[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/Convert-BER-XS/XS.pm

Comparing Convert-BER-XS/XS.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.21 by root, Sat Apr 20 14:49:56 2019 UTC vs.
Revision 1.62 by root, Thu Feb 6 23:15:44 2020 UTC

…		…
8		8
9	my $ber = ber_decode $buf, $Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE	9	my $ber = ber_decode $buf, $Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE
10	or die "unable to decode SNMP message";	10	or die "unable to decode SNMP message";
11		11
12	# The above results in a data structure consisting of	12	# The above results in a data structure consisting of
13	# (class, tag, # constructed, data)	13	# (class, tag, flags, data)
14	# tuples. Below is such a message, SNMPv1 trap	14	# tuples. Below is such a message, SNMPv1 trap
15	# with a Cisco mac change notification.	15	# with a Cisco mac change notification.
16	# Did you know that Cisco is in the news almost	16	# Did you know that Cisco is in the news almost
17	# every week because of some backdoor password	17	# every week because of some backdoor password
18	# or other extremely stupid security bug?	18	# or other extremely stupid security bug?
19		19
20	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_SEQUENCE, 1,	20	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_SEQUENCE, 1,
21	[	21	[
22	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER32, 0, 0 ], # snmp version 1	22	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER, 0, 0 ], # snmp version 1
23	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, 4, 0, "public" ], # community	23	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, 4, 0, "public" ], # community
24	[ ASN_CONTEXT, 4, 1, # CHOICE, constructed - trap PDU	24	[ ASN_CONTEXT, 4, 1, # CHOICE, constructed - trap PDU
25	[	25	[
26	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER, 0, "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.9.215.2" ], # enterprise oid	26	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER, 0, "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.9.215.2" ], # enterprise oid
27	[ ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_IPADDRESS, 0, "10.0.0.1" ], # SNMP IpAddress	27	[ ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_IPADDRESS, 0, "10.0.0.1" ], # SNMP IpAddress
28	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER32, 0, 6 ], # generic trap	28	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER, 0, 6 ], # generic trap
29	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER32, 0, 1 ], # specific trap	29	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER, 0, 1 ], # specific trap
30	[ ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_TIMETICKS, 0, 1817903850 ], # SNMP TimeTicks	30	[ ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_TIMETICKS, 0, 1817903850 ], # SNMP TimeTicks
31	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_SEQUENCE, 1, # the varbindlist	31	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_SEQUENCE, 1, # the varbindlist
32	[	32	[
33	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_SEQUENCE, 1, # a single varbind, "key value" pair	33	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_SEQUENCE, 1, # a single varbind, "key value" pair
34	[	34	[
…		…
36	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_OCTET_STRING, 0, "...data..." # the value	36	[ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_OCTET_STRING, 0, "...data..." # the value
37	]	37	]
38	]	38	]
39	],	39	],
40	...	40	...
		41	# let's dump it, for debugging
		42
		43	ber_dump $ber, $Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE;
41		44
42	# let's decode it a bit with some helper functions	45	# let's decode it a bit with some helper functions
43		46
44	my $msg = ber_is_seq $ber	47	my $msg = ber_is_seq $ber
45	or die "SNMP message does not start with a sequence";	48	or die "SNMP message does not start with a sequence";
46		49
47	ber_is $msg->[0], ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER32, 0	50	ber_is $msg->[0], ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER, 0
48	or die "SNMP message does not start with snmp version\n";	51	or die "SNMP message does not start with snmp version\n";
49		52
50	# message is SNMP v1 or v2c?	53	# message is SNMP v1 or v2c?
51	if ($msg->[0][BER_DATA] == 0 \|\| $msg->[0][BER_DATA] == 1) {	54	if ($msg->[0][BER_DATA] == 0 \|\| $msg->[0][BER_DATA] == 1) {
52		55
…		…
55	my $trap = $msg->[2][BER_DATA];	58	my $trap = $msg->[2][BER_DATA];
56		59
57	# check whether trap is a cisco mac notification mac changed message	60	# check whether trap is a cisco mac notification mac changed message
58	if (	61	if (
59	(ber_is_oid $trap->[0], "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.9.215.2") # cmnInterfaceObjects	62	(ber_is_oid $trap->[0], "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.9.215.2") # cmnInterfaceObjects
60	and (ber_is_i32 $trap->[2], 6)	63	and (ber_is_int $trap->[2], 6)
61	and (ber_is_i32 $trap->[3], 1) # mac changed msg	64	and (ber_is_int $trap->[3], 1) # mac changed msg
62	) {	65	) {
63	... and so on	66	... and so on
64		67
65	# finally, let's encode it again and hope it results in the same bit pattern	68	# finally, let's encode it again and hope it results in the same bit pattern
66		69
67	my $buf = ber_encode $ber, $Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE;	70	my $buf = ber_encode $ber, $Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE;
68		71
69	=head1 DESCRIPTION	72	=head1 DESCRIPTION
70		73
71	WARNING: Before release 1.0, the API is not considered stable in any way.
72
73	This module implements a I<very> low level BER/DER en-/decoder.	74	This module implements a I<very> low level BER/DER en-/decoder.
74		75
75	It is tuned for low memory and high speed, while still maintaining some	76	It is tuned for low memory and high speed, while still maintaining some
76	level of user-friendlyness.	77	level of user-friendlyness.
77		78
78	=head2 EXPORT TAGS AND CONSTANTS	79	=head2 EXPORT TAGS AND CONSTANTS
79		80
80	By default this module doesn't export any symbols, but if you don't want	81	By default this module doesn't export any symbols, but if you don't want
81	to break your keyboard, editor or eyesigh with extreemly long names, I	82	to break your keyboard, editor or eyesight with extremely long names, I
82	recommend importing the C<:all> tag. Still, you can selectively import	83	recommend importing the C<:all> tag. Still, you can selectively import
83	things.	84	things.
