[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/Coro/Coro.pm

Comparing Coro/Coro.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.108 by root, Fri Jan 5 20:00:49 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.276 by root, Wed Apr 14 01:56:02 2010 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	Coro - coroutine process abstraction	3	Coro - the only real threads in perl
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use Coro;	7	use Coro;
8		8
9	async {	9	async {
10	# some asynchronous thread of execution	10	# some asynchronous thread of execution
		11	print "2\n";
		12	cede; # yield back to main
		13	print "4\n";
11	};	14	};
12		15	print "1\n";
13	# alternatively create an async coroutine like this:	16	cede; # yield to coro
14		17	print "3\n";
15	sub some_func : Coro {	18	cede; # and again
16	# some more async code	19
17	}	20	# use locking
18		21	use Coro::Semaphore;
19	cede;	22	my $lock = new Coro::Semaphore;
		23	my $locked;
		24
		25	$lock->down;
		26	$locked = 1;
		27	$lock->up;
20		28
21	=head1 DESCRIPTION	29	=head1 DESCRIPTION
22		30
23	This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar	31	For a tutorial-style introduction, please read the L<Coro::Intro>
24	to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP	32	manpage. This manpage mainly contains reference information.
25	machines. The specific flavor of coroutine use din this module also
26	guarentees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless
27	necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and
28	parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much
29	safer than threads programming.
30		33
31	(Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a	34	This module collection manages continuations in general, most often in
32	very slow and memory-intensive emulation of processes using threads. This	35	the form of cooperative threads (also called coros, or simply "coro"
33	is a performance win on Windows machines, and a loss everywhere else).	36	in the documentation). They are similar to kernel threads but don't (in
		37	general) run in parallel at the same time even on SMP machines. The
		38	specific flavor of thread offered by this module also guarantees you that
		39	it will not switch between threads unless necessary, at easily-identified
		40	points in your program, so locking and parallel access are rarely an
		41	issue, making thread programming much safer and easier than using other
		42	thread models.
34		43
		44	Unlike the so-called "Perl threads" (which are not actually real threads
		45	but only the windows process emulation (see section of same name for more
		46	details) ported to unix, and as such act as processes), Coro provides
		47	a full shared address space, which makes communication between threads
		48	very easy. And Coro's threads are fast, too: disabling the Windows
		49	process emulation code in your perl and using Coro can easily result in
		50	a two to four times speed increase for your programs. A parallel matrix
		51	multiplication benchmark runs over 300 times faster on a single core than
		52	perl's pseudo-threads on a quad core using all four cores.
		53
		54	Coro achieves that by supporting multiple running interpreters that share
		55	data, which is especially useful to code pseudo-parallel processes and
		56	for event-based programming, such as multiple HTTP-GET requests running
		57	concurrently. See L<Coro::AnyEvent> to learn more on how to integrate Coro
		58	into an event-based environment.
		59
35	In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables +	60	In this module, a thread is defined as "callchain + lexical variables +
36	@_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own callchain,	61	some package variables + C stack), that is, a thread has its own callchain,
37	its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global	62	its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global
38	variables.	63	variables (see L<Coro::State> for more configuration and background info).
		64
		65	See also the C<SEE ALSO> section at the end of this document - the Coro
		66	module family is quite large.
39		67
40	=cut	68	=cut
41		69
42	package Coro;	70	package Coro;
43		71
44	use strict;	72	use common::sense;
45	no warnings "uninitialized";	73
		74	use Carp ();
		75
		76	use Guard ();
46		77
47	use Coro::State;	78	use Coro::State;
48		79
49	use base qw(Coro::State Exporter);	80	use base qw(Coro::State Exporter);
50		81
51	our $idle; # idle handler	82	our $idle; # idle handler
52	our $main; # main coroutine	83	our $main; # main coro
53	our $current; # current coroutine	84	our $current; # current coro
54		85
55	our $VERSION = '3.3';	86	our $VERSION = 5.22;
56		87
57	our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub);	88	our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub rouse_cb rouse_wait);
58	our %EXPORT_TAGS = (	89	our %EXPORT_TAGS = (
59	prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)],	90	prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)],
60	);	91	);
61	our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready));	92	our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready));
62		93
63	{	94	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES
64	my @async;
65	my $init;
66
67	# this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;()
68	sub import {
69	no strict 'refs';
70
71	Coro->export_to_level (1, @_);
72
73	my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE};
74	*{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub {
75	my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift);
76	my @attrs;
77	for (@_) {
78	if ($_ eq "Coro") {
79	push @async, $ref;
80	unless ($init++) {
81	eval q{
82	sub INIT {
83	&async(pop @async) while @async;
84	}
85	};
86	}
87	} else {
88	push @attrs, $_;
89	}
90	}
91	return $old ? $old->($package, $ref, @attrs) : @attrs;
92	};
93	}
94
95	}
96		95
97	=over 4	96	=over 4
98		97
99	=item $main	98	=item $Coro::main
100		99
101	This coroutine represents the main program.	100	This variable stores the Coro object that represents the main
		101	program. While you cna C<ready> it and do most other things you can do to
		102	coro, it is mainly useful to compare again C<$Coro::current>, to see
		103	whether you are running in the main program or not.
