[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/CBOR-XS/README

Comparing CBOR-XS/README (file contents):
Revision 1.10 by root, Thu Nov 28 16:09:04 2013 UTC vs.
Revision 1.21 by root, Tue Dec 8 08:29:44 2020 UTC

…		…
33	with the added ability of supporting serialisation of Perl objects.	33	with the added ability of supporting serialisation of Perl objects.
34	(JSON often compresses better than CBOR though, so if you plan to	34	(JSON often compresses better than CBOR though, so if you plan to
35	compress the data later and speed is less important you might want to	35	compress the data later and speed is less important you might want to
36	compare both formats first).	36	compare both formats first).
37		37
		38	The primary goal of this module is to be correct and the secondary
		39	goal is to be fast. To reach the latter goal it was written in C.
		40
38	To give you a general idea about speed, with texts in the megabyte	41	To give you a general idea about speed, with texts in the megabyte
39	range, "CBOR::XS" usually encodes roughly twice as fast as Storable or	42	range, "CBOR::XS" usually encodes roughly twice as fast as Storable or
40	JSON::XS and decodes about 15%-30% faster than those. The shorter the	43	JSON::XS and decodes about 15%-30% faster than those. The shorter the
41	data, the worse Storable performs in comparison.	44	data, the worse Storable performs in comparison.
42		45
…		…
44	about 20% smaller than the same data encoded as (compact) JSON or	47	about 20% smaller than the same data encoded as (compact) JSON or
45	Storable.	48	Storable.
46		49
47	In addition to the core CBOR data format, this module implements a	50	In addition to the core CBOR data format, this module implements a
48	number of extensions, to support cyclic and shared data structures (see	51	number of extensions, to support cyclic and shared data structures (see
49	"allow_sharing"), string deduplication (see "pack_strings") and scalar	52	"allow_sharing" and "allow_cycles"), string deduplication (see
50	references (always enabled).	53	"pack_strings") and scalar references (always enabled).
51
52	The primary goal of this module is to be correct and the secondary
53	goal is to be fast. To reach the latter goal it was written in C.
54		54
55	See MAPPING, below, on how CBOR::XS maps perl values to CBOR values and	55	See MAPPING, below, on how CBOR::XS maps perl values to CBOR values and
56	vice versa.	56	vice versa.
57		57
58	FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE	58	FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE
…		…
78		78
79	The mutators for flags all return the CBOR object again and thus	79	The mutators for flags all return the CBOR object again and thus
80	calls can be chained:	80	calls can be chained:
81		81
82	my $cbor = CBOR::XS->new->encode ({a => [1,2]});	82	my $cbor = CBOR::XS->new->encode ({a => [1,2]});
		83
		84	$cbor = new_safe CBOR::XS
		85	Create a new, safe/secure CBOR::XS object. This is similar to "new",
		86	but configures the coder object to be safe to use with untrusted
		87	data. Currently, this is equivalent to:
		88
		89	my $cbor = CBOR::XS
		90	->new
		91	->forbid_objects
		92	->filter (\&CBOR::XS::safe_filter)
		93	->max_size (1e8);
		94
		95	But is more future proof (it is better to crash because of a change
		96	than to be exploited in other ways).
83		97
84	$cbor = $cbor->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])	98	$cbor = $cbor->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])
85	$max_depth = $cbor->get_max_depth	99	$max_depth = $cbor->get_max_depth
86	Sets the maximum nesting level (default 512) accepted while encoding	100	Sets the maximum nesting level (default 512) accepted while encoding
87	or decoding. If a higher nesting level is detected in CBOR data or a	101	or decoding. If a higher nesting level is detected in CBOR data or a
…		…
101		115
102	Note that nesting is implemented by recursion in C. The default	116	Note that nesting is implemented by recursion in C. The default
103	value has been chosen to be as large as typical operating systems	117	value has been chosen to be as large as typical operating systems
104	allow without crashing.	118	allow without crashing.
105		119
106	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is	120	See "SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS", below, for more info on why this is
107	useful.	121	useful.
108		122
109	$cbor = $cbor->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])	123	$cbor = $cbor->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])
110	$max_size = $cbor->get_max_size	124	$max_size = $cbor->get_max_size
111	Set the maximum length a CBOR string may have (in bytes) where	125	Set the maximum length a CBOR string may have (in bytes) where
…		…
115	exception. This setting has no effect on "encode" (yet).	129	exception. This setting has no effect on "encode" (yet).
116		130
117	If no argument is given, the limit check will be deactivated (same	131	If no argument is given, the limit check will be deactivated (same
118	as when 0 is specified).	132	as when 0 is specified).
119		133
120	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is	134	See "SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS", below, for more info on why this is
121	useful.	135	useful.
122		136
123	$cbor = $cbor->allow_unknown ([$enable])	137	$cbor = $cbor->allow_unknown ([$enable])
124	$enabled = $cbor->get_allow_unknown	138	$enabled = $cbor->get_allow_unknown
125	If $enable is true (or missing), then "encode" will not throw an	139	If $enable is true (or missing), then "encode" will not throw an
…		…
141	instead will emit a reference to the earlier value.	155	instead will emit a reference to the earlier value.
142		156
143	This means that such values will only be encoded once, and will not	157	This means that such values will only be encoded once, and will not
144	result in a deep cloning of the value on decode, in decoders	158	result in a deep cloning of the value on decode, in decoders
145	supporting the value sharing extension. This also makes it possible	159	supporting the value sharing extension. This also makes it possible
146	to encode cyclic data structures.	160	to encode cyclic data structures (which need "allow_cycles" to be
		161	enabled to be decoded by this module).
