = staticperl::list
727
728	Returns the list of all paths embedded in this binary.
729
730	=back
731
732	=head1 FULLY STATIC BINARIES - BUILDROOT	1276	=head1 FULLY STATIC BINARIES - ALPINE LINUX
733		1277
734	To make truly static (Linux-) libraries, you might want to have a look at	1278	This section once contained a way to build fully static (including
735	buildroot (L<http://buildroot.uclibc.org/>).	1279	uClibc) binaries with buildroot. Unfortunately, buildroot no longer
		1280	supports a compiler, so I recommend using alpine linux instead
		1281	(L<http://alpinelinux.org/>). Get yourself a VM (e.g. with qemu), run an
		1282	older alpine linux verison in it (e.g. 2.4), copy staticperl inside and
		1283	use it.
736		1284
737	Buildroot is primarily meant to set up a cross-compile environment (which	1285	The reason you might want an older alpine linux is that uClibc can be
738	is not so useful as perl doesn't quite like cross compiles), but it can also compile	1286	quite dependent on kernel versions, so the newest version of alpine linux
739	a chroot environment where you can use F<staticperl>.	1287	might need a newer kernel then you might want for, if you plan to run your
		1288	binaries on on other kernels.
740		1289
741	To do so, download buildroot, and enable "Build options => development	1290	=head1 RECIPES / SPECIFIC MODULES
742	files in target filesystem" and optionally "Build options => gcc
743	optimization level (optimize for size)". At the time of writing, I had
744	good experiences with GCC 4.4.x but not GCC 4.5.
745		1291
746	To minimise code size, I used C<-pipe -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections	1292	This section contains some common(?) recipes and information about
747	-finline-limit=8 -fno-builtin-strlen -mtune=i386>. The C<-mtune=i386>	1293	problems with some common modules or perl constructs that require extra
748	doesn't decrease codesize much, but it makes the file much more	1294	files to be included.
749	compressible.
750		1295
751	If you don't need Coro or threads, you can go with "linuxthreads.old" (or	1296	=head2 MODULES
752	no thread support). For Coro, it is highly recommended to switch to a
753	uClibc newer than 0.9.31 (at the time of this writing, I used the 20101201
754	snapshot) and enable NPTL, otherwise Coro needs to be configured with the
755	ultra-slow pthreads backend to work around linuxthreads bugs (it also uses
756	twice the address space needed for stacks).
757		1297
758	If you use C<linuxthreads.old>, then you should also be aware that	1298	=over 4
759	uClibc shares C<errno> between all threads when statically linking. See
760	L<http://lists.uclibc.org/pipermail/uclibc/2010-June/044157.html> for a
761	workaround (And L<https://bugs.uclibc.org/2089> for discussion).
762		1299
763	C<ccache> support is also recommended, especially if you want	1300	=item utf8
764	to play around with buildroot options. Enabling the C<miniperl>
765	package will probably enable all options required for a successful
766	perl build. F<staticperl> itself additionally needs either C<wget>
767	(recommended, for CPAN) or C<curl>.
768		1301
769	As for shells, busybox should provide all that is needed, but the default	1302	Some functionality in the C<utf8> module, such as swash handling
770	busybox configuration doesn't include F<comm> which is needed by perl -	1303	(used for unicode character ranges in regexes) is implemented in the
771	either make a custom busybox config, or compile coreutils.	1304	C<utf8_heavy.pl> library:
772		1305
773	For the latter route, you might find that bash has some bugs that keep	1306	-Mutf8_heavy.pl
774	it from working properly in a chroot - either use dash (and link it to
775	F</bin/sh> inside the chroot) or link busybox to F</bin/sh>, using it's
776	built-in ash shell.
777		1307
778	Finally, you need F</dev/null> inside the chroot for many scripts to work	1308	Many Unicode properties in turn are defined in separate modules,
779	- F<cp /dev/null output/target/dev> or bind-mounting your F</dev> will	1309	such as C<unicore/Heavy.pl> and more specific data tables such as
780	both provide this.	1310	C<unicore/To/Digit.pl> or C<unicore/lib/Perl/Word.pl>. These tables
		1311	are big (7MB uncompressed, although F<staticperl> contains special
		1312	handling for those files), so including them only on demand in your
		1313	application might pay off.
781		1314
782	After you have compiled and set up your buildroot target, you can copy	1315	To simply include the whole unicode database, use:
783	F<staticperl> from the C<App::Staticperl> distribution or from your	1316
784	perl f<bin> directory (if you installed it) into the F<output/target>	1317	--incglob '/unicore/**.pl'
785	filesystem, chroot inside and run it.	1318
		1319	=item AnyEvent
		1320
		1321	AnyEvent needs a backend implementation that it will load in a delayed
		1322	fashion. The L<AnyEvent::Impl::Perl> backend is the default choice
		1323	for AnyEvent if it can't find anything else, and is usually a safe
		1324	fallback. If you plan to use e.g. L<EV> (L<POE>...), then you need to
		1325	include the L<AnyEvent::Impl::EV> (L<AnyEvent::Impl::POE>...) backend as
		1326	well.
		1327
		1328	If you want to handle IRIs or IDNs (L<AnyEvent::Util> punycode and idn
		1329	functions), you also need to include C<"AnyEvent/Util/idna.pl"> and
		1330	C<"AnyEvent/Util/uts46data.pl">.
		1331
		1332	Or you can use C<--usepacklists> and specify C<-MAnyEvent> to include
		1333	everything.
		1334
		1335	=item Cairo
		1336
		1337	See Glib, same problem, same solution.
		1338
		1339	=item Carp
		1340
		1341	Carp had (in older versions of perl) a dependency on L<Carp::Heavy>. As of
		1342	perl 5.12.2 (maybe earlier), this dependency no longer exists.