102		104
103	=cut	105	=cut
104		106
105	$main = new Coro;	107	# $main is now being initialised by Coro::State
106		108
107	=item $current (or as function: current)	109	=item $Coro::current
108		110
109	The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value	111	The Coro object representing the current coro (the last
		112	coro that the Coro scheduler switched to). The initial value is
110	is C<$main> (of course).	113	C<$Coro::main> (of course).
111		114
112	This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance	115	This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. You can take copies of the
113	reasons. If performance is not essentiel you are encouraged to use the	116	value stored in it and use it as any other Coro object, but you must
114	C<Coro::current> function instead.	117	not otherwise modify the variable itself.
115		118
116	=cut	119	=cut
117		120
118	# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before...
119	$main->{specific} = $current->{specific}
120	if $current;
121
122	_set_current $main;
123
124	sub current() { $current }	121	sub current() { $current } # [DEPRECATED]
125		122
126	=item $idle	123	=item $Coro::idle
127		124
128	A callback that is called whenever the scheduler finds no ready coroutines	125	This variable is mainly useful to integrate Coro into event loops. It is
		126	usually better to rely on L<Coro::AnyEvent> or L<Coro::EV>, as this is
		127	pretty low-level functionality.
		128
		129	This variable stores a Coro object that is put into the ready queue when
		130	there are no other ready threads (without invoking any ready hooks).
		131
129	to run. The default implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and	132	The default implementation dies with "FATAL: deadlock detected.", followed
130	exits, because the program has no other way to continue.	133	by a thread listing, because the program has no other way to continue.
131		134
132	This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and	135	This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::EV> and
133	C<Coro::Event> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a	136	C<Coro::AnyEvent> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a
134	coroutine so the scheduler can run it.	137	coro so the scheduler can run it.
135		138
136	Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event	139	See L<Coro::EV> or L<Coro::AnyEvent> for examples of using this technique.
137	handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively.
138		140
139	=cut	141	=cut
140		142
141	$idle = sub {	143	# \|\|= because other modules could have provided their own by now
142	require Carp;	144	$idle \|\|= new Coro sub {
143	Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected");	145	require Coro::Debug;
		146	die "FATAL: deadlock detected.\n"
		147	. Coro::Debug::ps_listing ();
144	};	148	};
145		149
146	sub _cancel {
147	my ($self) = @_;
148
149	# free coroutine data and mark as destructed
150	$self->_destroy
151	or return;
152
153	# call all destruction callbacks
154	$_->(@{$self->{status}})
155	for @{(delete $self->{destroy_cb}) \|\| []};
156	}
157
158	# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine	150	# this coro is necessary because a coro
159	# cannot destroy itself.	151	# cannot destroy itself.
160	my @destroy;	152	our @destroy;
161	my $manager;	153	our $manager;
162		154
163	$manager = new Coro sub {	155	$manager = new Coro sub {
164	while () {	156	while () {
165	(shift @destroy)->_cancel	157	Coro::State::cancel shift @destroy
166	while @destroy;	158	while @destroy;
167		159
168	&schedule;	160	&schedule;
169	}	161	}
170	};	162	};
171		163	$manager->{desc} = "[coro manager]";
172	$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX);	164	$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX);
173		165
174	# static methods. not really.
175
176	=back	166	=back
177		167
178	=head2 STATIC METHODS	168	=head1 SIMPLE CORO CREATION
179
180	Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current coroutine only.
181		169
182	=over 4	170	=over 4
183		171
184	=item async { ... } [@args...]	172	=item async { ... } [@args...]
185		173
186	Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object	174	Create a new coro and return its Coro object (usually
187	(usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically	175	unused). The coro will be put into the ready queue, so
		176	it will start running automatically on the next scheduler run.
		177
		178	The first argument is a codeblock/closure that should be executed in the
		179	coro. When it returns argument returns the coro is automatically
188	terminated.	180	terminated.
189		181
190	Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will not work correctly, so do not do that.	182	The remaining arguments are passed as arguments to the closure.
191		183
192	When the coroutine dies, the program will exit, just as in the main	184	See the C<Coro::State::new> constructor for info about the coro
193	program.	185	environment in which coro are executed.
194		186
		187	Calling C<exit> in a coro will do the same as calling exit outside
		188	the coro. Likewise, when the coro dies, the program will exit,
		189	just as it would in the main program.
		190
		191	If you do not want that, you can provide a default C<die> handler, or
		192	simply avoid dieing (by use of C<eval>).
		193
195	# create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments	194	Example: Create a new coro that just prints its arguments.
		195
196	async {	196	async {
197	print "@_\n";	197	print "@_\n";
198	} 1,2,3,4;	198	} 1,2,3,4;
199		199
200	=cut
201
202	sub async(&@) {
203	my $coro = new Coro @_;
204	$coro->ready;
205	$coro
206	}
207
208	=item async_pool { ... } [@args...]	200	=item async_pool { ... } [@args...]
209		201
210	Similar to C<async>, but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not call	202	Similar to C<async>, but uses a coro pool, so you should not call
211	terminate or join (although you are allowed to), and you get a coroutine	203	terminate or join on it (although you are allowed to), and you get a
212	that might have executed other code already (which can be good or bad :).	204	coro that might have executed other code already (which can be good
		205	or bad :).
213		206
		207	On the plus side, this function is about twice as fast as creating (and
		208	destroying) a completely new coro, so if you need a lot of generic
		209	coros in quick successsion, use C<async_pool>, not C<async>.
