CBOR-XS/doc/stringref.pod

=head1 REGISTRATION INFORMATION

   Tag             256 (stringref-namespace)
   Data Item       multiple
   Semantics       mark value as having string references
   Reference       http://cbor.schmorp.de/stringref
   Contact         Marc A. Lehmann <cbor@schmorp.de>

   Tag             25 (stringref)
   Data Item       unsigned integer
   Semantics       reference the nth previously seen string
   Reference       http://cbor.schmorp.de/stringref
   Contact         Marc A. Lehmann <cbor@schmorp.de>

=head1 RATIONALE

These two tags can be used to efficiently share constant strings, which
are common in many data structures. They are an optimisation only,
similar to LZSS compresssion, for the string major types in CBOR.

Background: many data structures or protocols contain repeated string
constants (often called atoms or quarks). For example, this is a
real-world (JSON-formatted) data structure that contains many repeated
strings used as map keys:

  [
     {
       "name" : "Cocktail",
       "count" : 417,
       "rank" : 4
     },
     {
       "rank" : 4,
       "count" : 312,
       "name" : "Bath"
     },
     {
       "count" : 691,
       "name" : "Food",
       "rank" : 4
     }
  ]

This can be encoded nicely with CBOR, but each occurrence of "name",
"count" and "rank" will be encoded separately.  In highly repetitive data
structures (the above is taken from a game save file) these can take up
considerable space.

This scheme can be used to reduce this overhead with a simple scheme that
is easily implementable.

=head1 DESCRIPTION

Stringref consists of two tags, stringref-namespace (value C<256>),
which marks a value as containing string references, and stringref (value
C<25>), which references a string previously encoded in the value.

The stringref-namespace tag is used to define a namespace for the string
reference ids. stringref tags are only valid inside CBOR values marked
with stringref-namespace.

The purpose of stringref-namespace is three-fold:

=over 4

=item 1. It signals the decoder that it needs to keep a copy of every
string that is being decoded while decoding the tagged value (and
conversely, that there is no need for this extra overhead without this
tag).

=item 2. It can be used to confine string references to certain subtrees,
which might increase encoding efficiency by being able to use smaller
references.

=item 3. CBOR objects encoded with this scheme can be blindly embedded in
existing CBOR streams, as the indices are relative to the outer namespace
tag, and don't change when embedded.

=back

Within a value tagged with stringref-namespace, every string that is
encoded with a definite length and has a minimum length is assigned an
implicit index, starting from zero.

The minimum length required to get an index depends on the index value
that would be assigned to it, as stringref references should be shorter
than the string they reference, and there is no point in wasting indices
on strings that should not be referenced anyway.

The lengths are as follows:

   string index              minimum string length in octets
   0 .. 23                   3
   24 .. 255                 4
   256 .. 65535              5
   65536 .. 4294967295       7
   4294967296 ..             11

The minimum string length is simply the length of the stringref tag (2
octets), plus the minimum size the resulting index takes up, using major
type 0 encoding.

Each time a string is to be encoded by the encoder, it can choose to
encode it as a normal string, or attempt to encode it as a stringref.

If it attempts to encode a stringref, it needs to check whether the string
has been assigned an index already. If yes, it can emit a stringref tag
with the index.

In all other cases the encoder must check whether it has to assign an
index value to it by checking against the minimum length required for the
next index value to be assigned, and assigning the next index value if the
string has minimum length or is longer.

A typical encoder might want to look up every string (using the major
type and the octets) it encodes in some kind of internal map that stores
previously-assigned indices. If found, it will emit a stringref. If not,
it attempts to assign an index to the string and stores that in its map.

Decoders might choose not to look up previous indices for a string, for
example, because it only wants to compress strings used as map keys, or
because it intrinsically knows that the string is only used once. This is
fine, but each time the encoder emits a string, it MUST assign an index if
the minimum length is reached or exceeded, even if it doesn't store that
index for later use.