147		162
148	It is recommended to leave it off unless you know your communication	163	It is recommended to leave it off unless you know your communication
149	partner supports the value sharing extensions to CBOR	164	partner supports the value sharing extensions to CBOR
150	(<http://cbor.schmorp.de/value-sharing>), as without decoder	165	(<http://cbor.schmorp.de/value-sharing>), as without decoder
151	support, the resulting data structure might be unusable.	166	support, the resulting data structure might be unusable.
152		167
153	Detecting shared values incurs a runtime overhead when values are	168	Detecting shared values incurs a runtime overhead when values are
154	encoded that have a reference counter large than one, and might	169	encoded that have a reference counter large than one, and might
155	unnecessarily increase the encoded size, as potentially shared	170	unnecessarily increase the encoded size, as potentially shared
156	values are encode as sharable whether or not they are actually	171	values are encoded as shareable whether or not they are actually
157	shared.	172	shared.
158		173
159	At the moment, only targets of references can be shared (e.g.	174	At the moment, only targets of references can be shared (e.g.
160	scalars, arrays or hashes pointed to by a reference). Weirder	175	scalars, arrays or hashes pointed to by a reference). Weirder
161	constructs, such as an array with multiple "copies" of the same	176	constructs, such as an array with multiple "copies" of the same
…		…
166	data structures repeatedly, unsharing them in the process. Cyclic	181	data structures repeatedly, unsharing them in the process. Cyclic
167	data structures cannot be encoded in this mode.	182	data structures cannot be encoded in this mode.
168		183
169	This option does not affect "decode" in any way - shared values and	184	This option does not affect "decode" in any way - shared values and
170	references will always be decoded properly if present.	185	references will always be decoded properly if present.
		186
		187	$cbor = $cbor->allow_cycles ([$enable])
		188	$enabled = $cbor->get_allow_cycles
		189	If $enable is true (or missing), then "decode" will happily decode
		190	self-referential (cyclic) data structures. By default these will not
		191	be decoded, as they need manual cleanup to avoid memory leaks, so
		192	code that isn't prepared for this will not leak memory.
		193
		194	If $enable is false (the default), then "decode" will throw an error
		195	when it encounters a self-referential/cyclic data structure.
		196
		197	FUTURE DIRECTION: the motivation behind this option is to avoid
		198	real cycles - future versions of this module might chose to decode
		199	cyclic data structures using weak references when this option is
		200	off, instead of throwing an error.
		201
		202	This option does not affect "encode" in any way - shared values and
		203	references will always be encoded properly if present.
		204
		205	$cbor = $cbor->forbid_objects ([$enable])
		206	$enabled = $cbor->get_forbid_objects
		207	Disables the use of the object serialiser protocol.
		208
		209	If $enable is true (or missing), then "encode" will will throw an
		210	exception when it encounters perl objects that would be encoded
		211	using the perl-object tag (26). When "decode" encounters such tags,
		212	it will fall back to the general filter/tagged logic as if this were
		213	an unknown tag (by default resulting in a "CBOR::XC::Tagged"
		214	object).
		215
		216	If $enable is false (the default), then "encode" will use the
		217	Types::Serialiser object serialisation protocol to serialise objects
		218	into perl-object tags, and "decode" will do the same to decode such
		219	tags.
		220
		221	See "SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS", below, for more info on why
		222	forbidding this protocol can be useful.
171		223
172	$cbor = $cbor->pack_strings ([$enable])	224	$cbor = $cbor->pack_strings ([$enable])
173	$enabled = $cbor->get_pack_strings	225	$enabled = $cbor->get_pack_strings
174	If $enable is true (or missing), then "encode" will try not to	226	If $enable is true (or missing), then "encode" will try not to
175	encode the same string twice, but will instead encode a reference to	227	encode the same string twice, but will instead encode a reference to
…		…
186	the standard CBOR way.	238	the standard CBOR way.
187		239
188	This option does not affect "decode" in any way - string references	240	This option does not affect "decode" in any way - string references
189	will always be decoded properly if present.	241	will always be decoded properly if present.
190		242
		243	$cbor = $cbor->text_keys ([$enable])
		244	$enabled = $cbor->get_text_keys
		245	If $enabled is true (or missing), then "encode" will encode all perl
		246	hash keys as CBOR text strings/UTF-8 string, upgrading them as
		247	needed.
		248
		249	If $enable is false (the default), then "encode" will encode hash
		250	keys normally - upgraded perl strings (strings internally encoded as
		251	UTF-8) as CBOR text strings, and downgraded perl strings as CBOR
		252	byte strings.
		253
		254	This option does not affect "decode" in any way.
		255
		256	This option is useful for interoperability with CBOR decoders that
		257	don't treat byte strings as a form of text. It is especially useful
		258	as Perl gives very little control over hash keys.
		259
		260	Enabling this option can be slow, as all downgraded hash keys that
		261	are encoded need to be scanned and converted to UTF-8.
		262
		263	$cbor = $cbor->text_strings ([$enable])
		264	$enabled = $cbor->get_text_strings
		265	This option works similar to "text_keys", above, but works on all
		266	strings (including hash keys), so "text_keys" has no further effect
		267	after enabling "text_strings".
		268
		269	If $enabled is true (or missing), then "encode" will encode all perl
		270	strings as CBOR text strings/UTF-8 strings, upgrading them as
		271	needed.
		272
		273	If $enable is false (the default), then "encode" will encode strings
		274	normally (but see "text_keys") - upgraded perl strings (strings
		275	internally encoded as UTF-8) as CBOR text strings, and downgraded
		276	perl strings as CBOR byte strings.
		277
		278	This option does not affect "decode" in any way.
		279
		280	This option has similar advantages and disadvantages as "text_keys".
		281	In addition, this option effectively removes the ability to
		282	automatically encode byte strings, which might break some "FREEZE"
		283	and "TO_CBOR" methods that rely on this.
		284
		285	A workaround is to use explicit type casts, which are unaffected by
		286	this option.