		210
214	Also, the block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be	211	The code block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be
215	issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as	212	issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as
216	C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy>	213	C<async> does. As the coro is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy>
217	will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel,	214	will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel,
218	which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling.	215	which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling (but is fine in the
		216	exceptional case).
219		217
220	The priority will be reset to C<0> after each job, otherwise the coroutine	218	The priority will be reset to C<0> after each run, tracing will be
221	will be re-used "as-is".	219	disabled, the description will be reset and the default output filehandle
		220	gets restored, so you can change all these. Otherwise the coro will
		221	be re-used "as-is": most notably if you change other per-coro global
		222	stuff such as C<$/> you I<must needs> revert that change, which is most
		223	simply done by using local as in: C<< local $/ >>.
222		224
223	The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted by	225	The idle pool size is limited to C<8> idle coros (this can be
224	changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle coros as	226	adjusted by changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), but there can be as many non-idle
225	required.	227	coros as required.
226		228
227	If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a	229	If you are concerned about pooled coros growing a lot because a
228	single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool {	230	single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool
229	terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool.	231	{ terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In
		232	addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 32kb
		233	(adjustable via $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also be destroyed.
230		234
231	=cut	235	=cut
232		236
233	our $POOL_SIZE = 8;	237	our $POOL_SIZE = 8;
		238	our $POOL_RSS = 32 * 1024;
234	our @pool;	239	our @async_pool;
235		240
236	sub pool_handler {	241	sub pool_handler {
237	while () {	242	while () {
238	my ($cb, @arg) = @{ delete $current->{_invoke} };
239
240	eval {	243	eval {
241	$cb->(@arg);	244	&{&_pool_handler} while 1;
242	};	245	};
		246
243	warn $@ if $@;	247	warn $@ if $@;
244
245	last if @pool >= $POOL_SIZE;
246	push @pool, $current;
247
248	$current->prio (0);
249	schedule;
250	}	248	}
251	}	249	}
252		250
253	sub async_pool(&@) {	251	=back
254	# this is also inlined into the unlock_scheduler
255	my $coro = (pop @pool or new Coro \&pool_handler);
256		252
257	$coro->{_invoke} = [@_];	253	=head1 STATIC METHODS
258	$coro->ready;
259		254
260	$coro	255	Static methods are actually functions that implicitly operate on the
		256	current coro.
		257
		258	=over 4
		259
		260	=item schedule
		261
		262	Calls the scheduler. The scheduler will find the next coro that is
		263	to be run from the ready queue and switches to it. The next coro
		264	to be run is simply the one with the highest priority that is longest
		265	in its ready queue. If there is no coro ready, it will call the
		266	C<$Coro::idle> hook.
		267
		268	Please note that the current coro will I<not> be put into the ready
		269	queue, so calling this function usually means you will never be called
		270	again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls C<< ->ready >>,
		271	thus waking you up.
		272
		273	This makes C<schedule> I<the> generic method to use to block the current
		274	coro and wait for events: first you remember the current coro in
		275	a variable, then arrange for some callback of yours to call C<< ->ready
		276	>> on that once some event happens, and last you call C<schedule> to put
		277	yourself to sleep. Note that a lot of things can wake your coro up,
		278	so you need to check whether the event indeed happened, e.g. by storing the
		279	status in a variable.
		280
		281	See B<HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK>, below, for some ways to wait for callbacks.
		282
		283	=item cede
		284
		285	"Cede" to other coros. This function puts the current coro into
		286	the ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving
		287	up the current "timeslice" to other coros of the same or higher
		288	priority. Once your coro gets its turn again it will automatically be
		289	resumed.
		290
		291	This function is often called C<yield> in other languages.
		292
		293	=item Coro::cede_notself
		294
		295	Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to I<any>
		296	coro, regardless of priority. This is useful sometimes to ensure
		297	progress is made.
		298
		299	=item terminate [arg...]
		300
		301	Terminates the current coro with the given status values (see L<cancel>).
		302
		303	=item Coro::on_enter BLOCK, Coro::on_leave BLOCK
		304
		305	These function install enter and leave winders in the current scope. The
		306	enter block will be executed when on_enter is called and whenever the
		307	current coro is re-entered by the scheduler, while the leave block is
		308	executed whenever the current coro is blocked by the scheduler, and
		309	also when the containing scope is exited (by whatever means, be it exit,
		310	die, last etc.).
		311
		312	I<Neither invoking the scheduler, nor exceptions, are allowed within those
		313	BLOCKs>. That means: do not even think about calling C<die> without an
		314	eval, and do not even think of entering the scheduler in any way.
		315
		316	Since both BLOCKs are tied to the current scope, they will automatically
		317	be removed when the current scope exits.
		318
		319	These functions implement the same concept as C<dynamic-wind> in scheme
		320	does, and are useful when you want to localise some resource to a specific
		321	coro.
		322
		323	They slow down thread switching considerably for coros that use them
		324	(about 40% for a BLOCK with a single assignment, so thread switching is
		325	still reasonably fast if the handlers are fast).
		326
		327	These functions are best understood by an example: The following function
		328	will change the current timezone to "Antarctica/South_Pole", which
		329	requires a call to C<tzset>, but by using C<on_enter> and C<on_leave>,
		330	which remember/change the current timezone and restore the previous
		331	value, respectively, the timezone is only changed for the coro that
		332	installed those handlers.
