=head1 NAME Convert::BER::XS - I low level BER en-/decoding =head1 SYNOPSIS use Convert::BER::XS ':all'; # decode a binary BER data structure using the SNMP profile my $ber = ber_decode $buf, $Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE or die "unable to decode SNMP message"; # The above results in a data structure consisting of # (class, tag, flags, data) # tuples. Below is such a message, an SNMPv1 trap # with a Cisco mac change notification. # (Did you know that Cisco is in the news almost # every week because of some backdoor password # or other extremely stupid security bug?) [ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_SEQUENCE, 1, [ [ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER, 0, 0 ], # snmp version 1 [ ASN_UNIVERSAL, 4, 0, "public" ], # community [ ASN_CONTEXT, 4, 1, # CHOICE, constructed - trap PDU [ [ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER, 0, "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.9.215.2" ], # enterprise oid [ ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_IPADDRESS, 0, "10.0.0.1" ], # SNMP IpAddress [ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER, 0, 6 ], # generic trap [ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER, 0, 1 ], # specific trap [ ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_TIMETICKS, 0, 1817903850 ], # SNMP TimeTicks [ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_SEQUENCE, 1, # the varbindlist [ [ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_SEQUENCE, 1, # a single varbind, "key value" pair [ [ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER, 0, "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.9.215.1.1.8.1.2.1" ], [ ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_OCTET_STRING, 0, "...data..." # the value ] ] ], ... # let's dump the above structure, for debugging ber_dump $ber, $Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE; # let's decode it a bit with some helper functions. # first check whether it starts with a sequence my $msg = ber_is_seq $ber or die "SNMP message does not start with a sequence"; # then check if its some kind of integer ber_is $msg->[0], ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER, 0 or die "SNMP message does not start with snmp version"; # message is SNMP v1 or v2c? if ($msg->[0][BER_DATA] == 0 || $msg->[0][BER_DATA] == 1) { # message is v1 trap? if (ber_is $msg->[2], ASN_CONTEXT, 4, 1) { my $trap = $msg->[2][BER_DATA]; # check whether trap is a cisco mac notification mac changed message if ( (ber_is_oid $trap->[0], "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.9.215.2") # cmnInterfaceObjects and (ber_is_int $trap->[2], 6) and (ber_is_int $trap->[3], 1) # mac changed msg ) { ... and so on # finally, let's encode it again and hope it results in the same bit pattern my $buf = ber_encode $ber, $Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE; =head1 DESCRIPTION This module implements a I low level BER/DER en-/decoder. It is tuned for low memory and high speed, while still maintaining some level of user-friendlyness. =head2 EXPORT TAGS AND CONSTANTS By default this module doesn't export any symbols, but if you don't want to break your keyboard, editor or eyesight with extremely long names, I recommend importing the C<:all> tag. Still, you can selectively import things. =over =item C<:all> All of the below. Really. Recommended for at least first steps, or if you don't care about a few kilobytes of wasted memory (and namespace). =item C<:const> All of the strictly ASN.1-related constants defined by this module, the same as C<:const_asn :const_index>. Notably, this does not contain C<:const_ber_type> and C<:const_snmp>. A good set to get everything you need to decode and match BER data would be C<:decode :const>. =item C<:const_index> The BER tuple array index constants: BER_CLASS BER_TAG BER_FLAGS BER_DATA =item C<:const_asn> ASN class values (these are C<0>, C<1>, C<2> and C<3>, respectively - exactly the two topmost bits from the identifier octet shifted 6 bits to the right): ASN_UNIVERSAL ASN_APPLICATION ASN_CONTEXT ASN_PRIVATE ASN tag values (some of which are aliases, such as C). Their numerical value corresponds exactly to the numbers used in BER/X.690. ASN_BOOLEAN ASN_INTEGER ASN_BIT_STRING ASN_OCTET_STRING ASN_NULL ASN_OID ASN_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER ASN_OBJECT_DESCRIPTOR ASN_EXTERNAL ASN_REAL ASN_SEQUENCE ASN_ENUMERATED ASN_EMBEDDED_PDV ASN_UTF8_STRING ASN_RELATIVE_OID ASN_SET ASN_NUMERIC_STRING ASN_PRINTABLE_STRING ASN_TELETEX_STRING ASN_T61_STRING ASN_VIDEOTEX_STRING ASN_IA5_STRING ASN_ASCII_STRING ASN_UTC_TIME ASN_GENERALIZED_TIME ASN_GRAPHIC_STRING ASN_VISIBLE_STRING ASN_ISO646_STRING ASN_GENERAL_STRING ASN_UNIVERSAL_STRING ASN_CHARACTER_STRING ASN_BMP_STRING =item C<:const_ber_type> The BER type constants, explained in the PROFILES section. BER_TYPE_BYTES BER_TYPE_UTF8 BER_TYPE_UCS2 BER_TYPE_UCS4 BER_TYPE_INT BER_TYPE_OID BER_TYPE_RELOID BER_TYPE_NULL BER_TYPE_BOOL BER_TYPE_REAL BER_TYPE_IPADDRESS BER_TYPE_CROAK =item C<:const_snmp> Constants only relevant to SNMP. These are the tag values used by SNMP in the C namespace and have the exact numerical value as in BER/RFC 2578. SNMP_IPADDRESS SNMP_COUNTER32 SNMP_UNSIGNED32 SNMP_GAUGE32 SNMP_TIMETICKS SNMP_OPAQUE SNMP_COUNTER64 =item C<:decode> C and the match helper functions: ber_decode ber-decode_prefix ber_is ber_is_seq ber_is_int ber_is_oid ber_dump =item C<:encode> C and the construction helper functions: ber_encode ber_int =back =head2 ASN.1/BER/DER/... BASICS ASN.1 is a strange language that can be used to describe protocols and data structures. It supports various mappings to JSON, XML, but most importantly, to a various binary encodings such as BER, that is the topic of this module, and is used in SNMP, LDAP or X.509 for example. While ASN.1 defines a schema that is useful to interpret encoded data, the BER encoding is actually somewhat self-describing: you might not know whether something is a string or a number or a sequence or something else, but you can nevertheless decode the overall structure, even if you end up with just a binary blob for the actual value. This works because BER values are tagged with a type and a namespace, and also have a flag that says whether a value consists of subvalues (is "constructed") or not (is "primitive"). Tags are simple integers, and ASN.1 defines a somewhat weird assortment of those - for example, you have one integer but 16(!) different string types, but there is no Unsigned32 type for example. Different applications work around this in different ways, for example, SNMP defines application-specific Gauge32, Counter32 and Unsigned32, which are mapped to two different tags: you can distinguish between Counter32 and the others, but not between Gause32 and Unsigned32, without the ASN.1 schema. Ugh. =head2 DECODED BER REPRESENTATION This module represents every BER value as a 4-element tuple (actually an array-reference): [CLASS, TAG, FLAGS, DATA] For example: [ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER, 0, 177] # the integer 177 [ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_OCTET_STRING, 0, "john"] # the string "john" [ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_OID, 0, "1.3.6.133"] # some OID [ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_SEQUENCE, 1, [ [ASN_UNIVERSAL... # a sequence To avoid non-descriptive hardcoded array index numbers, this module defines symbolic constants to access these members: C, C, C and C. Also, the first three members are integers with a little caveat: for performance reasons, these are readonly and shared, so you must not modify them (increment, assign to them etc.) in any way. You may modify the I member, and you may re-assign the array itself, e.g.: $ber = ber_decode $binbuf; # the following is NOT legal: $ber->[BER_CLASS] = ASN_PRIVATE; # ERROR, CLASS/TAG/FLAGS are READ ONLY(!) # but all of the following are fine: $ber->[BER_DATA] = "string"; $ber->[BER_DATA] = [ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER, 0, 123]; @$ber = (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_TIMETICKS, 0, 1000); I is something like a namespace for Is - there is the C namespace which defines tags common to all ASN.1 implementations, the C namespace which defines tags for specific applications (for example, the SNMP C type is in this namespace), a special-purpose context namespace (C, used e.g. for C) and a private namespace (C). The meaning of the I depends on the namespace, and defines a (partial) interpretation of the data value. For example, SNMP defines extra tags in the C namespace, and to take full advantage of these, you need to tell this