84		85
85	=over	86	=over
86		87
87	=item C<:all>	88	=item C<:all>
88		89
89	All of the below. Really. Rcommended for at least first steps, or if you	90	All of the below. Really. Recommended for at least first steps, or if you
90	don't care about a few kilobytes of wasted memory (and namespace).	91	don't care about a few kilobytes of wasted memory (and namespace).
91		92
92	=item C<:const>	93	=item C<:const>
93		94
94	All of the stricly ASN.1-related constants defined by this module, the	95	All of the strictly ASN.1-related constants defined by this module, the
95	same as C<:const_asn :const_index>. Notably, this does not contain	96	same as C<:const_asn :const_index>. Notably, this does not contain
96	C<:const_ber_type> and C<:const_snmp>.	97	C<:const_ber_type> and C<:const_snmp>.
97		98
98	A good set to get everything you need to decode and match BER data would be	99	A good set to get everything you need to decode and match BER data would be
99	C<:decode :const>.	100	C<:decode :const>.
100		101
101	=item C<:const_index>>	102	=item C<:const_index>
102		103
103	The BER tuple array index constants:	104	The BER tuple array index constants:
104		105
105	BER_CLASS BER_TAG BER_CONSTRUCTED BER_DATA	106	BER_CLASS BER_TAG BER_FLAGS BER_DATA
106		107
107	=item C<:const_asn>	108	=item C<:const_asn>
108		109
109	ASN class values (these are C<0>, C<1>, C<2> and C<3>, reespectively -	110	ASN class values (these are C<0>, C<1>, C<2> and C<3>, respectively -
110	exactly thw two topmost bits from the identifdier octet shifted 6 bits to	111	exactly the two topmost bits from the identifier octet shifted 6 bits to
111	the right):	112	the right):
112		113
113	ASN_UNIVERSAL ASN_APPLICATION ASN_CONTEXT ASN_PRIVATE	114	ASN_UNIVERSAL ASN_APPLICATION ASN_CONTEXT ASN_PRIVATE
114		115
115	ASN tag values (some of which are aliases, such as C<ASN_OID>). Their	116	ASN tag values (some of which are aliases, such as C<ASN_OID>). Their
116	numerical value corresponds exactly to the numbers used in BER/X.690.	117	numerical value corresponds exactly to the numbers used in BER/X.690.
117		118
118	ASN_BOOLEAN ASN_INTEGER32 ASN_BIT_STRING ASN_OCTET_STRING ASN_NULL ASN_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER	119	ASN_BOOLEAN ASN_INTEGER ASN_BIT_STRING ASN_OCTET_STRING ASN_NULL ASN_OID
119	ASN_OBJECT_DESCRIPTOR ASN_OID ASN_EXTERNAL ASN_REAL ASN_SEQUENCE ASN_ENUMERATED	120	ASN_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER ASN_OBJECT_DESCRIPTOR ASN_EXTERNAL ASN_REAL ASN_SEQUENCE ASN_ENUMERATED
120	ASN_EMBEDDED_PDV ASN_UTF8_STRING ASN_RELATIVE_OID ASN_SET ASN_NUMERIC_STRING	121	ASN_EMBEDDED_PDV ASN_UTF8_STRING ASN_RELATIVE_OID ASN_SET ASN_NUMERIC_STRING
121	ASN_PRINTABLE_STRING ASN_TELETEX_STRING ASN_T61_STRING ASN_VIDEOTEX_STRING ASN_IA5_STRING	122	ASN_PRINTABLE_STRING ASN_TELETEX_STRING ASN_T61_STRING ASN_VIDEOTEX_STRING ASN_IA5_STRING
122	ASN_ASCII_STRING ASN_UTC_TIME ASN_GENERALIZED_TIME ASN_GRAPHIC_STRING ASN_VISIBLE_STRING	123	ASN_ASCII_STRING ASN_UTC_TIME ASN_GENERALIZED_TIME ASN_GRAPHIC_STRING ASN_VISIBLE_STRING
123	ASN_ISO646_STRING ASN_GENERAL_STRING ASN_UNIVERSAL_STRING ASN_CHARACTER_STRING ASN_BMP_STRING	124	ASN_ISO646_STRING ASN_GENERAL_STRING ASN_UNIVERSAL_STRING ASN_CHARACTER_STRING ASN_BMP_STRING
124		125
…		…
134		135
135	Constants only relevant to SNMP. These are the tag values used by SNMP in	136	Constants only relevant to SNMP. These are the tag values used by SNMP in
136	the C<ASN_APPLICATION> namespace and have the exact numerical value as in	137	the C<ASN_APPLICATION> namespace and have the exact numerical value as in
137	BER/RFC 2578.	138	BER/RFC 2578.
138		139
139	SNMP_IPADDRESS SNMP_COUNTER32 SNMP_UNSIGNED32 SNMP_TIMETICKS SNMP_OPAQUE SNMP_COUNTER64	140	SNMP_IPADDRESS SNMP_COUNTER32 SNMP_UNSIGNED32 SNMP_GAUGE32
		141	SNMP_TIMETICKS SNMP_OPAQUE SNMP_COUNTER64
140		142
141	=item C<:decode>	143	=item C<:decode>
142		144
143	C<ber_decode> and the match helper functions:	145	C<ber_decode> and the match helper functions:
144		146
		147	ber_decode ber-decode_prefix
145	ber_decode ber_is ber_is_seq ber_is_i32 ber_is_oid	148	ber_is ber_is_seq ber_is_int ber_is_oid
		149	ber_dump
146		150
147	=item C<:encode>	151	=item C<:encode>
148		152
149	C<ber_encode> and the construction helper functions:	153	C<ber_encode> and the construction helper functions:
150		154
151	ber_encode ber_i32	155	ber_encode
		156	ber_int
152		157
153	=back	158	=back
154		159
155	=head2 ASN.1/BER/DER/... BASICS	160	=head2 ASN.1/BER/DER/... BASICS
156		161
157	ASN.1 is a strange language that can be used to describe protocols and	162	ASN.1 is a strange language that can be used to describe protocols and
158	data structures. It supports various mappings to JSON, XML, but most	163	data structures. It supports various mappings to JSON, XML, but most
159	importantly, to a various binary encodings such as BER, that is the topic	164	importantly, to a various binary encodings such as BER, that is the topic
160	of this module, and is used in SNMP or LDAP for example.	165	of this module, and is used in SNMP, LDAP or X.509 for example.