		333
		334	use POSIX qw(tzset);
		335
		336	async {
		337	my $old_tz; # store outside TZ value here
		338
		339	Coro::on_enter {
		340	$old_tz = $ENV{TZ}; # remember the old value
		341
		342	$ENV{TZ} = "Antarctica/South_Pole";
		343	tzset; # enable new value
		344	};
		345
		346	Coro::on_leave {
		347	$ENV{TZ} = $old_tz;
		348	tzset; # restore old value
		349	};
		350
		351	# at this place, the timezone is Antarctica/South_Pole,
		352	# without disturbing the TZ of any other coro.
		353	};
		354
		355	This can be used to localise about any resource (locale, uid, current
		356	working directory etc.) to a block, despite the existance of other
		357	coros.
		358
		359	Another interesting example implements time-sliced multitasking using
		360	interval timers (this could obviously be optimised, but does the job):
		361
		362	# "timeslice" the given block
		363	sub timeslice(&) {
		364	use Time::HiRes ();
		365
		366	Coro::on_enter {
		367	# on entering the thread, we set an VTALRM handler to cede
		368	$SIG{VTALRM} = sub { cede };
		369	# and then start the interval timer
		370	Time::HiRes::setitimer &Time::HiRes::ITIMER_VIRTUAL, 0.01, 0.01;
		371	};
		372	Coro::on_leave {
		373	# on leaving the thread, we stop the interval timer again
		374	Time::HiRes::setitimer &Time::HiRes::ITIMER_VIRTUAL, 0, 0;
		375	};
		376
		377	&{+shift};
		378	}
		379
		380	# use like this:
		381	timeslice {
		382	# The following is an endless loop that would normally
		383	# monopolise the process. Since it runs in a timesliced
		384	# environment, it will regularly cede to other threads.
		385	while () { }
		386	};
		387
		388
		389	=item killall
		390
		391	Kills/terminates/cancels all coros except the currently running one.
		392
		393	Note that while this will try to free some of the main interpreter
		394	resources if the calling coro isn't the main coro, but one
		395	cannot free all of them, so if a coro that is not the main coro
		396	calls this function, there will be some one-time resource leak.
		397
		398	=cut
		399
		400	sub killall {
		401	for (Coro::State::list) {
		402	$_->cancel
		403	if $_ != $current && UNIVERSAL::isa $_, "Coro";
		404	}
261	}	405	}
262		406
263	=item schedule	407	=back
264		408
265	Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not be put	409	=head1 CORO OBJECT METHODS
266	into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will
267	never be called again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls
268	ready.
269		410
270	The canonical way to wait on external events is this:	411	These are the methods you can call on coro objects (or to create
		412	them).
271		413
		414	=over 4
		415
		416	=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...]
		417
		418	Create a new coro and return it. When the sub returns, the coro
		419	automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were
		420	called. To make the coro run you must first put it into the ready
		421	queue by calling the ready method.
		422
		423	See C<async> and C<Coro::State::new> for additional info about the
		424	coro environment.
		425
		426	=cut
		427
		428	sub _coro_run {
		429	terminate &{+shift};
		430	}
		431
		432	=item $success = $coro->ready
		433
		434	Put the given coro into the end of its ready queue (there is one
		435	queue for each priority) and return true. If the coro is already in
		436	the ready queue, do nothing and return false.
		437
		438	This ensures that the scheduler will resume this coro automatically
		439	once all the coro of higher priority and all coro of the same
		440	priority that were put into the ready queue earlier have been resumed.
		441
		442	=item $coro->suspend
		443
		444	Suspends the specified coro. A suspended coro works just like any other
		445	coro, except that the scheduler will not select a suspended coro for
		446	execution.
		447
		448	Suspending a coro can be useful when you want to keep the coro from
		449	running, but you don't want to destroy it, or when you want to temporarily
		450	freeze a coro (e.g. for debugging) to resume it later.
		451
		452	A scenario for the former would be to suspend all (other) coros after a
		453	fork and keep them alive, so their destructors aren't called, but new
		454	coros can be created.
		455
		456	=item $coro->resume
		457
		458	If the specified coro was suspended, it will be resumed. Note that when
		459	the coro was in the ready queue when it was suspended, it might have been
		460	unreadied by the scheduler, so an activation might have been lost.
		461
		462	To avoid this, it is best to put a suspended coro into the ready queue
		463	unconditionally, as every synchronisation mechanism must protect itself
		464	against spurious wakeups, and the one in the Coro family certainly do
		465	that.
		466
		467	=item $is_ready = $coro->is_ready
		468
		469	Returns true iff the Coro object is in the ready queue. Unless the Coro
		470	object gets destroyed, it will eventually be scheduled by the scheduler.
		471
		472	=item $is_running = $coro->is_running
		473
		474	Returns true iff the Coro object is currently running. Only one Coro object
		475	can ever be in the running state (but it currently is possible to have
		476	multiple running Coro::States).
		477
		478	=item $is_suspended = $coro->is_suspended
		479
		480	Returns true iff this Coro object has been suspended. Suspended Coros will
		481	not ever be scheduled.
		482
		483	=item $coro->cancel (arg...)
		484
		485	Terminates the given Coro and makes it return the given arguments as
		486	status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the Coro is the
		487	current Coro.