		1343
		1344	=item Config
		1345
		1346	The F<perl -V> switch (as well as many modules) needs L<Config>, which in
		1347	turn might need L<"Config_heavy.pl">. Including the latter gives you
		1348	both.
		1349
		1350	=item Glib
		1351
		1352	Glib literally requires Glib to be installed already to build - it tries
		1353	to fake this by running Glib out of the build directory before being
		1354	built. F<staticperl> tries to work around this by forcing C<MAN1PODS> and
		1355	C<MAN3PODS> to be empty via the C<PERL_MM_OPT> environment variable.
		1356
		1357	=item Gtk2
		1358
		1359	See Pango, same problems, same solution.
		1360
		1361	=item Net::SSLeay
		1362
		1363	This module hasn't been significantly updated since OpenSSL is called
		1364	OpenSSL, and fails to properly link against dependent libraries, most
		1365	commonly, it forgets to specify C<-ldl> when linking.
		1366
		1367	On GNU/Linux systems this usually goes undetected, as perl usually links
		1368	against C<-ldl> itself and OpenSSL just happens to pick it up that way, by
		1369	chance.
		1370
		1371	For static builds, you either have to configure C<-ldl> manually, or you
		1372	can use the following snippet in your C<postinstall> hook which patches
		1373	Net::SSLeay after installation, which happens to work most of the time:
		1374
		1375	postinstall() {
		1376	# first install it
		1377	instcpan Net::SSLeay
		1378	# then add -ldl for future linking
		1379	chmod u+w "$PERL_PREFIX"/lib/auto/Net/SSLeay/extralibs.ld
		1380	echo " -ldl" >>"$PERL_PREFIX"/lib/auto/Net/SSLeay/extralibs.ld
		1381	}
		1382
		1383	=item Pango
		1384
		1385	In addition to the C<MAN3PODS> problem in Glib, Pango also routes around
		1386	L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker> by compiling its files on its own. F<staticperl>
		1387	tries to patch L<ExtUtils::MM_Unix> to route around Pango.
		1388
		1389	=item Term::ReadLine::Perl
		1390
		1391	Also needs L<Term::ReadLine::readline>, or C<--usepacklists>.
		1392
		1393	=item URI
		1394
		1395	URI implements schemes as separate modules - the generic URL scheme is
		1396	implemented in L<URI::_generic>, HTTP is implemented in L<URI::http>. If
		1397	you need to use any of these schemes, you should include these manually,
		1398	or use C<--usepacklists>.
		1399
		1400	=back
		1401
		1402	=head2 RECIPES
		1403
		1404	=over 4
		1405
		1406	=item Just link everything in
		1407
		1408	To link just about everything installed in the perl library into a new
		1409	perl, try this (the first time this runs it will take a long time, as a
		1410	lot of files need to be parsed):
		1411
		1412	staticperl mkperl -v --strip ppi --incglob '*'
		1413
		1414	If you don't mind the extra megabytes, this can be a very effective way of
		1415	creating bundles without having to worry about forgetting any modules.
		1416
		1417	You get even more useful variants of this method by first selecting
		1418	everything, and then excluding stuff you are reasonable sure not to need -
		1419	L<bigperl|http://staticperl.schmorp.de/bigperl.html> uses this approach.
		1420
		1421	=item Getting rid of netdb functions
		1422
		1423	The perl core has lots of netdb functions (C<getnetbyname>, C<getgrent>
		1424	and so on) that few applications use. You can avoid compiling them in by
		1425	putting the following fragment into a C<preconfigure> hook:
		1426
		1427	preconfigure() {
		1428	for sym in \
		1429	d_getgrnam_r d_endgrent d_endgrent_r d_endhent \
		1430	d_endhostent_r d_endnent d_endnetent_r d_endpent \
		1431	d_endprotoent_r d_endpwent d_endpwent_r d_endsent \
		1432	d_endservent_r d_getgrent d_getgrent_r d_getgrgid_r \
		1433	d_getgrnam_r d_gethbyaddr d_gethent d_getsbyport \
		1434	d_gethostbyaddr_r d_gethostbyname_r d_gethostent_r \
		1435	d_getlogin_r d_getnbyaddr d_getnbyname d_getnent \
		1436	d_getnetbyaddr_r d_getnetbyname_r d_getnetent_r \
		1437	d_getpent d_getpbyname d_getpbynumber d_getprotobyname_r \
		1438	d_getprotobynumber_r d_getprotoent_r d_getpwent \
		1439	d_getpwent_r d_getpwnam_r d_getpwuid_r d_getsent \
		1440	d_getservbyname_r d_getservbyport_r d_getservent_r \
		1441	d_getspnam_r d_getsbyname
		1442	# d_gethbyname
		1443	do
		1444	PERL_CONFIGURE="$PERL_CONFIGURE -U$sym"
		1445	done
		1446	}
		1447
		1448	This mostly gains space when linking statically, as the functions will
		1449	likely not be linked in. The gain for dynamically-linked binaries is
		1450	smaller.
		1451
		1452	Also, this leaves C<gethostbyname> in - not only is it actually used
		1453	often, the L<Socket> module also exposes it, so leaving it out usually
		1454	gains little. Why Socket exposes a C function that is in the core already
		1455	is anybody's guess.
		1456
		1457	=back
		1458
		1459	=head1 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
		1460
		1461	Some guy has made a repository on github
		1462	(L<https://github.com/gh0stwizard/staticperl-modules>) with some modules
		1463	patched to build with staticperl.
786		1464
787	=head1 AUTHOR	1465	=head1 AUTHOR
788		1466
789	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	1467	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
790	http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/staticperl.html	1468	http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/staticperl.html
		1469

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