[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/Coro/Coro.pm

Comparing Coro/Coro.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.20 by root, Sat Jul 21 18:21:45 2001 UTC vs.
Revision 1.108 by root, Fri Jan 5 20:00:49 2007 UTC

…		…
8		8
9	async {	9	async {
10	# some asynchronous thread of execution	10	# some asynchronous thread of execution
11	};	11	};
12		12
13	# alternatively create an async process like this:	13	# alternatively create an async coroutine like this:
14		14
15	sub some_func : Coro {	15	sub some_func : Coro {
16	# some more async code	16	# some more async code
17	}	17	}
18		18
19	yield;	19	cede;
20		20
21	=head1 DESCRIPTION	21	=head1 DESCRIPTION
22		22
23	This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar to	23	This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar
24	Threads but don't run in parallel.	24	to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP
		25	machines. The specific flavor of coroutine use din this module also
		26	guarentees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless
		27	necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and
		28	parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much
		29	safer than threads programming.
25		30
26	This module is still experimental, see the BUGS section below.	31	(Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a
		32	very slow and memory-intensive emulation of processes using threads. This
		33	is a performance win on Windows machines, and a loss everywhere else).
27		34
28	In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables	35	In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables +
29	+ @_ + $_ + $@ + $^W), that is, a coroutine has it's own callchain, it's	36	@_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own callchain,
30	own set of lexicals and it's own set of perl's most important global	37	its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global
31	variables.	38	variables.
32		39
33	=cut	40	=cut
34		41
35	package Coro;	42	package Coro;
36		43
		44	use strict;
		45	no warnings "uninitialized";
		46
37	use Coro::State;	47	use Coro::State;
38		48
39	use base Exporter;	49	use base qw(Coro::State Exporter);
40		50
41	$VERSION = 0.10;	51	our $idle; # idle handler
		52	our $main; # main coroutine
		53	our $current; # current coroutine
42		54
		55	our $VERSION = '3.3';
		56
43	@EXPORT = qw(async yield schedule terminate current);	57	our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub);
44	@EXPORT_OK = qw($current);	58	our %EXPORT_TAGS = (
		59	prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)],
		60	);
		61	our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready));
45		62
46	{	63	{
47	my @async;	64	my @async;
		65	my $init;
48		66
49	# this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;()	67	# this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;()
50	sub import {	68	sub import {
		69	no strict 'refs';
		70
51	Coro->export_to_level(1, @_);	71	Coro->export_to_level (1, @_);
		72
52	my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE};	73	my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE};
53	*{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub {	74	*{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub {
54	my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift);	75	my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift);
55	my @attrs;	76	my @attrs;
56	for (@_) {	77	for (@_) {
57	if ($_ eq "Coro") {	78	if ($_ eq "Coro") {
58	push @async, $ref;	79	push @async, $ref;
		80	unless ($init++) {
		81	eval q{
		82	sub INIT {
		83	&async(pop @async) while @async;
		84	}
		85	};
		86	}
59	} else {	87	} else {
60	push @attrs, $_;	88	push @attrs, $_;
61	}	89	}
62	}	90	}
63	return $old ? $old->($package, $ref, @attrs) : @attrs;	91	return $old ? $old->($package, $ref, @attrs) : @attrs;
64	};	92	};
65	}	93	}
66		94
67	sub INIT {
68	&async(pop @async) while @async;
69	}
70	}	95	}
		96
		97	=over 4
71		98
72	=item $main	99	=item $main
73		100
74	This coroutine represents the main program.	101	This coroutine represents the main program.
75		102
76	=cut	103	=cut
77		104
78	our $main = new Coro;	105	$main = new Coro;
79		106
80	=item $current (or as function: current)	107	=item $current (or as function: current)
81		108
82	The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value is C<$main> (of course).	109	The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value
		110	is C<$main> (of course).
		111
		112	This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance
		113	reasons. If performance is not essentiel you are encouraged to use the
		114	C<Coro::current> function instead.
83		115
84	=cut	116	=cut
85		117
86	# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before...	118	# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before...
87	if ($current) {
88	$main->{specific} = $current->{specific};	119	$main->{specific} = $current->{specific}
89	}	120	if $current;
90		121
91	our $current = $main;	122	_set_current $main;
92		123
93	sub current() { $current }	124	sub current() { $current }
94		125
95	=item $idle	126	=item $idle
96		127
97	The coroutine to switch to when no other coroutine is running. The default	128	A callback that is called whenever the scheduler finds no ready coroutines
98	implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and exits.	129	to run. The default implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and
		130	exits, because the program has no other way to continue.