		488
		489	=cut
		490
		491	sub cancel {
		492	my $self = shift;
		493
		494	if ($current == $self) {
		495	terminate @_;
		496	} else {
		497	$self->{_status} = [@_];
		498	Coro::State::cancel $self;
272	{	499	}
273	# remember current coroutine	500	}
		501
		502	=item $coro->schedule_to
		503
		504	Puts the current coro to sleep (like C<Coro::schedule>), but instead
		505	of continuing with the next coro from the ready queue, always switch to
		506	the given coro object (regardless of priority etc.). The readyness
		507	state of that coro isn't changed.
		508
		509	This is an advanced method for special cases - I'd love to hear about any
		510	uses for this one.
		511
		512	=item $coro->cede_to
		513
		514	Like C<schedule_to>, but puts the current coro into the ready
		515	queue. This has the effect of temporarily switching to the given
		516	coro, and continuing some time later.
		517
		518	This is an advanced method for special cases - I'd love to hear about any
		519	uses for this one.
		520
		521	=item $coro->throw ([$scalar])
		522
		523	If C<$throw> is specified and defined, it will be thrown as an exception
		524	inside the coro at the next convenient point in time. Otherwise
		525	clears the exception object.
		526
		527	Coro will check for the exception each time a schedule-like-function
		528	returns, i.e. after each C<schedule>, C<cede>, C<< Coro::Semaphore->down
		529	>>, C<< Coro::Handle->readable >> and so on. Most of these functions
		530	detect this case and return early in case an exception is pending.
		531
		532	The exception object will be thrown "as is" with the specified scalar in
		533	C<$@>, i.e. if it is a string, no line number or newline will be appended
		534	(unlike with C<die>).
		535
		536	This can be used as a softer means than C<cancel> to ask a coro to
		537	end itself, although there is no guarantee that the exception will lead to
		538	termination, and if the exception isn't caught it might well end the whole
		539	program.
		540
		541	You might also think of C<throw> as being the moral equivalent of
		542	C<kill>ing a coro with a signal (in this case, a scalar).
		543
		544	=item $coro->join
		545
		546	Wait until the coro terminates and return any values given to the
		547	C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called concurrently
		548	from multiple coro, and all will be resumed and given the status
		549	return once the C<$coro> terminates.
		550
		551	=cut
		552
		553	sub join {
		554	my $self = shift;
		555
		556	unless ($self->{_status}) {
274	my $current = $Coro::current;	557	my $current = $current;
275		558
276	# register a hypothetical event handler	559	push @{$self->{_on_destroy}}, sub {
277	on_event_invoke sub {
278	# wake up sleeping coroutine
279	$current->ready;	560	$current->ready;
280	undef $current;	561	undef $current;
281	};	562	};
282		563
283	# call schedule until event occured.
284	# in case we are woken up for other reasons
285	# (current still defined), loop.
286	Coro::schedule while $current;
287	}
288
289	=item cede
290
291	"Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the
292	ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the
293	current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority.
294
295	Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.
296
297	=item Coro::cede_notself
298
299	Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to any
300	coroutine, regardless of priority, once.
301
302	Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.
303
304	=item terminate [arg...]
305
306	Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>).
307
308	=cut
309
310	sub terminate {
311	$current->cancel (@_);
312	}
313
314	=back
315
316	# dynamic methods
317
318	=head2 COROUTINE METHODS
319
320	These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects.
321
322	=over 4
323
324	=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...]
325
326	Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine
327	automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were
328	called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue
329	by calling the ready method.
330
331	Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will not work correctly, so do not do that.
332
333	=cut
334
335	sub _run_coro {
336	terminate &{+shift};
337	}
338
339	sub new {
340	my $class = shift;
341
342	$class->SUPER::new (\&_run_coro, @_)
343	}
344
345	=item $success = $coroutine->ready
346
347	Put the given coroutine into the ready queue (according to it's priority)
348	and return true. If the coroutine is already in the ready queue, do nothing
349	and return false.
350
351	=item $is_ready = $coroutine->is_ready
352
353	Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not,
354
355	=item $coroutine->cancel (arg...)
356
357	Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as
358	status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the coroutine is the
359	current coroutine.
360
361	=cut
362
363	sub cancel {
364	my $self = shift;
365	$self->{status} = [@_];
366
367	if ($current == $self) {
368	push @destroy, $self;
369	$manager->ready;
370	&schedule while 1;
371	} else {
372	$self->_cancel;
373	}
374	}
375
376	=item $coroutine->join
377
378	Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the
379	C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called multiple times
380	from multiple coroutine.
381
382	=cut
383
384	sub join {
385	my $self = shift;
386
387	unless ($self->{status}) {
388	my $current = $current;
389
390	push @{$self->{destroy_cb}}, sub {
391	$current->ready;
392	undef $current;
393	};
394
395	&schedule while $current;	564	&schedule while $current;
396	}	565	}
397		566
398	wantarray ? @{$self->{status}} : $self->{status}[0];	567	wantarray ? @{$self->{_status}} : $self->{_status}[0];
399	}	568	}
400		569
401	=item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb)	570	=item $coro->on_destroy (\&cb)
402		571
403	Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed,	572	Registers a callback that is called when this coro gets destroyed,
404	but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments,	573	but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments,
405	if any.	574	if any, and I<must not> die, under any circumstances.
