[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/Coro/Coro.pm

Comparing Coro/Coro.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.21 by root, Sun Jul 22 03:24:10 2001 UTC vs.
Revision 1.139 by root, Thu Sep 27 15:52:30 2007 UTC

…		…
8		8
9	async {	9	async {
10	# some asynchronous thread of execution	10	# some asynchronous thread of execution
11	};	11	};
12		12
13	# alternatively create an async process like this:	13	# alternatively create an async coroutine like this:
14		14
15	sub some_func : Coro {	15	sub some_func : Coro {
16	# some more async code	16	# some more async code
17	}	17	}
18		18
19	yield;	19	cede;
20		20
21	=head1 DESCRIPTION	21	=head1 DESCRIPTION
22		22
23	This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar to	23	This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar
24	Threads but don't run in parallel.	24	to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP
		25	machines. The specific flavor of coroutine used in this module also
		26	guarantees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless
		27	necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and
		28	parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much
		29	safer than threads programming.
25		30
26	This module is still experimental, see the BUGS section below.	31	(Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a
		32	very slow and memory-intensive emulation of processes using threads. This
		33	is a performance win on Windows machines, and a loss everywhere else).
27		34
28	In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables	35	In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables +
29	+ @_ + $_ + $@ + $^W), that is, a coroutine has it's own callchain, it's	36	@_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own callchain,
30	own set of lexicals and it's own set of perl's most important global	37	its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global
31	variables.	38	variables.
32		39
33	WARNING: When using this module, make sure that, at program end, no
34	coroutines are still running OR just call exit before falling off the
35	end. The reason for this is that some coroutine of yours might have called
36	into a C function, and falling off the end of main:: results in returning
37	to that C function instead if to the main C interpreter.
38
39	=cut	40	=cut
40		41
41	package Coro;	42	package Coro;
42		43
		44	use strict;
		45	no warnings "uninitialized";
		46
43	use Coro::State;	47	use Coro::State;
44		48
45	use base Exporter;	49	use base qw(Coro::State Exporter);
46		50
47	$VERSION = 0.10;	51	our $idle; # idle handler
		52	our $main; # main coroutine
		53	our $current; # current coroutine
48		54
		55	our $VERSION = '3.8';
		56
49	@EXPORT = qw(async yield schedule terminate current);	57	our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub);
50	@EXPORT_OK = qw($current);	58	our %EXPORT_TAGS = (
		59	prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)],
		60	);
		61	our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready));
51		62
52	{	63	{
53	my @async;	64	my @async;
		65	my $init;
54		66
55	# this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;()	67	# this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;()
56	sub import {	68	sub import {
		69	no strict 'refs';
		70
57	Coro->export_to_level(1, @_);	71	Coro->export_to_level (1, @_);
		72
58	my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE};	73	my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE};
59	*{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub {	74	*{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub {
60	my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift);	75	my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift);
61	my @attrs;	76	my @attrs;
62	for (@_) {	77	for (@_) {
63	if ($_ eq "Coro") {	78	if ($_ eq "Coro") {
64	push @async, $ref;	79	push @async, $ref;
		80	unless ($init++) {
		81	eval q{
		82	sub INIT {
		83	&async(pop @async) while @async;
		84	}
		85	};
		86	}
65	} else {	87	} else {
66	push @attrs, $_;	88	push @attrs, $_;
67	}	89	}
68	}	90	}
69	return $old ? $old->($package, $ref, @attrs) : @attrs;	91	return $old ? $old->($package, $ref, @attrs) : @attrs;
70	};	92	};
71	}	93	}
72		94
73	sub INIT {
74	&async(pop @async) while @async;
75	}
76	}	95	}
		96
		97	=over 4
77		98
78	=item $main	99	=item $main
79		100
80	This coroutine represents the main program.	101	This coroutine represents the main program.
81		102
82	=cut	103	=cut
83		104
84	our $main = new Coro;	105	$main = new Coro;
85		106
86	=item $current (or as function: current)	107	=item $current (or as function: current)
87		108
88	The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value is C<$main> (of course).	109	The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value
		110	is C<$main> (of course).