module how to handle those via profiles. The most common tags in the C namespace are C, C, C, C, C, C, C and C. The most common tags in SNMP's C namespace are C, C, C and C. The I value is really just a boolean at this time (but might get extended) - if it is C<0>, the value is "primitive" and contains no subvalues, kind of like a non-reference perl scalar. If it is C<1>, then the value is "constructed" which just means it contains a list of subvalues which this module will en-/decode as BER tuples themselves. The I value is either a reference to an array of further tuples (if the value is I), some decoded representation of the value, if this module knows how to decode it (e.g. for the integer types above) or a binary string with the raw octets if this module doesn't know how to interpret the namespace/tag. Thus, you can always decode a BER data structure and at worst you get a string in place of some nice decoded value. See the SYNOPSIS for an example of such an encoded tuple representation. =head2 DECODING AND ENCODING =over =item $tuple = ber_decode $bindata[, $profile] Decodes binary BER data in C<$bindata> and returns the resulting BER tuple. Croaks on any decoding error, so the returned C<$tuple> is always valid. How tags are interpreted is defined by the second argument, which must be a C object. If it is missing, the default profile will be used (C<$Convert::BER::XS::DEFAULT_PROFILE>). In addition to rolling your own, this module provides a C<$Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE> that knows about the additional SNMP types. Example: decode a BER blob using the default profile - SNMP values will be decided as raw strings. $tuple = ber_decode $data; Example: as above, but use the provided SNMP profile. $tuple = ber_encode $data, $Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE; =item ($tuple, $bytes) = ber_decode_prefix $bindata[, $profile] Works like C, except it doesn't croak when there is data after the BER data, but instead returns the decoded value and the number of bytes it decoded. This is useful when you have BER data at the start of a buffer and other data after, and you need to find the length. Also, since BER is self-delimited, this can be used to decode multiple BER values joined together. =item $bindata = ber_encode $tuple[, $profile] Encodes the BER tuple into a BER/DER data structure. As with Cyber_decode>, an optional profile can be given. The encoded data should be both BER and DER ("shortest form") compliant unless the input says otherwise (e.g. it uses constructed strings). =back =head2 HELPER FUNCTIONS Working with a 4-tuple for every value can be annoying. Or, rather, I annoying. To reduce this a bit, this module defines a number of helper functions, both to match BER tuples and to construct BER tuples: =head3 MATCH HELPERS These functions accept a BER tuple as first argument and either partially or fully match it. They often come in two forms, one which exactly matches a value, and one which only matches the type and returns the value. They do check whether valid tuples are passed in and croak otherwise. As a ease-of-use exception, they usually also accept C instead of a tuple reference, in which case they silently fail to match. =over =item $bool = ber_is $tuple, $class, $tag, $flags, $data This takes a BER C<$tuple> and matches its elements against the provided values, all of which are optional - values that are either missing or C will be ignored, the others will be matched exactly (e.g. as if you used C<==> or C (for C<$data>)). Some examples: ber_is $tuple, ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_SEQUENCE, 1 orf die "tuple is not an ASN SEQUENCE"; ber_is $tuple, ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_NULL or die "tuple is not an ASN NULL value"; ber_is $tuple, ASN_UNIVERSAL, ASN_INTEGER, 0, 50 or die "BER integer must be 50"; =item $seq = ber_is_seq $tuple Returns the sequence members (the array of subvalues) if the C<$tuple> is an ASN SEQUENCE, i.e. the C member. If the C<$tuple> is not a sequence it returns C. For example, SNMP version 1/2c/3 packets all consist of an outer SEQUENCE value: my $ber = ber_decode $snmp_data; my $snmp = ber_is_seq $ber or die "SNMP packet invalid: does not start with SEQUENCE"; # now we know $snmp is a sequence, so decode the SNMP version my $version = ber_is_int $snmp->[0] or die "SNMP packet invalid: does not start with version number"; =item $bool = ber_is_int $tuple, $int Returns a true value if the C<$tuple> represents an ASN INTEGER with the value C<$int>. =item $int = ber_is_int $tuple Returns true (and extracts the integer value) if the C<$tuple> is an C. For C<0>, this function returns a special value that is 0 but true. =item $bool = ber_is_oid $tuple, $oid_string Returns true if the C<$tuple> represents an ASN_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER that exactly matches C<$oid_string>. Example: ber_is_oid $tuple, "1.3.6.1.4" or die "oid must be 1.3.6.1.4"; =item $oid = ber_is_oid $tuple Returns true (and extracts the OID string) if the C<$tuple> is an ASN OBJECT IDENTIFIER. Otherwise, it returns C. =back =head3 CONSTRUCTION HELPERS =over =item $tuple = ber_int $value Constructs a new C tuple. =back =head2 RELATIONSHIP TO L and L This module is I the XS version of L, but a different take at doing the same thing. I imagine this module would be a good base for speeding up either of these, or write a similar module, or write your own LDAP or SNMP module for example. =cut package Convert::BER::XS; use common::sense; use XSLoader (); use Exporter qw(import); use Carp (); our $VERSION; BEGIN { $VERSION = 1.21; XSLoader::load __PACKAGE__, $VERSION; } our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( const_index => [qw( BER_CLASS BER_TAG BER_FLAGS BER_DATA )], const_asn_class => [qw( ASN_UNIVERSAL ASN_APPLICATION ASN_CONTEXT ASN_PRIVATE )], const_asn_tag => [qw( ASN_BOOLEAN ASN_INTEGER ASN_BIT_STRING ASN_OCTET_STRING ASN_NULL ASN_OID ASN_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER ASN_OBJECT_DESCRIPTOR ASN_EXTERNAL ASN_REAL ASN_SEQUENCE ASN_ENUMERATED ASN_EMBEDDED_PDV ASN_UTF8_STRING ASN_RELATIVE_OID ASN_SET ASN_NUMERIC_STRING ASN_PRINTABLE_STRING ASN_TELETEX_STRING ASN_T61_STRING ASN_VIDEOTEX_STRING ASN_IA5_STRING ASN_ASCII_STRING ASN_UTC_TIME ASN_GENERALIZED_TIME ASN_GRAPHIC_STRING ASN_VISIBLE_STRING ASN_ISO646_STRING ASN_GENERAL_STRING ASN_UNIVERSAL_STRING ASN_CHARACTER_STRING ASN_BMP_STRING )], const_ber_type => [qw( BER_TYPE_BYTES BER_TYPE_UTF8 BER_TYPE_UCS2 BER_TYPE_UCS4 BER_TYPE_INT BER_TYPE_OID BER_TYPE_RELOID BER_TYPE_NULL BER_TYPE_BOOL BER_TYPE_REAL BER_TYPE_IPADDRESS BER_TYPE_CROAK )], const_snmp => [qw( SNMP_IPADDRESS SNMP_COUNTER32 SNMP_GAUGE32 SNMP_UNSIGNED32 SNMP_TIMETICKS SNMP_OPAQUE SNMP_COUNTER64 )], decode => [qw( ber_decode ber_decode_prefix ber_is ber_is_seq ber_is_int ber_is_oid ber_dump )], encode => [qw( ber_encode ber_int )], ); our @EXPORT_OK = map @$_, values %EXPORT_TAGS; $EXPORT_TAGS{all} = \@EXPORT_OK; $EXPORT_TAGS{const_asn} = [map @{ $EXPORT_TAGS{$_} }, qw(const_asn_class const_asn_tag)]; $EXPORT_TAGS{const} = [map @{ $EXPORT_TAGS{$_} }, qw(const_index const_asn)]; our $DEFAULT_PROFILE = new Convert::BER::XS::Profile; $DEFAULT_PROFILE->_set_default; # additional SNMP application types our $SNMP_PROFILE = new Convert::BER::XS::Profile; $SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_IPADDRESS , BER_TYPE_IPADDRESS); $SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_COUNTER32 , BER_TYPE_INT); $SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_COUNTER64 , BER_TYPE_INT); $SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_UNSIGNED32, BER_TYPE_INT); $SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_TIMETICKS , BER_TYPE_INT); # decodes REAL values according to ECMA-63 # this is pretty strict, except it doesn't catch -0. # I don't have access to ISO 6093 (or BS 6727, or ANSI X.3-42)), so this is all guesswork. sub _decode_real_decimal { my ($format, $val) = @_; $val =~ y/,/./; # probably not in ISO-6093 if ($format == 1) { $val =~ /^ \ * [+-]? [0-9]+ \z/x or Carp::croak "BER_TYPE_REAL NR1 value not in NR1 format ($val) (X.690 8.5.8)"; } elsif ($format == 2) { $val =~ /^ \ * [+-]? (?: [0-9]+\.[0-9]* | [0-9]*\.[0-9]+ ) \z/x or Carp::croak "BER_TYPE_REAL NR2 value not in NR2 format ($val) (X.690 8.5.8)"; } elsif ($format == 3) { $val =~ /^ \ * [+-] (?: [0-9]+\.[0-9]* | [0-9]*\.[0-9]+ ) [eE] [+-]? [0-9]+ \z/x or Carp::croak "BER_TYPE_REAL NR3 value not in NR3 format ($val) (X.690 8.5.8)"; } else { Carp::croak "BER_TYPE_REAL invalid decimal numerical representation format $format"; } $val } # this is a mess, but perl's support for floating point formatting is nearly nonexistant sub _encode_real_decimal { my ($val, $nvdig) = @_; $val = sprintf "%.