406		575
407	=cut	576	=cut
408		577
409	sub on_destroy {	578	sub on_destroy {
410	my ($self, $cb) = @_;	579	my ($self, $cb) = @_;
411		580
412	push @{ $self->{destroy_cb} }, $cb;	581	push @{ $self->{_on_destroy} }, $cb;
413	}	582	}
414		583
415	=item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio)	584	=item $oldprio = $coro->prio ($newprio)
416		585
417	Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the	586	Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the
418	coroutine. Higher priority coroutines get run before lower priority	587	coro. Higher priority coro get run before lower priority
419	coroutines. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3),	588	coro. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3),
420	that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio	589	that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio
421	to get then):	590	to get then):
422		591
423	PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN	592	PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN
424	3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4	593	3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4
425		594
426	# set priority to HIGH	595	# set priority to HIGH
427	current->prio(PRIO_HIGH);	596	current->prio (PRIO_HIGH);
428		597
429	The idle coroutine ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any	598	The idle coro ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any
430	existing coroutine.	599	existing coro.
431		600
432	Changing the priority of the current coroutine will take effect immediately,	601	Changing the priority of the current coro will take effect immediately,
433	but changing the priority of coroutines in the ready queue (but not	602	but changing the priority of coro in the ready queue (but not
434	running) will only take effect after the next schedule (of that	603	running) will only take effect after the next schedule (of that
435	coroutine). This is a bug that will be fixed in some future version.	604	coro). This is a bug that will be fixed in some future version.
436		605
437	=item $newprio = $coroutine->nice ($change)	606	=item $newprio = $coro->nice ($change)
438		607
439	Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e.	608	Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e.
440	higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix).	609	higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix).
441		610
442	=item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc)	611	=item $olddesc = $coro->desc ($newdesc)
443		612
444	Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this	613	Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this
445	coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine.	614	coro. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a
		615	coro.
		616
		617	This method simply sets the C<< $coro->{desc} >> member to the given
		618	string. You can modify this member directly if you wish.
446		619
447	=cut	620	=cut
448		621
449	sub desc {	622	sub desc {
450	my $old = $_[0]{desc};	623	my $old = $_[0]{desc};
451	$_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	624	$_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
452	$old;	625	$old;
453	}	626	}
454		627
		628	sub transfer {
		629	require Carp;
		630	Carp::croak ("You must not call ->transfer on Coro objects. Use Coro::State objects or the ->schedule_to method. Caught");
		631	}
		632
455	=back	633	=back
456		634
457	=head2 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	635	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
458		636
459	=over 4	637	=over 4
460		638
461	=item Coro::nready	639	=item Coro::nready
462		640
463	Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state,	641	Returns the number of coro that are currently in the ready state,
464	i.e. that can be swicthed to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable	642	i.e. that can be switched to by calling C<schedule> directory or
		643	indirectly. The value C<0> means that the only runnable coro is the
465	coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect,	644	currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect, and C<schedule>
466	and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler	645	would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler that wakes up some
467	that wakes up some coroutines.	646	coro.
468		647
469	=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... }	648	=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... }
470		649
471	This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the objetc	650	This function still exists, but is deprecated. Please use the
472	gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument will be	651	C<Guard::guard> function instead.
473	executed. This is useful to free locks or other resources in case of a
474	runtime error or when the coroutine gets canceled, as in both cases the
475	guard block will be executed. The guard object supports only one method,
476	C<< ->cancel >>, which will keep the codeblock from being executed.
477		652
478	Example: set some flag and clear it again when the coroutine gets canceled
479	or the function returns:
480
481	sub do_something {
482	my $guard = Coro::guard { $busy = 0 };
483	$busy = 1;
484
485	# do something that requires $busy to be true
486	}
487
488	=cut	653	=cut
489		654
490	sub guard(&) {	655	BEGIN { *guard = \&Guard::guard }
491	bless \(my $cb = $_[0]), "Coro::guard"
492	}
493
494	sub Coro::guard::cancel {
495	${$_[0]} = sub { };
496	}
497
498	sub Coro::guard::DESTROY {
499	${$_[0]}->();
500	}
501
502		656
503	=item unblock_sub { ... }	657	=item unblock_sub { ... }
504		658
505	This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it,	659	This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it,
506	returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return	660	returning a new coderef. Unblocking means that calling the new coderef
507	immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code	661	will return immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the
508	ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine.	662	original code ref will be called (with parameters) from within another
		663	coro.
509		664
510	The reason this fucntion exists is that many event libraries (such as the	665	The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the
511	venerable L<Event\|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form	666	venerable L<Event\|Event> module) are not thread-safe (a weaker form
512	of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks,	667	of reentrancy). This means you must not block within event callbacks,
513	otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse.	668	otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse. The only event library
		669	currently known that is safe to use without C<unblock_sub> is L<EV>.
		670
		671	Coro will try to catch you when you block in the event loop
		672	("FATAL:$Coro::IDLE blocked itself"), but this is just best effort and
		673	only works when you do not run your own event loop.
514		674
515	This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another	675	This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another
516	coroutine where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy	676	coro where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy
517	is when you use the L<Coro::AIO\|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to	677	is when you use the L<Coro::AIO\|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to
518	disk.	678	disk, for example.
519		679
520	In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when	680	In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when
521	creating event callbacks that want to block.	681	creating event callbacks that want to block.
