[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/CBOR-XS/XS.pm

Comparing CBOR-XS/XS.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.45 by root, Thu Jun 18 14:29:45 2015 UTC vs.
Revision 1.74 by root, Mon Nov 30 18:30:29 2020 UTC

…		…
38	with the added ability of supporting serialisation of Perl objects. (JSON	38	with the added ability of supporting serialisation of Perl objects. (JSON
39	often compresses better than CBOR though, so if you plan to compress the	39	often compresses better than CBOR though, so if you plan to compress the
40	data later and speed is less important you might want to compare both	40	data later and speed is less important you might want to compare both
41	formats first).	41	formats first).
42		42
		43	The primary goal of this module is to be I<correct> and the secondary goal
		44	is to be I<fast>. To reach the latter goal it was written in C.
		45
43	To give you a general idea about speed, with texts in the megabyte range,	46	To give you a general idea about speed, with texts in the megabyte range,
44	C<CBOR::XS> usually encodes roughly twice as fast as L<Storable> or	47	C<CBOR::XS> usually encodes roughly twice as fast as L<Storable> or
45	L<JSON::XS> and decodes about 15%-30% faster than those. The shorter the	48	L<JSON::XS> and decodes about 15%-30% faster than those. The shorter the
46	data, the worse L<Storable> performs in comparison.	49	data, the worse L<Storable> performs in comparison.
47		50
…		…
52	In addition to the core CBOR data format, this module implements a	55	In addition to the core CBOR data format, this module implements a
53	number of extensions, to support cyclic and shared data structures	56	number of extensions, to support cyclic and shared data structures
54	(see C<allow_sharing> and C<allow_cycles>), string deduplication (see	57	(see C<allow_sharing> and C<allow_cycles>), string deduplication (see
55	C<pack_strings>) and scalar references (always enabled).	58	C<pack_strings>) and scalar references (always enabled).
56		59
57	The primary goal of this module is to be I<correct> and the secondary goal
58	is to be I<fast>. To reach the latter goal it was written in C.
59
60	See MAPPING, below, on how CBOR::XS maps perl values to CBOR values and	60	See MAPPING, below, on how CBOR::XS maps perl values to CBOR values and
61	vice versa.	61	vice versa.
62		62
63	=cut	63	=cut
64		64
65	package CBOR::XS;	65	package CBOR::XS;
66		66
67	use common::sense;	67	use common::sense;
68		68
69	our $VERSION = 1.3;	69	our $VERSION = 1.81;
70	our @ISA = qw(Exporter);	70	our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
71		71
72	our @EXPORT = qw(encode_cbor decode_cbor);	72	our @EXPORT = qw(encode_cbor decode_cbor);
73		73
74	use Exporter;	74	use Exporter;
…		…
112		112
113	The mutators for flags all return the CBOR object again and thus calls can	113	The mutators for flags all return the CBOR object again and thus calls can
114	be chained:	114	be chained:
115		115
116	my $cbor = CBOR::XS->new->encode ({a => [1,2]});	116	my $cbor = CBOR::XS->new->encode ({a => [1,2]});
		117
		118	=item $cbor = new_safe CBOR::XS
		119
		120	Create a new, safe/secure CBOR::XS object. This is similar to C<new>,
		121	but configures the coder object to be safe to use with untrusted
		122	data. Currently, this is equivalent to:
		123
		124	my $cbor = CBOR::XS
		125	->new
		126	->forbid_objects
		127	->filter (\&CBOR::XS::safe_filter)
		128	->max_size (1e8);
		129
		130	But is more future proof (it is better to crash because of a change than
		131	to be exploited in other ways).
		132
		133	=cut
		134
		135	sub new_safe {
		136	CBOR::XS
		137	->new
		138	->forbid_objects
		139	->filter (\&CBOR::XS::safe_filter)
		140	->max_size (1e8)
		141	}
117		142
118	=item $cbor = $cbor->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])	143	=item $cbor = $cbor->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])
119		144
120	=item $max_depth = $cbor->get_max_depth	145	=item $max_depth = $cbor->get_max_depth
121		146
…		…
137		162
138	Note that nesting is implemented by recursion in C. The default value has	163	Note that nesting is implemented by recursion in C. The default value has
139	been chosen to be as large as typical operating systems allow without	164	been chosen to be as large as typical operating systems allow without
140	crashing.	165	crashing.
141		166
142	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.	167	See L<SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS>, below, for more info on why this is useful.
143		168
144	=item $cbor = $cbor->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])	169	=item $cbor = $cbor->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])
145		170
146	=item $max_size = $cbor->get_max_size	171	=item $max_size = $cbor->get_max_size
147		172
…		…
152	effect on C<encode> (yet).	177	effect on C<encode> (yet).
153		178
154	If no argument is given, the limit check will be deactivated (same as when	179	If no argument is given, the limit check will be deactivated (same as when
155	C<0> is specified).	180	C<0> is specified).
156		181
157	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.	182	See L<SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS>, below, for more info on why this is useful.
158		183
159	=item $cbor = $cbor->allow_unknown ([$enable])	184	=item $cbor = $cbor->allow_unknown ([$enable])
160		185
161	=item $enabled = $cbor->get_allow_unknown	186	=item $enabled = $cbor->get_allow_unknown
162		187
…		…
180	reference to the earlier value.	205	reference to the earlier value.
181		206
182	This means that such values will only be encoded once, and will not result	207	This means that such values will only be encoded once, and will not result
183	in a deep cloning of the value on decode, in decoders supporting the value	208	in a deep cloning of the value on decode, in decoders supporting the value
184	sharing extension. This also makes it possible to encode cyclic data	209	sharing extension. This also makes it possible to encode cyclic data
185	structures (which need C<allow_cycles> to ne enabled to be decoded by this	210	structures (which need C<allow_cycles> to be enabled to be decoded by this
186	module).	211	module).