		287
		288	$cbor = $cbor->validate_utf8 ([$enable])
		289	$enabled = $cbor->get_validate_utf8
		290	If $enable is true (or missing), then "decode" will validate that
		291	elements (text strings) containing UTF-8 data in fact contain valid
		292	UTF-8 data (instead of blindly accepting it). This validation
		293	obviously takes extra time during decoding.
		294
		295	The concept of "valid UTF-8" used is perl's concept, which is a
		296	superset of the official UTF-8.
		297
		298	If $enable is false (the default), then "decode" will blindly accept
		299	UTF-8 data, marking them as valid UTF-8 in the resulting data
		300	structure regardless of whether that's true or not.
		301
		302	Perl isn't too happy about corrupted UTF-8 in strings, but should
		303	generally not crash or do similarly evil things. Extensions might be
		304	not so forgiving, so it's recommended to turn on this setting if you
		305	receive untrusted CBOR.
		306
		307	This option does not affect "encode" in any way - strings that are
		308	supposedly valid UTF-8 will simply be dumped into the resulting CBOR
		309	string without checking whether that is, in fact, true or not.
		310
191	$cbor = $cbor->filter ([$cb->($tag, $value)])	311	$cbor = $cbor->filter ([$cb->($tag, $value)])
192	$cb_or_undef = $cbor->get_filter	312	$cb_or_undef = $cbor->get_filter
193	Sets or replaces the tagged value decoding filter (when $cb is	313	Sets or replaces the tagged value decoding filter (when $cb is
194	specified) or clears the filter (if no argument or "undef" is	314	specified) or clears the filter (if no argument or "undef" is
195	provided).	315	provided).
…		…
212	When the filter is cleared (the default state), the default filter	332	When the filter is cleared (the default state), the default filter
213	function, "CBOR::XS::default_filter", is used. This function simply	333	function, "CBOR::XS::default_filter", is used. This function simply
214	looks up the tag in the %CBOR::XS::FILTER hash. If an entry exists	334	looks up the tag in the %CBOR::XS::FILTER hash. If an entry exists
215	it must be a code reference that is called with tag and value, and	335	it must be a code reference that is called with tag and value, and
216	is responsible for decoding the value. If no entry exists, it	336	is responsible for decoding the value. If no entry exists, it
217	returns no values.	337	returns no values. "CBOR::XS" provides a number of default filter
		338	functions already, the the %CBOR::XS::FILTER hash can be freely
		339	extended with more.
		340
		341	"CBOR::XS" additionally provides an alternative filter function that
		342	is supposed to be safe to use with untrusted data (which the default
		343	filter might not), called "CBOR::XS::safe_filter", which works the
		344	same as the "default_filter" but uses the %CBOR::XS::SAFE_FILTER
		345	variable instead. It is prepopulated with the tag decoding functions
		346	that are deemed safe (basically the same as %CBOR::XS::FILTER
		347	without all the bignum tags), and can be extended by user code as
		348	wlel, although, obviously, one should be very careful about adding
		349	decoding functions here, since the expectation is that they are safe
		350	to use on untrusted data, after all.
218		351
219	Example: decode all tags not handled internally into	352	Example: decode all tags not handled internally into
220	"CBOR::XS::Tagged" objects, with no other special handling (useful	353	"CBOR::XS::Tagged" objects, with no other special handling (useful
221	when working with potentially "unsafe" CBOR data).	354	when working with potentially "unsafe" CBOR data).
222		355
…		…
228	$CBOR::XS::FILTER{1347375694} = sub {	361	$CBOR::XS::FILTER{1347375694} = sub {
229	my ($tag, $value);	362	my ($tag, $value);
230		363
231	"tag 1347375694 value $value"	364	"tag 1347375694 value $value"
232	};	365	};
		366
		367	Example: provide your own filter function that looks up tags in your
		368	own hash:
		369
		370	my %my_filter = (
		371	998347484 => sub {
		372	my ($tag, $value);
		373
		374	"tag 998347484 value $value"
		375	};
		376	);
		377
		378	my $coder = CBOR::XS->new->filter (sub {
		379	&{ $my_filter{$_[0]} or return }
		380	});
		381
		382	Example: use the safe filter function (see "SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS"
		383	for more considerations on security).
		384
		385	CBOR::XS->new->filter (\&CBOR::XS::safe_filter)->decode ($cbor_data);
233		386
234	$cbor_data = $cbor->encode ($perl_scalar)	387	$cbor_data = $cbor->encode ($perl_scalar)
235	Converts the given Perl data structure (a scalar value) to its CBOR	388	Converts the given Perl data structure (a scalar value) to its CBOR
236	representation.	389	representation.
237		390
…		…
245	will silently stop parsing there and return the number of characters	398	will silently stop parsing there and return the number of characters
246	consumed so far.	399	consumed so far.
247		400
248	This is useful if your CBOR texts are not delimited by an outer	401	This is useful if your CBOR texts are not delimited by an outer
249	protocol and you need to know where the first CBOR string ends amd	402	protocol and you need to know where the first CBOR string ends amd
250	the next one starts.	403	the next one starts - CBOR strings are self-delimited, so it is
		404	possible to concatenate CBOR strings without any delimiters or size
		405	fields and recover their data.
251		406
252	CBOR::XS->new->decode_prefix ("......")	407	CBOR::XS->new->decode_prefix ("......")
253	=> ("...", 3)	408	=> ("...", 3)
		409
		410	INCREMENTAL PARSING
		411	In some cases, there is the need for incremental parsing of JSON texts.
		412	While this module always has to keep both CBOR text and resulting Perl
		413	data structure in memory at one time, it does allow you to parse a CBOR
		414	stream incrementally, using a similar to using "decode_prefix" to see if
		415	a full CBOR object is available, but is much more efficient.
