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Revision 1.36 by root, Mon Sep 24 01:36:20 2001 UTC vs.
Revision 1.152 by root, Sun Oct 7 13:53:37 2007 UTC

6 6
7 use Coro; 7 use Coro;
8 8
9 async { 9 async {
10 # some asynchronous thread of execution 10 # some asynchronous thread of execution
11 print "2\n";
12 cede; # yield back to main
13 print "4\n";
11 }; 14 };
15 print "1\n";
16 cede; # yield to coroutine
17 print "3\n";
18 cede; # and again
12 19
13 # alternatively create an async process like this: 20 # use locking
21 my $lock = new Coro::Semaphore;
22 my $locked;
14 23
15 sub some_func : Coro { 24 $lock->down;
16 # some more async code 25 $locked = 1;
17 } 26 $lock->up;
18
19 cede;
20 27
21=head1 DESCRIPTION 28=head1 DESCRIPTION
22 29
23This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar to 30This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar
24Threads but don't run in parallel. 31to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP
32machines. The specific flavor of coroutine used in this module also
33guarantees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless
34necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and
35parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much
36safer than threads programming.
25 37
26This module is still experimental, see the BUGS section below. 38(Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a
39very slow and memory-intensive emulation of processes using threads. This
40is a performance win on Windows machines, and a loss everywhere else).
27 41
28In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables 42In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables +
29+ @_ + $_ + $@ + $^W + C stack), that is, a coroutine has it's own 43@_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own callchain,
30callchain, it's own set of lexicals and it's own set of perl's most 44its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global
31important global variables. 45variables (see L<Coro::State> for more configuration).
32 46
33=cut 47=cut
34 48
35package Coro; 49package Coro;
36 50
51use strict;
37no warnings qw(uninitialized); 52no warnings "uninitialized";
38 53
39use Coro::State; 54use Coro::State;
40 55
41use base Exporter; 56use base qw(Coro::State Exporter);
42 57
43$VERSION = 0.5; 58our $idle; # idle handler
59our $main; # main coroutine
60our $current; # current coroutine
44 61
62our $VERSION = '4.1';
63
45@EXPORT = qw(async cede schedule terminate current); 64our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub);
46%EXPORT_TAGS = ( 65our %EXPORT_TAGS = (
47 prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)], 66 prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)],
48); 67);
49@EXPORT_OK = @{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}; 68our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready));
50 69
51{ 70{
52 my @async; 71 my @async;
53 my $init; 72 my $init;
54 73
55 # this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;() 74 # this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;()
56 sub import { 75 sub import {
76 no strict 'refs';
77
57 Coro->export_to_level(1, @_); 78 Coro->export_to_level (1, @_);
79
58 my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE}; 80 my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE};
59 *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub { 81 *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub {
60 my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift); 82 my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift);
61 my @attrs; 83 my @attrs;
62 for (@_) { 84 for (@_) {
77 }; 99 };
78 } 100 }
79 101
80} 102}
81 103
104=over 4
105
82=item $main 106=item $main
83 107
84This coroutine represents the main program. 108This coroutine represents the main program.
85 109
86=cut 110=cut
87 111
88our $main = new Coro; 112$main = new Coro;
89 113
90=item $current (or as function: current) 114=item $current (or as function: current)
91 115
92The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value is C<$main> (of course). 116The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value
117is C<$main> (of course).
93 118
119This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance
120reasons. If performance is not essential you are encouraged to use the
121C<Coro::current> function instead.
122
94=cut 123=cut
124
125$main->{desc} = "[main::]";
95 126
96# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before... 127# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before...
97if ($current) {
98 $main->{specific} = $current->{specific}; 128$main->{_specific} = $current->{_specific}
99} 129 if $current;
100 130
101our $current = $main; 131_set_current $main;
102 132
103sub current() { $current } 133sub current() { $current }
104 134
105=item $idle 135=item $idle
106 136
107The coroutine to switch to when no other coroutine is running. The default 137A callback that is called whenever the scheduler finds no ready coroutines
108implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and exits. 138to run. The default implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and
139exits, because the program has no other way to continue.
109 140
110=cut 141This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and
142C<Coro::Event> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a
143coroutine so the scheduler can run it.
111 144
112# should be done using priorities :( 145Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event
113our $idle = new Coro sub { 146handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively itself.
114 print STDERR "FATAL: deadlock detected\n"; 147
115 exit(51); 148=cut
149
150$idle = sub {
151 require Carp;
152 Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected");
116}; 153};
154
155sub _cancel {
156 my ($self) = @_;
157
158 # free coroutine data and mark as destructed
159 $self->_destroy
160 or return;
161
162 # call all destruction callbacks
163 $_->(@{$self->{_status}})
164 for @{(delete $self->{_on_destroy}) || []};
165}
117 166
118# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine 167# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine
119# cannot destroy itself. 168# cannot destroy itself.