187		212
188	It is recommended to leave it off unless you know your	213	It is recommended to leave it off unless you know your
189	communication partner supports the value sharing extensions to CBOR	214	communication partner supports the value sharing extensions to CBOR
190	(L<http://cbor.schmorp.de/value-sharing>), as without decoder support, the	215	(L<http://cbor.schmorp.de/value-sharing>), as without decoder support, the
191	resulting data structure might be unusable.	216	resulting data structure might be unusable.
192		217
193	Detecting shared values incurs a runtime overhead when values are encoded	218	Detecting shared values incurs a runtime overhead when values are encoded
194	that have a reference counter large than one, and might unnecessarily	219	that have a reference counter large than one, and might unnecessarily
195	increase the encoded size, as potentially shared values are encode as	220	increase the encoded size, as potentially shared values are encoded as
196	shareable whether or not they are actually shared.	221	shareable whether or not they are actually shared.
197		222
198	At the moment, only targets of references can be shared (e.g. scalars,	223	At the moment, only targets of references can be shared (e.g. scalars,
199	arrays or hashes pointed to by a reference). Weirder constructs, such as	224	arrays or hashes pointed to by a reference). Weirder constructs, such as
200	an array with multiple "copies" of the I<same> string, which are hard but	225	an array with multiple "copies" of the I<same> string, which are hard but
…		…
226	throwing an error.	251	throwing an error.
227		252
228	This option does not affect C<encode> in any way - shared values and	253	This option does not affect C<encode> in any way - shared values and
229	references will always be encoded properly if present.	254	references will always be encoded properly if present.
230		255
		256	=item $cbor = $cbor->forbid_objects ([$enable])
		257
		258	=item $enabled = $cbor->get_forbid_objects
		259
		260	Disables the use of the object serialiser protocol.
		261
		262	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode> will will throw an
		263	exception when it encounters perl objects that would be encoded using the
		264	perl-object tag (26). When C<decode> encounters such tags, it will fall
		265	back to the general filter/tagged logic as if this were an unknown tag (by
		266	default resulting in a C<CBOR::XC::Tagged> object).
		267
		268	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will use the
		269	L<Types::Serialiser> object serialisation protocol to serialise objects
		270	into perl-object tags, and C<decode> will do the same to decode such tags.
		271
		272	See L<SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS>, below, for more info on why forbidding this
		273	protocol can be useful.
		274
231	=item $cbor = $cbor->pack_strings ([$enable])	275	=item $cbor = $cbor->pack_strings ([$enable])
232		276
233	=item $enabled = $cbor->get_pack_strings	277	=item $enabled = $cbor->get_pack_strings
234		278
235	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode> will try not to encode	279	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode> will try not to encode
…		…
247	the standard CBOR way.	291	the standard CBOR way.
248		292
249	This option does not affect C<decode> in any way - string references will	293	This option does not affect C<decode> in any way - string references will
250	always be decoded properly if present.	294	always be decoded properly if present.
251		295
		296	=item $cbor = $cbor->text_keys ([$enable])
		297
		298	=item $enabled = $cbor->get_text_keys
		299
		300	If C<$enabled> is true (or missing), then C<encode> will encode all
		301	perl hash keys as CBOR text strings/UTF-8 string, upgrading them as needed.
		302
		303	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will encode hash keys
		304	normally - upgraded perl strings (strings internally encoded as UTF-8) as
		305	CBOR text strings, and downgraded perl strings as CBOR byte strings.
		306
		307	This option does not affect C<decode> in any way.
		308
		309	This option is useful for interoperability with CBOR decoders that don't
		310	treat byte strings as a form of text. It is especially useful as Perl
		311	gives very little control over hash keys.
		312
		313	Enabling this option can be slow, as all downgraded hash keys that are
		314	encoded need to be scanned and converted to UTF-8.
		315
		316	=item $cbor = $cbor->text_strings ([$enable])
		317
		318	=item $enabled = $cbor->get_text_strings
		319
		320	This option works similar to C<text_keys>, above, but works on all strings
		321	(including hash keys), so C<text_keys> has no further effect after
		322	enabling C<text_strings>.
		323
		324	If C<$enabled> is true (or missing), then C<encode> will encode all perl
		325	strings as CBOR text strings/UTF-8 strings, upgrading them as needed.
		326
		327	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will encode strings
		328	normally (but see C<text_keys>) - upgraded perl strings (strings
		329	internally encoded as UTF-8) as CBOR text strings, and downgraded perl
		330	strings as CBOR byte strings.
		331
		332	This option does not affect C<decode> in any way.
		333
		334	This option has similar advantages and disadvantages as C<text_keys>. In
		335	addition, this option effectively removes the ability to automatically
		336	encode byte strings, which might break some C<FREEZE> and C<TO_CBOR>
		337	methods that rely on this.
		338
		339	A workaround is to use explicit type casts, which are unaffected by this option.
		340
252	=item $cbor = $cbor->validate_utf8 ([$enable])	341	=item $cbor = $cbor->validate_utf8 ([$enable])
253		342
254	=item $enabled = $cbor->get_validate_utf8	343	=item $enabled = $cbor->get_validate_utf8
255		344
256	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<decode> will validate that	345	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<decode> will validate that
…		…
261	The concept of "valid UTF-8" used is perl's concept, which is a superset	350	The concept of "valid UTF-8" used is perl's concept, which is a superset
262	of the official UTF-8.	351	of the official UTF-8.
263		352
264	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<decode> will blindly accept	353	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<decode> will blindly accept
265	UTF-8 data, marking them as valid UTF-8 in the resulting data structure	354	UTF-8 data, marking them as valid UTF-8 in the resulting data structure
266	regardless of whether thats true or not.	355	regardless of whether that's true or not.
267		356
268	Perl isn't too happy about corrupted UTF-8 in strings, but should	357	Perl isn't too happy about corrupted UTF-8 in strings, but should
269	generally not crash or do similarly evil things. Extensions might be not	358	generally not crash or do similarly evil things. Extensions might be not
270	so forgiving, so it's recommended to turn on this setting if you receive	359	so forgiving, so it's recommended to turn on this setting if you receive
271	untrusted CBOR.	360	untrusted CBOR.