		416
		417	It basically works by parsing as much of a CBOR string as possible - if
		418	the CBOR data is not complete yet, the pasrer will remember where it
		419	was, to be able to restart when more data has been accumulated. Once
		420	enough data is available to either decode a complete CBOR value or raise
		421	an error, a real decode will be attempted.
		422
		423	A typical use case would be a network protocol that consists of sending
		424	and receiving CBOR-encoded messages. The solution that works with CBOR
		425	and about anything else is by prepending a length to every CBOR value,
		426	so the receiver knows how many octets to read. More compact (and
		427	slightly slower) would be to just send CBOR values back-to-back, as
		428	"CBOR::XS" knows where a CBOR value ends, and doesn't need an explicit
		429	length.
		430
		431	The following methods help with this:
		432
		433	@decoded = $cbor->incr_parse ($buffer)
		434	This method attempts to decode exactly one CBOR value from the
		435	beginning of the given $buffer. The value is removed from the
		436	$buffer on success. When $buffer doesn't contain a complete value
		437	yet, it returns nothing. Finally, when the $buffer doesn't start
		438	with something that could ever be a valid CBOR value, it raises an
		439	exception, just as "decode" would. In the latter case the decoder
		440	state is undefined and must be reset before being able to parse
		441	further.
		442
		443	This method modifies the $buffer in place. When no CBOR value can be
		444	decoded, the decoder stores the current string offset. On the next
		445	call, continues decoding at the place where it stopped before. For
		446	this to make sense, the $buffer must begin with the same octets as
		447	on previous unsuccessful calls.
		448
		449	You can call this method in scalar context, in which case it either
		450	returns a decoded value or "undef". This makes it impossible to
		451	distinguish between CBOR null values (which decode to "undef") and
		452	an unsuccessful decode, which is often acceptable.
		453
		454	@decoded = $cbor->incr_parse_multiple ($buffer)
		455	Same as "incr_parse", but attempts to decode as many CBOR values as
		456	possible in one go, instead of at most one. Calls to "incr_parse"
		457	and "incr_parse_multiple" can be interleaved.
		458
		459	$cbor->incr_reset
		460	Resets the incremental decoder. This throws away any saved state, so
		461	that subsequent calls to "incr_parse" or "incr_parse_multiple" start
		462	to parse a new CBOR value from the beginning of the $buffer again.
		463
		464	This method can be called at any time, but it must be called if
		465	you want to change your $buffer or there was a decoding error and
		466	you want to reuse the $cbor object for future incremental parsings.
254		467
255	MAPPING	468	MAPPING
256	This section describes how CBOR::XS maps Perl values to CBOR values and	469	This section describes how CBOR::XS maps Perl values to CBOR values and
257	vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most	470	vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most
258	circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics	471	circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics
…		…
309		522
310	hash references	523	hash references
311	Perl hash references become CBOR maps. As there is no inherent	524	Perl hash references become CBOR maps. As there is no inherent
312	ordering in hash keys (or CBOR maps), they will usually be encoded	525	ordering in hash keys (or CBOR maps), they will usually be encoded
313	in a pseudo-random order. This order can be different each time a	526	in a pseudo-random order. This order can be different each time a
314	hahs is encoded.	527	hash is encoded.
315		528
316	Currently, tied hashes will use the indefinite-length format, while	529	Currently, tied hashes will use the indefinite-length format, while
317	normal hashes will use the fixed-length format.	530	normal hashes will use the fixed-length format.
318		531
319	array references	532	array references
…		…
368	my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number	581	my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number
369	"$x"; # stringified	582	"$x"; # stringified
370	$x .= ""; # another, more awkward way to stringify	583	$x .= ""; # another, more awkward way to stringify
371	print $x; # perl does it for you, too, quite often	584	print $x; # perl does it for you, too, quite often
372		585
373	You can force whether a string ie encoded as byte or text string by	586	You can force whether a string is encoded as byte or text string by
374	using "utf8::upgrade" and "utf8::downgrade"):	587	using "utf8::upgrade" and "utf8::downgrade" (if "text_strings" is
		588	disabled).
375		589
376	utf8::upgrade $x; # encode $x as text string	590	utf8::upgrade $x; # encode $x as text string
377	utf8::downgrade $x; # encode $x as byte string	591	utf8::downgrade $x; # encode $x as byte string
378		592
		593	More options are available, see "TYPE CASTS", below, and the
		594	"text_keys" and "text_strings" options.
		595
379	Perl doesn't define what operations up- and downgrade strings, so if	596	Perl doesn't define what operations up- and downgrade strings, so if
380	the difference between byte and text is important, you should up- or	597	the difference between byte and text is important, you should up- or
381	downgrade your string as late as possible before encoding.	598	downgrade your string as late as possible before encoding. You can
		599	also force the use of CBOR text strings by using "text_keys" or
		600	"text_strings".
382		601
383	You can force the type to be a CBOR number by numifying it:	602	You can force the type to be a CBOR number by numifying it:
384		603
385	my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string	604	my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string
386	$x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number	605	$x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number
…		…
395	IEEE single format if possible without loss of precision, otherwise	614	IEEE single format if possible without loss of precision, otherwise
396	the IEEE double format will be used. Perls that use formats other	615	the IEEE double format will be used. Perls that use formats other
397	than IEEE double to represent numerical values are supported, but	616	than IEEE double to represent numerical values are supported, but
398	might suffer loss of precision.	617	might suffer loss of precision.
399		618
		619	TYPE CASTS
		620	EXPERIMENTAL: As an experimental extension, "CBOR::XS" allows you to
		621	force specific cbor types to be used when encoding. That allows you to
		622	encode types not normally accessible (e.g. half floats) as well as force
		623	string types even when "text_strings" is in effect.