89		111
		112	This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance
		113	reasons. If performance is not essential you are encouraged to use the
		114	C<Coro::current> function instead.
		115
90	=cut	116	=cut
		117
		118	$main->{desc} = "[main::]";
91		119
92	# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before...	120	# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before...
93	if ($current) {
94	$main->{specific} = $current->{specific};	121	$main->{specific} = $current->{specific}
95	}	122	if $current;
96		123
97	our $current = $main;	124	_set_current $main;
98		125
99	sub current() { $current }	126	sub current() { $current }
100		127
101	=item $idle	128	=item $idle
102		129
103	The coroutine to switch to when no other coroutine is running. The default	130	A callback that is called whenever the scheduler finds no ready coroutines
104	implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and exits.	131	to run. The default implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and
		132	exits, because the program has no other way to continue.
105		133
106	=cut	134	This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and
		135	C<Coro::Event> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a
		136	coroutine so the scheduler can run it.
107		137
108	# should be done using priorities :(	138	Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event
109	our $idle = new Coro sub {	139	handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively.
110	print STDERR "FATAL: deadlock detected\n";	140
111	exit(51);	141	=cut
		142
		143	$idle = sub {
		144	require Carp;
		145	Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected");
112	};	146	};
113		147
114	# we really need priorities...	148	sub _cancel {
115	my @ready; # the ready queue. hehe, rather broken ;)	149	my ($self) = @_;
		150
		151	# free coroutine data and mark as destructed
		152	$self->_destroy
		153	or return;
		154
		155	# call all destruction callbacks
		156	$_->(@{$self->{status}})
		157	for @{(delete $self->{destroy_cb}) \|\| []};
		158	}
		159
		160	sub _do_trace_sub {
		161	&{$current->{_trace_sub_cb}}
		162	}
		163
		164	sub _do_trace_line {
		165	&{$current->{_trace_line_cb}}
		166	}
		167
		168	# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine
		169	# cannot destroy itself.
		170	my @destroy;
		171	my $manager;
		172
		173	$manager = new Coro sub {
		174	while () {
		175	(shift @destroy)->_cancel
		176	while @destroy;
		177
		178	&schedule;
		179	}
		180	};
		181	$manager->desc ("[coro manager]");
		182	$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX);
116		183
117	# static methods. not really.	184	# static methods. not really.
118		185
		186	=back
		187
119	=head2 STATIC METHODS	188	=head2 STATIC METHODS
120		189
121	Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current process only.	190	Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current coroutine only.
122		191
123	=over 4	192	=over 4
124		193
125	=item async { ... } [@args...]	194	=item async { ... } [@args...]
126		195
127	Create a new asynchronous process and return it's process object	196	Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object
128	(usually unused). When the sub returns the new process is automatically	197	(usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically
129	terminated.	198	terminated.
		199
		200	Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will do the same as calling exit outside
		201	the coroutine. Likewise, when the coroutine dies, the program will exit,
		202	just as it would in the main program.
130		203
131	# create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments	204	# create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments
132	async {	205	async {
133	print "@_\n";	206	print "@_\n";
134	} 1,2,3,4;	207	} 1,2,3,4;
135		208
136	The coderef you submit MUST NOT be a closure that refers to variables
137	in an outer scope. This does NOT work. Pass arguments into it instead.
138
139	=cut	209	=cut
140		210
141	sub async(&@) {	211	sub async(&@) {
142	my $pid = new Coro @_;	212	my $coro = new Coro @_;
143	$pid->ready;	213	$coro->ready;
144	$pid;	214	$coro
		215	}
		216
		217	=item async_pool { ... } [@args...]