*G", $nvdig + 1, $val; if ($val =~ /E/) { $val =~ s/E(?=[^+-])/E+/; $val =~ s/E/.E/ if $val !~ /\./; $val =~ s/^/+/ unless $val =~ /^-/; return "\x03$val" # NR3 } $val =~ /\./ ? "\x02$val" # NR2 : "\x01$val" # NR1 } =head2 DEBUGGING To aid debugging, you can call the C function to print a "nice" representation to STDOUT. =over =item ber_dump $tuple[, $profile[, $prefix]] In addition to specifying the BER C<$tuple> to dump, you can also specify a C<$profile> and a C<$prefix> string that is printed in front of each line. If C<$profile> is C<$Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE>, then C will try to improve its output for SNMP data. The output usually contains three columns, the "human readable" tag, the BER type used to decode it, and the data value. This function is somewhat slow and uses a number of heuristics and tricks, so it really is only suitable for debug prints. Example output: SEQUENCE | OCTET_STRING bytes 800063784300454045045400000001 | OCTET_STRING bytes | CONTEXT (7) CONSTRUCTED | | INTEGER int 1058588941 | | INTEGER int 0 | | INTEGER int 0 | | SEQUENCE | | | SEQUENCE | | | | OID oid 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0 | | | | TIMETICKS int 638085796 =back =cut # reverse enum, very slow and ugly hack sub _re { my ($export_tag, $value) = @_; for my $symbol (@{ $EXPORT_TAGS{$export_tag} }) { $value == eval $symbol and return $symbol; } "($value)" } sub _ber_dump { my ($ber, $profile, $indent) = @_; if (my $seq = ber_is_seq $ber) { printf "%sSEQUENCE\n", $indent; &_ber_dump ($_, $profile, "$indent| ") for @$seq; } else { my $asn = $ber->[BER_CLASS] == ASN_UNIVERSAL; my $class = _re const_asn_class => $ber->[BER_CLASS]; my $tag = $asn ? _re const_asn_tag => $ber->[BER_TAG] : $ber->[BER_TAG]; my $type = _re const_ber_type => $profile->get ($ber->[BER_CLASS], $ber->[BER_TAG]); my $data = $ber->[BER_DATA]; if ($profile == $SNMP_PROFILE and $ber->[BER_CLASS] == ASN_APPLICATION) { $tag = _re const_snmp => $ber->[BER_TAG]; } elsif (!$asn) { $tag = "$class ($tag)"; } $class =~ s/^ASN_//; $tag =~ s/^(ASN_|SNMP_)//; $type =~ s/^BER_TYPE_//; if ($ber->[BER_FLAGS]) { printf "$indent%-16.16s\n", $tag; &_ber_dump ($_, $profile, "$indent| ") for @$data; } else { if ($data =~ y/\x20-\x7e//c / (length $data || 1) > 0.2 or $data =~ /\x00./s) { # assume binary $data = unpack "H*", $data; } else { $data =~ s/[^\x20-\x7e]/./g; $data = "\"$data\"" if $tag =~ /string/i || !length $data; } substr $data, 40, 1e9, "..." if 40 < length $data; printf "$indent%-16.16s %-6.6s %s\n", $tag, lc $type, $data; } } } sub ber_dump($;$$) { _ber_dump $_[0], $_[1] || $DEFAULT_PROFILE, $_[2]; } =head1 PROFILES While any BER data can be correctly encoded and decoded out of the box, it can be inconvenient to have to manually decode some values into a "better" format: for instance, SNMP TimeTicks values are decoded into the raw octet strings of their BER representation, which is quite hard to decode. With profiles, you can change which class/tag combinations map to which decoder function inside C (and of course also which encoder functions are used in C). This works by mapping specific class/tag combinations to an internal "ber type". The default profile supports the standard ASN.1 types, but no application-specific ones. This means that class/tag combinations not in the base set of ASN.1 are decoded into their raw octet strings. C defines two profile variables you can use out of the box: =over =item C<$Convert::BER::XS::DEFAULT_PROFILE> This is the default profile, i.e. the profile that is used when no profile is specified for de-/encoding. You can modify it, but remember that this modifies the defaults for all callers that rely on the default profile. =item C<$Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE> A profile with mappings for SNMP-specific application tags added. This is useful when de-/encoding SNMP data. The L section, below, shows how this profile is being constructed. Example: $ber = ber_decode $data, $Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE; =back =head2 The Convert::BER::XS::Profile class =over =item $profile = new Convert::BER::XS::Profile Create a new profile. The profile will be identical to the default profile. =item $profile->set ($class, $tag, $type) Sets