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Revision 1.92 by root, Fri Dec 1 03:47:55 2006 UTC vs.
Revision 1.162 by root, Wed Dec 12 19:09:33 2007 UTC

6 6
7 use Coro; 7 use Coro;
8 8
9 async { 9 async {
10 # some asynchronous thread of execution 10 # some asynchronous thread of execution
11 print "2\n";
12 cede; # yield back to main
13 print "4\n";
11 }; 14 };
15 print "1\n";
16 cede; # yield to coroutine
17 print "3\n";
18 cede; # and again
12 19
13 # alternatively create an async coroutine like this: 20 # use locking
21 my $lock = new Coro::Semaphore;
22 my $locked;
14 23
15 sub some_func : Coro { 24 $lock->down;
16 # some more async code 25 $locked = 1;
17 } 26 $lock->up;
18
19 cede;
20 27
21=head1 DESCRIPTION 28=head1 DESCRIPTION
22 29
23This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar to 30This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar
24threads but don't run in parallel. 31to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP
32machines. The specific flavor of coroutine used in this module also
33guarantees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless
34necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and
35parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much
36safer than threads programming.
25 37
38(Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a
39very slow and memory-intensive emulation of processes using threads. This
40is a performance win on Windows machines, and a loss everywhere else).
41
26In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables 42In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables +
27+ @_ + $_ + $@ + $^W + C stack), that is, a coroutine has it's own 43@_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own callchain,
28callchain, it's own set of lexicals and it's own set of perl's most 44its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global
29important global variables. 45variables (see L<Coro::State> for more configuration).
30 46
31=cut 47=cut
32 48
33package Coro; 49package Coro;
34 50
41 57
42our $idle; # idle handler 58our $idle; # idle handler
43our $main; # main coroutine 59our $main; # main coroutine
44our $current; # current coroutine 60our $current; # current coroutine
45 61
46our $VERSION = '3.0'; 62our $VERSION = '4.31';
47 63
48our @EXPORT = qw(async cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub); 64our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub);
49our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( 65our %EXPORT_TAGS = (
50 prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)], 66 prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)],
51); 67);
52our @EXPORT_OK = @{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}; 68our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready));
53 69
54{ 70{
55 my @async; 71 my @async;
56 my $init; 72 my $init;
57 73
58 # this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;() 74 # this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;()
59 sub import { 75 sub import {
60 no strict 'refs'; 76 no strict 'refs';
61 77
62 Coro->export_to_level(1, @_); 78 Coro->export_to_level (1, @_);
63 79
64 my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE}; 80 my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE};
65 *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub { 81 *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub {
66 my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift); 82 my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift);
67 my @attrs; 83 my @attrs;
99 115
100The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value 116The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value
101is C<$main> (of course). 117is C<$main> (of course).
102 118
103This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance 119This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance
104reasons. If performance is not essentiel you are encouraged to use the 120reasons. If performance is not essential you are encouraged to use the
105C<Coro::current> function instead. 121C<Coro::current> function instead.
106 122
107=cut 123=cut
108 124
125$main->{desc} = "[main::]";
126
109# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before... 127# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before...
110if ($current) {
111 $main->{specific} = $current->{specific}; 128$main->{_specific} = $current->{_specific}
112} 129 if $current;
113 130
114$current = $main; 131_set_current $main;
115 132
116sub current() { $current } 133sub current() { $current }
117 134
118=item $idle 135=item $idle
119 136
124This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and 141This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and
125C<Coro::Event> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a 142C<Coro::Event> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a
126coroutine so the scheduler can run it. 143coroutine so the scheduler can run it.
127 144
128Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event 145Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event
129handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively. 146handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively itself.
130 147
131=cut 148=cut
132 149
133$idle = sub { 150$idle = sub {
134 print STDERR "FATAL: deadlock detected\n"; 151 require Carp;
135 exit (51); 152 Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected");
136}; 153};
154
155sub _cancel {
156 my ($self) = @_;
157
158 # free coroutine data and mark as destructed
159 $self->_destroy
160 or return;
161
162 # call all destruction callbacks
163 $_->(@{$self->{_status}})
164 for @{(delete $self->{_on_destroy}) || []};
165}
137 166
138# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine 167# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine
139# cannot destroy itself. 168# cannot destroy itself.