161		166
162	While ASN.1 defines a schema that is useful to interpret encoded data,	167	While ASN.1 defines a schema that is useful to interpret encoded data,
163	the BER encoding is actually somewhat self-describing: you might not know	168	the BER encoding is actually somewhat self-describing: you might not know
164	whether something is a string or a number or a sequence or something else,	169	whether something is a string or a number or a sequence or something else,
165	but you can nevertheless decode the overall structure, even if you end up	170	but you can nevertheless decode the overall structure, even if you end up
…		…
167		172
168	This works because BER values are tagged with a type and a namespace,	173	This works because BER values are tagged with a type and a namespace,
169	and also have a flag that says whether a value consists of subvalues (is	174	and also have a flag that says whether a value consists of subvalues (is
170	"constructed") or not (is "primitive").	175	"constructed") or not (is "primitive").
171		176
172	Tags are simple integers, and ASN.1 defines a somewhat weird assortment of	177	Tags are simple integers, and ASN.1 defines a somewhat weird assortment
173	those - for example, you have 32 bit signed integers and 16(!) different	178	of those - for example, you have one integers and 16(!) different
174	string types, but there is no unsigned32 type for example. Different	179	string types, but there is no Unsigned32 type for example. Different
175	applications work around this in different ways, for example, SNMP defines	180	applications work around this in different ways, for example, SNMP defines
176	application-specific Gauge32, Counter32 and Unsigned32, which are mapped	181	application-specific Gauge32, Counter32 and Unsigned32, which are mapped
177	to two different tags: you can distinguish between Counter32 and the	182	to two different tags: you can distinguish between Counter32 and the
178	others, but not between Gause32 and Unsigned32, without the ASN.1 schema.	183	others, but not between Gause32 and Unsigned32, without the ASN.1 schema.
179		184
…		…
182	=head2 DECODED BER REPRESENTATION	187	=head2 DECODED BER REPRESENTATION
183		188
184	This module represents every BER value as a 4-element tuple (actually an	189	This module represents every BER value as a 4-element tuple (actually an
185	array-reference):	190	array-reference):
186		191
187	[CLASS, TAG, CONSTRUCTED, DATA]	192	[CLASS, TAG, FLAGS, DATA]
		193
		194	For example:
		195
		196	[ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER, 0, 177] # the integer 177
		197	[ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_OCTET_STRING, 0, "john"] # the string "john"
		198	[ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_OID, 0, "1.3.6.133"] # some OID
		199	[ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_SEQUENCE, 1, [ [ASN_UNIVERSAL... # a sequence
188		200
189	To avoid non-descriptive hardcoded array index numbers, this module	201	To avoid non-descriptive hardcoded array index numbers, this module
190	defines symbolic constants to access these members: C<BER_CLASS>,	202	defines symbolic constants to access these members: C<BER_CLASS>,
191	C<BER_TAG>, C<BER_CONSTRUCTED> and C<BER_DATA>.	203	C<BER_TAG>, C<BER_FLAGS> and C<BER_DATA>.
192		204
193	Also, the first three members are integers with a little caveat: for	205	Also, the first three members are integers with a little caveat: for
194	performance reasons, these are readonly and shared, so you must not modify	206	performance reasons, these are readonly and shared, so you must not modify
195	them (increment, assign to them etc.) in any way. You may modify the	207	them (increment, assign to them etc.) in any way. You may modify the
196	I<DATA> member, and you may re-assign the array itself, e.g.:	208	I<DATA> member, and you may re-assign the array itself, e.g.:
197		209
198	$ber = ber_decode $binbuf;	210	$ber = ber_decode $binbuf;
199		211
200	# the following is NOT legal:	212	# the following is NOT legal:
201	$ber->[BER_CLASS] = ASN_PRIVATE; # ERROR, CLASS/TAG/CONSTRUCTED are READ ONLY(!)	213	$ber->[BER_CLASS] = ASN_PRIVATE; # ERROR, CLASS/TAG/FLAGS are READ ONLY(!)
202		214
203	# but all of the following are fine:	215	# but all of the following are fine:
204	$ber->[BER_DATA] = "string";	216	$ber->[BER_DATA] = "string";
205	$ber->[BER_DATA] = [ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER32, 0, 123];	217	$ber->[BER_DATA] = [ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER, 0, 123];
206	@$ber = (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_TIMETICKS, 0, 1000);	218	@$ber = (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_TIMETICKS, 0, 1000);
207		219
208	I<CLASS> is something like a namespace for I<TAG>s - there is the	220	I<CLASS> is something like a namespace for I<TAG>s - there is the
209	C<ASN_UNIVERSAL> namespace which defines tags common to all ASN.1	221	C<ASN_UNIVERSAL> namespace which defines tags common to all ASN.1
210	implementations, the C<ASN_APPLICATION> namespace which defines tags for	222	implementations, the C<ASN_APPLICATION> namespace which defines tags for
211	specific applications (for example, the SNMP C<Unsigned32> type is in this	223	specific applications (for example, the SNMP C<Unsigned32> type is in this
212	namespace), a special-purpose context namespace (C<ASN_CONTEXT>, used e.g.	224	namespace), a special-purpose context namespace (C<ASN_CONTEXT>, used e.g.
213	for C<CHOICE>) and a private namespace (C<ASN_PRIVATE>).	225	for C<CHOICE>) and a private namespace (C<ASN_PRIVATE>).