		218
		219	Similar to C<async>, but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not call
		220	terminate or join (although you are allowed to), and you get a coroutine
		221	that might have executed other code already (which can be good or bad :).
		222
		223	Also, the block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be
		224	issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as
		225	C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy>
		226	will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel,
		227	which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling.
		228
		229	The priority will be reset to C<0> after each job, otherwise the coroutine
		230	will be re-used "as-is".
		231
		232	The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted by
		233	changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle coros as
		234	required.
		235
		236	If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a
		237	single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool
		238	{ terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In
		239	addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 16kb
		240	(adjustable with $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also exit.
		241
		242	=cut
		243
		244	our $POOL_SIZE = 8;
		245	our $POOL_RSS = 16 * 1024;
		246	our @async_pool;
		247
		248	sub pool_handler {
		249	my $cb;
		250
		251	while () {
		252	eval {
		253	while () {
		254	_pool_1 $cb;
		255	&$cb;
		256	_pool_2 $cb;
		257	&schedule;
		258	}
		259	};
		260
		261	last if $@ eq "\3terminate\2\n";
		262	warn $@ if $@;
		263	}
		264	}
		265
		266	sub async_pool(&@) {
		267	# this is also inlined into the unlock_scheduler
		268	my $coro = (pop @async_pool) \|\| new Coro \&pool_handler;
		269
		270	$coro->{_invoke} = [@_];
		271	$coro->ready;
		272
		273	$coro
145	}	274	}
146		275
147	=item schedule	276	=item schedule
148		277
149	Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current process will not be put	278	Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not be put
150	into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will	279	into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will
151	never be called again.	280	never be called again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls
		281	ready.
152		282
153	=cut	283	The canonical way to wait on external events is this:
154		284
155	my $prev;	285	{
		286	# remember current coroutine
		287	my $current = $Coro::current;
156		288
157	sub schedule {	289	# register a hypothetical event handler
158	# should be done using priorities :(	290	on_event_invoke sub {
159	($prev, $current) = ($current, shift @ready \|\| $idle);	291	# wake up sleeping coroutine
160	Coro::State::transfer($prev, $current);
161	}
162
163	=item yield
164
165	Yield to other processes. This function puts the current process into the
166	ready queue and calls C<schedule>.
167
168	=cut
169
170	sub yield {
171	$current->ready;	292	$current->ready;
172	&schedule;	293	undef $current;
173	}	294	};
174		295
		296	# call schedule until event occurred.
		297	# in case we are woken up for other reasons
		298	# (current still defined), loop.
		299	Coro::schedule while $current;
		300	}
		301
		302	=item cede
		303
		304	"Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the
		305	ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the
		306	current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority.
		307
		308	Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.
		309
		310	=item Coro::cede_notself
		311
		312	Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to any
		313	coroutine, regardless of priority, once.
		314
		315	Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.
		316
175	=item terminate	317	=item terminate [arg...]
176		318
177	Terminates the current process.	319	Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>).
178
179	Future versions of this function will allow result arguments.
180		320
181	=cut	321	=cut
182		322
183	sub terminate {	323	sub terminate {
184	$current->{_results} = [@_];	324	$current->cancel (@_);
185	delete $current->{_coro_state};
186	&schedule;
187	}	325	}
188		326
189	=back	327	=back
190		328
191	# dynamic methods	329	# dynamic methods
192		330
193	=head2 PROCESS METHODS	331	=head2 COROUTINE METHODS
194		332
195	These are the methods you can call on process objects.	333	These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects.
196		334
197	=over 4	335	=over 4
198		336
199	=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...]	337	=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...]
200		338
201	Create a new process and return it. When the sub returns the process	339	Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine
202	automatically terminates. To start the process you must first put it into	340	automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were
		341	called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue
203	the ready queue by calling the ready method.	342	by calling the ready method.