…		…
293	replace the tagged value in the decoded data structure, or no values,	382	replace the tagged value in the decoded data structure, or no values,
294	which will result in default handling, which currently means the decoder	383	which will result in default handling, which currently means the decoder
295	creates a C<CBOR::XS::Tagged> object to hold the tag and the value.	384	creates a C<CBOR::XS::Tagged> object to hold the tag and the value.
296		385
297	When the filter is cleared (the default state), the default filter	386	When the filter is cleared (the default state), the default filter
298	function, C<CBOR::XS::default_filter>, is used. This function simply looks	387	function, C<CBOR::XS::default_filter>, is used. This function simply
299	up the tag in the C<%CBOR::XS::FILTER> hash. If an entry exists it must be	388	looks up the tag in the C<%CBOR::XS::FILTER> hash. If an entry exists
300	a code reference that is called with tag and value, and is responsible for	389	it must be a code reference that is called with tag and value, and is
301	decoding the value. If no entry exists, it returns no values.	390	responsible for decoding the value. If no entry exists, it returns no
		391	values. C<CBOR::XS> provides a number of default filter functions already,
		392	the the C<%CBOR::XS::FILTER> hash can be freely extended with more.
		393
		394	C<CBOR::XS> additionally provides an alternative filter function that is
		395	supposed to be safe to use with untrusted data (which the default filter
		396	might not), called C<CBOR::XS::safe_filter>, which works the same as
		397	the C<default_filter> but uses the C<%CBOR::XS::SAFE_FILTER> variable
		398	instead. It is prepopulated with the tag decoding functions that are
		399	deemed safe (basically the same as C<%CBOR::XS::FILTER> without all
		400	the bignum tags), and can be extended by user code as wlel, although,
		401	obviously, one should be very careful about adding decoding functions
		402	here, since the expectation is that they are safe to use on untrusted
		403	data, after all.
302		404
303	Example: decode all tags not handled internally into C<CBOR::XS::Tagged>	405	Example: decode all tags not handled internally into C<CBOR::XS::Tagged>
304	objects, with no other special handling (useful when working with	406	objects, with no other special handling (useful when working with
305	potentially "unsafe" CBOR data).	407	potentially "unsafe" CBOR data).
306		408
…		…
313	my ($tag, $value);	415	my ($tag, $value);
314		416
315	"tag 1347375694 value $value"	417	"tag 1347375694 value $value"
316	};	418	};
317		419
		420	Example: provide your own filter function that looks up tags in your own
		421	hash:
		422
		423	my %my_filter = (
		424	998347484 => sub {
		425	my ($tag, $value);
		426
		427	"tag 998347484 value $value"
		428	};
		429	);
		430
		431	my $coder = CBOR::XS->new->filter (sub {
		432	&{ $my_filter{$_[0]} or return }
		433	});
		434
		435
		436	Example: use the safe filter function (see L<SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS> for
		437	more considerations on security).
		438
		439	CBOR::XS->new->filter (\&CBOR::XS::safe_filter)->decode ($cbor_data);
		440
318	=item $cbor_data = $cbor->encode ($perl_scalar)	441	=item $cbor_data = $cbor->encode ($perl_scalar)
319		442
320	Converts the given Perl data structure (a scalar value) to its CBOR	443	Converts the given Perl data structure (a scalar value) to its CBOR
321	representation.	444	representation.
322		445
…		…
331	when there is trailing garbage after the CBOR string, it will silently	454	when there is trailing garbage after the CBOR string, it will silently
332	stop parsing there and return the number of characters consumed so far.	455	stop parsing there and return the number of characters consumed so far.
333		456
334	This is useful if your CBOR texts are not delimited by an outer protocol	457	This is useful if your CBOR texts are not delimited by an outer protocol
335	and you need to know where the first CBOR string ends amd the next one	458	and you need to know where the first CBOR string ends amd the next one
336	starts.	459	starts - CBOR strings are self-delimited, so it is possible to concatenate
		460	CBOR strings without any delimiters or size fields and recover their data.
337		461
338	CBOR::XS->new->decode_prefix ("......")	462	CBOR::XS->new->decode_prefix ("......")
339	=> ("...", 3)	463	=> ("...", 3)
340		464
341	=back	465	=back
…		…
396		520
397	Resets the incremental decoder. This throws away any saved state, so that	521	Resets the incremental decoder. This throws away any saved state, so that
398	subsequent calls to C<incr_parse> or C<incr_parse_multiple> start to parse	522	subsequent calls to C<incr_parse> or C<incr_parse_multiple> start to parse
399	a new CBOR value from the beginning of the C<$buffer> again.	523	a new CBOR value from the beginning of the C<$buffer> again.
400		524
401	This method can be caled at any time, but it I<must> be called if you want	525	This method can be called at any time, but it I<must> be called if you want
402	to change your C<$buffer> or there was a decoding error and you want to	526	to change your C<$buffer> or there was a decoding error and you want to
403	reuse the C<$cbor> object for future incremental parsings.	527	reuse the C<$cbor> object for future incremental parsings.
404		528
405	=back	529	=back
406		530
…		…
481		605
482	=item hash references	606	=item hash references
483		607
484	Perl hash references become CBOR maps. As there is no inherent ordering in	608	Perl hash references become CBOR maps. As there is no inherent ordering in
485	hash keys (or CBOR maps), they will usually be encoded in a pseudo-random	609	hash keys (or CBOR maps), they will usually be encoded in a pseudo-random
486	order. This order can be different each time a hahs is encoded.	610	order. This order can be different each time a hash is encoded.
487		611
488	Currently, tied hashes will use the indefinite-length format, while normal	612	Currently, tied hashes will use the indefinite-length format, while normal
489	hashes will use the fixed-length format.	613	hashes will use the fixed-length format.