214		226
215	The meaning of the I<TAG> depends on the namespace, and defines a	227	The meaning of the I<TAG> depends on the namespace, and defines a
216	(partial) interpretation of the data value. For example, right now, SNMP	228	(partial) interpretation of the data value. For example, SNMP defines
217	application namespace knowledge ix hardcoded into this module, so it	229	extra tags in the C<ASN_APPLICATION> namespace, and to take full advantage
218	knows that SNMP C<Unsigned32> values need to be decoded into actual perl	230	of these, you need to tell this module how to handle those via profiles.
219	integers.
220		231
221	The most common tags in the C<ASN_UNIVERSAL> namespace are	232	The most common tags in the C<ASN_UNIVERSAL> namespace are
222	C<ASN_INTEGER32>, C<ASN_BIT_STRING>, C<ASN_NULL>, C<ASN_OCTET_STRING>,	233	C<ASN_INTEGER>, C<ASN_BIT_STRING>, C<ASN_NULL>, C<ASN_OCTET_STRING>,
223	C<ASN_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER>, C<ASN_SEQUENCE>, C<ASN_SET> and	234	C<ASN_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER>, C<ASN_SEQUENCE>, C<ASN_SET> and
224	C<ASN_IA5_STRING>.	235	C<ASN_IA5_STRING>.
225		236
226	The most common tags in SNMP's C<ASN_APPLICATION> namespace	237	The most common tags in SNMP's C<ASN_APPLICATION> namespace are
227	are C<SNMP_IPADDRESS>, C<SNMP_COUNTER32>, C<SNMP_UNSIGNED32>,	238	C<SNMP_COUNTER32>, C<SNMP_UNSIGNED32>, C<SNMP_TIMETICKS> and
228	C<SNMP_TIMETICKS>, C<SNMP_OPAQUE> and C<SNMP_COUNTER64>.	239	C<SNMP_COUNTER64>.
229		240
230	The I<CONSTRUCTED> flag is really just a boolean - if it is false, the	241	The I<FLAGS> value is really just a boolean at this time (but might
231	the value is "primitive" and contains no subvalues, kind of like a	242	get extended) - if it is C<0>, the value is "primitive" and contains
232	non-reference perl scalar. IF it is true, then the value is "constructed"	243	no subvalues, kind of like a non-reference perl scalar. If it is C<1>,
233	which just means it contains a list of subvalues which this module will	244	then the value is "constructed" which just means it contains a list of
234	en-/decode as BER tuples themselves.	245	subvalues which this module will en-/decode as BER tuples themselves.
235		246
236	The I<DATA> value is either a reference to an array of further tuples (if	247	The I<DATA> value is either a reference to an array of further tuples
237	the value is I<CONSTRUCTED>), some decoded representation of the value,	248	(if the value is I<FLAGS>), some decoded representation of the value, if
238	if this module knows how to decode it (e.g. for the integer types above)	249	this module knows how to decode it (e.g. for the integer types above) or
239	or a binary string with the raw octets if this module doesn't know how to	250	a binary string with the raw octets if this module doesn't know how to
240	interpret the namespace/tag.	251	interpret the namespace/tag.
241		252
242	Thus, you can always decode a BER data structure and at worst you get a	253	Thus, you can always decode a BER data structure and at worst you get a
243	string in place of some nice decoded value.	254	string in place of some nice decoded value.
244		255
…		…
246		257
247	=head2 DECODING AND ENCODING	258	=head2 DECODING AND ENCODING
248		259
249	=over	260	=over
250		261
251	=item $tuple = ber_decoded $bindata	262	=item $tuple = ber_decode $bindata[, $profile]
252		263
253	Decodes binary BER data in C<$bindata> and returns the resulting BER	264	Decodes binary BER data in C<$bindata> and returns the resulting BER
254	tuple. Croaks on any decoding error, so the returned C<$tuple> is always	265	tuple. Croaks on any decoding error, so the returned C<$tuple> is always
255	valid.	266	valid.
256		267
		268	How tags are interpreted is defined by the second argument, which must
		269	be a C<Convert::BER::XS::Profile> object. If it is missing, the default
		270	profile will be used (C<$Convert::BER::XS::DEFAULT_PROFILE>).
		271
		272	In addition to rolling your own, this module provides a
		273	C<$Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE> that knows about the additional SNMP
		274	types.
		275
		276	Example: decode a BER blob using the default profile - SNMP values will be
		277	decided as raw strings.
		278
		279	$tuple = ber_decode $data;
		280
		281	Example: as above, but use the provided SNMP profile.
		282
		283	$tuple = ber_encode $data, $Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE;
		284
		285	=item ($tuple, $bytes) = ber_decode_prefix $bindata[, $profile]
		286
		287	Works like C<ber_decode>, except it doesn't croak when there is data after
		288	the BER data, but instead returns the decoded value and the number of
		289	bytes it decoded.
		290
		291	This is useful when you have BER data at the start of a buffer and other
		292	data after, and you need to find the length.
		293
		294	Also, since BER is self-delimited, this can be used to decode multiple BER
		295	values joined together.
		296
257	=item $bindata = ber_encode $tuple	297	=item $bindata = ber_encode $tuple[, $profile]
258		298
259	Encodes the BER tuple into a BER/DER data structure.	299	Encodes the BER tuple into a BER/DER data structure. As with
		300	Cyber_decode>, an optional profile can be given.
		301
		302	The encoded data should be both BER and DER ("shortest form") compliant
		303	unless the input says otherwise (e.g. it uses constructed strings).
260		304
261	=back	305	=back
262		306
263	=head2 HELPER FUNCTIONS	307	=head2 HELPER FUNCTIONS
264		308
265	Working with a 4-tuple for every value can be annoying. Or, rather, I<is>	309	Working with a 4-tuple for every value can be annoying. Or, rather, I<is>
266	annoying. To reduce this a bit, this module defines a number of helper	310	annoying. To reduce this a bit, this module defines a number of helper
267	functions, both to match BER tuples and to conmstruct BER tuples:	311	functions, both to match BER tuples and to construct BER tuples:
268		312
269	=head3 MATCH HELPERS	313	=head3 MATCH HELPERS
270		314
271	Thse functions accept a BER tuple as first argument and either paertially	315	These functions accept a BER tuple as first argument and either partially
272	or fully match it. They often come in two forms, one which exactly matches	316	or fully match it. They often come in two forms, one which exactly matches
273	a value, and one which only matches the type and returns the value.	317	a value, and one which only matches the type and returns the value.