		624
		625	Type forcing is done by calling a special "cast" function which keeps a
		626	copy of the value and returns a new value that can be handed over to any
		627	CBOR encoder function.
		628
		629	The following casts are currently available (all of which are unary
		630	operators):
		631
		632	CBOR::XS::as_int $value
		633	Forces the value to be encoded as some form of (basic, not bignum)
		634	integer type.
		635
		636	CBOR::XS::as_text $value
		637	Forces the value to be encoded as (UTF-8) text values.
		638
		639	CBOR::XS::as_bytes $value
		640	Forces the value to be encoded as a (binary) string value.
		641
		642	Example: encode a perl string as binary even though "text_strings"
		643	is in effect.
		644
		645	CBOR::XS->new->text_strings->encode ([4, "text", CBOR::XS::bytes "bytevalue"]);
		646
		647	CBOR::XS::as_bool $value
		648	Converts a Perl boolean (which can be any kind of scalar) into a
		649	CBOR boolean. Strictly the same, but shorter to write, than:
		650
		651	$value ? Types::Serialiser::true : Types::Serialiser::false
		652
		653	CBOR::XS::as_float16 $value
		654	Forces half-float (IEEE 754 binary16) encoding of the given value.
		655
		656	CBOR::XS::as_float32 $value
		657	Forces single-float (IEEE 754 binary32) encoding of the given value.
		658
		659	CBOR::XS::as_float64 $value
		660	Forces double-float (IEEE 754 binary64) encoding of the given value.
		661
		662	CBOR::XS::as_cbor $cbor_text
		663	Not a type cast per-se, this type cast forces the argument to eb
		664	encoded as-is. This can be used to embed pre-encoded CBOR data.
		665
		666	Note that no checking on the validity of the $cbor_text is done -
		667	it's the callers responsibility to correctly encode values.
		668
		669	CBOR::XS::as_map [key => value...]
		670	Treat the array reference as key value pairs and output a CBOR map.
		671	This allows you to generate CBOR maps with arbitrary key types (or,
		672	if you don't care about semantics, duplicate keys or prairs in a
		673	custom order), which is otherwise hard to do with Perl.
		674
		675	The single argument must be an array reference with an even number
		676	of elements.
		677
		678	Example: encode a CBOR map with a string and an integer as keys.
		679
		680	encode_cbor CBOR::XS::as_map [string => "value", 5 => "value"]
		681
400	OBJECT SERIALISATION	682	OBJECT SERIALISATION
		683	This module implements both a CBOR-specific and the generic
		684	Types::Serialier object serialisation protocol. The following
		685	subsections explain both methods.
		686
		687	ENCODING
401	This module knows two way to serialise a Perl object: The CBOR-specific	688	This module knows two way to serialise a Perl object: The CBOR-specific
402	way, and the generic way.	689	way, and the generic way.
403		690
404	Whenever the encoder encounters a Perl object that it cnanot serialise	691	Whenever the encoder encounters a Perl object that it cannot serialise
405	directly (most of them), it will first look up the "TO_CBOR" method on	692	directly (most of them), it will first look up the "TO_CBOR" method on
406	it.	693	it.
407		694
408	If it has a "TO_CBOR" method, it will call it with the object as only	695	If it has a "TO_CBOR" method, it will call it with the object as only
409	argument, and expects exactly one return value, which it will then	696	argument, and expects exactly one return value, which it will then
…		…
414	"CBOR" as the second argument, to distinguish it from other serialisers.	701	"CBOR" as the second argument, to distinguish it from other serialisers.
415		702
416	The "FREEZE" method can return any number of values (i.e. zero or more).	703	The "FREEZE" method can return any number of values (i.e. zero or more).
417	These will be encoded as CBOR perl object, together with the classname.	704	These will be encoded as CBOR perl object, together with the classname.
418		705
		706	These methods MUST NOT change the data structure that is being
		707	serialised. Failure to comply to this can result in memory corruption -
		708	and worse.
		709
419	If an object supports neither "TO_CBOR" nor "FREEZE", encoding will fail	710	If an object supports neither "TO_CBOR" nor "FREEZE", encoding will fail
420	with an error.	711	with an error.
421		712
		713	DECODING
422	Objects encoded via "TO_CBOR" cannot be automatically decoded, but	714	Objects encoded via "TO_CBOR" cannot (normally) be automatically
423	objects encoded via "FREEZE" can be decoded using the following	715	decoded, but objects encoded via "FREEZE" can be decoded using the
424	protocol:	716	following protocol:
425		717
426	When an encoded CBOR perl object is encountered by the decoder, it will	718	When an encoded CBOR perl object is encountered by the decoder, it will
427	look up the "THAW" method, by using the stored classname, and will fail	719	look up the "THAW" method, by using the stored classname, and will fail
428	if the method cannot be found.	720	if the method cannot be found.
429		721
…		…
471	"$self" # encode url string	763	"$self" # encode url string
472	}	764	}
473		765
474	sub URI::THAW {	766	sub URI::THAW {
475	my ($class, $serialiser, $uri) = @_;	767	my ($class, $serialiser, $uri) = @_;
476
477	$class->new ($uri)	768	$class->new ($uri)
478	}	769	}
479		770
480	Unlike "TO_CBOR", multiple values can be returned by "FREEZE". For	771	Unlike "TO_CBOR", multiple values can be returned by "FREEZE". For
481	example, a "FREEZE" method that returns "type", "id" and "variant"	772	example, a "FREEZE" method that returns "type", "id" and "variant"
…		…
577	Future versions of this module reserve the right to special case	868	Future versions of this module reserve the right to special case
578	additional tags (such as base64url).	869	additional tags (such as base64url).
579		870
580	ENFORCED TAGS	871	ENFORCED TAGS
581	These tags are always handled when decoding, and their handling cannot	872	These tags are always handled when decoding, and their handling cannot
582	be overriden by the user.	873	be overridden by the user.