Byte strings and text strings share the same index namespace, but are
distinct, even if their contents are bit-identical. Indefinite length
strings and the chunks they consist of are never assigned an index.

A typical encoder would emit the stringref-namespace tag once to tag
the top-level value in a CBOR stream, but nothing keeps an encoder
from nesting stringref-namespace tags. Nesting might be done for
convenience, to improve coding efficiency, to embed values or for any
other reason. Similarly, an encoder can sort map keys for greater coding
efficiency, but is not required to.

A decoder follows the same process of assigning indices. A possible
implementation could be outlined like this:

When a decoder supports stringref, then, upon encountering a
stringref-namespace tag, it should initialise an array and start decoding
the tagged value. The array stores, for each index, the major type (byte
or text) and the string value. Implementations are free to use their
internal format, of course - languages that do not distinguish between
text and byte strings can just store their internal string type in the
array.

Since stringref-namespace tags can be nested, the decoder needs to save
and restore the outer array before starting and after ending the decoding
of the tagged value. In a recursive implementation this could simply look
like this:

   global stringref_array; // global per encoder
   local outer_stringref_array;

   outer_stringref_array = stringref_array;
   stringref_array = allocate_array ();

   value = decode_cbor_value ();

   deallocate_array (stringref_array);
   stringref_array = outer_stringref_array;

   return value;

When a stringref tag is encountered, it MUST contain an unsigned integer
(major type 0). The integer MUST be less than the number of entries in the
array. The decoder than looks up the string in the array, given the index,
and copies it to the result (string values should not be shared unless
the language normally does so - if strings are mutable, a copy should be
decoded).

When a definite-length text or byte string is encountered, it is decoded
normally. Afterwards, the decoder checks whether it needs to assign an
index to the string, by comparing the string length against the minimum
length required by the index. If the string is shorter, nothing happens,
otherwise the next free index is used and the string (and the information
whether it is a byte or text string) is recorded at the end of the array.

In languages with dynamic arrays, this could be accomplished by using
the array length as the next index to be assigned, and pushing the
string onto the end of the array when it is long enough.

=head2 IMPLEMENTATION NOTE

The semantics of stringref tags require the decoder to be aware and the
encoder to be under control of the sequence in which data items are
encoded into the CBOR stream. This means these tags cannot be implemented
on top of every generic CBOR encoder/decoder (which might reorder entries
in a map); they typically need to be integrated into their works.

=head1 EXAMPLES

The array-of-maps from the rationale example would normally compress to a
CBOR text of 83 bytes. Using this extension where possible, this reduces
to 74 bytes:

   d9 0100                      # tag(256)
      83                        # array(3)
         a3                     # map(3)
            44                  # bytes(4)
               72616e6b         # "rank"
            04                  # unsigned(4)
            45                  # bytes(5)
               636f756e74       # "count"
            19 01a1             # unsigned(417)
            44                  # bytes(4)
               6e616d65         # "name"
            48                  # bytes(8)
               436f636b7461696c # "Cocktail"
         a3                     # map(3)
            d8 19               # tag(25)
               02               # unsigned(2)
            44                  # bytes(4)
               42617468         # "Bath"
            d8 19               # tag(25)
               01               # unsigned(1)
            19 0138             # unsigned(312)
            d8 19               # tag(25)
               00               # unsigned(0)
            04                  # unsigned(4)
         a3                     # map(3)
            d8 19               # tag(25)
               02               # unsigned(2)
            44                  # bytes(4)
               466f6f64         # "Food"
            d8 19               # tag(25)
               01               # unsigned(1)
            19 02b3             # unsigned(691)
            d8 19               # tag(25)
               00               # unsigned(0)
            04                  # unsigned(4)

The following JSON array illustrates the effect of the index on the
minimum string length:

   [  "1", "222", "333",   "4", "555", "666", "777", "888", "999",
    "aaa", "bbb", "ccc", "ddd", "eee", "fff", "ggg", "hhh", "iii",
    "jjj", "kkk", "lll", "mmm", "nnn", "ooo", "ppp", "qqq", "rrr",
    "333",
    "ssss",
    "qqq", "rrr", "ssss"]