140my @destroy; 169my @destroy;
170my $manager;
171
141my $manager; $manager = new Coro sub { 172$manager = new Coro sub {
142 while () { 173 while () {
143 # by overwriting the state object with the manager we destroy it 174 (shift @destroy)->_cancel
144 # while still being able to schedule this coroutine (in case it has
145 # been readied multiple times. this is harmless since the manager
146 # can be called as many times as neccessary and will always
147 # remove itself from the runqueue
148 while (@destroy) { 175 while @destroy;
149 my $coro = pop @destroy;
150 $coro->{status} ||= [];
151 $_->ready for @{delete $coro->{join} || []};
152 176
153 # the next line destroys the coro state, but keeps the
154 # coroutine itself intact (we basically make it a zombie
155 # coroutine that always runs the manager thread, so it's possible
156 # to transfer() to this coroutine).
157 $coro->_clone_state_from ($manager);
158 }
159 &schedule; 177 &schedule;
160 } 178 }
161}; 179};
180$manager->desc ("[coro manager]");
181$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX);
162 182
163# static methods. not really. 183# static methods. not really.
164 184
165=back 185=back
166 186
174 194
175Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object 195Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object
176(usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically 196(usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically
177terminated. 197terminated.
178 198
179Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will not work correctly, so do not do that. 199See the C<Coro::State::new> constructor for info about the coroutine
200environment in which coroutines run.
180 201
181When the coroutine dies, the program will exit, just as in the main 202Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will do the same as calling exit outside
182program. 203the coroutine. Likewise, when the coroutine dies, the program will exit,
204just as it would in the main program.
183 205
184 # create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments 206 # create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments
185 async { 207 async {
186 print "@_\n"; 208 print "@_\n";
187 } 1,2,3,4; 209 } 1,2,3,4;
188 210
189=cut 211=cut
190 212
191sub async(&@) { 213sub async(&@) {
192 my $pid = new Coro @_; 214 my $coro = new Coro @_;
193 $pid->ready; 215 $coro->ready;
194 $pid 216 $coro
217}
218
219=item async_pool { ... } [@args...]
220
221Similar to C<async>, but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not call
222terminate or join (although you are allowed to), and you get a coroutine
223that might have executed other code already (which can be good or bad :).
224
225Also, the block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be
226issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as
227C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy>
228will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel,
229which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling.
230
231The priority will be reset to C<0> after each job, tracing will be
232disabled, the description will be reset and the default output filehandle
233gets restored, so you can change alkl these. Otherwise the coroutine will
234be re-used "as-is": most notably if you change other per-coroutine global
235stuff such as C<$/> you need to revert that change, which is most simply
236done by using local as in C< local $/ >.
237
238The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted by
239changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle coros as
240required.
241
242If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a
243single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool
244{ terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In
245addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 16kb
246(adjustable with $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also exit.
247
248=cut
249
250our $POOL_SIZE = 8;
251our $POOL_RSS = 16 * 1024;
252our @async_pool;
253
254sub pool_handler {
255 my $cb;
256
257 while () {
258 eval {
259 while () {
260 _pool_1 $cb;
261 &$cb;
262 _pool_2 $cb;
263 &schedule;
264 }
265 };
266
267 last if $@ eq "\3async_pool terminate\2\n";
268 warn $@ if $@;
269 }
270}
271
272sub async_pool(&@) {
273 # this is also inlined into the unlock_scheduler
274 my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler;
275
276 $coro->{_invoke} = [@_];
277 $coro->ready;
278
279 $coro
195} 280}
196 281
197=item schedule 282=item schedule
198 283
199Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not be put 284Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not be put
212 # wake up sleeping coroutine 297 # wake up sleeping coroutine
213 $current->ready; 298 $current->ready;
214 undef $current; 299 undef $current;
215 }; 300 };
216 301
217 # call schedule until event occured. 302 # call schedule until event occurred.
218 # in case we are woken up for other reasons 303 # in case we are woken up for other reasons
219 # (current still defined), loop. 304 # (current still defined), loop.
220 Coro::schedule while $current; 305 Coro::schedule while $current;
221 } 306 }
222 307
224 309
225"Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the 310"Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the
226ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the 311ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the
227current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority. 312current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority.
228 313
314=item Coro::cede_notself
315
316Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to any
317coroutine, regardless of priority, once.
318
229=item terminate [arg...] 319=item terminate [arg...]
230 320
231Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>). 321Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>).
322
323=item killall
324
325Kills/terminates/cancels all coroutines except the currently running
326one. This is useful after a fork, either in the child or the parent, as
327usually only one of them should inherit the running coroutines.