490		614
491	=item array references	615	=item array references
…		…
544	my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number	668	my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number
545	"$x"; # stringified	669	"$x"; # stringified
546	$x .= ""; # another, more awkward way to stringify	670	$x .= ""; # another, more awkward way to stringify
547	print $x; # perl does it for you, too, quite often	671	print $x; # perl does it for you, too, quite often
548		672
549	You can force whether a string ie encoded as byte or text string by using	673	You can force whether a string is encoded as byte or text string by using
550	C<utf8::upgrade> and C<utf8::downgrade>):	674	C<utf8::upgrade> and C<utf8::downgrade> (if C<text_strings> is disabled).
551		675
552	utf8::upgrade $x; # encode $x as text string	676	utf8::upgrade $x; # encode $x as text string
553	utf8::downgrade $x; # encode $x as byte string	677	utf8::downgrade $x; # encode $x as byte string
554		678
		679	More options are available, see L<TYPE CASTS>, below, and the C<text_keys>
		680	and C<text_strings> options.
		681
555	Perl doesn't define what operations up- and downgrade strings, so if the	682	Perl doesn't define what operations up- and downgrade strings, so if the
556	difference between byte and text is important, you should up- or downgrade	683	difference between byte and text is important, you should up- or downgrade
557	your string as late as possible before encoding.	684	your string as late as possible before encoding. You can also force the
		685	use of CBOR text strings by using C<text_keys> or C<text_strings>.
558		686
559	You can force the type to be a CBOR number by numifying it:	687	You can force the type to be a CBOR number by numifying it:
560		688
561	my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string	689	my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string
562	$x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number	690	$x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number
…		…
573	represent numerical values are supported, but might suffer loss of	701	represent numerical values are supported, but might suffer loss of
574	precision.	702	precision.
575		703
576	=back	704	=back
577		705
		706	=head2 TYPE CASTS
		707
		708	B<EXPERIMENTAL>: As an experimental extension, C<CBOR::XS> allows you to
		709	force specific cbor types to be used when encoding. That allows you to
		710	encode types not normally accessible (e.g. half floats) as well as force
		711	string types even when C<text_strings> is in effect.
		712
		713	Type forcing is done by calling a special "cast" function which keeps a
		714	copy of the value and returns a new value that can be handed over to any
		715	CBOR encoder function.
		716
		717	The following casts are currently available (all of which are unary operators):
		718
		719	=over
		720
		721	=item CBOR::XS::as_int $value
		722
		723	Forces the value to be encoded as some form of (basic, not bignum) integer
		724	type.
		725
		726	=item CBOR::XS::as_text $value
		727
		728	Forces the value to be encoded as (UTF-8) text values.
		729
		730	=item CBOR::XS::as_bytes $value
		731
		732	Forces the value to be encoded as a (binary) string value.
		733
		734	=item CBOR::XS::as_float16 $value
		735
		736	Forces half-float (IEEE 754 binary16) encoding of the given value.
		737
		738	=item CBOR::XS::as_float32 $value
		739
		740	Forces single-float (IEEE 754 binary32) encoding of the given value.
		741
		742	=item CBOR::XS::as_float64 $value
		743
		744	Forces double-float (IEEE 754 binary64) encoding of the given value.
		745
		746	=item, CBOR::XS::as_cbor $cbor_text
		747
		748	Bot a type cast per-se, this type cast forces the argument to eb encoded
		749	as-is. This can be used to embed pre-encoded CBOR data.
		750
		751	Note that no checking on the validity of the C<$cbor_text> is done - it's
		752	the callers responsibility to correctly encode values.
		753
		754	=back
		755
		756	Example: encode a perl string as binary even though C<text_strings> is in
		757	effect.
		758
		759	CBOR::XS->new->text_strings->encode ([4, "text", CBOR::XS::bytes "bytevalue"]);
		760
		761	=cut
		762
		763	sub CBOR::XS::as_cbor ($) { bless [$_[0], 0, undef], CBOR::XS::Tagged:: }
		764	sub CBOR::XS::as_int ($) { bless [$_[0], 1, undef], CBOR::XS::Tagged:: }
		765	sub CBOR::XS::as_bytes ($) { bless [$_[0], 2, undef], CBOR::XS::Tagged:: }
		766	sub CBOR::XS::as_text ($) { bless [$_[0], 3, undef], CBOR::XS::Tagged:: }
		767	sub CBOR::XS::as_float16 ($) { bless [$_[0], 4, undef], CBOR::XS::Tagged:: }
		768	sub CBOR::XS::as_float32 ($) { bless [$_[0], 5, undef], CBOR::XS::Tagged:: }
		769	sub CBOR::XS::as_float64 ($) { bless [$_[0], 6, undef], CBOR::XS::Tagged:: }
		770
578	=head2 OBJECT SERIALISATION	771	=head2 OBJECT SERIALISATION
579		772
580	This module implements both a CBOR-specific and the generic	773	This module implements both a CBOR-specific and the generic
581	L<Types::Serialier> object serialisation protocol. The following	774	L<Types::Serialier> object serialisation protocol. The following
582	subsections explain both methods.	775	subsections explain both methods.
…		…
663	"$self" # encode url string	856	"$self" # encode url string
664	}	857	}
665		858
666	sub URI::THAW {	859	sub URI::THAW {
667	my ($class, $serialiser, $uri) = @_;	860	my ($class, $serialiser, $uri) = @_;
668
669	$class->new ($uri)	861	$class->new ($uri)
670	}	862	}
671		863
672	Unlike C<TO_CBOR>, multiple values can be returned by C<FREEZE>. For	864	Unlike C<TO_CBOR>, multiple values can be returned by C<FREEZE>. For
673	example, a C<FREEZE> method that returns "type", "id" and "variant" values	865	example, a C<FREEZE> method that returns "type", "id" and "variant" values
…		…
804	additional tags (such as base64url).	996	additional tags (such as base64url).
805		997
806	=head2 ENFORCED TAGS	998	=head2 ENFORCED TAGS
807		999
808	These tags are always handled when decoding, and their handling cannot be	1000	These tags are always handled when decoding, and their handling cannot be
809	overriden by the user.	1001	overridden by the user.