583		874
584	26 (perl-object, <http://cbor.schmorp.de/perl-object>)	875	26 (perl-object, <http://cbor.schmorp.de/perl-object>)
585	These tags are automatically created (and decoded) for serialisable	876	These tags are automatically created (and decoded) for serialisable
586	objects using the "FREEZE/THAW" methods (the Types::Serialier object	877	objects using the "FREEZE/THAW" methods (the Types::Serialier object
587	serialisation protocol). See "OBJECT SERIALISATION" for details.	878	serialisation protocol). See "OBJECT SERIALISATION" for details.
588		879
589	28, 29 (sharable, sharedref, L <http://cbor.schmorp.de/value-sharing>)	880	28, 29 (shareable, sharedref, <http://cbor.schmorp.de/value-sharing>)
590	These tags are automatically decoded when encountered, resulting in	881	These tags are automatically decoded when encountered (and they do
		882	not result in a cyclic data structure, see "allow_cycles"),
591	shared values in the decoded object. They are only encoded, however,	883	resulting in shared values in the decoded object. They are only
592	when "allow_sharable" is enabled.	884	encoded, however, when "allow_sharing" is enabled.
593		885
		886	Not all shared values can be successfully decoded: values that
		887	reference themselves will currently decode as "undef" (this is not
		888	the same as a reference pointing to itself, which will be
		889	represented as a value that contains an indirect reference to itself
		890	- these will be decoded properly).
		891
		892	Note that considerably more shared value data structures can be
		893	decoded than will be encoded - currently, only values pointed to by
		894	references will be shared, others will not. While non-reference
		895	shared values can be generated in Perl with some effort, they were
		896	considered too unimportant to be supported in the encoder. The
		897	decoder, however, will decode these values as shared values.
		898
594	256, 25 (stringref-namespace, stringref, L	899	256, 25 (stringref-namespace, stringref,
595	<http://cbor.schmorp.de/stringref>)	900	<http://cbor.schmorp.de/stringref>)
596	These tags are automatically decoded when encountered. They are only	901	These tags are automatically decoded when encountered. They are only
597	encoded, however, when "pack_strings" is enabled.	902	encoded, however, when "pack_strings" is enabled.
598		903
599	22098 (indirection, <http://cbor.schmorp.de/indirection>)	904	22098 (indirection, <http://cbor.schmorp.de/indirection>)
600	This tag is automatically generated when a reference are encountered	905	This tag is automatically generated when a reference are encountered
601	(with the exception of hash and array refernces). It is converted to	906	(with the exception of hash and array references). It is converted
602	a reference when decoding.	907	to a reference when decoding.
603		908
604	55799 (self-describe CBOR, RFC 7049)	909	55799 (self-describe CBOR, RFC 7049)
605	This value is not generated on encoding (unless explicitly requested	910	This value is not generated on encoding (unless explicitly requested
606	by the user), and is simply ignored when decoding.	911	by the user), and is simply ignored when decoding.
607		912
608	NON-ENFORCED TAGS	913	NON-ENFORCED TAGS
609	These tags have default filters provided when decoding. Their handling	914	These tags have default filters provided when decoding. Their handling
610	can be overriden by changing the %CBOR::XS::FILTER entry for the tag, or	915	can be overridden by changing the %CBOR::XS::FILTER entry for the tag,
611	by providing a custom "filter" callback when decoding.	916	or by providing a custom "filter" callback when decoding.
612		917
613	When they result in decoding into a specific Perl class, the module	918	When they result in decoding into a specific Perl class, the module
614	usually provides a corresponding "TO_CBOR" method as well.	919	usually provides a corresponding "TO_CBOR" method as well.
615		920
616	When any of these need to load additional modules that are not part of	921	When any of these need to load additional modules that are not part of
617	the perl core distribution (e.g. URI), it is (currently) up to the user	922	the perl core distribution (e.g. URI), it is (currently) up to the user
618	to provide these modules. The decoding usually fails with an exception	923	to provide these modules. The decoding usually fails with an exception
619	if the required module cannot be loaded.	924	if the required module cannot be loaded.
620		925
		926	0, 1 (date/time string, seconds since the epoch)
		927	These tags are decoded into Time::Piece objects. The corresponding
		928	"Time::Piece::TO_CBOR" method always encodes into tag 1 values
		929	currently.
		930
		931	The Time::Piece API is generally surprisingly bad, and fractional
		932	seconds are only accidentally kept intact, so watch out. On the plus
		933	side, the module comes with perl since 5.10, which has to count for
		934	something.
		935
621	2, 3 (positive/negative bignum)	936	2, 3 (positive/negative bignum)
622	These tags are decoded into Math::BigInt objects. The corresponding	937	These tags are decoded into Math::BigInt objects. The corresponding
623	"Math::BigInt::TO_CBOR" method encodes "small" bigints into normal	938	"Math::BigInt::TO_CBOR" method encodes "small" bigints into normal
624	CBOR integers, and others into positive/negative CBOR bignums.	939	CBOR integers, and others into positive/negative CBOR bignums.
625		940
626	4, 5 (decimal fraction/bigfloat)	941	4, 5, 264, 265 (decimal fraction/bigfloat)
627	Both decimal fractions and bigfloats are decoded into Math::BigFloat	942	Both decimal fractions and bigfloats are decoded into Math::BigFloat
628	objects. The corresponding "Math::BigFloat::TO_CBOR" method always	943	objects. The corresponding "Math::BigFloat::TO_CBOR" method always
629	encodes into a decimal fraction.	944	encodes into a decimal fraction (either tag 4 or 264).
630		945
631	CBOR cannot represent bigfloats with very large exponents -
632	conversion of such big float objects is undefined.