232 328
233=cut 329=cut
234 330
235sub terminate { 331sub terminate {
236 $current->cancel (@_); 332 $current->cancel (@_);
333}
334
335sub killall {
336 for (Coro::State::list) {
337 $_->cancel
338 if $_ != $current && UNIVERSAL::isa $_, "Coro";
339 }
237} 340}
238 341
239=back 342=back
240 343
241# dynamic methods 344# dynamic methods
251Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine 354Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine
252automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were 355automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were
253called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue 356called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue
254by calling the ready method. 357by calling the ready method.
255 358
256Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will not work correctly, so do not do that. 359See C<async> and C<Coro::State::new> for additional info about the
360coroutine environment.
257 361
258=cut 362=cut
259 363
260sub _new_coro { 364sub _run_coro {
261 terminate &{+shift}; 365 terminate &{+shift};
262} 366}
263 367
264sub new { 368sub new {
265 my $class = shift; 369 my $class = shift;
266 370
267 $class->SUPER::new (\&_new_coro, @_) 371 $class->SUPER::new (\&_run_coro, @_)
268} 372}
269 373
270=item $success = $coroutine->ready 374=item $success = $coroutine->ready
271 375
272Put the given coroutine into the ready queue (according to it's priority) 376Put the given coroutine into the ready queue (according to it's priority)
278Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not, 382Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not,
279 383
280=item $coroutine->cancel (arg...) 384=item $coroutine->cancel (arg...)
281 385
282Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as 386Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as
283status (default: the empty list). 387status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the coroutine is the
388current coroutine.
284 389
285=cut 390=cut
286 391
287sub cancel { 392sub cancel {
288 my $self = shift; 393 my $self = shift;
289 $self->{status} = [@_]; 394 $self->{_status} = [@_];
395
396 if ($current == $self) {
290 push @destroy, $self; 397 push @destroy, $self;
291 $manager->ready; 398 $manager->ready;
292 &schedule if $current == $self; 399 &schedule while 1;
400 } else {
401 $self->_cancel;
402 }
293} 403}
294 404
295=item $coroutine->join 405=item $coroutine->join
296 406
297Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the 407Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the
298C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called multiple times 408C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called concurrently
299from multiple coroutine. 409from multiple coroutines.
300 410
301=cut 411=cut
302 412
303sub join { 413sub join {
304 my $self = shift; 414 my $self = shift;
415
305 unless ($self->{status}) { 416 unless ($self->{_status}) {
306 push @{$self->{join}}, $current; 417 my $current = $current;
307 &schedule; 418
419 push @{$self->{_on_destroy}}, sub {
420 $current->ready;
421 undef $current;
422 };
423
424 &schedule while $current;
308 } 425 }
426
309 wantarray ? @{$self->{status}} : $self->{status}[0]; 427 wantarray ? @{$self->{_status}} : $self->{_status}[0];
428}
429
430=item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb)
431
432Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed,
433but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments,
434if any.
435
436=cut
437
438sub on_destroy {
439 my ($self, $cb) = @_;
440
441 push @{ $self->{_on_destroy} }, $cb;
310} 442}
311 443
312=item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio) 444=item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio)
313 445
314Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the 446Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the
339=item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc) 471=item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc)
340 472
341Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this 473Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this
342coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine. 474coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine.
343 475
476This method simply sets the C<< $coroutine->{desc} >> member to the given string. You
477can modify this member directly if you wish.
478
479=item $coroutine->throw ([$scalar])
480
481If C<$throw> is specified and defined, it will be thrown as an exception
482inside the coroutine at the next convinient point in time (usually after
483it gains control at the next schedule/transfer/cede). Otherwise clears the
484exception object.
485
486The exception object will be thrown "as is" with the specified scalar in
487C<$@>, i.e. if it is a string, no line number or newline will be appended
488(unlike with C<die>).
489
490This can be used as a softer means than C<cancel> to ask a coroutine to
491end itself, although there is no guarentee that the exception will lead to
492termination, and if the exception isn't caught it might well end the whole
493program.
494
344=cut 495=cut
345 496
346sub desc { 497sub desc {
347 my $old = $_[0]{desc}; 498 my $old = $_[0]{desc};
348 $_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1; 499 $_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
349 $old; 500 $old;
350} 501}
351 502
352=back 503=back
353 504
354=head2 UTILITY FUNCTIONS 505=head2 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
355 506
356=over 4 507=over 4
508
509=item Coro::nready
510
511Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state,
512i.e. that can be switched to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable
513coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect,
514and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler
515that wakes up some coroutines.