99		131
100	=cut	132	This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and
		133	C<Coro::Event> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a
		134	coroutine so the scheduler can run it.
101		135
102	# should be done using priorities :(	136	Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event
103	our $idle = new Coro sub {	137	handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively.
104	print STDERR "FATAL: deadlock detected\n";	138
105	exit(51);	139	=cut
		140
		141	$idle = sub {
		142	require Carp;
		143	Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected");
106	};	144	};
107		145
108	# we really need priorities...	146	sub _cancel {
109	my @ready; # the ready queue. hehe, rather broken ;)	147	my ($self) = @_;
		148
		149	# free coroutine data and mark as destructed
		150	$self->_destroy
		151	or return;
		152
		153	# call all destruction callbacks
		154	$_->(@{$self->{status}})
		155	for @{(delete $self->{destroy_cb}) \|\| []};
		156	}
		157
		158	# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine
		159	# cannot destroy itself.
		160	my @destroy;
		161	my $manager;
		162
		163	$manager = new Coro sub {
		164	while () {
		165	(shift @destroy)->_cancel
		166	while @destroy;
		167
		168	&schedule;
		169	}
		170	};
		171
		172	$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX);
110		173
111	# static methods. not really.	174	# static methods. not really.
112		175
		176	=back
		177
113	=head2 STATIC METHODS	178	=head2 STATIC METHODS
114		179
115	Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current process only.	180	Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current coroutine only.
116		181
117	=over 4	182	=over 4
118		183
119	=item async { ... } [@args...]	184	=item async { ... } [@args...]
120		185
121	Create a new asynchronous process and return it's process object	186	Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object
122	(usually unused). When the sub returns the new process is automatically	187	(usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically
123	terminated.	188	terminated.
		189
		190	Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will not work correctly, so do not do that.
		191
		192	When the coroutine dies, the program will exit, just as in the main
		193	program.
124		194
125	# create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments	195	# create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments
126	async {	196	async {
127	print "@_\n";	197	print "@_\n";
128	} 1,2,3,4;	198	} 1,2,3,4;
129		199
130	The coderef you submit MUST NOT be a closure that refers to variables
131	in an outer scope. This does NOT work. Pass arguments into it instead.
132
133	=cut	200	=cut
134		201
135	sub async(&@) {	202	sub async(&@) {
136	my $pid = new Coro @_;	203	my $coro = new Coro @_;
137	$pid->ready;	204	$coro->ready;
138	$pid;	205	$coro
		206	}
		207
		208	=item async_pool { ... } [@args...]
		209
		210	Similar to C<async>, but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not call
		211	terminate or join (although you are allowed to), and you get a coroutine
		212	that might have executed other code already (which can be good or bad :).
		213
		214	Also, the block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be
		215	issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as
		216	C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy>
		217	will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel,
		218	which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling.
		219
		220	The priority will be reset to C<0> after each job, otherwise the coroutine
		221	will be re-used "as-is".
		222
		223	The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted by
		224	changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle coros as
		225	required.
		226
		227	If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a
		228	single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool {
		229	terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool.
		230
		231	=cut
		232
		233	our $POOL_SIZE = 8;
		234	our @pool;
		235
		236	sub pool_handler {
		237	while () {
		238	my ($cb, @arg) = @{ delete $current->{_invoke} };
		239
		240	eval {
		241	$cb->(@arg);
		242	};
		243	warn $@ if $@;
		244
		245	last if @pool >= $POOL_SIZE;
		246	push @pool, $current;
		247
		248	$current->prio (0);
		249	schedule;
		250	}
		251	}
		252
		253	sub async_pool(&@) {
		254	# this is also inlined into the unlock_scheduler
		255	my $coro = (pop @pool or new Coro \&pool_handler);
		256
		257	$coro->{_invoke} = [@_];
		258	$coro->ready;
		259
		260	$coro
139	}	261	}
140		262
141	=item schedule	263	=item schedule
142		264
143	Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current process will not be put	265	Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not be put
144	into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will	266	into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will
145	never be called again.	267	never be called again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls
		268	ready.
146		269
147	=cut	270	The canonical way to wait on external events is this:
148		271
149	my $prev;	272	{
		273	# remember current coroutine
		274	my $current = $Coro::current;
150		275
151	sub schedule {	276	# register a hypothetical event handler
152	# should be done using priorities :(	277	on_event_invoke sub {
153	($prev, $current) = ($current, shift @ready \|\| $idle);	278	# wake up sleeping coroutine
154	Coro::State::transfer($prev, $current);
155	}
156
157	=item yield
158
159	Yield to other processes. This function puts the current process into the
160	ready queue and calls C<schedule>.