120my @destroy; 169my @destroy;
170my $manager;
171
121my $manager = new Coro sub { 172$manager = new Coro sub {
122 while() { 173 while () {
123 delete ((pop @destroy)->{_coro_state}) while @destroy; 174 (shift @destroy)->_cancel
175 while @destroy;
176
124 &schedule; 177 &schedule;
125 } 178 }
126}; 179};
180$manager->desc ("[coro manager]");
181$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX);
127 182
128# static methods. not really. 183# static methods. not really.
129 184
185=back
186
130=head2 STATIC METHODS 187=head2 STATIC METHODS
131 188
132Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current process only. 189Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current coroutine only.
133 190
134=over 4 191=over 4
135 192
136=item async { ... } [@args...] 193=item async { ... } [@args...]
137 194
138Create a new asynchronous process and return it's process object 195Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object
139(usually unused). When the sub returns the new process is automatically 196(usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically
140terminated. 197terminated.
198
199See the C<Coro::State::new> constructor for info about the coroutine
200environment in which coroutines run.
201
202Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will do the same as calling exit outside
203the coroutine. Likewise, when the coroutine dies, the program will exit,
204just as it would in the main program.
141 205
142 # create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments 206 # create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments
143 async { 207 async {
144 print "@_\n"; 208 print "@_\n";
145 } 1,2,3,4; 209 } 1,2,3,4;
146 210
147The coderef you submit MUST NOT be a closure that refers to variables
148in an outer scope. This does NOT work. Pass arguments into it instead.
149
150=cut 211=cut
151 212
152sub async(&@) { 213sub async(&@) {
153 my $pid = new Coro @_; 214 my $coro = new Coro @_;
154 $manager->ready; # this ensures that the stack is cloned from the manager
155 $pid->ready; 215 $coro->ready;
156 $pid; 216 $coro
217}
218
219=item async_pool { ... } [@args...]
220
221Similar to C<async>, but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not call
222terminate or join (although you are allowed to), and you get a coroutine
223that might have executed other code already (which can be good or bad :).
224
225Also, the block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be
226issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as
227C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy>
228will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel,
229which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling.
230
231The priority will be reset to C<0> after each job, tracing will be
232disabled, the description will be reset and the default output filehandle
233gets restored, so you can change alkl these. Otherwise the coroutine will
234be re-used "as-is": most notably if you change other per-coroutine global
235stuff such as C<$/> you need to revert that change, which is most simply
236done by using local as in C< local $/ >.
237
238The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted by
239changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle coros as
240required.
241
242If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a
243single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool
244{ terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In
245addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 16kb
246(adjustable with $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also exit.
247
248=cut
249
250our $POOL_SIZE = 8;
251our $POOL_RSS = 16 * 1024;
252our @async_pool;
253
254sub pool_handler {
255 my $cb;
256
257 while () {
258 eval {
259 while () {
260 _pool_1 $cb;
261 &$cb;
262 _pool_2 $cb;
263 &schedule;
264 }
265 };
266
267 last if $@ eq "\3async_pool terminate\2\n";
268 warn $@ if $@;
269 }
270}
271
272sub async_pool(&@) {
273 # this is also inlined into the unlock_scheduler
274 my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler;
275
276 $coro->{_invoke} = [@_];
277 $coro->ready;
278
279 $coro
157} 280}
158 281
159=item schedule 282=item schedule
160 283
161Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current process will not be put 284Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not be put
162into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will 285into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will
163never be called again. 286never be called again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls
287ready.
164 288
165=cut 289The canonical way to wait on external events is this:
290
291 {
292 # remember current coroutine
293 my $current = $Coro::current;
294
295 # register a hypothetical event handler
296 on_event_invoke sub {
297 # wake up sleeping coroutine
298 $current->ready;
299 undef $current;
300 };
301
302 # call schedule until event occurred.
303 # in case we are woken up for other reasons
304 # (current still defined), loop.
305 Coro::schedule while $current;
306 }
166 307
167=item cede 308=item cede
168 309
169"Cede" to other processes. This function puts the current process into the 310"Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the
170ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the 311ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the
171current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority. 312current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority.
172 313
173=cut 314Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.
174 315
316=item Coro::cede_notself
317
318Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to any
319coroutine, regardless of priority, once.
320
321Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.
322
175=item terminate 323=item terminate [arg...]
176 324
177Terminates the current process. 325Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>).