		682
		683	If your handler does not plan to block (e.g. simply sends a message to
		684	another coro, or puts some other coro into the ready queue), there is
		685	no reason to use C<unblock_sub>.
		686
		687	Note that you also need to use C<unblock_sub> for any other callbacks that
		688	are indirectly executed by any C-based event loop. For example, when you
		689	use a module that uses L<AnyEvent> (and you use L<Coro::AnyEvent>) and it
		690	provides callbacks that are the result of some event callback, then you
		691	must not block either, or use C<unblock_sub>.
522		692
523	=cut	693	=cut
524		694
525	our @unblock_queue;	695	our @unblock_queue;
526		696
527	# we create a special coro because we want to cede,	697	# we create a special coro because we want to cede,
528	# to reduce pressure on the coro pool (because most callbacks	698	# to reduce pressure on the coro pool (because most callbacks
529	# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede	699	# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede
530	# inside an event callback.	700	# inside an event callback.
531	our $unblock_scheduler = async {	701	our $unblock_scheduler = new Coro sub {
532	while () {	702	while () {
533	while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) {	703	while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) {
534	# this is an inlined copy of async_pool	704	&async_pool (@$cb);
535	my $coro = (pop @pool or new Coro \&pool_handler);
536		705
537	$coro->{_invoke} = $cb;
538	$coro->ready;
539	cede; # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool	706	# for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool
		707	# as the chance is very high that the async_poll coro will be back
		708	# in the idle state when cede returns
		709	cede;
540	}	710	}
541	schedule; # sleep well	711	schedule; # sleep well
542	}	712	}
543	};	713	};
		714	$unblock_scheduler->{desc} = "[unblock_sub scheduler]";
544		715
545	sub unblock_sub(&) {	716	sub unblock_sub(&) {
546	my $cb = shift;	717	my $cb = shift;
547		718
548	sub {	719	sub {
549	unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_];	720	unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_];
550	$unblock_scheduler->ready;	721	$unblock_scheduler->ready;
551	}	722	}
552	}	723	}
553		724
		725	=item $cb = rouse_cb
		726
		727	Create and return a "rouse callback". That's a code reference that,
		728	when called, will remember a copy of its arguments and notify the owner
		729	coro of the callback.
		730
		731	See the next function.
		732
		733	=item @args = rouse_wait [$cb]
		734
		735	Wait for the specified rouse callback (or the last one that was created in
		736	this coro).
		737
		738	As soon as the callback is invoked (or when the callback was invoked
		739	before C<rouse_wait>), it will return the arguments originally passed to
		740	the rouse callback. In scalar context, that means you get the I<last>
		741	argument, just as if C<rouse_wait> had a C<return ($a1, $a2, $a3...)>
		742	statement at the end.
		743
		744	See the section B<HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK> for an actual usage example.
		745
554	=back	746	=back
555		747
556	=cut	748	=cut
557		749
558	1;	750	1;
559		751
		752	=head1 HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK
		753
		754	It is very common for a coro to wait for some callback to be
		755	called. This occurs naturally when you use coro in an otherwise
		756	event-based program, or when you use event-based libraries.
		757
		758	These typically register a callback for some event, and call that callback
		759	when the event occured. In a coro, however, you typically want to
		760	just wait for the event, simplyifying things.
		761
		762	For example C<< AnyEvent->child >> registers a callback to be called when
		763	a specific child has exited:
		764
		765	my $child_watcher = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub { ... });
		766
		767	But from within a coro, you often just want to write this:
		768
		769	my $status = wait_for_child $pid;
		770
		771	Coro offers two functions specifically designed to make this easy,
		772	C<Coro::rouse_cb> and C<Coro::rouse_wait>.
		773
		774	The first function, C<rouse_cb>, generates and returns a callback that,
		775	when invoked, will save its arguments and notify the coro that
		776	created the callback.
		777
		778	The second function, C<rouse_wait>, waits for the callback to be called
		779	(by calling C<schedule> to go to sleep) and returns the arguments
		780	originally passed to the callback.
		781
		782	Using these functions, it becomes easy to write the C<wait_for_child>
		783	function mentioned above:
		784
		785	sub wait_for_child($) {
		786	my ($pid) = @_;
		787
		788	my $watcher = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => Coro::rouse_cb);
		789
		790	my ($rpid, $rstatus) = Coro::rouse_wait;
		791	$rstatus
		792	}
		793
		794	In the case where C<rouse_cb> and C<rouse_wait> are not flexible enough,
		795	you can roll your own, using C<schedule>:
		796
		797	sub wait_for_child($) {
		798	my ($pid) = @_;
		799
		800	# store the current coro in $current,
		801	# and provide result variables for the closure passed to ->child
		802	my $current = $Coro::current;
		803	my ($done, $rstatus);
		804
		805	# pass a closure to ->child
		806	my $watcher = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
		807	$rstatus = $_[1]; # remember rstatus
		808	$done = 1; # mark $rstatus as valud
		809	});
		810
		811	# wait until the closure has been called
		812	schedule while !$done;
		813
		814	$rstatus
		815	}
		816
		817
560	=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS	818	=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS
561		819
562	- you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global	820	=over 4
563	destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults).
564		821
		822	=item fork with pthread backend
		823
		824	When Coro is compiled using the pthread backend (which isn't recommended
		825	but required on many BSDs as their libcs are completely broken), then
		826	coro will not survive a fork. There is no known workaround except to
		827	fix your libc and use a saner backend.