161
162	=cut
163
164	sub yield {
165	$current->ready;	279	$current->ready;
166	&schedule;	280	undef $current;
167	}	281	};
168		282
		283	# call schedule until event occured.
		284	# in case we are woken up for other reasons
		285	# (current still defined), loop.
		286	Coro::schedule while $current;
		287	}
		288
		289	=item cede
		290
		291	"Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the
		292	ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the
		293	current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority.
		294
		295	Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.
		296
		297	=item Coro::cede_notself
		298
		299	Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to any
		300	coroutine, regardless of priority, once.
		301
		302	Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.
		303
169	=item terminate	304	=item terminate [arg...]
170		305
171	Terminates the current process.	306	Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>).
172
173	Future versions of this function will allow result arguments.
174		307
175	=cut	308	=cut
176		309
177	sub terminate {	310	sub terminate {
178	$current->{_results} = [@_];	311	$current->cancel (@_);
179	&schedule;
180	}	312	}
181		313
182	=back	314	=back
183		315
184	# dynamic methods	316	# dynamic methods
185		317
186	=head2 PROCESS METHODS	318	=head2 COROUTINE METHODS
187		319
188	These are the methods you can call on process objects.	320	These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects.
189		321
190	=over 4	322	=over 4
191		323
192	=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...]	324	=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...]
193		325
194	Create a new process and return it. When the sub returns the process	326	Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine
195	automatically terminates. To start the process you must first put it into	327	automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were
		328	called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue
196	the ready queue by calling the ready method.	329	by calling the ready method.
197		330
198	The coderef you submit MUST NOT be a closure that refers to variables	331	Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will not work correctly, so do not do that.
199	in an outer scope. This does NOT work. Pass arguments into it instead.
200		332
201	=cut	333	=cut
202		334
203	sub _newcoro {	335	sub _run_coro {
204	terminate &{+shift};	336	terminate &{+shift};
205	}	337	}
206		338
207	sub new {	339	sub new {
208	my $class = shift;	340	my $class = shift;
209	bless {
210	_coro_state => (new Coro::State $_[0] && \&_newcoro, @_),
211	}, $class;
212	}
213		341
214	=item $process->ready	342	$class->SUPER::new (\&_run_coro, @_)
		343	}
215		344
216	Put the current process into the ready queue.	345	=item $success = $coroutine->ready
217		346
218	=cut	347	Put the given coroutine into the ready queue (according to it's priority)
		348	and return true. If the coroutine is already in the ready queue, do nothing
		349	and return false.
219		350
220	sub ready {	351	=item $is_ready = $coroutine->is_ready
221	push @ready, $_[0];	352
		353	Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not,
		354
		355	=item $coroutine->cancel (arg...)
		356
		357	Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as
		358	status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the coroutine is the
		359	current coroutine.
		360
		361	=cut
		362
		363	sub cancel {
		364	my $self = shift;
		365	$self->{status} = [@_];
		366
		367	if ($current == $self) {
		368	push @destroy, $self;
		369	$manager->ready;
		370	&schedule while 1;
		371	} else {
		372	$self->_cancel;
		373	}
		374	}
		375
		376	=item $coroutine->join
		377
		378	Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the
		379	C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called multiple times
		380	from multiple coroutine.
		381
		382	=cut
		383
		384	sub join {
		385	my $self = shift;
		386
		387	unless ($self->{status}) {
		388	my $current = $current;
		389
		390	push @{$self->{destroy_cb}}, sub {
		391	$current->ready;
		392	undef $current;
		393	};
		394
		395	&schedule while $current;
		396	}
		397
		398	wantarray ? @{$self->{status}} : $self->{status}[0];
		399	}
		400
		401	=item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb)
		402
		403	Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed,
		404	but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments,
		405	if any.
		406
		407	=cut
		408
		409	sub on_destroy {
		410	my ($self, $cb) = @_;
		411
		412	push @{ $self->{destroy_cb} }, $cb;
		413	}
		414
		415	=item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio)
		416
		417	Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the
		418	coroutine. Higher priority coroutines get run before lower priority
		419	coroutines. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3),
		420	that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio
		421	to get then):
		422
		423	PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN
		424	3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4
		425
		426	# set priority to HIGH
		427	current->prio(PRIO_HIGH);
		428
		429	The idle coroutine ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any
		430	existing coroutine.
		431
		432	Changing the priority of the current coroutine will take effect immediately,
		433	but changing the priority of coroutines in the ready queue (but not
		434	running) will only take effect after the next schedule (of that
		435	coroutine). This is a bug that will be fixed in some future version.
		436
		437	=item $newprio = $coroutine->nice ($change)
		438
		439	Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e.
		440	higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix).