178 326
179Future versions of this function will allow result arguments. 327=item killall
328
329Kills/terminates/cancels all coroutines except the currently running
330one. This is useful after a fork, either in the child or the parent, as
331usually only one of them should inherit the running coroutines.
180 332
181=cut 333=cut
182 334
183sub terminate { 335sub terminate {
184 $current->cancel; 336 $current->cancel (@_);
185 &schedule; 337}
186 die; # NORETURN 338
339sub killall {
340 for (Coro::State::list) {
341 $_->cancel
342 if $_ != $current && UNIVERSAL::isa $_, "Coro";
343 }
187} 344}
188 345
189=back 346=back
190 347
191# dynamic methods 348# dynamic methods
192 349
193=head2 PROCESS METHODS 350=head2 COROUTINE METHODS
194 351
195These are the methods you can call on process objects. 352These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects.
196 353
197=over 4 354=over 4
198 355
199=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...] 356=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...]
200 357
201Create a new process and return it. When the sub returns the process 358Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine
202automatically terminates. To start the process you must first put it into 359automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were
360called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue
203the ready queue by calling the ready method. 361by calling the ready method.
204 362
205The coderef you submit MUST NOT be a closure that refers to variables 363See C<async> and C<Coro::State::new> for additional info about the
206in an outer scope. This does NOT work. Pass arguments into it instead. 364coroutine environment.
207 365
208=cut 366=cut
209 367
210sub _newcoro { 368sub _run_coro {
211 terminate &{+shift}; 369 terminate &{+shift};
212} 370}
213 371
214sub new { 372sub new {
215 my $class = shift; 373 my $class = shift;
216 bless {
217 _coro_state => (new Coro::State $_[0] && \&_newcoro, @_),
218 }, $class;
219}
220 374
221=item $process->ready 375 $class->SUPER::new (\&_run_coro, @_)
376}
222 377
223Put the current process into the ready queue. 378=item $success = $coroutine->ready
224 379
225=cut 380Put the given coroutine into the ready queue (according to it's priority)
381and return true. If the coroutine is already in the ready queue, do nothing
382and return false.
226 383
227=item $process->cancel 384=item $is_ready = $coroutine->is_ready
228 385
229Like C<terminate>, but terminates the specified process instead. 386Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not,
387
388=item $coroutine->cancel (arg...)
389
390Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as
391status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the coroutine is the
392current coroutine.
230 393
231=cut 394=cut
232 395
233sub cancel { 396sub cancel {
397 my $self = shift;
398 $self->{_status} = [@_];
399
400 if ($current == $self) {
234 push @destroy, $_[0]; 401 push @destroy, $self;
235 $manager->ready; 402 $manager->ready;
236 &schedule if $current == $_[0]; 403 &schedule while 1;
404 } else {
405 $self->_cancel;
406 }
237} 407}
238 408
409=item $coroutine->join
410
411Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the
412C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called concurrently
413from multiple coroutines.
414
415=cut
416
417sub join {
418 my $self = shift;
419
420 unless ($self->{_status}) {
421 my $current = $current;
422
423 push @{$self->{_on_destroy}}, sub {
424 $current->ready;
425 undef $current;
426 };
427
428 &schedule while $current;
429 }
430
431 wantarray ? @{$self->{_status}} : $self->{_status}[0];
432}
433
434=item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb)
435
436Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed,
437but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments,
438if any.
439
440=cut
441
442sub on_destroy {
443 my ($self, $cb) = @_;
444
445 push @{ $self->{_on_destroy} }, $cb;
446}
447
239=item $oldprio = $process->prio($newprio) 448=item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio)
240 449
241Sets the priority of the process. Higher priority processes get run before 450Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the
242lower priority processes. Priorities are smalled signed integer (currently 451coroutine. Higher priority coroutines get run before lower priority
452coroutines. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3),
243-4 .. +3), that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import 453that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio
244tag :prio to get then): 454to get then):
245 455
246 PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN 456 PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN
247 3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4 457 3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4
248 458
249 # set priority to HIGH 459 # set priority to HIGH
250 current->prio(PRIO_HIGH); 460 current->prio(PRIO_HIGH);
251 461
252The idle coroutine ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any 462The idle coroutine ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any
253existing coroutine. 463existing coroutine.
254 464
255Changing the priority of the current process will take effect immediately, 465Changing the priority of the current coroutine will take effect immediately,
256but changing the priority of processes in the ready queue (but not 466but changing the priority of coroutines in the ready queue (but not
257running) will only take effect after the next schedule (of that 467running) will only take effect after the next schedule (of that
258process). This is a bug that will be fixed in some future version. 468coroutine). This is a bug that will be fixed in some future version.