633
634	Also, NaN and infinities are not encoded properly.	946	NaN and infinities are not encoded properly, as they cannot be
		947	represented in CBOR.
		948
		949	See "BIGNUM SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS" for more info.
		950
		951	30 (rational numbers)
		952	These tags are decoded into Math::BigRat objects. The corresponding
		953	"Math::BigRat::TO_CBOR" method encodes rational numbers with
		954	denominator 1 via their numerator only, i.e., they become normal
		955	integers or "bignums".
		956
		957	See "BIGNUM SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS" for more info.
635		958
636	21, 22, 23 (expected later JSON conversion)	959	21, 22, 23 (expected later JSON conversion)
637	CBOR::XS is not a CBOR-to-JSON converter, and will simply ignore	960	CBOR::XS is not a CBOR-to-JSON converter, and will simply ignore
638	these tags.	961	these tags.
639		962
…		…
653	interoperability is improved in the future, then the goal will be to	976	interoperability is improved in the future, then the goal will be to
654	ensure that decoded JSON data will round-trip encoding and decoding to	977	ensure that decoded JSON data will round-trip encoding and decoding to
655	CBOR intact.	978	CBOR intact.
656		979
657	SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	980	SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
658	When you are using CBOR in a protocol, talking to untrusted potentially	981	Tl;dr... if you want to decode or encode CBOR from untrusted sources,
659	hostile creatures requires relatively few measures.	982	you should start with a coder object created via "new_safe" (which
		983	implements the mitigations explained below):
660		984
		985	my $coder = CBOR::XS->new_safe;
		986
		987	my $data = $coder->decode ($cbor_text);
		988	my $cbor = $coder->encode ($data);
		989
		990	Longer version: When you are using CBOR in a protocol, talking to
		991	untrusted potentially hostile creatures requires some thought:
		992
		993	Security of the CBOR decoder itself
661	First of all, your CBOR decoder should be secure, that is, should not	994	First and foremost, your CBOR decoder should be secure, that is,
662	have any buffer overflows. Obviously, this module should ensure that and	995	should not have any buffer overflows or similar bugs that could
		996	potentially be exploited. Obviously, this module should ensure that
663	I am trying hard on making that true, but you never know.	997	and I am trying hard on making that true, but you never know.
664		998
		999	CBOR::XS can invoke almost arbitrary callbacks during decoding
		1000	CBOR::XS supports object serialisation - decoding CBOR can cause
		1001	calls to any "THAW" method in any package that exists in your
		1002	process (that is, CBOR::XS will not try to load modules, but any
		1003	existing "THAW" method or function can be called, so they all have
		1004	to be secure).
		1005
		1006	Less obviously, it will also invoke "TO_CBOR" and "FREEZE" methods -
		1007	even if all your "THAW" methods are secure, encoding data structures
		1008	from untrusted sources can invoke those and trigger bugs in those.
		1009
		1010	So, if you are not sure about the security of all the modules you
		1011	have loaded (you shouldn't), you should disable this part using
		1012	"forbid_objects" or using "new_safe".
		1013
		1014	CBOR can be extended with tags that call library code
		1015	CBOR can be extended with tags, and "CBOR::XS" has a registry of
		1016	conversion functions for many existing tags that can be extended via
		1017	third-party modules (see the "filter" method).
		1018
		1019	If you don't trust these, you should configure the "safe" filter
		1020	function, "CBOR::XS::safe_filter" ("new_safe" does this), which by
		1021	default only includes conversion functions that are considered
		1022	"safe" by the author (but again, they can be extended by third party
		1023	modules).
		1024
		1025	Depending on your level of paranoia, you can use the "safe" filter:
		1026
		1027	$cbor->filter (\&CBOR::XS::safe_filter);
		1028
		1029	... your own filter...
		1030
		1031	$cbor->filter (sub { ... do your stuffs here ... });
		1032
		1033	... or even no filter at all, disabling all tag decoding:
		1034
		1035	$cbor->filter (sub { });
		1036
		1037	This is never a problem for encoding, as the tag mechanism only
		1038	exists in CBOR texts.
		1039
		1040	Resource-starving attacks: object memory usage
665	Second, you need to avoid resource-starving attacks. That means you	1041	You need to avoid resource-starving attacks. That means you should
666	should limit the size of CBOR data you accept, or make sure then when	1042	limit the size of CBOR data you accept, or make sure then when your
667	your resources run out, that's just fine (e.g. by using a separate	1043	resources run out, that's just fine (e.g. by using a separate
668	process that can crash safely). The size of a CBOR string in octets is	1044	process that can crash safely). The size of a CBOR string in octets
669	usually a good indication of the size of the resources required to	1045	is usually a good indication of the size of the resources required
670	decode it into a Perl structure. While CBOR::XS can check the size of	1046	to decode it into a Perl structure. While CBOR::XS can check the
		1047	size of the CBOR text (using "max_size" - done by "new_safe"), it
671	the CBOR text, it might be too late when you already have it in memory,	1048	might be too late when you already have it in memory, so you might
672	so you might want to check the size before you accept the string.	1049	want to check the size before you accept the string.
673		1050
		1051	As for encoding, it is possible to construct data structures that
		1052	are relatively small but result in large CBOR texts (for example by
		1053	having an array full of references to the same big data structure,
		1054	which will all be deep-cloned during encoding by default). This is
		1055	rarely an actual issue (and the worst case is still just running out
		1056	of memory), but you can reduce this risk by using "allow_sharing".