810		1002
811	=over 4	1003	=over 4
812		1004
813	=item 26 (perl-object, L<http://cbor.schmorp.de/perl-object>)	1005	=item 26 (perl-object, L<http://cbor.schmorp.de/perl-object>)
814		1006
…		…
842	encoded, however, when C<pack_strings> is enabled.	1034	encoded, however, when C<pack_strings> is enabled.
843		1035
844	=item 22098 (indirection, L<http://cbor.schmorp.de/indirection>)	1036	=item 22098 (indirection, L<http://cbor.schmorp.de/indirection>)
845		1037
846	This tag is automatically generated when a reference are encountered (with	1038	This tag is automatically generated when a reference are encountered (with
847	the exception of hash and array refernces). It is converted to a reference	1039	the exception of hash and array references). It is converted to a reference
848	when decoding.	1040	when decoding.
849		1041
850	=item 55799 (self-describe CBOR, RFC 7049)	1042	=item 55799 (self-describe CBOR, RFC 7049)
851		1043
852	This value is not generated on encoding (unless explicitly requested by	1044	This value is not generated on encoding (unless explicitly requested by
…		…
855	=back	1047	=back
856		1048
857	=head2 NON-ENFORCED TAGS	1049	=head2 NON-ENFORCED TAGS
858		1050
859	These tags have default filters provided when decoding. Their handling can	1051	These tags have default filters provided when decoding. Their handling can
860	be overriden by changing the C<%CBOR::XS::FILTER> entry for the tag, or by	1052	be overridden by changing the C<%CBOR::XS::FILTER> entry for the tag, or by
861	providing a custom C<filter> callback when decoding.	1053	providing a custom C<filter> callback when decoding.
862		1054
863	When they result in decoding into a specific Perl class, the module	1055	When they result in decoding into a specific Perl class, the module
864	usually provides a corresponding C<TO_CBOR> method as well.	1056	usually provides a corresponding C<TO_CBOR> method as well.
865		1057
…		…
883		1075
884	These tags are decoded into L<Math::BigInt> objects. The corresponding	1076	These tags are decoded into L<Math::BigInt> objects. The corresponding
885	C<Math::BigInt::TO_CBOR> method encodes "small" bigints into normal CBOR	1077	C<Math::BigInt::TO_CBOR> method encodes "small" bigints into normal CBOR
886	integers, and others into positive/negative CBOR bignums.	1078	integers, and others into positive/negative CBOR bignums.
887		1079
888	=item 4, 5 (decimal fraction/bigfloat)	1080	=item 4, 5, 264, 265 (decimal fraction/bigfloat)
889		1081
890	Both decimal fractions and bigfloats are decoded into L<Math::BigFloat>	1082	Both decimal fractions and bigfloats are decoded into L<Math::BigFloat>
891	objects. The corresponding C<Math::BigFloat::TO_CBOR> method I<always>	1083	objects. The corresponding C<Math::BigFloat::TO_CBOR> method I<always>
892	encodes into a decimal fraction.	1084	encodes into a decimal fraction (either tag 4 or 264).
893		1085
894	CBOR cannot represent bigfloats with I<very> large exponents - conversion	1086	NaN and infinities are not encoded properly, as they cannot be represented
895	of such big float objects is undefined.	1087	in CBOR.
896		1088
897	Also, NaN and infinities are not encoded properly.	1089	See L<BIGNUM SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS> for more info.
		1090
		1091	=item 30 (rational numbers)
		1092
		1093	These tags are decoded into L<Math::BigRat> objects. The corresponding
		1094	C<Math::BigRat::TO_CBOR> method encodes rational numbers with denominator
		1095	C<1> via their numerator only, i.e., they become normal integers or
		1096	C<bignums>.
		1097
		1098	See L<BIGNUM SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS> for more info.
898		1099
899	=item 21, 22, 23 (expected later JSON conversion)	1100	=item 21, 22, 23 (expected later JSON conversion)
900		1101
901	CBOR::XS is not a CBOR-to-JSON converter, and will simply ignore these	1102	CBOR::XS is not a CBOR-to-JSON converter, and will simply ignore these
902	tags.	1103	tags.
…		…
907	C<URI::TO_CBOR> method again results in a CBOR URI value.	1108	C<URI::TO_CBOR> method again results in a CBOR URI value.
908		1109
909	=back	1110	=back
910		1111
911	=cut	1112	=cut
912
913	our %FILTER = (
914	# 0 # rfc4287 datetime, utf-8
915	# 1 # unix timestamp, any
916
917	2 => sub { # pos bigint
918	require Math::BigInt;
919	Math::BigInt->new ("0x" . unpack "H*", pop)
920	},
921
922	3 => sub { # neg bigint
923	require Math::BigInt;
924	-Math::BigInt->new ("0x" . unpack "H*", pop)
925	},
926
927	4 => sub { # decimal fraction, array
928	require Math::BigFloat;
929	Math::BigFloat->new ($_[1][1] . "E" . $_[1][0])
930	},
931
932	5 => sub { # bigfloat, array
933	require Math::BigFloat;
934	scalar Math::BigFloat->new ($_[1][1])->blsft ($_[1][0], 2)
935	},
936
937	21 => sub { pop }, # expected conversion to base64url encoding
938	22 => sub { pop }, # expected conversion to base64 encoding
939	23 => sub { pop }, # expected conversion to base16 encoding
940
941	# 24 # embedded cbor, byte string
942
943	32 => sub {
944	require URI;
945	URI->new (pop)
946	},
947
948	# 33 # base64url rfc4648, utf-8
949	# 34 # base64 rfc46484, utf-8
950	# 35 # regex pcre/ecma262, utf-8
951	# 36 # mime message rfc2045, utf-8
952	);
953
954		1113
955	=head1 CBOR and JSON	1114	=head1 CBOR and JSON
956		1115
957	CBOR is supposed to implement a superset of the JSON data model, and is,	1116	CBOR is supposed to implement a superset of the JSON data model, and is,
958	with some coercion, able to represent all JSON texts (something that other	1117	with some coercion, able to represent all JSON texts (something that other