259 469
260=cut
261
262sub prio {
263 my $old = $_[0]{prio};
264 $_[0]{prio} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
265 $old;
266}
267
268=item $newprio = $process->nice($change) 470=item $newprio = $coroutine->nice ($change)
269 471
270Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e. 472Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e.
271higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix). 473higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix).
272 474
273=cut 475=item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc)
274 476
275sub nice { 477Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this
276 $_[0]{prio} -= $_[1]; 478coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine.
479
480This method simply sets the C<< $coroutine->{desc} >> member to the given string. You
481can modify this member directly if you wish.
482
483=item $coroutine->throw ([$scalar])
484
485If C<$throw> is specified and defined, it will be thrown as an exception
486inside the coroutine at the next convinient point in time (usually after
487it gains control at the next schedule/transfer/cede). Otherwise clears the
488exception object.
489
490The exception object will be thrown "as is" with the specified scalar in
491C<$@>, i.e. if it is a string, no line number or newline will be appended
492(unlike with C<die>).
493
494This can be used as a softer means than C<cancel> to ask a coroutine to
495end itself, although there is no guarentee that the exception will lead to
496termination, and if the exception isn't caught it might well end the whole
497program.
498
499=cut
500
501sub desc {
502 my $old = $_[0]{desc};
503 $_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
504 $old;
277} 505}
278 506
279=back 507=back
280 508
509=head2 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
510
511=over 4
512
513=item Coro::nready
514
515Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state,
516i.e. that can be switched to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable
517coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect,
518and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler
519that wakes up some coroutines.
520
521=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... }
522
523This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the object
524gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument will be
525executed. This is useful to free locks or other resources in case of a
526runtime error or when the coroutine gets canceled, as in both cases the
527guard block will be executed. The guard object supports only one method,
528C<< ->cancel >>, which will keep the codeblock from being executed.
529
530Example: set some flag and clear it again when the coroutine gets canceled
531or the function returns:
532
533 sub do_something {
534 my $guard = Coro::guard { $busy = 0 };
535 $busy = 1;
536
537 # do something that requires $busy to be true
538 }
539
540=cut
541
542sub guard(&) {
543 bless \(my $cb = $_[0]), "Coro::guard"
544}
545
546sub Coro::guard::cancel {
547 ${$_[0]} = sub { };
548}
549
550sub Coro::guard::DESTROY {
551 ${$_[0]}->();
552}
553
554
555=item unblock_sub { ... }
556
557This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it,
558returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return
559immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code
560ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine.
561
562The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the
563venerable L<Event|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form
564of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks,
565otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse.
566
567This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another
568coroutine where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy
569is when you use the L<Coro::AIO|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to
570disk.
571
572In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when
573creating event callbacks that want to block.
574
575=cut
576
577our @unblock_queue;
578
579# we create a special coro because we want to cede,
580# to reduce pressure on the coro pool (because most callbacks
581# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede
582# inside an event callback.
583our $unblock_scheduler = new Coro sub {
584 while () {
585 while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) {
586 # this is an inlined copy of async_pool
587 my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler;
588
589 $coro->{_invoke} = $cb;
590 $coro->ready;
591 cede; # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool
592 }
593 schedule; # sleep well
594 }
595};
596$unblock_scheduler->desc ("[unblock_sub scheduler]");
597
598sub unblock_sub(&) {
599 my $cb = shift;
600
601 sub {
602 unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_];
603 $unblock_scheduler->ready;
604 }
605}
606
607=back
608
281=cut 609=cut
282 610
2831; 6111;
284 612
285=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS 613=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS
286 614
287 - you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global destruction. 615 - you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global
288 very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults). 616 destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults).
617
289 - this module is not thread-safe. You must only ever use this module from 618 - this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module
290 the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future to 619 from the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future
291 allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow this). 620 to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow
621 this).
292 622
293=head1 SEE ALSO 623=head1 SEE ALSO
294 624
295L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Cont>, L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, 625Lower level Configuration, Coroutine Environment: L<Coro::State>.
296L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::State>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::RWLock>, 626
297L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>. 627Debugging: L<Coro::Debug>.
628
629Support/Utility: L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::Util>.
630
631Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>.
632
633Event/IO: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>.
634
635Compatibility: L<Coro::LWP>, L<Coro::Storable>, L<Coro::Select>.
636
637Embedding: L<Coro:MakeMaker>.
298 638
299=head1 AUTHOR 639=head1 AUTHOR
300 640
301 Marc Lehmann <pcg@goof.com> 641 Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
302 http://www.goof.com/pcg/marc/ 642 http://home.schmorp.de/
303 643
304=cut 644=cut
305 645

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