		1057
		1058	Resource-starving attacks: stack overflows
674	Third, CBOR::XS recurses using the C stack when decoding objects and	1059	CBOR::XS recurses using the C stack when decoding objects and
675	arrays. The C stack is a limited resource: for instance, on my amd64	1060	arrays. The C stack is a limited resource: for instance, on my amd64
676	machine with 8MB of stack size I can decode around 180k nested arrays	1061	machine with 8MB of stack size I can decode around 180k nested
677	but only 14k nested CBOR objects (due to perl itself recursing deeply on	1062	arrays but only 14k nested CBOR objects (due to perl itself
678	croak to free the temporary). If that is exceeded, the program crashes.	1063	recursing deeply on croak to free the temporary). If that is
679	To be conservative, the default nesting limit is set to 512. If your	1064	exceeded, the program crashes. To be conservative, the default
680	process has a smaller stack, you should adjust this setting accordingly	1065	nesting limit is set to 512. If your process has a smaller stack,
681	with the "max_depth" method.	1066	you should adjust this setting accordingly with the "max_depth"
		1067	method.
682		1068
		1069	Resource-starving attacks: CPU en-/decoding complexity
		1070	CBOR::XS will use the Math::BigInt, Math::BigFloat and Math::BigRat
		1071	libraries to represent encode/decode bignums. These can be very slow
		1072	(as in, centuries of CPU time) and can even crash your program (and
		1073	are generally not very trustworthy). See the next section on bignum
		1074	security for details.
		1075
		1076	Data breaches: leaking information in error messages
		1077	CBOR::XS might leak contents of your Perl data structures in its
		1078	error messages, so when you serialise sensitive information you
		1079	might want to make sure that exceptions thrown by CBOR::XS will not
		1080	end up in front of untrusted eyes.
		1081
		1082	Something else...
683	Something else could bomb you, too, that I forgot to think of. In that	1083	Something else could bomb you, too, that I forgot to think of. In
684	case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints, though...	1084	that case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints,
		1085	though...
685		1086
686	Also keep in mind that CBOR::XS might leak contents of your Perl data	1087	BIGNUM SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
687	structures in its error messages, so when you serialise sensitive	1088	CBOR::XS provides a "TO_CBOR" method for both Math::BigInt and
688	information you might want to make sure that exceptions thrown by	1089	Math::BigFloat that tries to encode the number in the simplest possible
689	CBOR::XS will not end up in front of untrusted eyes.	1090	way, that is, either a CBOR integer, a CBOR bigint/decimal fraction (tag
		1091	4) or an arbitrary-exponent decimal fraction (tag 264). Rational numbers
		1092	(Math::BigRat, tag 30) can also contain bignums as members.
		1093
		1094	CBOR::XS will also understand base-2 bigfloat or arbitrary-exponent
		1095	bigfloats (tags 5 and 265), but it will never generate these on its own.
		1096
		1097	Using the built-in Math::BigInt::Calc support, encoding and decoding
		1098	decimal fractions is generally fast. Decoding bigints can be slow for
		1099	very big numbers (tens of thousands of digits, something that could
		1100	potentially be caught by limiting the size of CBOR texts), and decoding
		1101	bigfloats or arbitrary-exponent bigfloats can be extremely slow
		1102	(minutes, decades) for large exponents (roughly 40 bit and longer).
		1103
		1104	Additionally, Math::BigInt can take advantage of other bignum libraries,
		1105	such as Math::GMP, which cannot handle big floats with large exponents,
		1106	and might simply abort or crash your program, due to their code quality.
		1107
		1108	This can be a concern if you want to parse untrusted CBOR. If it is, you
		1109	might want to disable decoding of tag 2 (bigint) and 3 (negative bigint)
		1110	types. You should also disable types 5 and 265, as these can be slow
		1111	even without bigints.
		1112
		1113	Disabling bigints will also partially or fully disable types that rely
		1114	on them, e.g. rational numbers that use bignums.
690		1115
691	CBOR IMPLEMENTATION NOTES	1116	CBOR IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
692	This section contains some random implementation notes. They do not	1117	This section contains some random implementation notes. They do not
693	describe guaranteed behaviour, but merely behaviour as-is implemented	1118	describe guaranteed behaviour, but merely behaviour as-is implemented
694	right now.	1119	right now.
…		…
702	Only the double data type is supported for NV data types - when Perl	1127	Only the double data type is supported for NV data types - when Perl
703	uses long double to represent floating point values, they might not be	1128	uses long double to represent floating point values, they might not be
704	encoded properly. Half precision types are accepted, but not encoded.	1129	encoded properly. Half precision types are accepted, but not encoded.
705		1130
706	Strict mode and canonical mode are not implemented.	1131	Strict mode and canonical mode are not implemented.
		1132
		1133	LIMITATIONS ON PERLS WITHOUT 64-BIT INTEGER SUPPORT
		1134	On perls that were built without 64 bit integer support (these are rare
		1135	nowadays, even on 32 bit architectures, as all major Perl distributions
		1136	are built with 64 bit integer support), support for any kind of 64 bit
		1137	value in CBOR is very limited - most likely, these 64 bit values will be
		1138	truncated, corrupted, or otherwise not decoded correctly. This also
		1139	includes string, float, array and map sizes that are stored as 64 bit
		1140	integers.
707		1141
708	THREADS	1142	THREADS
709	This module is not guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no plans	1143	This module is not guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no plans
710	to change this until Perl gets thread support (as opposed to the	1144	to change this until Perl gets thread support (as opposed to the
711	horribly slow so-called "threads" which are simply slow and bloated	1145	horribly slow so-called "threads" which are simply slow and bloated

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Comparing CBOR-XS/README (file contents): Revision 1.10 by root, Thu Nov 28 16:09:04 2013 UTC vs. Revision 1.21 by root, Tue Dec 8 08:29:44 2020 UTC

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Comparing CBOR-XS/README (file contents):
Revision 1.10 by root, Thu Nov 28 16:09:04 2013 UTC vs.
Revision 1.21 by root, Tue Dec 8 08:29:44 2020 UTC