…		…
967	CBOR intact.	1126	CBOR intact.
968		1127
969		1128
970	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	1129	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
971		1130
972	When you are using CBOR in a protocol, talking to untrusted potentially	1131	Tl;dr... if you want to decode or encode CBOR from untrusted sources, you
973	hostile creatures requires relatively few measures.	1132	should start with a coder object created via C<new_safe> (which implements
		1133	the mitigations explained below):
974		1134
		1135	my $coder = CBOR::XS->new_safe;
		1136
		1137	my $data = $coder->decode ($cbor_text);
		1138	my $cbor = $coder->encode ($data);
		1139
		1140	Longer version: When you are using CBOR in a protocol, talking to
		1141	untrusted potentially hostile creatures requires some thought:
		1142
		1143	=over 4
		1144
		1145	=item Security of the CBOR decoder itself
		1146
975	First of all, your CBOR decoder should be secure, that is, should not have	1147	First and foremost, your CBOR decoder should be secure, that is, should
		1148	not have any buffer overflows or similar bugs that could potentially be
976	any buffer overflows. Obviously, this module should ensure that and I am	1149	exploited. Obviously, this module should ensure that and I am trying hard
977	trying hard on making that true, but you never know.	1150	on making that true, but you never know.
978		1151
		1152	=item CBOR::XS can invoke almost arbitrary callbacks during decoding
		1153
		1154	CBOR::XS supports object serialisation - decoding CBOR can cause calls
		1155	to I<any> C<THAW> method in I<any> package that exists in your process
		1156	(that is, CBOR::XS will not try to load modules, but any existing C<THAW>
		1157	method or function can be called, so they all have to be secure).
		1158
		1159	Less obviously, it will also invoke C<TO_CBOR> and C<FREEZE> methods -
		1160	even if all your C<THAW> methods are secure, encoding data structures from
		1161	untrusted sources can invoke those and trigger bugs in those.
		1162
		1163	So, if you are not sure about the security of all the modules you
		1164	have loaded (you shouldn't), you should disable this part using
		1165	C<forbid_objects> or using C<new_safe>.
		1166
		1167	=item CBOR can be extended with tags that call library code
		1168
		1169	CBOR can be extended with tags, and C<CBOR::XS> has a registry of
		1170	conversion functions for many existing tags that can be extended via
		1171	third-party modules (see the C<filter> method).
		1172
		1173	If you don't trust these, you should configure the "safe" filter function,
		1174	C<CBOR::XS::safe_filter> (C<new_safe> does this), which by default only
		1175	includes conversion functions that are considered "safe" by the author
		1176	(but again, they can be extended by third party modules).
		1177
		1178	Depending on your level of paranoia, you can use the "safe" filter:
		1179
		1180	$cbor->filter (\&CBOR::XS::safe_filter);
		1181
		1182	... your own filter...
		1183
		1184	$cbor->filter (sub { ... do your stuffs here ... });
		1185
		1186	... or even no filter at all, disabling all tag decoding:
		1187
		1188	$cbor->filter (sub { });
		1189
		1190	This is never a problem for encoding, as the tag mechanism only exists in
		1191	CBOR texts.
		1192
		1193	=item Resource-starving attacks: object memory usage
		1194
979	Second, you need to avoid resource-starving attacks. That means you should	1195	You need to avoid resource-starving attacks. That means you should limit
980	limit the size of CBOR data you accept, or make sure then when your	1196	the size of CBOR data you accept, or make sure then when your resources
981	resources run out, that's just fine (e.g. by using a separate process that	1197	run out, that's just fine (e.g. by using a separate process that can
982	can crash safely). The size of a CBOR string in octets is usually a good	1198	crash safely). The size of a CBOR string in octets is usually a good
983	indication of the size of the resources required to decode it into a Perl	1199	indication of the size of the resources required to decode it into a Perl
984	structure. While CBOR::XS can check the size of the CBOR text, it might be	1200	structure. While CBOR::XS can check the size of the CBOR text (using
985	too late when you already have it in memory, so you might want to check	1201	C<max_size> - done by C<new_safe>), it might be too late when you already
986	the size before you accept the string.	1202	have it in memory, so you might want to check the size before you accept
		1203	the string.
987		1204
		1205	As for encoding, it is possible to construct data structures that are
		1206	relatively small but result in large CBOR texts (for example by having an
		1207	array full of references to the same big data structure, which will all be
		1208	deep-cloned during encoding by default). This is rarely an actual issue
		1209	(and the worst case is still just running out of memory), but you can
		1210	reduce this risk by using C<allow_sharing>.
		1211
		1212	=item Resource-starving attacks: stack overflows
		1213
988	Third, CBOR::XS recurses using the C stack when decoding objects and	1214	CBOR::XS recurses using the C stack when decoding objects and arrays. The
989	arrays. The C stack is a limited resource: for instance, on my amd64	1215	C stack is a limited resource: for instance, on my amd64 machine with 8MB
990	machine with 8MB of stack size I can decode around 180k nested arrays but	1216	of stack size I can decode around 180k nested arrays but only 14k nested
991	only 14k nested CBOR objects (due to perl itself recursing deeply on croak	1217	CBOR objects (due to perl itself recursing deeply on croak to free the
992	to free the temporary). If that is exceeded, the program crashes. To be	1218	temporary). If that is exceeded, the program crashes. To be conservative,
993	conservative, the default nesting limit is set to 512. If your process	1219	the default nesting limit is set to 512. If your process has a smaller
994	has a smaller stack, you should adjust this setting accordingly with the	1220	stack, you should adjust this setting accordingly with the C<max_depth>
995	C<max_depth> method.	1221	method.
		1222
		1223	=item Resource-starving attacks: CPU en-/decoding complexity
		1224
		1225	CBOR::XS will use the L<Math::BigInt>, L<Math::BigFloat> and
		1226	L<Math::BigRat> libraries to represent encode/decode bignums. These can be
		1227	very slow (as in, centuries of CPU time) and can even crash your program
		1228	(and are generally not very trustworthy). See the next section on bignum
		1229	security for details.