274		318
275	They do check whether valid tuples are passed in and croak otherwise. As	319	They do check whether valid tuples are passed in and croak otherwise. As
276	a ease-of-use exception, they usually also accept C<undef> instead of a	320	a ease-of-use exception, they usually also accept C<undef> instead of a
277	tuple reference. in which case they silently fail to match.	321	tuple reference, in which case they silently fail to match.
278		322
279	=over	323	=over
280		324
281	=item $bool = ber_is $tuple, $class, $tag, $constructed, $data	325	=item $bool = ber_is $tuple, $class, $tag, $flags, $data
282		326
283	This takes a BER C<$tuple> and matches its elements agains the privded	327	This takes a BER C<$tuple> and matches its elements against the provided
284	values, all of which are optional - values that are either missing or	328	values, all of which are optional - values that are either missing or
285	C<undef> will be ignored, the others will be matched exactly (e.g. as if	329	C<undef> will be ignored, the others will be matched exactly (e.g. as if
286	you used C<==> or C<eq> (for C<$data>)).	330	you used C<==> or C<eq> (for C<$data>)).
287		331
288	Some examples:	332	Some examples:
…		…
291	orf die "tuple is not an ASN SEQUENCE";	335	orf die "tuple is not an ASN SEQUENCE";
292		336
293	ber_is $tuple, ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_NULL	337	ber_is $tuple, ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_NULL
294	or die "tuple is not an ASN NULL value";	338	or die "tuple is not an ASN NULL value";
295		339
296	ber_is $tuple, ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER32, 0, 50	340	ber_is $tuple, ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER, 0, 50
297	or die "BER integer must be 50";	341	or die "BER integer must be 50";
298		342
299	=item $seq = ber_is_seq $tuple	343	=item $seq = ber_is_seq $tuple
300		344
301	Returns the sequence members (the array of subvalues) if the C<$tuple> is	345	Returns the sequence members (the array of subvalues) if the C<$tuple> is
…		…
308	my $snmp = ber_is_seq $ber	352	my $snmp = ber_is_seq $ber
309	or die "SNMP packet invalid: does not start with SEQUENCE";	353	or die "SNMP packet invalid: does not start with SEQUENCE";
310		354
311	# now we know $snmp is a sequence, so decode the SNMP version	355	# now we know $snmp is a sequence, so decode the SNMP version
312		356
313	my $version = ber_is_i32 $snmp->[0]	357	my $version = ber_is_int $snmp->[0]
314	or die "SNMP packet invalid: does not start with version number";	358	or die "SNMP packet invalid: does not start with version number";
315		359
316	=item $bool = ber_is_i32 $tuple, $i32	360	=item $bool = ber_is_int $tuple, $int
317		361
318	Returns a true value if the C<$tuple> represents an ASN INTEGER32 with	362	Returns a true value if the C<$tuple> represents an ASN INTEGER with
319	the value C<$i32>.	363	the value C<$int>.
320		364
321	=item $i32 = ber_is_i32 $tuple	365	=item $int = ber_is_int $tuple
322		366
323	Returns true (and extracts the integer value) if the C<$tuple> is an ASN	367	Returns true (and extracts the integer value) if the C<$tuple> is an
324	INTEGER32. For C<0>, this function returns a special value that is 0 but	368	C<ASN_INTEGER>. For C<0>, this function returns a special value that is 0
325	true.	369	but true.
326		370
327	=item $bool = ber_is_oid $tuple, $oid_string	371	=item $bool = ber_is_oid $tuple, $oid_string
328		372
329	Returns true if the C<$tuple> represents an ASN_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER	373	Returns true if the C<$tuple> represents an ASN_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER
330	that exactly matches C<$oid_string>. Example:	374	that exactly matches C<$oid_string>. Example:
…		…
341		385
342	=head3 CONSTRUCTION HELPERS	386	=head3 CONSTRUCTION HELPERS
343		387
344	=over	388	=over
345		389
346	=item $tuple = ber_i32 $value	390	=item $tuple = ber_int $value
347		391
348	Constructs a new C<ASN_INTEGER32> tuple.	392	Constructs a new C<ASN_INTEGER> tuple.
349		393
350	=back	394	=back
351		395
352	=head2 RELATIONSHIP TO L<Convert::BER> and L<Convert::ASN1>	396	=head2 RELATIONSHIP TO L<Convert::BER> and L<Convert::ASN1>
353		397
…		…
363	use common::sense;	407	use common::sense;
364		408
365	use XSLoader ();	409	use XSLoader ();
366	use Exporter qw(import);	410	use Exporter qw(import);
367		411
		412	use Carp ();
		413
368	our $VERSION;	414	our $VERSION;
369		415
370	BEGIN {	416	BEGIN {
371	$VERSION = 0.8;	417	$VERSION = 1.21;
372	XSLoader::load __PACKAGE__, $VERSION;	418	XSLoader::load __PACKAGE__, $VERSION;
373	}	419	}
374		420
375	our %EXPORT_TAGS = (	421	our %EXPORT_TAGS = (
376	const_index => [qw(	422	const_index => [qw(
377	BER_CLASS BER_TAG BER_CONSTRUCTED BER_DATA	423	BER_CLASS BER_TAG BER_FLAGS BER_DATA
378	)],	424	)],
		425	const_asn_class => [qw(
		426	ASN_UNIVERSAL ASN_APPLICATION ASN_CONTEXT ASN_PRIVATE
		427	)],
379	const_asn => [qw(	428	const_asn_tag => [qw(
380	ASN_BOOLEAN ASN_INTEGER32 ASN_BIT_STRING ASN_OCTET_STRING ASN_NULL ASN_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER	429	ASN_BOOLEAN ASN_INTEGER ASN_BIT_STRING ASN_OCTET_STRING ASN_NULL ASN_OID ASN_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER
381	ASN_OBJECT_DESCRIPTOR ASN_OID ASN_EXTERNAL ASN_REAL ASN_SEQUENCE ASN_ENUMERATED	430	ASN_OBJECT_DESCRIPTOR ASN_EXTERNAL ASN_REAL ASN_SEQUENCE ASN_ENUMERATED
382	ASN_EMBEDDED_PDV ASN_UTF8_STRING ASN_RELATIVE_OID ASN_SET ASN_NUMERIC_STRING	431	ASN_EMBEDDED_PDV ASN_UTF8_STRING ASN_RELATIVE_OID ASN_SET ASN_NUMERIC_STRING
383	ASN_PRINTABLE_STRING ASN_TELETEX_STRING ASN_T61_STRING ASN_VIDEOTEX_STRING ASN_IA5_STRING	432	ASN_PRINTABLE_STRING ASN_TELETEX_STRING ASN_T61_STRING ASN_VIDEOTEX_STRING ASN_IA5_STRING
384	ASN_ASCII_STRING ASN_UTC_TIME ASN_GENERALIZED_TIME ASN_GRAPHIC_STRING ASN_VISIBLE_STRING	433	ASN_ASCII_STRING ASN_UTC_TIME ASN_GENERALIZED_TIME ASN_GRAPHIC_STRING ASN_VISIBLE_STRING
385	ASN_ISO646_STRING ASN_GENERAL_STRING ASN_UNIVERSAL_STRING ASN_CHARACTER_STRING ASN_BMP_STRING	434	ASN_ISO646_STRING ASN_GENERAL_STRING ASN_UNIVERSAL_STRING ASN_CHARACTER_STRING ASN_BMP_STRING
386
387	ASN_UNIVERSAL ASN_APPLICATION ASN_CONTEXT ASN_PRIVATE
388	)],	435	)],
389	const_ber_type => [qw(	436	const_ber_type => [qw(
390	BER_TYPE_BYTES BER_TYPE_UTF8 BER_TYPE_UCS2 BER_TYPE_UCS4 BER_TYPE_INT	437	BER_TYPE_BYTES BER_TYPE_UTF8 BER_TYPE_UCS2 BER_TYPE_UCS4 BER_TYPE_INT
391	BER_TYPE_OID BER_TYPE_RELOID BER_TYPE_NULL BER_TYPE_BOOL BER_TYPE_REAL	438	BER_TYPE_OID BER_TYPE_RELOID BER_TYPE_NULL BER_TYPE_BOOL BER_TYPE_REAL
392	BER_TYPE_IPADDRESS BER_TYPE_CROAK	439	BER_TYPE_IPADDRESS BER_TYPE_CROAK
393	)],	440	)],
394	const_snmp => [qw(	441	const_snmp => [qw(
395	SNMP_IPADDRESS SNMP_COUNTER32 SNMP_UNSIGNED32 SNMP_TIMETICKS SNMP_OPAQUE SNMP_COUNTER64	442	SNMP_IPADDRESS SNMP_COUNTER32 SNMP_GAUGE32 SNMP_UNSIGNED32
		443	SNMP_TIMETICKS SNMP_OPAQUE SNMP_COUNTER64
396	)],	444	)],
397	decode => [qw(	445	decode => [qw(
398	ber_decode	446	ber_decode ber_decode_prefix
399	ber_is ber_is_seq ber_is_i32 ber_is_oid	447	ber_is ber_is_seq ber_is_int ber_is_oid
		448	ber_dump
400	)],	449	)],
401	encode => [qw(	450	encode => [qw(
402	ber_encode	451	ber_encode
403	ber_i32	452	ber_int
404	)],	453	)],
405	);	454	);
406		455
407	our @EXPORT_OK = map @$_, values %EXPORT_TAGS;	456	our @EXPORT_OK = map @$_, values %EXPORT_TAGS;
408		457
409	$EXPORT_TAGS{all} = \@EXPORT_OK;	458	$EXPORT_TAGS{all} = \@EXPORT_OK;
		459	$EXPORT_TAGS{const_asn} = [map @{ $EXPORT_TAGS{$_} }, qw(const_asn_class const_asn_tag)];
410	$EXPORT_TAGS{const} = [map @{ $EXPORT_TAGS{$_} }, qw(const_index const_asn)];	460	$EXPORT_TAGS{const} = [map @{ $EXPORT_TAGS{$_} }, qw(const_index const_asn)];
411	use Data::Dump; ddx \%EXPORT_TAGS;	461
		462	our $DEFAULT_PROFILE = new Convert::BER::XS::Profile;
		463
		464	$DEFAULT_PROFILE->_set_default;
		465
		466	# additional SNMP application types
		467	our $SNMP_PROFILE = new Convert::BER::XS::Profile;
		468
		469	$SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_IPADDRESS , BER_TYPE_IPADDRESS);
		470	$SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_COUNTER32 , BER_TYPE_INT);
		471	$SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_UNSIGNED32, BER_TYPE_INT);
		472	$SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_TIMETICKS , BER_TYPE_INT);
		473
		474	# decodes REAL values according to ECMA-63
		475	# this is pretty strict, except it doesn't catch -0.
		476	# I don't have access to ISO 6093 (or BS 6727, or ANSI X.3-42)), so this is all guesswork.