516
517=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... }
518
519This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the object
520gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument will be
521executed. This is useful to free locks or other resources in case of a
522runtime error or when the coroutine gets canceled, as in both cases the
523guard block will be executed. The guard object supports only one method,
524C<< ->cancel >>, which will keep the codeblock from being executed.
525
526Example: set some flag and clear it again when the coroutine gets canceled
527or the function returns:
528
529 sub do_something {
530 my $guard = Coro::guard { $busy = 0 };
531 $busy = 1;
532
533 # do something that requires $busy to be true
534 }
535
536=cut
537
538sub guard(&) {
539 bless \(my $cb = $_[0]), "Coro::guard"
540}
541
542sub Coro::guard::cancel {
543 ${$_[0]} = sub { };
544}
545
546sub Coro::guard::DESTROY {
547 ${$_[0]}->();
548}
549
357 550
358=item unblock_sub { ... } 551=item unblock_sub { ... }
359 552
360This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it, 553This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it,
361returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return 554returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return
362immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code 555immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code
363ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine. 556ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine.
364 557
365The reason this fucntion exists is that many event libraries (such as the 558The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the
366venerable L<Event|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form 559venerable L<Event|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form
367of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks, 560of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks,
368otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse. 561otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse.
369 562
370This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another 563This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another
375In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when 568In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when
376creating event callbacks that want to block. 569creating event callbacks that want to block.
377 570
378=cut 571=cut
379 572
380our @unblock_pool;
381our @unblock_queue; 573our @unblock_queue;
382our $UNBLOCK_POOL_SIZE = 2;
383 574
384sub unblock_handler_ { 575# we create a special coro because we want to cede,
385 while () { 576# to reduce pressure on the coro pool (because most callbacks
386 my ($cb, @arg) = @{ delete $Coro::current->{arg} }; 577# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede
387 $cb->(@arg); 578# inside an event callback.
388
389 last if @unblock_pool >= $UNBLOCK_POOL_SIZE;
390 push @unblock_pool, $Coro::current;
391 schedule;
392 }
393}
394
395our $unblock_scheduler = async { 579our $unblock_scheduler = new Coro sub {
396 while () { 580 while () {
397 while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) { 581 while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) {
398 my $handler = (pop @unblock_pool or new Coro \&unblock_handler_); 582 # this is an inlined copy of async_pool
399 $handler->{arg} = $cb; 583 my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler;
584
585 $coro->{_invoke} = $cb;
400 $handler->ready; 586 $coro->ready;
401 cede; 587 cede; # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool
402 } 588 }
403 589 schedule; # sleep well
404 schedule;
405 } 590 }
406}; 591};
592$unblock_scheduler->desc ("[unblock_sub scheduler]");
407 593
408sub unblock_sub(&) { 594sub unblock_sub(&) {
409 my $cb = shift; 595 my $cb = shift;
410 596
411 sub { 597 sub {
412 push @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_]; 598 unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_];
413 $unblock_scheduler->ready; 599 $unblock_scheduler->ready;
414 } 600 }
415} 601}
416 602
417=back 603=back
424 610
425 - you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global 611 - you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global
426 destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults). 612 destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults).
427 613
428 - this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module 614 - this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module
429 from the same thread (this requirement might be losened in the future 615 from the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future
430 to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow 616 to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow
431 this). 617 this).
432 618
433=head1 SEE ALSO 619=head1 SEE ALSO
434 620
621Lower level Configuration, Coroutine Environment: L<Coro::State>.
622
623Debugging: L<Coro::Debug>.
624
435Support/Utility: L<Coro::Cont>, L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::State>, L<Coro::Util>. 625Support/Utility: L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::Util>.
436 626
437Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>. 627Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>.
438 628
439Event/IO: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>, L<Coro::Select>. 629Event/IO: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>.
440 630
631Compatibility: L<Coro::LWP>, L<Coro::Storable>, L<Coro::Select>.
632
441Embedding: L<Coro:MakeMaker> 633Embedding: L<Coro::MakeMaker>.
442 634
443=head1 AUTHOR 635=head1 AUTHOR
444 636
445 Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de> 637 Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
446 http://home.schmorp.de/ 638 http://home.schmorp.de/

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