The strings "1", "4" and "rrr" are too short to get an index assigned. All others that are
not encoded with a stringref do:

   d9 0100           # tag(256)
      98 20          # array(32)
         41          # bytes(1)
            31       # "1"
         43          # bytes(3)
            323232   # "222"
         43          # bytes(3)
            333333   # "333"
         41          # bytes(1)
            34       # "4"
         43          # bytes(3)
            353535   # "555"
         43          # bytes(3)
            363636   # "666"
         43          # bytes(3)
            373737   # "777"
         43          # bytes(3)
            383838   # "888"
         43          # bytes(3)
            393939   # "999"
         43          # bytes(3)
            616161   # "aaa"
         43          # bytes(3)
            626262   # "bbb"
         43          # bytes(3)
            636363   # "ccc"
         43          # bytes(3)
            646464   # "ddd"
         43          # bytes(3)
            656565   # "eee"
         43          # bytes(3)
            666666   # "fff"
         43          # bytes(3)
            676767   # "ggg"
         43          # bytes(3)
            686868   # "hhh"
         43          # bytes(3)
            696969   # "iii"
         43          # bytes(3)
            6a6a6a   # "jjj"
         43          # bytes(3)
            6b6b6b   # "kkk"
         43          # bytes(3)
            6c6c6c   # "lll"
         43          # bytes(3)
            6d6d6d   # "mmm"
         43          # bytes(3)
            6e6e6e   # "nnn"
         43          # bytes(3)
            6f6f6f   # "ooo"
         43          # bytes(3)
            707070   # "ppp"
         43          # bytes(3)
            717171   # "qqq"
         43          # bytes(3)
            727272   # "rrr"
         44          # bytes(4)
            73737373 # "ssss"
         d8 19       # tag(25)
            01       # unsigned(1)
         d8 19       # tag(25)
            17       # unsigned(23)
         43          # bytes(3)
            727272   # "rrr"
         d8 19       # tag(25)
            18 18    # unsigned(24)

This example shows three stringref-namespace tags, two of which are nested
inside another:

   256(["aaa", 25(0), 256(["bbb", "aaa", 25(1)]), 256(["ccc", 25(0)]), 25(0)])

   d9 0100               # tag(256)
      85                 # array(5)
         63              # text(3)
            616161       # "aaa"
         d8 19           # tag(25)
            00           # unsigned(0)
         d9 0100         # tag(256)
            83           # array(3)
               63        # text(3)
                  626262 # "bbb"
               63        # text(3)
                  616161 # "aaa"
               d8 19     # tag(25)
                  01     # unsigned(1)
         d9 0100         # tag(256)
            82           # array(2)
               63        # text(3)
                  636363 # "ccc"
               d8 19     # tag(25)
                  00     # unsigned(0)
         d8 19           # tag(25)
            00           # unsigned(0)

The decoded data structure might look like this:

  ["aaa","aaa",["bbb","aaa","aaa"],["ccc","ccc"],"aaa"]