204		343
205	The coderef you submit MUST NOT be a closure that refers to variables	344	See C<async> for additional discussion.
206	in an outer scope. This does NOT work. Pass arguments into it instead.
207		345
208	=cut	346	=cut
209		347
210	sub _newcoro {	348	sub _run_coro {
211	terminate &{+shift};	349	terminate &{+shift};
212	}	350	}
213		351
214	sub new {	352	sub new {
215	my $class = shift;	353	my $class = shift;
216	bless {
217	_coro_state => (new Coro::State $_[0] && \&_newcoro, @_),
218	}, $class;
219	}
220		354
221	=item $process->ready	355	$class->SUPER::new (\&_run_coro, @_)
		356	}
222		357
223	Put the current process into the ready queue.	358	=item $success = $coroutine->ready
224		359
225	=cut	360	Put the given coroutine into the ready queue (according to it's priority)
		361	and return true. If the coroutine is already in the ready queue, do nothing
		362	and return false.
226		363
227	sub ready {	364	=item $is_ready = $coroutine->is_ready
228	push @ready, $_[0];	365
		366	Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not,
		367
		368	=item $coroutine->cancel (arg...)
		369
		370	Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as
		371	status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the coroutine is the
		372	current coroutine.
		373
		374	=cut
		375
		376	sub cancel {
		377	my $self = shift;
		378	$self->{status} = [@_];
		379
		380	if ($current == $self) {
		381	push @destroy, $self;
		382	$manager->ready;
		383	&schedule while 1;
		384	} else {
		385	$self->_cancel;
		386	}
		387	}
		388
		389	=item $coroutine->join
		390
		391	Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the
		392	C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called multiple times
		393	from multiple coroutine.
		394
		395	=cut
		396
		397	sub join {
		398	my $self = shift;
		399
		400	unless ($self->{status}) {
		401	my $current = $current;
		402
		403	push @{$self->{destroy_cb}}, sub {
		404	$current->ready;
		405	undef $current;
		406	};
		407
		408	&schedule while $current;
		409	}
		410
		411	wantarray ? @{$self->{status}} : $self->{status}[0];
		412	}
		413
		414	=item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb)
		415
		416	Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed,
		417	but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments,
		418	if any.
		419
		420	=cut
		421
		422	sub on_destroy {
		423	my ($self, $cb) = @_;
		424
		425	push @{ $self->{destroy_cb} }, $cb;
		426	}
		427
		428	=item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio)
		429
		430	Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the
		431	coroutine. Higher priority coroutines get run before lower priority
		432	coroutines. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3),
		433	that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio
		434	to get then):
		435
		436	PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN
		437	3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4
		438
		439	# set priority to HIGH
		440	current->prio(PRIO_HIGH);
		441
		442	The idle coroutine ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any
		443	existing coroutine.
		444
		445	Changing the priority of the current coroutine will take effect immediately,
		446	but changing the priority of coroutines in the ready queue (but not
		447	running) will only take effect after the next schedule (of that
		448	coroutine). This is a bug that will be fixed in some future version.
		449
		450	=item $newprio = $coroutine->nice ($change)
		451
		452	Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e.
		453	higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix).
		454
		455	=item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc)
		456
		457	Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this
		458	coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine.
		459
		460	=cut
		461
		462	sub desc {
		463	my $old = $_[0]{desc};
		464	$_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
		465	$old;
229	}	466	}
230		467
231	=back	468	=back
232		469
		470	=head2 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
		471
		472	=over 4
		473
		474	=item Coro::nready
		475
		476	Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state,
		477	i.e. that can be switched to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable
		478	coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect,
		479	and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler
		480	that wakes up some coroutines.