the mapping for the given C<$class>/C<$tag> combination to C<$type>, which must be one of the C constants. Note that currently, the mapping is stored in a flat array, so large values of C<$tag> will consume large amounts of memory. Example: $profile = new Convert::BER::XS::Profile; $profile->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_COUNTER32, BER_TYPE_INT); $ber = ber_decode $data, $profile; =item $type = $profile->get ($class, $tag) Returns the BER type mapped to the given C<$class>/C<$tag> combination. =back =head2 BER Types This lists the predefined BER types. BER types are formatters used internally to format and encode BER values. You can assign any C to any C/C combination tgo change how that tag is decoded or encoded. =over =item C The raw octets of the value. This is the default type for unknown tags and de-/encodes the value as if it were an octet string, i.e. by copying the raw bytes. =item C Like C, but decodes the value as if it were a UTF-8 string (without validation!) and encodes a perl unicode string into a UTF-8 BER string. =item C Similar to C, but treats the BER value as UCS-2 encoded string. =item C Similar to C, but treats the BER value as UCS-4 encoded string. =item C Encodes and decodes a BER integer value to a perl integer scalar. This should correctly handle 64 bit signed and unsigned values. =item C Encodes and decodes an OBJECT IDENTIFIER into dotted form without leading dot, e.g. C<1.3.6.1.213>. =item C Same as C but uses relative object identifier encoding: ASN.1 uses some hack encoding of the first two OID components into a single integer in a weird attempt to save an insignificant amount of space in an otherwise wasteful encoding, and relative OIDs are basically OIDs without this hack. The practical difference is that the second component of an OID can only have the values 1..40, while relative OIDs do not have this restriction. =item C Decodes an C value into C, and always encodes a C type, regardless of the perl value. =item C Decodes an C value into C<0> or C<1>, and encodes a perl boolean value into an C. =item C Decodes/encodes a BER real value. NOT IMPLEMENTED. =item C Decodes/encodes a four byte string into an IPv4 dotted-quad address string in Perl. Given the obsolete nature of this type, this is a low-effort implementation that simply uses C and C-style conversion, so it won't handle all string forms supported by C for example. =item C Always croaks when encountered during encoding or decoding - the default behaviour when encountering an unknown type is to treat it as C. When you don't want that but instead prefer a hard error for some types, then C is for you. =back =head2 Example Profile The following creates a profile suitable for SNMP - it's exactly identical to the C<$Convert::BER::XS::SNMP_PROFILE> profile. our $SNMP_PROFILE = new Convert::BER::XS::Profile; $SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_IPADDRESS , BER_TYPE_IPADDRESS); $SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_COUNTER32 , BER_TYPE_INT); $SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_UNSIGNED32, BER_TYPE_INT); $SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_TIMETICKS , BER_TYPE_INT); $SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_OPAQUE , BER_TYPE_BYTES); $SNMP_PROFILE->set (ASN_APPLICATION, SNMP_COUNTER64 , BER_TYPE_INT); =head2 LIMITATIONS/NOTES This module can only en-/decode 64 bit signed and unsigned integers/tags/lengths, and only when your perl supports those. So no UUID OIDs for now (unless you map the C tag to something other than C). This module does not generally care about ranges, i.e. it will happily de-/encode 64 bit integers into an C value, or a negative number into an C. OBJECT IDENTIFIEERs cannot have unlimited length, although the limit is much larger than e.g. the one imposed by SNMP or other protocols, and is about 4kB. Constructed strings are decoded just fine, but there should be a way to join them for convenience. REAL values will always be encoded in decimal form and ssometimes is forced into a perl "NV" type, potentially losing precision. =head2 ITHREADS SUPPORT This module is unlikely to work in any other than the loading thread when the (officially discouraged) ithreads are in use. =head1 AUTHOR Marc Lehmann http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/Convert-BER-XS =cut 1;