		441
		442	=item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc)
		443
		444	Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this
		445	coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine.
		446
		447	=cut
		448
		449	sub desc {
		450	my $old = $_[0]{desc};
		451	$_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
		452	$old;
222	}	453	}
223		454
224	=back	455	=back
225		456
		457	=head2 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
		458
		459	=over 4
		460
		461	=item Coro::nready
		462
		463	Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state,
		464	i.e. that can be swicthed to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable
		465	coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect,
		466	and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler
		467	that wakes up some coroutines.
		468
		469	=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... }
		470
		471	This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the objetc
		472	gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument will be
		473	executed. This is useful to free locks or other resources in case of a
		474	runtime error or when the coroutine gets canceled, as in both cases the
		475	guard block will be executed. The guard object supports only one method,
		476	C<< ->cancel >>, which will keep the codeblock from being executed.
		477
		478	Example: set some flag and clear it again when the coroutine gets canceled
		479	or the function returns:
		480
		481	sub do_something {
		482	my $guard = Coro::guard { $busy = 0 };
		483	$busy = 1;
		484
		485	# do something that requires $busy to be true
		486	}
		487
		488	=cut
		489
		490	sub guard(&) {
		491	bless \(my $cb = $_[0]), "Coro::guard"
		492	}
		493
		494	sub Coro::guard::cancel {
		495	${$_[0]} = sub { };
		496	}
		497
		498	sub Coro::guard::DESTROY {
		499	${$_[0]}->();
		500	}
		501
		502
		503	=item unblock_sub { ... }
		504
		505	This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it,
		506	returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return
		507	immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code
		508	ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine.
		509
		510	The reason this fucntion exists is that many event libraries (such as the
		511	venerable L<Event\|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form
		512	of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks,
		513	otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse.
		514
		515	This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another
		516	coroutine where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy
		517	is when you use the L<Coro::AIO\|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to
		518	disk.
		519
		520	In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when
		521	creating event callbacks that want to block.
		522
		523	=cut
		524
		525	our @unblock_queue;
		526
		527	# we create a special coro because we want to cede,
		528	# to reduce pressure on the coro pool (because most callbacks
		529	# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede
		530	# inside an event callback.
		531	our $unblock_scheduler = async {
		532	while () {
		533	while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) {
		534	# this is an inlined copy of async_pool
		535	my $coro = (pop @pool or new Coro \&pool_handler);
		536
		537	$coro->{_invoke} = $cb;
		538	$coro->ready;
		539	cede; # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool
		540	}
		541	schedule; # sleep well
		542	}
		543	};
		544
		545	sub unblock_sub(&) {
		546	my $cb = shift;
		547
		548	sub {
		549	unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_];
		550	$unblock_scheduler->ready;
		551	}
		552	}
		553
		554	=back
		555
226	=cut	556	=cut
227		557
228	1;	558	1;
229		559
230	=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS	560	=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS
231		561
232	- could be faster, especially when the core would introduce special	562	- you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global
233	support for coroutines (like it does for threads).	563	destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults).
234	- there is still a memleak on coroutine termination that I could not	564
235	identify. Could be as small as a single SV.
236	- this module is not well-tested.
237	- if variables or arguments "disappear" (become undef) or become
238	corrupted please contact the author so he cen iron out the
239	remaining bugs.
240	- this module is not thread-safe. You must only ever use this module from	565	- this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module
241	the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future to	566	from the same thread (this requirement might be losened in the future
242	allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow this).	567	to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow
		568	this).
243		569
244	=head1 SEE ALSO	570	=head1 SEE ALSO
245		571
246	L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Cont>, L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::Semaphore>,	572	Support/Utility: L<Coro::Cont>, L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::State>, L<Coro::Util>.
247	L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::State>, L<Coro::Event>.	573
		574	Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>.
		575
		576	Event/IO: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>, L<Coro::Select>.
		577
		578	Embedding: L<Coro:MakeMaker>
248		579
249	=head1 AUTHOR	580	=head1 AUTHOR
250		581
251	Marc Lehmann <pcg@goof.com>	582	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
252	http://www.goof.com/pcg/marc/	583	http://home.schmorp.de/
253		584
254	=cut	585	=cut
255		586

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Comparing Coro/Coro.pm (file contents): Revision 1.20 by root, Sat Jul 21 18:21:45 2001 UTC vs. Revision 1.108 by root, Fri Jan 5 20:00:49 2007 UTC

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Comparing Coro/Coro.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.20 by root, Sat Jul 21 18:21:45 2001 UTC vs.
Revision 1.108 by root, Fri Jan 5 20:00:49 2007 UTC