		477	sub _decode_real_decimal {
		478	my ($format, $val) = @_;
		479
		480	$val =~ y/,/./; # probably not in ISO-6093
		481
		482	if ($format == 1) {
		483	$val =~ /^ \ * [+-]? [0-9]+ \z/x
		484	or Carp::croak "BER_TYPE_REAL NR1 value not in NR1 format ($val) (X.690 8.5.8)";
		485	} elsif ($format == 2) {
		486	$val =~ /^ \ * [+-]? (?: [0-9]+\.[0-9]* \| [0-9]*\.[0-9]+ ) \z/x
		487	or Carp::croak "BER_TYPE_REAL NR2 value not in NR2 format ($val) (X.690 8.5.8)";
		488	} elsif ($format == 3) {
		489	$val =~ /^ \ * [+-] (?: [0-9]+\.[0-9]* \| [0-9]*\.[0-9]+ ) [eE] [+-]? [0-9]+ \z/x
		490	or Carp::croak "BER_TYPE_REAL NR3 value not in NR3 format ($val) (X.690 8.5.8)";
		491	} else {
		492	Carp::croak "BER_TYPE_REAL invalid decimal numerical representation format $format";
		493	}
		494
		495	$val
		496	}
		497
		498	# this is a mess, but perl's support for floating point formatting is nearly nonexistant
		499	sub _encode_real_decimal {
		500	my ($val, $nvdig) = @_;
		501
		502	$val = sprintf "%.*G", $nvdig + 1, $val;
		503
		504	if ($val =~ /E/) {
		505	$val =~ s/E(?=[^+-])/E+/;
		506	$val =~ s/E/.E/ if $val !~ /\./;
		507	$val =~ s/^/+/ unless $val =~ /^-/;
		508
		509	return "\x03$val" # NR3
		510	}
		511
		512	$val =~ /\./
		513	? "\x02$val" # NR2
		514	: "\x01$val" # NR1
		515	}
		516
		517	=head2 DEBUGGING
		518
		519	To aid debugging, you can call the C<ber_dump> function to print a "nice"
		520	representation to STDOUT.
		521
		522	=over
		523
		524	=item ber_dump $tuple[, $profile[, $prefix]]
		525
		526	In addition to specifying the BER C<$tuple> to dump, you can also specify
		527	a C<$profile> and a C<$prefix> string that is printed in front of each line.
		528
		529	If C<$profile> is C<$Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE>, then C<ber_dump>
		530	will try to improve its output for SNMP data.
		531
		532	The output usually contains three columns, the "human readable" tag, the
		533	BER type used to decode it, and the data value.
		534
		535	This function is somewhat slow and uses a number of heuristics and tricks,
		536	so it really is only suitable for debug prints.
		537
		538	Example output:
		539
		540	SEQUENCE
		541	\| OCTET_STRING bytes 800063784300454045045400000001
		542	\| OCTET_STRING bytes
		543	\| CONTEXT (7) CONSTRUCTED
		544	\| \| INTEGER int 1058588941
		545	\| \| INTEGER int 0
		546	\| \| INTEGER int 0
		547	\| \| SEQUENCE
		548	\| \| \| SEQUENCE
		549	\| \| \| \| OID oid 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0
		550	\| \| \| \| TIMETICKS int 638085796
		551
		552	=back
		553
		554	=cut
		555
		556	# reverse enum, very slow and ugly hack
		557	sub _re {
		558	my ($export_tag, $value) = @_;
		559
		560	for my $symbol (@{ $EXPORT_TAGS{$export_tag} }) {
		561	$value == eval $symbol
		562	and return $symbol;
		563	}
		564
		565	"($value)"
		566	}
		567
		568	$SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_COUNTER64 , BER_TYPE_INT);
		569
		570	sub _ber_dump {
		571	my ($ber, $profile, $indent) = @_;
		572
		573	if (my $seq = ber_is_seq $ber) {
		574	printf "%sSEQUENCE\n", $indent;
		575	&_ber_dump ($_, $profile, "$indent\| ")
		576	for @$seq;
		577	} else {
		578	my $asn = $ber->[BER_CLASS] == ASN_UNIVERSAL;
		579
		580	my $class = _re const_asn_class => $ber->[BER_CLASS];
		581	my $tag = $asn ? _re const_asn_tag => $ber->[BER_TAG] : $ber->[BER_TAG];
		582	my $type = _re const_ber_type => $profile->get ($ber->[BER_CLASS], $ber->[BER_TAG]);
		583	my $data = $ber->[BER_DATA];
		584
		585	if ($profile == $SNMP_PROFILE and $ber->[BER_CLASS] == ASN_APPLICATION) {
		586	$tag = _re const_snmp => $ber->[BER_TAG];
		587	} elsif (!$asn) {
		588	$tag = "$class ($tag)";
		589	}
		590
		591	$class =~ s/^ASN_//;
		592	$tag =~ s/^(ASN_\|SNMP_)//;
		593	$type =~ s/^BER_TYPE_//;
		594
		595	if ($ber->[BER_FLAGS]) {
		596	printf "$indent%-16.16s\n", $tag;
		597	&_ber_dump ($_, $profile, "$indent\| ")
		598	for @$data;
		599	} else {
		600	if ($data =~ y/\x20-\x7e//c / (length $data \|\| 1) > 0.2 or $data =~ /\x00./s) {
		601	# assume binary
		602	$data = unpack "H*", $data;
		603	} else {
		604	$data =~ s/[^\x20-\x7e]/./g;
		605	$data = "\"$data\"" if $tag =~ /string/i \|\| !length $data;
		606	}
		607
		608	substr $data, 40, 1e9, "..." if 40 < length $data;
		609
		610	printf "$indent%-16.16s %-6.6s %s\n", $tag, lc $type, $data;
		611	}
		612	}
		613	}
		614
		615	sub ber_dump($;$$) {
		616	_ber_dump $_[0], $_[1] \|\| $DEFAULT_PROFILE, $_[2];
		617	}
412		618
413	=head1 PROFILES	619	=head1 PROFILES
414		620
415	While any BER data can be correctly encoded and decoded out of the box, it	621	While any BER data can be correctly encoded and decoded out of the box, it
416	can be inconvenient to have to manually decode some values into a "better"	622	can be inconvenient to have to manually decode some values into a "better"
…		…
477		683
478	Returns the BER type mapped to the given C<$class>/C<$tag> combination.	684	Returns the BER type mapped to the given C<$class>/C<$tag> combination.