		828
		829	=item perl process emulation ("threads")
		830
565	- this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module	831	This module is not perl-pseudo-thread-safe. You should only ever use this
566	from the same thread (this requirement might be losened in the future	832	module from the first thread (this requirement might be removed in the
567	to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow	833	future to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow
568	this).	834	this). I recommend disabling thread support and using processes, as having
		835	the windows process emulation enabled under unix roughly halves perl
		836	performance, even when not used.
		837
		838	=item coro switching is not signal safe
		839
		840	You must not switch to another coro from within a signal handler (only
		841	relevant with %SIG - most event libraries provide safe signals), I<unless>
		842	you are sure you are not interrupting a Coro function.
		843
		844	That means you I<MUST NOT> call any function that might "block" the
		845	current coro - C<cede>, C<schedule> C<< Coro::Semaphore->down >> or
		846	anything that calls those. Everything else, including calling C<ready>,
		847	works.
		848
		849	=back
		850
		851
		852	=head1 WINDOWS PROCESS EMULATION
		853
		854	A great many people seem to be confused about ithreads (for example, Chip
		855	Salzenberg called me unintelligent, incapable, stupid and gullible,
		856	while in the same mail making rather confused statements about perl
		857	ithreads (for example, that memory or files would be shared), showing his
		858	lack of understanding of this area - if it is hard to understand for Chip,
		859	it is probably not obvious to everybody).
		860
		861	What follows is an ultra-condensed version of my talk about threads in
		862	scripting languages given onthe perl workshop 2009:
		863
		864	The so-called "ithreads" were originally implemented for two reasons:
		865	first, to (badly) emulate unix processes on native win32 perls, and
		866	secondly, to replace the older, real thread model ("5.005-threads").
		867
		868	It does that by using threads instead of OS processes. The difference
		869	between processes and threads is that threads share memory (and other
		870	state, such as files) between threads within a single process, while
		871	processes do not share anything (at least not semantically). That
		872	means that modifications done by one thread are seen by others, while
		873	modifications by one process are not seen by other processes.
		874
		875	The "ithreads" work exactly like that: when creating a new ithreads
		876	process, all state is copied (memory is copied physically, files and code
		877	is copied logically). Afterwards, it isolates all modifications. On UNIX,
		878	the same behaviour can be achieved by using operating system processes,
		879	except that UNIX typically uses hardware built into the system to do this
		880	efficiently, while the windows process emulation emulates this hardware in
		881	software (rather efficiently, but of course it is still much slower than
		882	dedicated hardware).
		883
		884	As mentioned before, loading code, modifying code, modifying data
		885	structures and so on is only visible in the ithreads process doing the
		886	modification, not in other ithread processes within the same OS process.
		887
		888	This is why "ithreads" do not implement threads for perl at all, only
		889	processes. What makes it so bad is that on non-windows platforms, you can
		890	actually take advantage of custom hardware for this purpose (as evidenced
		891	by the forks module, which gives you the (i-) threads API, just much
		892	faster).
		893
		894	Sharing data is in the i-threads model is done by transfering data
		895	structures between threads using copying semantics, which is very slow -
		896	shared data simply does not exist. Benchmarks using i-threads which are
		897	communication-intensive show extremely bad behaviour with i-threads (in
		898	fact, so bad that Coro, which cannot take direct advantage of multiple
		899	CPUs, is often orders of magnitude faster because it shares data using
		900	real threads, refer to my talk for details).
		901
		902	As summary, i-threads use threads to implement processes, while
		903	the compatible forks module uses processes to emulate, uhm,
		904	processes. I-threads slow down every perl program when enabled, and
		905	outside of windows, serve no (or little) practical purpose, but
		906	disadvantages every single-threaded Perl program.
		907
		908	This is the reason that I try to avoid the name "ithreads", as it is
		909	misleading as it implies that it implements some kind of thread model for
		910	perl, and prefer the name "windows process emulation", which describes the
		911	actual use and behaviour of it much better.
569		912
570	=head1 SEE ALSO	913	=head1 SEE ALSO
571		914
		915	Event-Loop integration: L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>.
		916
		917	Debugging: L<Coro::Debug>.
		918
572	Support/Utility: L<Coro::Cont>, L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::State>, L<Coro::Util>.	919	Support/Utility: L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::Util>.
573		920
574	Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>.	921	Locking and IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>,
		922	L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>.
575		923
576	Event/IO: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>, L<Coro::Select>.	924	I/O and Timers: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>, L<Coro::AIO>.
577		925
578	Embedding: L<Coro:MakeMaker>	926	Compatibility with other modules: L<Coro::LWP> (but see also L<AnyEvent::HTTP> for
		927	a better-working alternative), L<Coro::BDB>, L<Coro::Storable>,
		928	L<Coro::Select>.
		929
		930	XS API: L<Coro::MakeMaker>.
		931
		932	Low level Configuration, Thread Environment, Continuations: L<Coro::State>.
579		933
580	=head1 AUTHOR	934	=head1 AUTHOR
581		935
582	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	936	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
583	http://home.schmorp.de/	937	http://home.schmorp.de/

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Revision 1.108 by root, Fri Jan 5 20:00:49 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.276 by root, Wed Apr 14 01:56:02 2010 UTC