Revision:	1.3
Committed:	Thu Nov 28 10:16:50 2013 UTC (10 years, 7 months ago) by root
Branch:	MAIN
CVS Tags:	rel-1_11, rel-1_12, rel-1_1, rel-1_0, rel-1_3, rel-1_5, rel-1_4, rel-1_6, rel-1_25, rel-1_26, rel-1_41
Changes since 1.2:	+161 -10 lines
Log Message:	* empty log message *
#	User	Rev	Content
1	root	1.1	=head1 REGISTRATION INFORMATION
2
3	root	1.3	Tag 256 (stringref-namespace)
4	root	1.1	Data Item multiple
5			Semantics mark value as having string references
6			Reference http://cbor.schmorp.de/stringref
7			Contact Marc A. Lehmann <cbor@schmorp.de>
8
9	root	1.3	Tag 25 (stringref)
10	root	1.1	Data Item unsigned integer
11			Semantics reference the nth previously seen string
12			Reference http://cbor.schmorp.de/stringref
13			Contact Marc A. Lehmann <cbor@schmorp.de>
14
15			=head1 RATIONALE
16
17			These two tags can be used to efficiently share constant strings, which
18			are common in many data structures. They are an optimisation only,
19			similar to LZSS compresssion, for the string major types in CBOR.
20
21			Background: many data structures or protocols contain repeated string
22			constants (often called atoms or quarks). For example, this is a
23			real-world (JSON-formatted) data structure that contains many repeated
24			strings used as map keys:
25
26			[
27			{
28			"name" : "Cocktail",
29			"count" : 417,
30			"rank" : 4
31			},
32			{
33			"rank" : 4,
34			"count" : 312,
35			"name" : "Bath"
36			},
37			{
38			"count" : 691,
39			"name" : "Food",
40			"rank" : 4
41			}
42			]
43
44			This can be encoded nicely with CBOR, but each occurrence of "name",
45			"count" and "rank" will be encoded separately. In highly repetitive data
46			structures (the above is taken from a game save file) these can take up
47			considerable space.
48
49			This scheme can be used to reduce this overhead with a simple scheme that
50			is easily implementable.
51
52			=head1 DESCRIPTION
53
54	root	1.3	Stringref consists of two tags, stringref-namespace (value C<256>),
55	root	1.1	which marks a value as containing string references, and stringref (value
56	root	1.3	C<25>), which references a string previously encoded in the value.
57	root	1.1
58			The stringref-namespace tag is used to define a namespace for the string
59			reference ids. stringref tags are only valid inside CBOR values marked
60			with stringref-namespace.
61
62			The purpose of stringref-namespace is three-fold:
63
64			=over 4
65
66			=item 1. It signals the decoder that it needs to keep a copy of every
67			string that is being decoded while decoding the tagged value (and
68			conversely, that there is no need for this extra overhead without this
69			tag).
70
71			=item 2. It can be used to confine string references to certain subtrees,
72			which might increase encoding efficiency by being able to use smaller
73			references.
74
75			=item 3. CBOR objects encoded with this scheme can be blindly embedded in
76			existing CBOR streams, as the indices are relative to the outer namespace
77			tag, and don't change when embedded.
78
79			=back
80
81			Within a value tagged with stringref-namespace, every string that is
82			encoded with a definite length and has a minimum length is assigned an
83			implicit index, starting from zero.
84
85			The minimum length required to get an index depends on the index value
86			that would be assigned to it, as stringref references should be shorter
87			than the string they reference, and there is no point in wasting indices
88			on strings that should not be referenced anyway.
89
90			The lengths are as follows:
91
92			string index minimum string length in octets
93			0 .. 23 3
94			24 .. 255 4
95			256 .. 65535 5
96	root	1.2	65536 .. 4294967295 7
97			4294967296 .. 11
98	root	1.1
99			The minimum string length is simply the length of the stringref tag (2
100			octets), plus the minimum size the resulting index takes up, using major
101			type 0 encoding.
102
103			Each time a string is to be encoded by the encoder, it can choose to
104			encode it as a normal string, or attempt to encode it as a stringref.
105
106			If it attempts to encode a stringref, it needs to check whether the string