		481
		482	=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... }
		483
		484	This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the object
		485	gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument will be
		486	executed. This is useful to free locks or other resources in case of a
		487	runtime error or when the coroutine gets canceled, as in both cases the
		488	guard block will be executed. The guard object supports only one method,
		489	C<< ->cancel >>, which will keep the codeblock from being executed.
		490
		491	Example: set some flag and clear it again when the coroutine gets canceled
		492	or the function returns:
		493
		494	sub do_something {
		495	my $guard = Coro::guard { $busy = 0 };
		496	$busy = 1;
		497
		498	# do something that requires $busy to be true
		499	}
		500
		501	=cut
		502
		503	sub guard(&) {
		504	bless \(my $cb = $_[0]), "Coro::guard"
		505	}
		506
		507	sub Coro::guard::cancel {
		508	${$_[0]} = sub { };
		509	}
		510
		511	sub Coro::guard::DESTROY {
		512	${$_[0]}->();
		513	}
		514
		515
		516	=item unblock_sub { ... }
		517
		518	This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it,
		519	returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return
		520	immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code
		521	ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine.
		522
		523	The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the
		524	venerable L<Event\|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form
		525	of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks,
		526	otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse.
		527
		528	This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another
		529	coroutine where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy
		530	is when you use the L<Coro::AIO\|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to
		531	disk.
		532
		533	In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when
		534	creating event callbacks that want to block.
		535
		536	=cut
		537
		538	our @unblock_queue;
		539
		540	# we create a special coro because we want to cede,
		541	# to reduce pressure on the coro pool (because most callbacks
		542	# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede
		543	# inside an event callback.
		544	our $unblock_scheduler = new Coro sub {
		545	while () {
		546	while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) {
		547	# this is an inlined copy of async_pool
		548	my $coro = (pop @async_pool) \|\| new Coro \&pool_handler;
		549
		550	$coro->{_invoke} = $cb;
		551	$coro->ready;
		552	cede; # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool
		553	}
		554	schedule; # sleep well
		555	}
		556	};
		557	$unblock_scheduler->desc ("[unblock_sub scheduler]");
		558
		559	sub unblock_sub(&) {
		560	my $cb = shift;
		561
		562	sub {
		563	unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_];
		564	$unblock_scheduler->ready;
		565	}
		566	}
		567
		568	=back
		569
233	=cut	570	=cut
234		571
235	1;	572	1;
236		573
237	=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS	574	=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS
238		575
239	- could be faster, especially when the core would introduce special	576	- you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global
240	support for coroutines (like it does for threads).	577	destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults).
241	- there is still a memleak on coroutine termination that I could not	578
242	identify. Could be as small as a single SV.
243	- this module is not well-tested.
244	- if variables or arguments "disappear" (become undef) or become
245	corrupted please contact the author so he cen iron out the
246	remaining bugs.
247	- this module is not thread-safe. You must only ever use this module from	579	- this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module
248	the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future to	580	from the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future
249	allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow this).	581	to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow
		582	this).
250		583
251	=head1 SEE ALSO	584	=head1 SEE ALSO
252		585
253	L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Cont>, L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::Semaphore>,	586	Support/Utility: L<Coro::Cont>, L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::State>, L<Coro::Util>.
254	L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::State>, L<Coro::Event>.	587
		588	Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>.
		589
		590	Event/IO: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>, L<Coro::Select>.
		591
		592	Embedding: L<Coro:MakeMaker>
255		593
256	=head1 AUTHOR	594	=head1 AUTHOR
257		595
258	Marc Lehmann <pcg@goof.com>	596	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
259	http://www.goof.com/pcg/marc/	597	http://home.schmorp.de/
260		598
261	=cut	599	=cut
262		600

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Comparing Coro/Coro.pm (file contents): Revision 1.21 by root, Sun Jul 22 03:24:10 2001 UTC vs. Revision 1.139 by root, Thu Sep 27 15:52:30 2007 UTC

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Comparing Coro/Coro.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.21 by root, Sun Jul 22 03:24:10 2001 UTC vs.
Revision 1.139 by root, Thu Sep 27 15:52:30 2007 UTC