		1230
		1231	=item Data breaches: leaking information in error messages
		1232
		1233	CBOR::XS might leak contents of your Perl data structures in its error
		1234	messages, so when you serialise sensitive information you might want to
		1235	make sure that exceptions thrown by CBOR::XS will not end up in front of
		1236	untrusted eyes.
		1237
		1238	=item Something else...
996		1239
997	Something else could bomb you, too, that I forgot to think of. In that	1240	Something else could bomb you, too, that I forgot to think of. In that
998	case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints, though...	1241	case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints, though...
999		1242
1000	Also keep in mind that CBOR::XS might leak contents of your Perl data	1243	=back
1001	structures in its error messages, so when you serialise sensitive	1244
1002	information you might want to make sure that exceptions thrown by CBOR::XS	1245
1003	will not end up in front of untrusted eyes.	1246	=head1 BIGNUM SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
		1247
		1248	CBOR::XS provides a C<TO_CBOR> method for both L<Math::BigInt> and
		1249	L<Math::BigFloat> that tries to encode the number in the simplest possible
		1250	way, that is, either a CBOR integer, a CBOR bigint/decimal fraction (tag
		1251	4) or an arbitrary-exponent decimal fraction (tag 264). Rational numbers
		1252	(L<Math::BigRat>, tag 30) can also contain bignums as members.
		1253
		1254	CBOR::XS will also understand base-2 bigfloat or arbitrary-exponent
		1255	bigfloats (tags 5 and 265), but it will never generate these on its own.
		1256
		1257	Using the built-in L<Math::BigInt::Calc> support, encoding and decoding
		1258	decimal fractions is generally fast. Decoding bigints can be slow for very
		1259	big numbers (tens of thousands of digits, something that could potentially
		1260	be caught by limiting the size of CBOR texts), and decoding bigfloats or
		1261	arbitrary-exponent bigfloats can be I<extremely> slow (minutes, decades)
		1262	for large exponents (roughly 40 bit and longer).
		1263
		1264	Additionally, L<Math::BigInt> can take advantage of other bignum
		1265	libraries, such as L<Math::GMP>, which cannot handle big floats with large
		1266	exponents, and might simply abort or crash your program, due to their code
		1267	quality.
		1268
		1269	This can be a concern if you want to parse untrusted CBOR. If it is, you
		1270	might want to disable decoding of tag 2 (bigint) and 3 (negative bigint)
		1271	types. You should also disable types 5 and 265, as these can be slow even
		1272	without bigints.
		1273
		1274	Disabling bigints will also partially or fully disable types that rely on
		1275	them, e.g. rational numbers that use bignums.
		1276
1004		1277
1005	=head1 CBOR IMPLEMENTATION NOTES	1278	=head1 CBOR IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
1006		1279
1007	This section contains some random implementation notes. They do not	1280	This section contains some random implementation notes. They do not
1008	describe guaranteed behaviour, but merely behaviour as-is implemented	1281	describe guaranteed behaviour, but merely behaviour as-is implemented
…		…
1024	=head1 LIMITATIONS ON PERLS WITHOUT 64-BIT INTEGER SUPPORT	1297	=head1 LIMITATIONS ON PERLS WITHOUT 64-BIT INTEGER SUPPORT
1025		1298
1026	On perls that were built without 64 bit integer support (these are rare	1299	On perls that were built without 64 bit integer support (these are rare
1027	nowadays, even on 32 bit architectures, as all major Perl distributions	1300	nowadays, even on 32 bit architectures, as all major Perl distributions
1028	are built with 64 bit integer support), support for any kind of 64 bit	1301	are built with 64 bit integer support), support for any kind of 64 bit
1029	integer in CBOR is very limited - most likely, these 64 bit values will	1302	value in CBOR is very limited - most likely, these 64 bit values will
1030	be truncated, corrupted, or otherwise not decoded correctly. This also	1303	be truncated, corrupted, or otherwise not decoded correctly. This also
1031	includes string, array and map sizes that are stored as 64 bit integers.	1304	includes string, float, array and map sizes that are stored as 64 bit
		1305	integers.
1032		1306
1033		1307
1034	=head1 THREADS	1308	=head1 THREADS
1035		1309
1036	This module is I<not> guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no	1310	This module is I<not> guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no
…		…
1049		1323
1050	Please refrain from using rt.cpan.org or any other bug reporting	1324	Please refrain from using rt.cpan.org or any other bug reporting
1051	service. I put the contact address into my modules for a reason.	1325	service. I put the contact address into my modules for a reason.
1052		1326
1053	=cut	1327	=cut
		1328
		1329	# clumsy and slow hv_store-in-hash helper function
		1330	sub _hv_store {
		1331	$_[0]{$_[1]} = $_[2];
		1332	}
1054		1333
1055	our %FILTER = (	1334	our %FILTER = (
1056	0 => sub { # rfc4287 datetime, utf-8	1335	0 => sub { # rfc4287 datetime, utf-8
1057	require Time::Piece;	1336	require Time::Piece;
1058	# Time::Piece::Strptime uses the "incredibly flexible date parsing routine"	1337	# Time::Piece::Strptime uses the "incredibly flexible date parsing routine"
1059	# from FreeBSD, which can't parse ISO 8601, RFC3339, RFC4287 or much of anything	1338	# from FreeBSD, which can't parse ISO 8601, RFC3339, RFC4287 or much of anything
1060	# else either. Whats incredibe over standard strptime totally escapes me.	1339	# else either. Whats incredibe over standard strptime totally escapes me.
1061	# doesn't do fractional times, either. sigh.	1340	# doesn't do fractional times, either. sigh.