107			has been assigned an index already. If yes, it can emit a stringref tag
108			with the index.
109
110			In all other cases the encoder must check whether it has to assign an
111			index value to it by checking against the minimum length required for the
112			next index value to be assigned, and assigning the next index value if the
113			string has minimum length or is longer.
114
115			A typical encoder might want to look up every string (using the major
116			type and the octets) it encodes in some kind of internal map that stores
117			previously-assigned indices. If found, it will emit a stringref. If not,
118			it attempts to assign an index to the string and stores that in its map.
119
120			Decoders might choose not to look up previous indices for a string, for
121			example, because it only wants to compress strings used as map keys, or
122			because it intrinsically knows that the string is only used once. This is
123			fine, but each time the encoder emits a string, it MUST assign an index if
124			the minimum length is reached or exceeded, even if it doesn't store that
125			index for later use.
126
127			Byte strings and text strings share the same index namespace, but are
128			distinct, even if their contents are bit-identical. Indefinite length
129			strings and the chunks they consist of are never assigned an index.
130
131			A typical encoder would emit the stringref-namespace tag once to tag
132			the top-level value in a CBOR stream, but nothing keeps an encoder
133			from nesting stringref-namespace tags. Nesting might be done for
134			convenience, to improve coding efficiency, to embed values or for any
135			other reason. Similarly, an encoder can sort map keys for greater coding
136			efficiency, but is not required to.
137
138			A decoder follows the same process of assigning indices. A possible
139			implementation could be outlined like this:
140
141			When a decoder supports stringref, then, upon encountering a
142			stringref-namespace tag, it should initialise an array and start decoding
143			the tagged value. The array stores, for each index, the major type (byte
144			or text) and the string value. Implementations are free to use their
145			internal format, of course - languages that do not distinguish between
146			text and byte strings can just store their internal string type in the
147			array.
148
149			Since stringref-namespace tags can be nested, the decoder needs to save
150			and restore the outer array before starting and after ending the decoding
151			of the tagged value. In a recursive implementation this could simply look
152			like this:
153
154			global stringref_array; // global per encoder
155			local outer_stringref_array;
156
157			outer_stringref_array = stringref_array;
158			stringref_array = allocate_array ();
159
160			value = decode_cbor_value ();
161
162			deallocate_array (stringref_array);
163			stringref_array = outer_stringref_array;
164
165			return value;
166
167			When a stringref tag is encountered, it MUST contain an unsigned integer
168			(major type 0). The integer MUST be less than the number of entries in the
169			array. The decoder than looks up the string in the array, given the index,
170			and copies it to the result (string values should not be shared unless
171			the language normally does so - if strings are mutable, a copy should be
172			decoded).
173
174			When a definite-length text or byte string is encountered, it is decoded
175			normally. Afterwards, the decoder checks whether it needs to assign an
176			index to the string, by comparing the string length against the minimum
177			length required by the index. If the string is shorter, nothing happens,
178			otherwise the next free index is used and the string (and the information
179			whether it is a byte or text string) is recorded at the end of the array.
180
181			In languages with dynamic arrays, this could be accomplished by using
182			the array length as the next index to be assigned, and pushing the
183			string onto the end of the array when it is long enough.
184