479		685
480	=back	686	=back
481		687
482	=head2 BER TYPES	688	=head2 BER Types
483		689
484	This lists the predefined BER types - you can map any C<CLASS>/C<TAG>	690	This lists the predefined BER types. BER types are formatters used
485	combination to any C<BER_TYPE_*>.	691	internally to format and encode BER values. You can assign any C<BER_TYPE>
		692	to any C<CLASS>/C<TAG> combination tgo change how that tag is decoded or
		693	encoded.
486		694
487	=over	695	=over
488		696
489	=item C<BER_TYPE_BYTES>	697	=item C<BER_TYPE_BYTES>
490		698
…		…
519	dot, e.g. C<1.3.6.1.213>.	727	dot, e.g. C<1.3.6.1.213>.
520		728
521	=item C<BER_TYPE_RELOID>	729	=item C<BER_TYPE_RELOID>
522		730
523	Same as C<BER_TYPE_OID> but uses relative object identifier	731	Same as C<BER_TYPE_OID> but uses relative object identifier
524	encoding: ASN.1 has this hack of encoding the first two OID components	732	encoding: ASN.1 uses some hack encoding of the first two OID components
525	into a single integer in a weird attempt to save an insignificant amount	733	into a single integer in a weird attempt to save an insignificant amount
526	of space in an otherwise wasteful encoding, and relative OIDs are	734	of space in an otherwise wasteful encoding, and relative OIDs are
527	basically OIDs without this hack. The practical difference is that the	735	basically OIDs without this hack. The practical difference is that the
528	second component of an OID can only have the values 1..40, while relative	736	second component of an OID can only have the values 1..40, while relative
529	OIDs do not have this restriction.	737	OIDs do not have this restriction.
…		…
556	C<BER_TYPE_BYTES>. When you don't want that but instead prefer a hard	764	C<BER_TYPE_BYTES>. When you don't want that but instead prefer a hard
557	error for some types, then C<BER_TYPE_CROAK> is for you.	765	error for some types, then C<BER_TYPE_CROAK> is for you.
558		766
559	=back	767	=back
560		768
561	=cut	769	=head2 Example Profile
562		770
563	our $DEFAULT_PROFILE = new Convert::BER::XS::Profile;	771	The following creates a profile suitable for SNMP - it's exactly identical
		772	to the C<$Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE> profile.
		773
564	our $SNMP_PROFILE = new Convert::BER::XS::Profile;	774	our $SNMP_PROFILE = new Convert::BER::XS::Profile;
565		775
566	# additional SNMP application types
567	$SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_IPADDRESS , BER_TYPE_IPADDRESS);	776	$SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_IPADDRESS , BER_TYPE_IPADDRESS);
568	$SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_COUNTER32 , BER_TYPE_INT);	777	$SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_COUNTER32 , BER_TYPE_INT);
569	$SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_UNSIGNED32, BER_TYPE_INT);	778	$SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_UNSIGNED32, BER_TYPE_INT);
570	$SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_TIMETICKS , BER_TYPE_INT);	779	$SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_TIMETICKS , BER_TYPE_INT);
571	$SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_OPAQUE , BER_TYPE_IPADDRESS);	780	$SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_OPAQUE , BER_TYPE_BYTES);
572	$SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_COUNTER64 , BER_TYPE_INT);	781	$SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_COUNTER64 , BER_TYPE_INT);
573
574	$DEFAULT_PROFILE->_set_default;
575
576	1;
577		782
578	=head2 LIMITATIONS/NOTES	783	=head2 LIMITATIONS/NOTES
579		784
580	This module can only en-/decode 64 bit signed and unsigned integers, and	785	This module can only en-/decode 64 bit signed and unsigned
581	only when your perl supports those.	786	integers/tags/lengths, and only when your perl supports those. So no UUID
		787	OIDs for now (unless you map the C<OBJECT IDENTIFIER> tag to something
		788	other than C<BER_TYPE_OID>).
582		789
583	This module does not generally care about ranges, i.e. it will happily	790	This module does not generally care about ranges, i.e. it will happily
584	de-/encode 64 bit integers into an C<ASN_INTEGER32> value, or a negative	791	de-/encode 64 bit integers into an C<SNMP_UNSIGNED32> value, or a negative
585	number into an C<SNMP_COUNTER64>.	792	number into an C<SNMP_COUNTER64>.
586		793
587	OBJECT IDENTIFIEERs cannot have unlimited length, although the limit is	794	OBJECT IDENTIFIEERs cannot have unlimited length, although the limit is
588	much larger than e.g. the one imposed by SNMP or other protocols,a nd is	795	much larger than e.g. the one imposed by SNMP or other protocols, and is
589	about 4kB.	796	about 4kB.
590		797
591	REAL values are not supported and will currently croak.	798	Constructed strings are decoded just fine, but there should be a way to
		799	join them for convenience.
592		800
593	This module has undergone little to no testing so far.	801	REAL values will always be encoded in decimal form and ssometimes is
		802	forced into a perl "NV" type, potentially losing precision.
594		803
595	=head2 ITHREADS SUPPORT	804	=head2 ITHREADS SUPPORT
596		805
597	This module is unlikely to work when the (officially discouraged) ithreads	806	This module is unlikely to work in any other than the loading thread when
598	are in use.	807	the (officially discouraged) ithreads are in use.
599		808
600	=head1 AUTHOR	809	=head1 AUTHOR
601		810
602	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	811	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
603	http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/Convert-BER-XS	812	http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/Convert-BER-XS
604		813
605	=cut	814	=cut
606		815
		816	1;
		817

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Comparing Convert-BER-XS/XS.pm (file contents): Revision 1.21 by root, Sat Apr 20 14:49:56 2019 UTC vs. Revision 1.62 by root, Thu Feb 6 23:15:44 2020 UTC

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Comparing Convert-BER-XS/XS.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.21 by root, Sat Apr 20 14:49:56 2019 UTC vs.
Revision 1.62 by root, Thu Feb 6 23:15:44 2020 UTC