1062	# In fact, it's all a lie, it uses whatever strptime it wants, and of course,	1341	# In fact, it's all a lie, it uses whatever strptime it wants, and of course,
1063	# they are all incomptible. The openbsd one simply ignores %z (but according to the	1342	# they are all incompatible. The openbsd one simply ignores %z (but according to the
1064	# docs, it would be much more incredibly flexible indeed. If it worked, that is.).	1343	# docs, it would be much more incredibly flexible indeed. If it worked, that is.).
1065	scalar eval {	1344	scalar eval {
1066	my $s = $_[1];	1345	my $s = $_[1];
1067		1346
1068	$s =~ s/Z$/+00:00/;	1347	$s =~ s/Z$/+00:00/;
…		…
1094	4 => sub { # decimal fraction, array	1373	4 => sub { # decimal fraction, array
1095	require Math::BigFloat;	1374	require Math::BigFloat;
1096	Math::BigFloat->new ($_[1][1] . "E" . $_[1][0])	1375	Math::BigFloat->new ($_[1][1] . "E" . $_[1][0])
1097	},	1376	},
1098		1377
		1378	264 => sub { # decimal fraction with arbitrary exponent
		1379	require Math::BigFloat;
		1380	Math::BigFloat->new ($_[1][1] . "E" . $_[1][0])
		1381	},
		1382
1099	5 => sub { # bigfloat, array	1383	5 => sub { # bigfloat, array
1100	require Math::BigFloat;	1384	require Math::BigFloat;
1101	scalar Math::BigFloat->new ($_[1][1])->blsft ($_[1][0], 2)	1385	scalar Math::BigFloat->new ($_[1][1]) * Math::BigFloat->new (2)->bpow ($_[1][0])
		1386	},
		1387
		1388	265 => sub { # bigfloat with arbitrary exponent
		1389	require Math::BigFloat;
		1390	scalar Math::BigFloat->new ($_[1][1]) * Math::BigFloat->new (2)->bpow ($_[1][0])
		1391	},
		1392
		1393	30 => sub { # rational number
		1394	require Math::BigRat;
		1395	Math::BigRat->new ("$_[1][0]/$_[1][1]") # separate parameters only work in recent versons
1102	},	1396	},
1103		1397
1104	21 => sub { pop }, # expected conversion to base64url encoding	1398	21 => sub { pop }, # expected conversion to base64url encoding
1105	22 => sub { pop }, # expected conversion to base64 encoding	1399	22 => sub { pop }, # expected conversion to base64 encoding
1106	23 => sub { pop }, # expected conversion to base16 encoding	1400	23 => sub { pop }, # expected conversion to base16 encoding
…		…
1116	# 34 # base64 rfc46484, utf-8	1410	# 34 # base64 rfc46484, utf-8
1117	# 35 # regex pcre/ecma262, utf-8	1411	# 35 # regex pcre/ecma262, utf-8
1118	# 36 # mime message rfc2045, utf-8	1412	# 36 # mime message rfc2045, utf-8
1119	);	1413	);
1120		1414
1121	sub CBOR::XS::default_filter {	1415	sub default_filter {
1122	&{ $FILTER{$_[0]} or return }	1416	&{ $FILTER{$_[0]} or return }
		1417	}
		1418
		1419	our %SAFE_FILTER = map { $_ => $FILTER{$_} } 0, 1, 21, 22, 23, 32;
		1420
		1421	sub safe_filter {
		1422	&{ $SAFE_FILTER{$_[0]} or return }
1123	}	1423	}
1124		1424
1125	sub URI::TO_CBOR {	1425	sub URI::TO_CBOR {
1126	my $uri = $_[0]->as_string;	1426	my $uri = $_[0]->as_string;
1127	utf8::upgrade $uri;	1427	utf8::upgrade $uri;
1128	tag 32, $uri	1428	tag 32, $uri
1129	}	1429	}
1130		1430
1131	sub Math::BigInt::TO_CBOR {	1431	sub Math::BigInt::TO_CBOR {
1132	if ($_[0] >= -2147483648 && $_[0] <= 2147483647) {	1432	if (-2147483648 <= $_[0] && $_[0] <= 2147483647) {
1133	$_[0]->numify	1433	$_[0]->numify
1134	} else {	1434	} else {
1135	my $hex = substr $_[0]->as_hex, 2;	1435	my $hex = substr $_[0]->as_hex, 2;
1136	$hex = "0$hex" if 1 & length $hex; # sigh	1436	$hex = "0$hex" if 1 & length $hex; # sigh
1137	tag $_[0] >= 0 ? 2 : 3, pack "H*", $hex	1437	tag $_[0] >= 0 ? 2 : 3, pack "H*", $hex
1138	}	1438	}
1139	}	1439	}
1140		1440
1141	sub Math::BigFloat::TO_CBOR {	1441	sub Math::BigFloat::TO_CBOR {
1142	my ($m, $e) = $_[0]->parts;	1442	my ($m, $e) = $_[0]->parts;
		1443
		1444	-9223372036854775808 <= $e && $e <= 18446744073709551615
1143	tag 4, [$e->numify, $m]	1445	? tag 4, [$e->numify, $m]
		1446	: tag 264, [$e, $m]
		1447	}
		1448
		1449	sub Math::BigRat::TO_CBOR {
		1450	my ($n, $d) = $_[0]->parts;
		1451
		1452	# older versions of BigRat need *1, as they not always return numbers
		1453
		1454	$d*1 == 1
		1455	? $n*1
		1456	: tag 30, [$n1, $d1]
1144	}	1457	}
1145		1458
1146	sub Time::Piece::TO_CBOR {	1459	sub Time::Piece::TO_CBOR {
1147	tag 1, 0 + $_[0]->epoch	1460	tag 1, 0 + $_[0]->epoch
1148	}	1461	}

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Comparing CBOR-XS/XS.pm (file contents): Revision 1.45 by root, Thu Jun 18 14:29:45 2015 UTC vs. Revision 1.74 by root, Mon Nov 30 18:30:29 2020 UTC

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Comparing CBOR-XS/XS.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.45 by root, Thu Jun 18 14:29:45 2015 UTC vs.
Revision 1.74 by root, Mon Nov 30 18:30:29 2020 UTC