185			=head2 IMPLEMENTATION NOTE
186
187	root	1.3	The semantics of stringref tags require the decoder to be aware and the
188			encoder to be under control of the sequence in which data items are
189			encoded into the CBOR stream. This means these tags cannot be implemented
190			on top of every generic CBOR encoder/decoder (which might reorder entries
191			in a map); they typically need to be integrated into their works.
192	root	1.1
193			=head1 EXAMPLES
194
195	root	1.3	The array-of-maps from the rationale example would normally compress to a
196			CBOR text of 83 bytes. Using this extension where possible, this reduces
197			to 74 bytes:
198
199			d9 0100 # tag(256)
200			83 # array(3)
201			a3 # map(3)
202			44 # bytes(4)
203			72616e6b # "rank"
204			04 # unsigned(4)
205			45 # bytes(5)
206			636f756e74 # "count"
207			19 01a1 # unsigned(417)
208			44 # bytes(4)
209			6e616d65 # "name"
210			48 # bytes(8)
211			436f636b7461696c # "Cocktail"
212			a3 # map(3)
213			d8 19 # tag(25)
214			02 # unsigned(2)
215			44 # bytes(4)
216			42617468 # "Bath"
217			d8 19 # tag(25)
218			01 # unsigned(1)
219			19 0138 # unsigned(312)
220			d8 19 # tag(25)
221			00 # unsigned(0)
222			04 # unsigned(4)
223			a3 # map(3)
224			d8 19 # tag(25)
225			02 # unsigned(2)
226			44 # bytes(4)
227			466f6f64 # "Food"
228			d8 19 # tag(25)
229			01 # unsigned(1)
230			19 02b3 # unsigned(691)
231			d8 19 # tag(25)
232			00 # unsigned(0)
233			04 # unsigned(4)
234
235			The following JSON array illustrates the effect of the index on the
236			minimum string length:
237
238			[ "1", "222", "333", "4", "555", "666", "777", "888", "999",
239			"aaa", "bbb", "ccc", "ddd", "eee", "fff", "ggg", "hhh", "iii",
240			"jjj", "kkk", "lll", "mmm", "nnn", "ooo", "ppp", "qqq", "rrr",
241			"333",
242			"ssss",
243			"qqq", "rrr", "ssss"]
244
245			The strings "1", "4" and "rrr" are too short to get an index assigned. All others that are
246			not encoded with a stringref do:
247
248			d9 0100 # tag(256)
249			98 20 # array(32)
250			41 # bytes(1)
251			31 # "1"
252			43 # bytes(3)
253			323232 # "222"
254			43 # bytes(3)
255			333333 # "333"
256			41 # bytes(1)
257			34 # "4"
258			43 # bytes(3)
259			353535 # "555"
260			43 # bytes(3)
261			363636 # "666"
262			43 # bytes(3)
263			373737 # "777"
264			43 # bytes(3)
265			383838 # "888"
266			43 # bytes(3)
267			393939 # "999"
268			43 # bytes(3)
269			616161 # "aaa"
270			43 # bytes(3)
271			626262 # "bbb"
272			43 # bytes(3)
273			636363 # "ccc"
274			43 # bytes(3)
275			646464 # "ddd"
276			43 # bytes(3)
277			656565 # "eee"
278			43 # bytes(3)
279			666666 # "fff"
280			43 # bytes(3)
281			676767 # "ggg"
282			43 # bytes(3)
283			686868 # "hhh"
284			43 # bytes(3)
285			696969 # "iii"
286			43 # bytes(3)
287			6a6a6a # "jjj"
288			43 # bytes(3)
289			6b6b6b # "kkk"
290			43 # bytes(3)
291			6c6c6c # "lll"
292			43 # bytes(3)
293			6d6d6d # "mmm"
294			43 # bytes(3)
295			6e6e6e # "nnn"
296			43 # bytes(3)
297			6f6f6f # "ooo"
298			43 # bytes(3)
299			707070 # "ppp"
300			43 # bytes(3)
301			717171 # "qqq"
302			43 # bytes(3)
303			727272 # "rrr"
304			44 # bytes(4)
305			73737373 # "ssss"
306			d8 19 # tag(25)
307			01 # unsigned(1)
308			d8 19 # tag(25)
309			17 # unsigned(23)
310			43 # bytes(3)
311			727272 # "rrr"
312			d8 19 # tag(25)
313			18 18 # unsigned(24)
314
315			This example shows three stringref-namespace tags, two of which are nested
316			inside another:
317
318			256(["aaa", 25(0), 256(["bbb", "aaa", 25(1)]), 256(["ccc", 25(0)]), 25(0)])
319
320			d9 0100 # tag(256)
321			85 # array(5)
322			63 # text(3)
323			616161 # "aaa"
324			d8 19 # tag(25)
325			00 # unsigned(0)
326			d9 0100 # tag(256)
327			83 # array(3)
328			63 # text(3)
329			626262 # "bbb"
330			63 # text(3)
331			616161 # "aaa"
332			d8 19 # tag(25)
333			01 # unsigned(1)
334			d9 0100 # tag(256)
335			82 # array(2)
336			63 # text(3)
337			636363 # "ccc"
338			d8 19 # tag(25)
339			00 # unsigned(0)
340			d8 19 # tag(25)
341			00 # unsigned(0)
342
343			The decoded data structure might look like this:
344
345			["aaa","aaa",["bbb","aaa","aaa"],["ccc","ccc"],"aaa"]
346
347	root	1.1